m 

• 

H 


LB-RAItr 


THE    BOTANICAL  LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

GIFT  OF 

MR.  AND    MRS.  T.   S.    BRANDEGEE. 
1906 


CLASS-BOOK   OF   BOTANY, 

DESIGNED  FOB 

COLLEGES,  ACADEMIES,  AND  OTHER  SEMINARIES. 


In 


PART    I. 

THE  ELEMENTS  OF  BOTANICAL  SCIENCE. 

PART    II. 

THE  NATURAL  ORDERS. 

ILLUSTRATED  BT 

A    FLORA 

OF  THE  NORTHERN,  MIDDLE,  AND  WESTERN  STATES  ; 

PARTICULARLY 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  NORTH  OF  THE  CAPITOL,  LAT.  38«°. 


BY  ALPHONSO  WOOD,  A.M, 


And  he  sp&ke  of  trees,  from  the  ced&r  in  Lebanon  even  unto  the  hyssop  that  springcth  oat  of  the  -wall.    I  Unot,  4 :  33. 
Consider  the  lilies  of  the  field  :  *  »  *  even  Solomon  In  all  hig  glory  wag  not  arrayed  like  one  of  thes«.    MATT.  6  :  28,  20. 


•Secontr  JBtiftum,  tebtsetr  anti 


BOSTON: 

PUBLISHED    BY    CROCKER    &    B*REWSTER. 

CLAREMONT,    N.    H.,    SIMEON    IDE. 

1848. 


C\  K  <M 

\\/7 


SUH.06? 

'  •  -%•.-  v 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1846, 

BY  ALPHONSO  WOOD, 
In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  District  of  New  Hampshire. 


TO     THE 

REV.  CHESTER  DEWEY,  M.  D.,  D.  D., 

PROFESSOR  OF  NATURAL   SCIENCE   IN  THE   BERKSHIRE   AND  OTHER  MEDICAL 

INSTITUTIONS,  AUTHOR  OF  THE   REPORT  ON  THE   HERBACEOUS 

PLANTS   OF  MASSACHUSETTS,  MONOGRAPH   ON 

THE   CARICES,  ETC.   ETC. 

THIS  VOLUME 

IS    RESPECTFULLY    DEDICATED,    BY 

THE    AUTHOE. 


PREFACE. 


THE  science  of  botany  is  as  eminently  progressive  as  it  is  delightful  and 
ennobling.  By  recent  discoveries  it  has  been  established  on  the  basis  of 
inductive  philosophy,  and  elevated  almost  to  the  rank  of  an  exact  science. 
The  theory  of  the  floral  structure  which  refers  each  organ  to  the  principle 
of  the  leaf,  now  enters  into  almost  every  department  of  botany,  and  gives 
a  new  aspect  to  the  whole ;  revealing  more  clearly  than  any  other  discov- 
ery has  ever  done,  the  beauty  and  simplicity  of  the  plan  on  which  Creative 
Power  is  exerted  in  the  production  of  the  countless  forms  of  vegetable 
existence. 

The  present  treatise  contains,  first,  the  Elements  of  Botany,  according 
to  the  latest  authorities,  written  in  the  form  of  simple  propositions,  briefly 
illustrated,  and  broken  into  short  paragraphs,  with  direct  reference  to  the 
convenience  of  the  learner.  Brief  as  it  is,  it  is  hoped  that  it  will  be  found 
to  embody  all  the  established  principles  of  the  science  contained  in  former 
school  treatises,  together  with  those  newly  discovered  principles  in  Organ- 
ography  and  Physiology,  by  which  botany  has  been  really  enriched  and 
advanced.* 

The  Flora  is  adapted  particularly  to  that  section  of  the  United  States 
which  lies  north  of  the  Capitol,  that  is,  of  the  39th  parallel,  including 
essentially  the  States  lying  north  of  the  Ohio  river  and  Maryland.f  It 
comprehends  all  the  Phaenogamia,  or  flowering  plants,  with  the  Ferns,  &c. 
which  have  hitherto  been  discovered  and  described  as  indigenous  in  these 
States,  together  with  the  naturalized  exotics,  and  those  which  are  more 
generally  cultivated  either  as  useful  or  ornamental.  The  descriptions  are 

*  The  student  who  aims  at  the  highest  attainments  will  by  no  means  rest  satisfied  with  mere 
outlines,  such  as  our  limits  here  admit  of.  It  affords  us  pleasure  to  be  able  to  recommend  to  all 
such  as  would  advance  beyond  first  principles,  the  full  and  elaborate  "  Text  Book  "  of  Dr.  Asa 
Gray,  —  an  American  work  of  the  highest  merit. 

t  With  some  exceptions,  therefore,  this  Flora  will  answer  for  the  adjacent  States  of  Delaware, 
Maryland,  Virginia.  Kentucky,  Missouri,  and  the  Canadas. 
1* 


4  PREFACE. 

as  extended  and  minute  as  appeared  to  the  author  necessary  for  the  com- 
plete recognition  of  the  plants,  and  for  imparting  a  knowledge  of  whatever 
is  peculiar  or  interesting  in  their  habit,  culture,  or  use. 

With  regard  to  the  sources  of  information  from  which  this  part  of  the 
work  has  been  prepared,  it  is  proper  to  state,  that  I  have  for  several  years 
been  engaged  in  the  collection  of  materials,  during  which  I  have  made 
extensive  tours  with  this  object  in  view,  in  nearly  every  section  of  country 
which  this  Flora  represents,  and  have  had  access  to  numerous  and  exten- 
sive herbaria.  By  these  means,  I  have  been  able  to  draw  the  description 
of  about  nine  tenths  of  the  species  mentioned  from  the  living  or  dried 
specimen.  For  additional  information,  I  have  availed  myself  of  the  best 
authorities  within  my  reach,  among  which  are  the  botanical  works  of 
Bigelow,  Eaton,  Wright,  Pursh,  Michaux,  Smith,  Nuttall,  Torre'y,  Beck, 
Loudon,  Elliott,  Darlington,  Dewey,  Barton,  Hooker,  Decandolle,  and 
Torrey  and  Gray. 

With  few  exceptions,  I  have  adopted,  for  our  native  and  naturalized 
plants,  the  nomenclature  of  the  "  North  American  Flora  "  of  the  two  last 
distinguished  authors ;  and  for  our  cultivated  exotics,  the  nomenclature  of 
the  "Prodromus"  of  Decandolle,  (that  is,  so  far  as  these  floras  at  present 
extend,)  regarding  these,  as  they  truly  are,  standard  works. 

The  present  Flora  is  accompanied  with  numerous  Analytical  Tables,  de- 
signed to  facilitate  the  hitherto  tedious  process  of  botanical  analysis.  The 
object  aimed  at  in  their  construction  is  to  exhibit  at  one  view  the  most 
striking  characteristics  of  each  group  to  which  they  respectively  relate,  so 
arranged  as  to  conduct  the  mind  from  a  single  radiating  point  to  any  de- 
sired genus  contained  in  the  volume.  That  we  have  fully  realized  this 
plan,  or  that  the  tables  are  free  from  error,  is  not  to  be  expected ;  yet  we 
do  hope  that  they  will  afford  facilities  for  analysis  greater  than  any  system 
hitherto  available. 

To  Dr.  EDWARD  E.  PHELPS,  Lecturer  on  Medical  Botany,  &c.  in 
Dartmouth  College,  I  am  indebted  for  many  highly  valuable  suggestions, 
particularly  in  regard  to  the  tables  above  mentioned.  In  this  department 
of  the  work,  I  would  gratefully  acknowledge  his  aid.  A  few  tables  under 
the  Natural  Orders  were  originally  of  his  construction,  although  necessarily 
much  altered  in  this  edition,  by  the  admission  of  additional  genera.  He 
has  also  granted  me  free  access  to  his  botanical  books  and  specimens. 

To  the  Rev.  Professor  CHESTER  DEWEY,  to  whom  I  am  permitted  to 
dedicate  this  volume,  I  am  indebted  for  that  part  of  the  Flora  which  re- 
lates to  the  difficult  yet  deeply  interesting  family  of  the  Carices.  He  has 
not  only  granted  me  access  to  his  former  excellent  monograph  of  that 
genus,  but  has  prepared  the  article  for  the  present  work  with  his  own 
hand. 


PREFACE.  0 

It  gives  me  pleasure  to  be  able  also  to  introduce  in  this  connection  the 
name  of  Dr.  JAMES  W.  ROBBINS,  —  a  name  long  since  enrolled  among 
American  botanists.  Our  Flora  has  been  recently  in  part  reviewed  by 
him ;  and  he  has  communicated  to  me,  in  relation  to  this  work,  the  results 
of  his  extensive  and  accurate  observations,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  frequent 
recurrence  of  his  name  in  the  following  pages. 

Grateful  acknowledgments  are  also  due  to  Dr.  JOSEPH-  BARRATT.  He 
has  kindly  communicated  his  unequalled  monograph  of  the  willows,  "  Sali- 
ces  Americanae ;"  also  that  of  the  "  Eupatoria  verticillata ;"  both  of  which, 
abridged,  I  have  adopted  in  this  work. 

Among  other  friends  and  correspondents,  from  whom  I  have  received 
specimens  and  highly  valuable  information,  and  whose  kindness  will  be 
held  by  me  in  most  grateful  remembrance,  are  the  following :  viz.  Dr.  AL- 
BERT G.  SKINNER  and  Dr.  JOHN  PLUMMER,  Indiana ;  Dr.  SAMUEL  B. 
MEAD  and  Eev.  E.  JENNEY,  Illinois ;  Mr.  WM.  S.  SULLIVANT,  Professor 
LOCKE,  and  Mr.  JOSEPH  CLARK,  Ohio ;  Dr.  I.  A.  LAPHAM,  Wisconsin ; 
Dr.  WM.  DARLINGTON,  Pennsylvania;  President  HITCHCOCK,  Professor 
ASA  GRAY,  and  Dr.  AUGUSTUS  A.  GOULD,  Massachusetts;  Mr.  TRU- 
MAN RICKARD,  New  Hampshire;  Dr.  SARTWELL  and  Mr.  BROWNNE, 
New  York;  Mr.  S.  T.  OLNEY,  Rhode  Island;  &c.  &c. 

In  the  present  edition,  a  chapter  on  the  principles  of  Agricultural 
Chemistry  has  been  added  to  the  "  Elements,"  and  some  important  altera- 
tions introduced.  The  Flora  has  been  to  a  great  extent  rewritten,  and 
enlarged,  not  only  by  the  addition  of  such  plants  as  were  necessary  to 
adapt  it  to  a  wider  section  of  country,  as  mentioned  above,  but  by  many 
plants  recently  discovered  within  our  former  limits.  At  the  end  is  appended 
a  synoptical  view  of  the  lower  orders  of  the  Cryptogamia,  with  their  gen- 
era ;  and  the  whole  is  now  illustrated  with  numerous  engravings. 

Finally,  the  present  work  is  again  submitted  to  the  public  with  the  assur- 
ance that,  on  the  part  of  the  author,  it  shall  still  be  his  constant  care  to 
detect  and  rectify  its  imperfections  in  future  editions ;  and  with  the  earnest 
hope  that  his  labors  may  serve  to  awaken  in  the  minds  of  others  as  deep 
an  interest  in  this  branch  of  the  study  of  Nature  as  they  have  done  in 
his  own. 

MERIDEN,  N.  H.,  APRIL,  1847. 


THE  GREEK  ALPHABET,  &c. 


Luge. 

Small. 

Rom.  letters. 

Names. 

Numerals. 

A 

a 

a 

Alpha. 

B 

ft 

b 

Beta. 

1.  £i£,  ^tovaf. 

r 

y 

g 

Gamma. 

2.  dvu,  6i£. 

A 

6 

d 

Delta. 

3.  rp«f. 

E 

e. 

6 

Epsilon. 

4.  reoaapee,  rerpaf. 

Z 

c 

z 

Zeta. 

5.  Trevre. 

H 

1\ 

e 

Eta. 

6.  iS- 

e 

th 

Theta. 

7.  i-KTa. 

i 

I 

i 

Iota. 

8.    OKTU. 

K 

K 

c(k) 

Kappa. 

9.  evvea. 

A 

a 

1 

Lambda. 

10.  de/ea. 

M 

V- 

m 

Mu. 

11.  ivSsna. 

N 

V 

n 

Nu. 

12.  <5a>(5e/ca. 

S 

% 

X 

Xi. 

20.  £iKoai. 

0 

0 

0 

Omikron. 

Many,  Tro/Lff. 

n 

7T,  <S 

>     p 

Pi. 

p 

P 

r 

Kho. 

s 

°>  f 

s 

Sigma. 



T 

T 

t 

Tau. 

Y 

V 

y 

Upsilon. 

\. 

4> 

<? 

ph 

Phi. 

Upon,  em. 

X 

# 

ch 

Chi. 

Around,  Trept. 

* 

T/J 

ps 

Psi. 

Under,  viro. 

0 

<•> 

6 

Omega. 

PRONUNCIATION. 

1.  Every  Latin  word  has  as  many  syllables  as  it  has  separate  vowels  and  diph- 
thongs. 

2.  The  penult  (last  syllable  but  one)  is  always  accented  in  words  of  two  sylla- 
bles.   In  words  of  more  than  two  syllables,  the  penult,  if  long  in  quantity,  is  ac- 
cented ;  if  short,  the  antepenult  (last  syllable  but  two)  is  accented.    A  word  may 
have,  also,  a  secondary  accent,  &c. 

3.  A  vowel  before  another  vowel,  or  the  letter  A,  or  marked  with  this  (w)  char- 
acter, is  short  in  quantity.    A  diphthong,  a  vowel  before  two  consonants,  or  a 
double  consonant,  or  the  letter  jt  or  marked  with  this  ( " )  character,  is  long  in 
quantity. 

4.  A  vowel  has  its  sAort,  English  sound,  when  followed  by  a  consonant  in  the 
same  syllable ;  otherwise  its  long  sound,  without  regard  to  quantity :  a  at  the  end 
of  an  accented  syllable,  has  an  indistinct  sound,  as  in  Columbia. 

5.  A  single  consonant  or  a  mute  and  liquid  between  the  vowels  of  the  penult 
and  final  syllables,  is  joined  to  the  latter ;  in  other  cases,  the  vowel  of  the  accented 
syllable  takes  the  consonant  before  and  after  it,  except  u,  and  the  vowels  a,  e  and 
o,  before  two  vowels,  the  first  of  which  is  e  or  i ;  when  it  takes  the  former  only. 

6.  Pronounce  es  final  with  the  e  protracted ;  ch  like  k ;  ct,  ti,  si,  before  a  vow- 
el, like  sh ;  ce,  ee,  like  e ;  qu  like  kw  ;  gu,  su,  before  a  vowel  in  the  same  syllable, 
like  gw,  sw. 


CONTENTS    AND    ANALYSIS. 


CHAPTER  L— INTRODUCTION.— Page  13. 

1,  BOTANY  defined. — 2,  Its  departments.  Organography.  3,  Vegetable  Physiol- 
ogy. 4,  Glossology.  5,  Systematic  Botany.  6,  Relation  to  man  —  ultimate  aim. 
7,  Its  merits  and  claims.  8,  Natural  world  —  its  divisions, — a,  mutual  relations. 
9,  Mineral  denned.  10,  Plant  denned.  11,  Animal  defined,  — a,  the  three  king- 
doms blend  in  one.  12,  Vegetation  universal, — a,  effects  of  light  upon  it  —  and 
heat,  —  6,  elevation  above  the  sea — Peak  of  Teneriffe, — c,  soil,  —  d,  moisture,  —  e, 
extremes  of  heat  —  illustrations, — /,  extremes  of  cold  —  illustrations, — g,  light — 
illustrations.  13,  Variety  of  the  vegetable  kingdom.  14,  Causes  which  affect  it,  — 
a,  plants  adapted  to  localities.  15,  Cultivation,  — 16,  Cabbage,  &c.,  for  illustration. 
17,  Species  dependent  on  cultivation, — a,  conclusion. 

CHAPTER  II.  — PLAN  OF  VEGETATION.  ELEMENTARY 
ORGANS.  — 18. 

18,  Embryo.  19,  Axis,  —  ascending  —  descending.  .20,  Bud,  —  its  development, 
&c.  21,  Axillary  buds,  —  universal.  22,  Bud  a  distinct  individual, — a,  illustra- 
tion. 23,  Branches,  —  a,  plant  compound,  —  *,  reproductive.  24,  Flower,  origin 
of, — 25,  its  nature  and  end,  —  a,  illustration.  26,  Decay,  —  a,  a  leaf  the  elemen- 
tary organ.  27,  Leaf  consists  of, — a,  elementary  tissues.  28,  Chemical  basis  of  the 
tissues  —  organic  bases,  —  a,  illustration.  29,  Cellular  tissue  —  parenchyma, — a, 
pith  of  elder,  —  3,  c,  cellular  tissue  how  colored, — d,  size  of  cells,  —  e,  they  become 
solid, — /,  Raphides.  30,  Woody  tissue  —  its  design,  —  a,  illustration.  31,  Glandu- 
lar fibre  —  fossil  coal.  32,  Vasiform  tissue,  —  a,  articulated  —  continuous,  —  6,  illus- 
tration. 33,  Vascular  tissue,  —  a,  spiral  vessels,  —  b,  spiral  thread,  —  c,  its  size, — 
d,  situation  of  spiral  vessels,  —  e,  what  they  contain, — f,  ducts, — g,  closed  —  annu- 
lar—  reticulated  —  the  office  of  these  ducts.  34,  Laticiferous  tissue, — a,  size,  &c. 
35,  Epidermis  —  where  it  is  not  found.  36,  Structure,  —  a,  illustration.  37,  Stomata. 
38,  Form.  39,  Position,  —  a,  size.  40,  Surface.  41,  Hairs  —  simple  —  branched, — 
#,  position  —  downy  —  pubescent  —  hirsute  —  rough  —  tomentose  —  arachnoid  —  se- 
riceous —  velvety  —  cili ate.  42,  Stings.  43,  Prickles.  44,  Glands  —  sessile  —  im- 
bedded, — a,  glandular  hairs.  45,  Receptacles  of  secretion. 

CHAPTER  HL  — PRIMARY  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  VEGETABLE 
KINGDOM.  — 26. 

46,  Phsenogamia  —  Cryptogamia, — 47,  then-  distinctions  of  tissue,  —  48,  of  cotyle- 
dons. 49,  Further  distin ctions.  50,  A  species,  —  a,  illustration  —  mimber  of  speciei 
known.  51,  Varieties,  —  a,  where  they  occur.  52,  A  genus, — a,  illustration, — £, 
summary. 

CHAPTER  IV.— OF  THE  FLOWER. 
§1.    OF  ITS  PARTS  AND  THEIR  ARRANGEMENT. —28. 

53,  Parts  of  the  flower  enumerated, — a,  essential  organs  —  perfect  flower,  —  £,  im 
perfect  flower  —  sterile  —  fertile  —  neutral.  54,  Perianth  consists  of —  calyx  —  co- 
rolla—  achlamydeous  flowers.  55,  Calyx  defined  —  sepals.  56,  Corolla  defined  — 
petals.  57,  Stamens  —  definition  of — office  —  andrcecium.  58,  Pistils  —  office 
of  —  gynoecium.  59,  Receptacle  — order  of  the  organs  upon  it.  60,  Specimens. 
61,  A  complete  and  regular  flower,  —  a,  theoretical  cumber  of  the  parts,  —  £,  their 


8  CONTENTS    AND 

theoretical  position,  —  <?,  summary  —  correspondence  between  a  flower  and  a  leafy 
branch.  62,  Apparent  exceptions  —  examples  of  symmetrical  flowers.  63, «,  First 
cause  of  deviation,  the  development  of  one  or  more  additional  whorls  —  exam- 
ples.— b,  Second  cause,  the  suppression  of  entire  whorls  —  examples.  —  e,  Third 
cause,  the  suppression  of  parts  of  whorls  —  examples.  —  d,  Fourth  cause,  the  union 
of  parts  of  the  same  whorl  —  examples.— *,  Fifth  cause,  the  union  of  organs  of  differ- 
ent whorls  — examples.— /,  Sixth  cause,  unequal -development  of  similar  organs  — 
examples,  —g,  Seventh  cause,  reconversion  of  organs  — examples.— A,  Eighth 
cause,  development  of  axis  —  examples. 

CHAPTER  V.  — OF  THE  FLOWER. 
§2.    STAMENS  AND  THE  ARTIFICIAL  CLASSES.— 34. 

64,  The  stamens,  basis  of  a  classification  —  why.  —  65,  Definition  —  66,  parts  — 
which  essential.  67,  Filament.  68,  Anther — when  sessile  —  connectile  —  anal- 
ogy, —  a,  cells — dehiscence, — 6,  connectile,  —  c,  stamen  abortive.  69,  Modes  of 
attachment  of  anther  to  filament,  1st,  innate ;  2d,  adnate ;  3d,  versatile ;  4th,  in- 
trorse  —  extrorse.  70,  Pollen  —  forms,  —  a,  structure  —  molecules.  71,  Physio- 
logical structure  -=—  of  the  filament — connectile  —  anther  —  pollen.  72,  Theoretical 
structure  —  proof  from  the  transitions  of  stamens  into  pistils  —  examples.  73,  Cir- 
cumstances in  which  stamens  vary  —  twenty-four  Linnean  Classes.  74,  Number, — 
Etymology  of  the  names  of  the  Classes.  Class  1st,  2nd,  3d,  4th,  5th,  6th,  7th,  8th, 
9th,  10th,  llth.  2nd,  Position.  —  12th,  13th.  3d,  Relative  length,  — 14th,  15th, 
4th,  Connection,  — 16th,  17th,  18th,  19th,  20th.  5th,  Absence,  —  21st,  22d,  23d, 
24th. 

CHAPTER  VI  — THE  FLOWER. 
J  3.    OF  THE  PISTIL  AND  THE  ARTIFICIAL  ORDERS.  — 39. 

75,  The  pistil,  its  position  —  structure.  76,  Ovary  —  ovules.  77,  Ovary  simple  — 
compound  —  carpels.  78,  The  style  —  number  —  connection.  79,  Stigma  —  sim- 
ple—  compound.  80,  Number  of  styles,  orders  founded  upon.  Order  1st,  2nd,  3rd, 
4th,  5th,  6th,  7th,  8th,  9th,  10th,  llth,  12th.  Note,  —  Orders  of  the  class  Didyna- 
mia— Tetradynamia—  Orders  of  the  16th,  17th,  18th,  20th,  21st,  and  22d  classes. 
Orders  of  Syngenesia,  Equalis  —  Superflua — Frustranea  —  Necessaria  —  Segre- 
gata.  Orders  of  Polygamia,  Monoecia  —  Dicecia.  Orders  of  the  24th,  class.  81, 
Ovules.  82,  Placenta  —  structure  —  direction.  83,  Physiological  structure  —  of  the 
ovary  —  style  —  stigma  —  without  epidermis.  84,  Theoretical  structure  explained,  — 
sutures  —  ventral  —  dorsal,  —  a,  illustration,  —  i,  c,  illustrations  continued.  85,  Pro- 
positions, —  first  —  second — third  —  fourth.  86,  These  propositions  when  true.  87, 
Central  placenta,  —  parietal  placenta.  88,  Free  central  placenta,  —  explanation. — 
a,  Ovules  proved  to  be  analogous  to  buds.  89,  Ovules  enclosed  —  naked,  —  #,  erect 
—  ascending  —  pendulous  —  suspended.  90,  Foramen — primine  —  secundine  —  nu- 
cleus— a,  illustration.  91,  Funiculus  —  chalaza. 

§4-  OF  THE  MUTUAL  ACTION  OF  THE  STAMENS  AND  PISTILS.— 44. 

92,  Their  specific  office — how  accomplished,  —  a,  illustrations,  —  tulip  —  Kalmia, 
&c.  93,  Action  of  pollen  upon  the  stigma — tubes.  94,  Molecules  —  their  destina- 
tion. 

CHAPTER  VH.  — THE  FLOWER. 

§5.     OF  THE  CALYX.  — 45. 

95,  Calyx — etymology  —  color.  —  96,  Sepals — monosepalous  —  polysepalous. — 
97,  Calyx  —  inferior — superior, — 98,  caducous  —  deciduous  —  persistent, — 99,  re- 
duced —  wanting — a,  Pappus  —  pilose  —  plumose  —  setose  —  paleaceous. 

J.6.    OF  THE  COROLLA.  — 46. 

100,  The  corolla— etymology.  101,  Petals  —  polypetalous— monopetalous.  102, 
Claw  — lamina,  — 103,  tube  —  limb,  — 104,  regular— irregular.  1,  Corolla  campanu- 
late.  2,  Infundibuliform.  3,  Hypocratiriform.  4,  Rotate.  5,  Labiate  — ringent  — 
personate  —  galea.  105,  Forms  of  polypetalous  corollas,  —  1,  Cruciform.  2,  Rosa- 
ceous. 3,  Liliaceous.  4,  Caryophyllaceous.  5,  Papilionaceous  —  vexillum — alae  — 
carinse.  106,  Physiological  structure  —  colors. 


ANALYSIS    OF    SUBJECTS. 

§7.    OF  THE  NECTARY  AND  DISK.— 49. 

107,  Definition, — <z,  Nectary — labellum — spur,  —  5,  Disk  —  hypogynous —  epi- 
gynous,  —  c,  true  character. 

58.    OF  ESTIVATION.  —  50. 

108,  Definition — vernation, — a,  illustration.    1,  ^Estivation  valvate, — 2,  Convo- 
lute, T-  3,  Quincuncial,  —  4,  Contorted,  —  5,  Alternate,  —  6,  Vexillary,  —  7,  Indupli- 
cate,  —  8,  Supervolute. 

CHAPTER  Vm.  — THE  FRUIT.— 51. 

109,  Its  importance  —  design,  —  a,  utility,  —  5,  in  respect  to  time  —  defined.    110, 
Analogous  to  ovary — changes,  —  a,  examples. 

§1.    OF  THE  PERICARP.  — 52. 

Ill,  Fruit  consists  of,  —  a,  naked  seeds.  112,  Pericarp  defined — epicarp  —  sar- 
cocarp, — a,  illustration.  113,  Physiology  of  growth,  — 114,  of  ripening, — a,  acidi- 
fication,—  0,  maturity.  115,  Dehiscence — indehiscent — valves, —  1,  Dehiscence 
locnlicidal, —  2,  Septicidal,  —  3,  Septifragal,  —  4,  Sutural,  —  5,  Circumscissile.  116, 
Forms  of  pericarp. —  1,  Capsule, —#,  cells —  columella. — 2,  Silique. — 3,  Silicic. — 
4,  Legume.— 5,  Follicle.  — 6,  Drupe.— 7,  Nut.— 8.  Caryopsis.  — 9,  Achenium.— 
10,  Samara.  — 11,  Pyxis.  — 12,  Pome.  — 13,  Pepo.  — 14,  Berry — strawberry — black- 
berry.—15,  Strobile. 

CHAPTER  IX.—  THE  ERTJIT.— 57. 
$2.     OF   THE    SEED. 

117,  The  seed  defined,  —  a,  its  parts,  118,  integuments  —  testa  —  mesosperm  — 
cndopleura,  —  a,  Testa,  its  substance  —  surface  —  form  —  appendages,  —  £,  Coma 
distinguished.  119,  Aril.  120,  Hilum.  121,  Seed  orthotropous  —  anatropous.  122, 
Albumen  —  where  most  abundant  —  where  wanting.  123,  Embryo  — 124,  its 
parts,  —  a,  radicle,  —  6,  plumule  —  its  direction.  125,  Cotyledon,  —  #,  the  number, 
&c.  126,  Monocotyledons  —  endogens.  127,  Dicotyledons  —  exogens  distin 
guished.  128,  Cotyledons  many  —  none.  129,  Embryos,  number  of.  —  Spores 

§3.    OF  GERMINATION.— 60. 

130,  The  embryo,  its  importance,  —  a,  germination  defined,  —  331,  the  process  ex 
plained.  132,  The  cotyledons.  133,  Conditions  of  germination,  —  a,  heat  —  £, 
water — e,  oxygen —  d,  darkness.  134,  Duration"  of  the  vitality  of  seeds.  Note, 
Two  examples  of. 

§  4.     OF  DISSEMINATION.  —  61. 

135,  Remark  —  examples,  Erigeron  —  a,  Wings,  hooks  —  5,  Impatiens  —  Streams 
and  oceans  —  Squirrels,  birds. 

CHAPTER  X.  — THE  ROOT.— 62. 

136,  Its  definition  —  origin, — a,  divisions.     137,  Prone  direction,  —  a,  horizontal 
direction.    138,  Number  and  extent.     139,  How  distinguished  from  stems.   140,  Ex- 
ceptions—  adventitious  buds  —  subterranean  stems.     141,  Gollum  —  a,  stationary. 
142,  Parts  of  the  root,  —  a,  caudex  —  £,  fibres  —  e,  sppngioles.     143,  Forms  of  roots. 
144,  Ramose — a,  analogous  to  branches  —  illustration,  —  i,  further  illustration, — 
c,  extent  of  roots.     145,  Fusiform  root  —  forked  —  tap  root  —  premorse  —  napiform. 
146,  Fibrous,  —  a,  fasciculated.     147,  Tuberous, — a,  palmate  —  3,  granulated.    148, 
Use  of  fleshy  roots.     149,  Floating  root.    150,  Epiphytes  — parasites. 

PHYSIOLOGICAL  STRUCTURE  AND  FUNCTIONS  OF  THE  ROOT.— 66 

151,  Internal  structure.  152,  Fibrils,  structure  —  function.  153,  Growth  of  root. 
154,  Its  most  obvious  function — most  important  one  —  a,  illustration.  155,  Activity 
of  absorption  dependent  on.  156,  Part  which  absorbs,  &c.  —  a,  illustration,  —  6, 
transplanting.  157,  Force  of  absorption,  —  a,  illustration.  158,  Cause  of  absorp- 
tion —  not  capillary  attraction,  —  a,  experiment  in  philosophy  —  exosmose  —  endos- 
mose.  159,  Requisite  conditions,  —  a,  how  they  exist  in  the  root,  —  application. 
160,  Use  of  absorption,  —  a,  power  of  choice  —  illustration. 


10  CONTENTS    AND 

CHAPTER  XI.— THE  STEM,  OB  ASCENDING  AXIS.— 69. 

161,  Definition,  —  a,  cause  of  its  ascent.  162,  Direction  horizontal  —  erect  —  pro- 
cumbent—  ascending  —  subterranean.  163,  Annual — perennial.  164,  Distinction 
in  regard  to  size,  &c.  — a,  tree — 6,  shrub  —  c,  herb.  165,  Most  distinctive  property 
of  stem.  166,  Buds.  167,  Leaf-bud.  168,  The  scaly  envelopes,  a,  Scales  not 
formed  in  hot  climates,  &c.  —  their  design.  169,  Bud  terminal,  develops  a  simple 
axis,  —  a,  axillary,,  developes  branches,  —  d,  adventitious.  170,  Branch.  171, 
Thorn,  —  a,  its  nature,  &c.  —  b,  distinguished  from  prickles.  172,  Node  —  inter- 
node,  —  a,  how  formed  —  why  the  axis  diminishes  upwards.  173,  Arrangement  of 
branches,  — 174,  spiral, — a,  modifications — circular,  how  caused.  175,  Alter- 
nate—  opposite  —  whorled.  176,  Same  of  the  branches.  —  a,  Two  classes  of  stems. 
177,  Subterranean  —  stemless  plants  —  varieties.  178,  Bulb, — a,  tunicated  — 
scaly,— 6,  how  renewed,  —  c,  bulblets.  179,  Corm.  180,  Tuber.  181,  Ehizoma. 
182,  Creeper, — a,  repent  sterns^  their  use.  183,  Varieties  of  aerial  stems.  184, 
Caulis.  185,  Runner.  186,  Scape, — a,  culm.  187,  Vine  —  a,  tendril.  188,  Twin- 
ing stems  —  their  direction.  189,  Trunk  —  a,  its  dimensions.  Note,  Illustrations, 
6,  its  duration.  Note,  Illustrations.  190,  Sucker.  191,  Offset.  192,  Stolon.  193, 
Plurality  of  trunks — a,  Banyan — Mangrove. 

fl.    PHYSIOLOGICAL  STRUCTURE  OF  THE  EXOGENOUS  STEM.  — 77. 

194j  Structure  of  herbaceous  stems  — 195,  of  the  first  year's  growth  of  perennial 
stems,  —  a,  basis  of  the  distinction  of  Exogens  and  Endogens.  196,  Exogens.  197, 


Earts.  —  206,  its  structure  —  cork  —  liber.    207,  New  layer,  how  formed,  —  a,  outer 
lyers,  why  shaggy —  horizontal  fibres,  —  £,  qualities  resident  in,  —  c,  its  peculiar 
vessels. 

§  2.    FUNCTIONS  OF  THE  STEM.  —  80. 

208,  Conveyance  of  sap,  —  209,  through  what  portion  —  its  course  —  elabora- 
tion—  descent. 

§3.  OF  THE  ENDOGENOUS  STRUCTURE.  — 81. 

210,  Its  peculiarity.  211,  Composition.  212,  Each  bundle  consists  of,  —  a,  mode 
of  increase. 

CHAPTER  XIL— THE  LEAF.— 82. 

213,  Its  importance  —  character.  214,  How  distinguished.  215,  Color —  autum- 
nal hues,  —  a,  due  to  what — chlorophyll  —  changes,  —  b,  color  of  flowers. 

§1.    VERNATION.— 82. 

216,  Meaning  of  the  term — leaf-bud  how  compacted,  —  a,  illustration.  217, 
Forms  of  vernation,  —  1,  Equitant  —  2,  Obvolute  —  3,  Involute  —  4,  Ee volute  —  5, 
Convolute  — 6,  Plaited  — 7,  Circulate. 

§2.    ARRANGEMENT.— 83. 

218,  In  the  bud  — after  the  axis  is  developed,  —  !,  Scattered  — 2,  Alternate  — 3, 
Opposite  —  4,  Verticillate  — 5,  Fasciculate.  219,  How  these  forms  may  be  reconciled 
with  the  spiral,  —  a,  illustration,  —  6,  Alternate  explained,  —  c,  Opposite  or  whorled 
explained.  220,  Leaves  radical  —  cauline  —  ramial. 

§3.    ORGANOGRAPHY.  — 84. 

221,  Nature  of  the  leaf—  lamina — sessile  —  petiolate.  222,  Petiole  —  its  form  — 
1,  Compressed  —  2,  Winged— 3,  Amplexicaul.  223,  General  form  of  the  lamina  — 
base  — apex.  224,  Leaf  simple  —  compound.  225,  Physiology.  226,  Venation  — 
its  organs.  227,  Midrib  —  nerves.  228,  Veins  —  veinlets.  229,  Modes  of  venation. 
1,  Reticulate  —  2,  Parallel  —  3,  Forked.  230,  Varieties  of  reticulate  venation,  —  1, 
Feather-veined  —  2,  Radiate-veined  —  3,  Varieties  of  parallel  venation. 

J4-    FORM  OR  FIGURE.  — 86. 
231.  Theory  of— form  dependent  on  venation.    232,  Forms  resulting  from  the 


ANALYSIS    OP    SUBJECTS.  11 

feather  venation  — 1,  Orbicular— 2,  Elliptic  — 3,  Oblong— 4,  Ovate— 5,  Lanceo- 
late —  G,  Obovate  —  7,  Spathulate  —8,  Cordate  —  9,  Auriculate  — 10,  Hastate  — 11, 
Sagittate  — 12,  Reniform  —  a,  Forms  dependent  on  the  development  of  the  tissue  — 
13,  Runcinate — 14,  Lyrate  — 15,  Pinnatifid  — 16,  Sinuate.  233,  Forms  resulting 
from  radiate  venation  — 17,  Palmate  — IS,  Digitate  — 19,  Pedate— 20,  Lacinate— 
21,  Peltate — 22,  Reniform,  &c.  234,  Forms  of  parallel-veined  leaves — 23,  Linear — 
24,  Oval,  &c.  — 25,  Cordate— 26,  Acerose. 

§5.    MARGIN.  — 90. 

235,  How  modified  — 1,  Entire  — 2,  Dentate  — 3,  Serrate  — 4,  Crenate— 5-,  Erose 
—  6,  Undulate— 7,  Spinous—  8,  Incised  — 9,  Laciniate  — 10,  Crisped— 11,  Repand. 

$6.    APEX.  — 90. 

236,  Termination  of  leaf— 1,  Acute— 2,  Obtuse  — 3,  Acuminate— 4,  EmargLn- 
ate  —  5,  Retuse  —  6,  Mucronate. 

§7.    SURFACE.— 90. 

237,  Terms  descriptive  of  the  epidermis  on  the  leaf  or  elsewhere —  1,  Glabrous  — 
2,  Pubescent— 3,  Rough  — 4,  Pilose  — 5,  Hoary  — 6,  Villose  — 7,  Woolly  — 8,  To- 
mentose  —  9,  Rugose  — 10,  Punctate. 

§8.     COMPOUND  LEAVES.  — 91. 

238,  Leaf  becomes  compound  on  what  principle.    239,   Leaflets  —  articulated. 
240,  Forms  resulting  from  the  feather-veined  arrangement —  1,  Pinnate  —  2,  Equally 
pinnate  —  unequally  —  cirrhose — 3,   interruptedly — 4,  Number   of  leaflets  —  tri- 
foliate—  single  —  5,  bipinnate — 6,  tripinnate — 7,  biternate  —  8,  triternate.    241, 
Forms  resulting  from  radiate  venation — 9,    Quinate  — 10,   Septinate.    242,  Leaf 
with  regard  to  insertion  —  1,  Amplexicaul — 2,  Perfoliate  —  3,  Decurrent — 4,  Con- 
nate.   243,  Combined  terms,  —  #,  the  preposition  sub. 

§9.    ASCIDIA,  STIPULES,  AND  BRACTS.— 93. 

244,  Leaves  of  Teazel  —  Tillandsia — Arum.  245,  Ascidia,  —  a,  of  the  Sarracenia, 
how  formed,  &c.  246,  Nepenthes.  2*47,  Dischidia.  248,  Dionsea.  249,  Stipules,  — 
varieties  —  positions.  250,  Their  nature.  251,  Leaves  stipulate  —  exstipulate  — 
stipels.  252,  Bracts,  —  253,  their  nature.  254,  Involucre  —  involucel,  —  255,  of  the 
Composite.  256,  Glume  —  awn — palse  —  valves. 

§  10.     DURATION.  —96. 

257,  Leaves  temporary  — 1,  Fugacious  — 2,  Deciduous  — 3,  Persistent.  258,  Fall 
of  the  leaf —  previous  changes.  259,  Cause  of  defoliation. 

§11.    PHYSIOLOGICAL  STRUCTURE.— 96. 

260,  Of  the  frame-work,  —  a,  of  the  lamina.  261,  Parenchyma  disposed  in  two 
layers,  —  a,  how  covered.  262,  Internal  structure  of  the  parenchyma.  263,  Ar- 
rangement of  the  cells,  —  a,  chlorophyll.  264,  Stomata  communicate  with  what — 
found  on  which  surface.  265,  Vessels  of  the  latex  —  their  course."  266,  Leaf  of 
Oleander  —  air  cells. 

§12.     OF  THE  FUNCTIONS  OF  LEAVES 93. 

267,  Enumerated  —  result — latex.  268,  Crude  sap  consists  of.  269,  Exhala- 
tion— 270,  distinguished  from  evaporation — 271,  takes  place  through  the  stoma- 
ta — occurs  only  in  the  light  —  why — #,  illustration.  272,  Exhalation  dependent 
on  absorption  —  quantity  —  illustration.  273,  Absorption,  —  a,  illustration. — 274, 
by  their  lower  surface  —  illustration.  275,  Respiration  —  276,  consists  in — 277, 
constant— the  result  — 278,  illustration  —  279,  two  periods  of  its  greatest  activity  — 
a,  in  germination,  —  5,  flowering  7- proportion  of  oxygen  evolved.  —  Note,  illustra- 
tion.—  280,  Life  of  the  plant  dependent  on.  281,  Digestion  —  the  process.  282, 
Carbon  —  its  sources,  —  a,  illustration.  —  Plants  blanched  in  the  dark.  283,Fixation 
of  carbon — relative  amount  absorbed  and  evolved.  —  Experiments  of  Dr.  Daubeny. 
284,  Relation  of  animal  to  vegetable  kingdom  in  regard  to  carbon  —  Reflections. 


12          CONTENTS  AND  ANALYSIS  OF  SUBJECTS. 

CHAPTER  XIH. — INFLORESCENCE.  — 102. 

285,  Definition.  286,  Position,  —  a,  exceptions.  287,  Peduncle  —  flower  sessile. 
288,  Peduncle  simple— branched  — Pedicel.  289,  Scape.  290,  Rachis.  291,  Inflo- 
rescence solitary, — 292,  centrifugal  —  centripetal,  resulting  from  what.  293,  Cen- 
tripetal,—  294,  centrifugal,  —  <z,  how  indicated  —  all  the  flowers  terminal,  why. 
295,  Both  modes  combined  —  examples.  296,  Varieties  of  centripetal  inflorescence. 
297,  Spike  — 298,  Raceme  — 299,  Ament  — 300,  Spadix  — 301,  Corymb  — 302, 
Umbel  —303,  Head  —  a,  of  the  Compositse  —  compound  flowers  —  304,  Panicle  —  305, 
Thyrse — a,  Compound  umbel  —  Umbellet  —  Compound  raceme,  &c.  306,  Varie- 
ties of  centrifugal  inflorescence,  — 307,  Cyme  —  #,  its  normal  structure  and  devel- 
opment—  £,  inference, — 308,  Fascicle  —  309,  Verticillaster.  —  a,  Peduncle  con- 
verted into  a  tendril. 

CHAPTER  XIV.  — PRINCIPLES  OF  NUTRITION  — 106. 

310,  Four  simple  organic  elements  —  their  proportion.  311,  Carbon.  312,  Mineral 
ingredients  —  Agricultural  Chemistry.  313,  Sources  of  the  simple  elements. 
314,  Air.  315,  Soil.  316,  Water.  317,  Ammonia.  318,  Air  plants,  —  three  con- 
ditions requisite.  319,  Irrigation  —  Draining.  320,  Tillage  —  Amendments. 
321,  Fallow  ground—  Rotation  of  crops.  322,  Light  and  Heat.  323,  Digestion,  &c. 
324,  Proper  juice.  325,  Prodiicts  first  developed.  326,  Three  general  nutritive 
products  —  composition.  327,  Sugar  —  Diastase.  328,  Mutual  transformations. 
329,  Secretions. 

CHAPTER  XV.  -  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY.  —  1 1 1. 

J  OF  THE  CLASSIFICATION  OF  PLANTS. 

330,  Systematic  Botany  defined.  331,  Remarks  on  the  extent  of  the  field  of 
botanic  research.  332,  Folly  of  studying  individuals  only.  333,  Individuals  grouped 
into  species,  —  a,  illustrations  —  clover  —  pine.  334,  Species  grouped  into  genera, — 
illustration.  335,  Genera  resolved  into  orders  and  classes.  336,  Two  methods  of 
classifying  the  genera,  —  artificial  —  its  basis,  —  natural — its  basis.  —  337,  Com- 
parative merits  of  the  two —  use  of  the  artificial.  338,  Value  of  the  natural  — 
obscurities  now  removed.  339,  Remaining  difficulties  —  artificial  method  how  and 
why  retained  in  this  work.  340,  Artificial  arrangement  consists  of. 

CHAPTER  XVI.  — §  OF  THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM.  — 113. 

341,  Its  aim,  —  342,  distinguished  from  the  Artificial  —  what  characters  em- 
ployed, —  343,  advantages,  —  344,  yet  to  be  fully  consummated  —  some  artificial 
characters  yet  necessary.  345,  The  first  two  grand  divisions  —  Phsenogamia  —  its 
characters, —  Cryptogamia — characters,  —  34b,  uncertainty  of  these  characters,  — 
approximation  of  groups.  347,  Sporogens.  348,  Subdivision  of  Phsenogamia  — 
Exogens  —  characters  —  Endogens  —  characters.  349,  Classes,  six  —  Exogens 
divided  into  two  —  Angiosperms  —  characters  —  Gymosperms  —  characters.  350, 
Endogens  divided  into  two — Aglumaceous,  characters —  Glumaceous,  characters. 
351,  Cryptogamia  divided  into  two  —  Acrogens,  characters  —  Thallogens,  charac- 
ters. 352,  Affinities  of  the  classes.  354,  Sub-classes  —  Polypetalae,  characters  — 
Monopetalae,  characters — Apetalas,  characters.  355,  Orders  —  356,  how  formed. 
357,  Alliances,  groups,  &c.  358,  Extent  of  the  orders.  359,  Summary. 

CHAPTER  XVII.  — §  1.  NOMENCLATURE,  &c.  — 118. 

360,  Names  of  the  orders  Latin  adjectives  —  derivation, —  a,  exceptions.  361, 
Etymology  of  generic  names.  362,  Of  specific  names, —  363,  derivation — rules. 
§  2.  BOTANIC  ANALYSIS.  364,  defined,  —  365,  proper  state  of  plants  for,  —  366,  im- 
portance of.  367,  Process,  —  368,  with  the  learner.  —  Analytical  tables.  §3.  COL- 
LECTING AND  PRESERVING  PLANTS.  369.  ' 
Apparatus.  371,  Directions  for  gather! 
374,  Arrangement  of  the  specimens.  3' 
376,  Fruit,  seed,  and  wood,  how  preserved. 


BOTANY 


CHAPTER  I. 

INTKODUCTION. 

1.  BOTANY  is   the   science  which  treats   of  the    Vegetable 
Kingdom.     It  includes  the  knowledge  of  the  habits,  structure, 
and  uses  of  plants,  together  with  their  nomenclature  and  classi- 
fication. 

2.  Like  its  kindred  sciences,  it  is  resolved  into  distinct  depart- 
ments, according  to  the  nature  of  the  subjects  to  which  it  relates. 
That  part  which  investigates  the  organic  structure  of  vegetables, 
is   called    ORGANOGRAPHY,   corresponding   to    Anatomy,  in  the 
science  of  Zoology. 

3.  That  part  of  botany  which  relates  to  the  phenomena  of  the 
vital  functions  of  plants,  is  called  VEGETABLE  PHYSIOLOGY  ;  in- 
cluding  the    consideration   of  their   germination,   growth,   and 
reproduction.     It  has,  therefore,  a  direct  and  practical  bearing 
upon  the  labors  of  husbandry,  in  the  propagation  and  culture  of 
plants,  both  in  the  garden  and  in  the  field. 

4.  Another   department,   of  essential   importance,  is  GLOSS- 
OLOGY, which  relates  to   the   explanation   and   application   of 
botanical  terms,   whether  nouns   or   adjectives,  by  which  the 
organs  of  plants,  with  their  numerous  modifications,  are  desig- 
nated. 

5.  A  fourth  department,  called   SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY,  arises 
from  the  consideration  of  plants,  in  relation  to  each  other,  their 
mutual   affinities,  and   their   endless   diversities,  whereby  the 
100,000  species,  supposed  to  exist,  may  be  arranged,  classified, 
and  designated,  by  distinctive  characters  and  names. 


14  INTRODUCTION. 

6.  Finally,  in  its  extended  sense,  Botany  comprehends,  also, 
the  knowledge  of  the  relations  of  plants  to  the  other  depart- 
ments of  nature,  particularly  to  mankind.     The  ultimate  aim  of 
its  researches  is,  the  development  of  the  boundless  resources 
of  the  vegetable  kingdom  for  our  sustenance,  protection,  and 
enjoyment ;  for  the  healing  of  our  diseases,  and  the  alleviation 
of  our  wants  and  woes. 

7.  This  extensive  department  of  Natural  History,  therefore, 
justly  claims  a  large  share  of  the  attention  of  every  individual, 
not  only  on  account  of  the  aid  it  affords  to  horticulture,  to  the 
employments  of  rural  life,  and  to  the  healing  art,  but  also  for  the 
intellectual   and   moral   culture,   which,   among   other   kindred 
sciences,  it  is  capable  of  imparting  in  an  eminent  degree. 

a.  No  science  more  effectually  combines  pleasure  with  -improvement,  than 
Botany.  It  conducts  the  student  into  the  fields  and  forests,  amidst  the  verdure 
of  spring,  and  the  bloom  of  summer;  —  to  the  charming  retreats  of  Nature,  in 
her  wild  luxuriance,  or  where  she  patiently  smiles  under  the  improving  hand 
of  cultivation.  It  furnishes  him  with  vigorous  exercise,  both  of  body  and  mind, 
which  is  no  less  salutary  than  agreeable,  and  its  subjects  of  investigation  are  all 
such  as  are  adapted  to  please  the  eye,  refine  the  taste,  and  improve  the  heart. 

8.  The  natural  world,  by  distinctions  sufficiently  obvious,  is 
divided   into    three   great   departments,    commonly   called   the 
MINERAL,  VEGETABLE,  and  ANIMAL  KINGDOMS. 

a.  Vegetables,  or  plants,  hold  an  intermediate  position  between  animals  and 
minerals:  while  they  are  wanting  in  both  the  intelligence  and  instinct  of  the 
former,  they  are  endowed  with  a  physical  organization,  and  a  living  principle, 
whereby  they  are  remarkably  distinguished  above  the  latter ;  they  constitute  the 
ultimate  nourishment  and  support  of  the  one,  the  vesture  and  ornament  of  the 
other. 

9.  A  mineral  is  an  inorganic  mass  of  matter,  that  is,  without 
distinction  of  jmrts  or  organs.     A  stone,  for  example,  may  be 
broken  into  any  number  of  fragments,  each  of  which  will  retain 
all  the  essential  characters  of  the  original  body,  so  that  each 
fragment  will  still  be  a  stone. 

10.  A  plant  is  an  organized  body,  endowed  with  vitality  but 
not  with  sensation,  composed  of  distinct  parts,  each  of  which  is 
essential  to  the  completeness  of  its  being.     A  geranium  is  com- 
posed of  organs,  which  may  be  separated  or  subdivided  indefi- 


THE    DIFFUSION    OF    VEGETATION.  15 

nitely,  but  no  one  of  the  fragments,  alone,  will  still  be  a  complete 
plant. 

11.  Animals,  like  plants,  are  organized  bodies,  endowed  with 
vitality,  and  composed  of  distinct  parts,  no  one  of  which  is  com- 
plete in  itself;  but  they  are  raised  above  either  plants  or  min- 
erals, by  the  power  of  perception. 

a.  These  distinctions,  long  since  suggested  by  the  immortal  Linnaeus,  are  per- 
fectly obvious  and  definite,  in  the  higher  grades  of  the  animal  and  vegetable 
kingdoms  5  but,  in  descending  the  scale,  we  recognize  a  gradual  and  constant 
approach,  in  both,  to  inorganic  matter,  and  consequently  to  each  other ;  so  that, 
in  the  lowest  forms  of  life,  all  traces  of  organization  disappear,  and  the  three  great 
kingdoms  of  nature,  like  three  converging  radii,  meet,  and  blend  in  a  common 
centre. 

12.  Vegetation,  in  some  of  its  forms,  appears  to  be  coexten 
sive  with  the  surface  of  the  earth.     It  springs  up,  not  only  from 
the  sunny  soil,  moistened  with  rain  and  dew,  but  even  from  the 
naked  rock,  amidst  the  arid  sands  of  the  desert,  in  thermal  and 
sulphurous  springs,  in  arctic  and  alpine  snows,  and  from  the  beds 
of  seas  and  oceans. 

a.  Among  the  multitude  of  natural  causes  which  affect  the  growth  of  vegeta- 
tion, the  action  of  the  sun,  through  the  light  and  heat  which  it  imparts,  is  the  most 
efficient.  This  is  most  powerful  at  the  equator,  and  gradually  diminishes  in  in- 
tensity, as  we  proceed  from  thence  towards  either  pole.  Vegetation,  therefore, 
arrives  at  its  highest  degree  of  luxuriance  at  the  equator,  and  within  the  tropics. 
In  the  temperate  zones  it  is  less  remarkable  for  the  beauty  and  variety  of  its 
flowers,  and  the  deliciousness  of  its  fruits,  than  in  the  torrid ;  yet  it  is  believed  to 
be  no  less  adapted  to  promote  the  arts  of  civilized  life,  and  the  well-being  of  man 
in  general.  In  still  higher  latitudes,  plants  become  few,  and  of  stinted  growth, 
until  finally,  within  the  arctic  circles,  they  apparently,  but  not  absolutely,  cease 
to  vegetate. 

6.  Since  climate  is  affected  by  elevation  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  in  the  same 
manner  as  by  increase  of  latitude,  we  find  a  similar  diminution  of  vegetable 
activity,  in  ascending  high  mountains.  Thus,  the  peak  of  Teneriffe,  situated  on 
a  fertile  island,  within  the  tropics,  is  clothed,  at  different  elevations,  with  plants 
peculiar  to  every  latitude,  in  succession,  from  the  torrid  to  the  frigid  zones, 
while  the  summit,  being  always  covered  with  snow,  is  as  barren  as  the  region  of 
the  poles.  '  So  also  the  White  Mountains,  in  New  Hampshire,  exhibit  upon  their 
summits  a  vegetation  similar  to  that  of  Labrador,  or  even  Greenland. 

c.  One  of  the  first  requisites  for  the  growth  of  plants,  is  a  soil,  from  which,  by 
means  of  roots,  they  may  derive  their  proper  nutriment  and  support.  But  numer- 
ous species  of  lichens  and  mosses  find  their  most  congenial  habitations  upon  the 
bare  rock.  The  coral  island  no  sooner  arises  to  the  surface,  than  it  arrests  the 
2* 


16  INTRODUCTION. 

floating  germs  of  vegetation,  which  soon  clothe  the  rough  rock  with  verdure  of  a 
humbler  kind,  and  ultimately,  by  the  growth  and  decay  of  successive  generations, 
form  a  soil  for  the  sustenance  of  the  higher  forms  of  vegetable  life. 

d.  Another  important  requisite  is  moisture.    But  the  arid  sands  of  the  great 
African  desert  are  not  absolutely  destitute  of  vegetable  life.    Even  there,  certain 
species  of  Stapelia  are  said  to  flourish,  and  those  dreary  regions,  where  neither  rain 
nor  dew  ever  falls,  are  occasionally  enlivened  by  spots  of  verdure,  like  islands  in 
the  ocean,  composed  of  these  and  kindred  plants. 

e.  Extremes  of  heat  are  not  always  fatal  to  vegetation.    In  one  of  the  Geysers 
of  Iceland,  which  was  hot  enough  to  boil  an  egg  in  four  minutes,  a  species  of 
Chara  has  been  found,  in  a  groAving  and  fruitful  state.    A  hot  spring  at  the 
Island  of  Luzon,  which  raises  the  thermometer  to  187°,  has  plants  growing  in  it 
and  on  its  borders.    But  the  most  extraordinary  case  of  all,  is  one  recorded  by 
Sir  J.  Staunton.    '  At  the  Island  of  Amsterdam  a  spring  was  found,  the  mud  of 
which,  far  hotter  than  boiling  water,  gave  birth  to  a  species  of  liverwort.'     Other 
similar  instances  are  on  record. 

/.  Nor  are  the  extremes  of  cold  fatal  to  every  form  of  vegetation.  The  rein- 
deer lichen,  of  Lapland,  grows  in  vast  quantities  among  almost  perpetual  snows. 
And  far  in  the  arctic  regions,  the  eternal  snows  are  often  reddened,  for  miles  in 
extent,  by  a  minute  vegetable  of  the  Algse  tribe,  called  red  snow,  of  a  structure 
the  simplest  that  has  yet  been  observed,  consisting  of  a  single  round  cell  contain- 
ing a  fluid. 

g.  Light  is  also  a  highly  important  agent  in  vegetation ;  yet  there  are  plants 
capable  of  flourishing  in  situations  where  it  would  seem  that  no  ray  of  it  ever 
entered.  Mushrooms,  and  even  plants  of  higher  orders,  have  been  found  growing 
amidst  the  perpetual  midnight  of  deep  caverns  and  mines.  Sea  weeds  of  a  bright 
green  color  have  been  drawn  up  from  the  bed  of  the  ocean,  from  depths  of  more 
than  100  fathoms. 

13.  The  vegetable  kingdom  is  no  less  remarkable  for  its  rich 
and  boundless  variety,  than  for  its  wide  diffusion.     Plants  differ 
from  each  other  in  respect  to  form,  size,  color,  habits,  structure, 
and  properties,  to  an  unlimited  degree,  so  that  it  would  be  diffi- 
cult, indeed,  to  find  two  individuals,  even  of  the  same  species, 
which  should  perfectly  coincide  in  all  these  points. 

a.  Yet  this  variety  is  never  abrupt,  never  capricious;  but  here,  as  in  other 
departments  of  nature,  uniform  resemblances  are  so  blended  with  it,  as  to  lay  an 
adequate  foundation  for  Systematic  Botany. 

14.  The  same  causes  which  affect  the  general  increase  of 
plants,  exercise,  also,  an  important  influence  in  determining  their 
character.     Hence,  every  climate  has  not  only  its  own  peculiar 
degree  of  vegetable  activity,  but  also  its  peculiar  species. 

a.  Other  causes,  besides  temperature,  are  efficient  in  determining  the  species  of 


GERMINATION.  17 

any  given  locality,  such  as  the  qualities  of  the  soil,  the  degree  of  moisture  both  of 
the  earth  and  skies,  the  inclination  of  surface,  rocks,  shades,  and  winds,  the  com- 
bined action  of  which  often  becomes  an  exceedingly  complicated  matter.  Now 
to  each  of  these  innumerable  combinations  of  circumstances,  the  Creator  has 
adapted  the  constitution  of  certain  species  of  plants,  so  that  each  given  locality 
may  be  expected  to  produce  its  own  appropriate  kinds.  But  since  some  species 
are  also  endowed  with  the  power  of  accommodating  themselves  to  a  wide  range 
of  circumstances,  these  are  found  more  extensively  diffused,  while  others,  without 
this  power,  are  comparatively  rare. 

15.  Vegetation  is  susceptible  of  important  changes  by  culti- 
vation. Many  plants  are  improved,  in  every  desirable  quality, 
by  accommodating  themselves  to  the  conditions  of  soils  enriched 
and  enlivened  by  art.  Examples  are  seen  in  almost  every  cul- 
tivated species. 

16.  The  cabbage,  in  its  wild  state,  is  a  slender,  branching  herb,  with  no  appear- 
ance of  a  head.  The  potatoe,  in  its  native  wilds  of  tropical  America,  is  a  rank, 
running  vine,  with  scarcely  a  tuber  upon  its  roots.  All  the  rich  and  delicate 
varieties  of  the  apple  have  sprung,  by  artificial  means,  from  an  austere  forest- 
fruit.  The  numerous  and  splendid  varieties  of  the  Dahlia  are  the  descendants 
of  a  coarse  Mexican  plant,  with  an  'ordinary  yellow  flower,  of  a  single  circle  of 
colored  leaves.  The  tulip  and  the  geranium  afford  similar  examples. 

17.  Changes,  not  only  in  the  qualities  of  vegetation,  are  ef- 
fected by  culture,  but  also  in  the  species  themselves,  through  the 
substitution  of  the  useful  or  the  ornamental  for  the  native  pro- 
ducts of  the  soil.  Thus,  in  agricultural  districts,  almost  the 
whole  face  of  nature  is  transformed,  by  human  skill  and  industry, 
from  the  wilderness  to  the  fruitful  field. 

a.  Hence  it  appears  that  there  is  scarcely  a  spot  on  earth  which  is  not  caused, 
by  the  quickening  energy  of  the  Creator,  to  teem  with  vegetable  existence,  in  some 
of  its  numberless  forms,  while  his  goodness  is  conspicuous  in  rendering  those 
tribes  which  are  most  subservient  to  the  wants  of  man  capable  of  the  widest  dif- 
fusion. 


18  PLAN    OF    VEGETATION. 

CHAPTER    II. 

PLAN  OF  VEGETATION.— ELEMENTARY  ORGANS. 

18.  THE  earliest  and  simplest  state  of  the  plant  is  an  embryo 
contained  in  a  seed.     This  consists  essentially  of  two  parts,  the 
radicle  and  plumule ;  the  former  about  to  be  developed  into  the 
root,  the  latter  into  the  ascending  plant  with  its  appendages. 

19.  As  soon  as  the  process  of  germination  commences,  the 
radicle  begins  to  extend  itself  downwards  in  the  direction  of  the 
earth's  centre,  constantly  avoiding  the  air  and  the  light,  forming 
the  descending  axis,  or  root.     The  plumule,  taking  the  opposite 
direction,  extends  itself  upwards,  always  seeking  the  light,  and 
expanding  itself,  to  the  utmost  extent  of  its  power,  to  the  influ- 
ence of  the  atmosphere.     This  constitutes  the  ascending  axis,  or 
trunk,   around  which  the  leaves   and  their  modifications  are 
arranged. 

20.  At  the  commencement  of  its  growth,  the  ascending  axis 
is  merely  a  bud,  that  is,  a  groiving  point,  enveloped  in  rudimen- 
tary leaves,  or  scales,  for  its  protection.     As  this  growing  point 
advances,  the  enveloping  scales  expand  into  leaves  below,  while 
new  ones  are  constantly  appearing,  in  succession,  above.     Thus 
the  axis  is  always  terminated  by  a  bud. 

21.  By  this  process  the  axis  is  elongated,  simply  in  one  direc- 
tion.    But,  besides  this,  there  is  also  a  bud  (or  buds),  either 
visible,  or  in  a  rudimentary  state,  formed  in  the  axil  of  each 
leaf. 

a.  These  axillary  buds  are  generally  visible,  either  before  or  after  the  leaf  has 
fallen.  In  some  plants,  however,  they  seldom  appear;  but  their  existence  is 
inferred  from  the  fact,  that  even  in  such  cases,  they  are  occasionally  developed  in 
extraordinary  circumstances. 

22.  Each  bud  is  a  distinct  individual,  capable  of  an  independ- 
ent existence,  in  favorable  circumstances,  although  severed  from 
the  parent  stock. 

o.  The  common  practice  of  propagation  by  layers,  offsets,  engrafting,  and 
budding,  is  both  a  result  and  a  proof  of  this  principle.  A  plant  may  be,  and 


FORMATION    OF' THE    FLOWER.  19 

often  is,  in  this  manner,  multiplied  indefinitely,  by  the  dissevered  parts  of  itself, 
as  well  as  by  the  seed. 

23.  But,  remaining  connected  with  the  parent  stock,  axillary 
buds,  a  part  or  all  of  them,  according  to  circumstances,  are  de- 
veloped into  branches,  each  of  which  may  again  generate  buds 
and  branchlets  in  the   axils  of  its  own  leaves,   in  the   same 
manner. 

a.  Thus,  by  the  repetition  of  this  simple  process,  the  vegetable  fabric  is  reared 
from  the  earth,  a  compound  being,  formed  of  as  many  united  individuals  as  there 
are  buds,  and  as  many  buds  as  there  are  branches  and  leaves,  ever  advancing  in 
the  direction  of  the  growing  points,  by  the  deposition  of  matter  derived  from  the 
cellular  tissue,  clothing  itself  with  leaves  as  it  advances,  and  enlarging  the  diam 
cter  of  its  axis  by  the  deposition  of  matter  elaborated  by,  and  descending  from, 
the  leaves  already  developed,  until  it  reaches  the  limits  of  the  existence  assigned 
it  by  its  Creator. 

b.  But  the  plant,  reared  by  this  process  alone,  would  consist  only  of  those  parts 
requisite  to  its  own  individual  existence,  without  reference  to  the  continuance  of 
its  species  beyond  its  own  dissolution.    It  would  be  simply  an  axis,  expanded 
into  branches  and  leaves.    But  the  Divine  command,  which  first  caused  the  tribes 
of  vegetation,  in  their  diversified  beauty,  to  spring  from  the  earth,  required  that 
each  plant  should  have  its  '  seed  within  itself,'  for  the  perpetuation  of  its  kind. 

24.  At  certain  periods  of  its  vegetation,  therefore,  a  change  is 
observed  to  occur  in  the  plant,  in  regard  to  the  development  of 
some  of  its  buds.     From  the  diminished  or  altered  supply  of 
sap,  received  from  the  vessels  below,  the  growing  point  ceases 
to  lengthen  in  the  direction  of  the  axis,  but  expands  its  leaves 
in  crowded  and  concentric  whorls ;  each  successive  whorl,  pro- 
ceeding from  the  outer  to  the  inner,  undergoing  a  gradual  trans- 
formation from  the   original  type   (a  leaf),   according  to   the 
purpose  it  is  destined  to  fulfil  in  the  production  of  the  seed. 
Thus,  instead  of  a  leafy  branch,  the  ordinary  progeny  of  a  bud, 
a  flower  is  the  result. 

25.  A  flower  may,  therefore,  be  considered  as  a  transformed 
branch,  having  the  leaves  crowded  together  by  the  non-devel- 
opment of  the  axis,  and  moulded  into  more  delicate  structures, 
and  tinged  with  more  brilliant  hues,  not  only  to  adorn  and 
beautify  the  face  of  nature,  but  to  fulfil  the  important  office  of 
reproduction. 

a.  In  the  common  peony,  for  example,  as  the  leaves  approach  the  summit  of 
the  stem,  they  gradually  lose  their  characteristic  divisions,  and,  at  length,  just 


20  PLAN    OF    VEGETATION. 

below  the  flower,  become  simple  bracts,  still  retaining  every  essential  mark  of  a 
leaf.  Next,  by  an  easy  gradation,  they  appear  in  the  sepals  of  the  calyx,  the  outer 
envelope  of  the  flower,  still  essentially  the  same.  Then,  by  a  transition  rather 
more  abrupt,  they  pass  into  the  delicate  and  highly  colored  petals  of  the  corolla, 
retaining  still  the  form  and  organization  of  the  leaf.  To  the  petals  next  succeed 
those  slender  organs  called  stamens,  known  to  be  undeveloped  leaves  from  the 
fact  of  their  being  often  converted  into  petals.  Lastly,  those  two  central  organs, 
termed  pistils,  are  each  the  result  of  the  infolding  of  a  leaf,  the  midrib  and  the 
united  edges  being  yet  discernible. 

26.  When  the  flower  has  accomplished  its  brief  but  impor- 
tant office  in  reproduction,  its  deciduous  parts  fall  away,  and 
the  remaining  energies  of  the  plant  are  directed  to  the  devel- 
opment of  the  germ  into  the  perfect  fruit.  This  being  accom- 
plished, the  whole  plant  speedily  perishes,  if  it  be  an  annual, 
or,  if  not,  it  continues  to  put  forth  new  branches,  from  other 
growing  points,  which,  in  their  turn,  are  to  be  terminated  by 
flowers  and  fruit  the  following  year. 

a.  Such  is  a  very  brief  outline  of  the  plan  of  vegetation,  or  the  process  of  nature 
in  the  germination,  growth,  fructification,  and  decay  of  plants.  And  it  is  impos- 
sible to  contemplate  it,  without  admiring  that  simplicity  of  design  in  the  midst  of 
the  most  diversified  results  which  every  where  characterizes  the  works  of  God. 
Every  part  of  the  vegetable  fabric  may  be  ultimately  traced  to  one  elementary 
organic  form,  of  which  the  leaf  is  the  type.  The  lamina,  or  blade,  in  various 
stages  of  transition,  constitutes  the  several  organs  of  fructification,  while  the 
united  bases  of  all  the  leaves  constitute  the  axis  itself. 

27.  When  we  more  minutely  examine  the  internal  organization  of  plants,  we 
find  their  different  parts,  however  various  in  appearance,  all  constructed  of  the 
same  materials.  The  leaf,  for  example,  consists  of  a  foot-stalk  prolonged  into  a 
framework  of  veins,  a  fleshy  substance  filling  up  the  interstices,  and  a  cuticle,  or 
skin,  covering  the  whole.  Now  this  framework  is  composed  of  woody  fibre,  aque- 
ducts, and  air-vessels,  all  of  which  may  be  traced  through  the  foot-stalk  into  the 
stem,  where  they  equally  exist,  —  this  part  of  the  leaf  being  only  a  prolongation 
of  the  stem.  The  fleshy  substance  is  of  the  same  nature  with  the  pith  of  the 
stem,  or  the  pulp  of  the  fruit;  and,  finally,  the  cuticle  corresponds  exactly  to  the 
thin  covering  of  the  newly  formed  branches,  of  the  various  parts  of  the  flower, 
and  even  of  the  roots. 

a.  These  several  kinds  of  structure,  of  which  the  various 
organs  are  composed,  are  called  the  elementary  tissues.  They 
are  five  in  number ;  —  cellular  tissue,  woody  tissue,  vasiform  tissue, 
vascular  tissue,  and  laticiferous  tissue. 

28.  The  chemical  basis  of  the  vegetable  tissues  is  proved  by 


CELLULAR   TISSUE.  21 

analysis  to  be  oxygen,  hydrogen,  and  carbon,  with  an  occasional 
addition  of  nitrogen,  the  same  simple  elements  as,  by  their 
varied  combinations,  constitute  the  air,  water,  and  most  animal 
substances.  The  organic  basis  is  simple  membrane  and  fibre. 
Of  one,  or  both,  of  these  two  forms,  all  the  tissues  are  con- 
structed. 

a.  If  the  fleshy  portion  of  the  leaf  above  mentioned,  or  the  pulp  of  the  fruit  be 
closely  examined,  they  will  be  found  composed  of  numerous  vesicles  of  extreme 
minuteness,  adhering  together.  These  vesicles,  or  bladders,  consist  of  a  delicate 
membrane  enclosing  a  fluid,  such  as  is  seen  on  a  large  scale  in  the  pulp  of  an 
orange.  Now  this  membrane,  composing  the  walls  of  the  cells  or  vesicles,  is  one 
of  the  elementary  forms  of  vegetable  tissue.  Again,  if  the  stalk  of  a  strawberry  or 
geranium  leaf  be  cut  arownd  but  not  through,  and  the  two  parts  be  thus  pulled 
asunder  for  a  short  space,  a  number  of  glistening  fibres  will  be  seen  running  from 
one  portion  to  the  other.  Under  a  microscope  these  appear  to  be  spiral  coils,  par- 
tially straitened  by  being  thus  drawn  out  from  the  membranous  tubes  in  which 
they  were  lying  coiled  up.  Thus  are  we  able  to  distinguish  the  elementary  mem- 
brane and  fibre,  of  which  the  various  forms  of  vegetable  tissue  are  composed. 

29.  CELLULAR  TISSUE  is  so  called,  from  its  being  composed 
of  separate  cells,  or  vesicles,  adhering  together.  This  kind  of 
tissue  is  the  most  common,  no  plant  being  without  it,  and  many 
being  entirely  composed  of  it.  The  form  of  the  little  cells 
which  compose  it,  appears  to  be,  at  first  globular  or  egg-shaped, 
but  afterwards,  being  flattened  at  their  sides,  by  their  mutual 
pressure,  they  become  cubical,  as  in  the  pith,  or  twelve-sided, 
the  cross-section  being  six-sided;  each  cell  assuming  a  form 
more  or  less  regular,  according  to  the  degree  of  pressure  exerted 
upon  it  by  those  adjacent.  It  is  also  called  PARENCHYMA. 

a.  The  cuttings  of  the  pith  of  elder,  or  those  of  any  kind  of  wood,  will,  under 
a  microscope,  exhibit  irregular  cells  and  partitions,  resembling  those  of  a  honey- 
comb.    (Fig.  l,o.) 

b.  The  vesicles  of  cellular  tissue  have  no  visible  communications  with  each 
other,  but  transmit  their  fluids  by  invisible  pores. 

c.  Cellular  tissue  is  transparent  and  colorless  in  itself,  but  exhibits  the  brilliant 
hues  of  the  corolla,  or  the  rich  green  of  the  leaf,  from  the  coloring  matter  con- 
tained within  the  cells. 

d.  The  vesicles  of  this  tissue  are  extremely  variable  in  size.    They  are  usually 
about  -51517  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  but  are  found  of  all  sizes,  from  ^j  to  -jnnnr 
of  an  inch. 

e.  Although  this  tissue  is  usually  soft  and  spongy,  it  sometimes  acquires  con- 
siderable hardness  by  the  deposition  of  solid  instead  of  fluid  matter  in  the  cells. 


22 


ELEMENTARY    ORGANS. 


This  occurs  in  the  prickles  of  the  rose,  the  stones  of  the  plum,  peach,  &c.,  and  in 
the  albumen  of  seeds. 

/.  In  some  plants,  as  in  the  Turkey  rhubarb,  &c.,  little  bundles  of  crystals 
called  raphides  (from  the  Gr.  parities,  sewing  needles,)    are  formed  in  the  cells. 


FIG.  1.  — Forms  of  tissue;  a,  cutting  of  elder  pith— cellular;  6,  cells  from  the  gritty  centre 
of  the  pear ;  c,  from  the  stone  of  the  plum  —  both  strengthened  by  solid  matter ;  d,  woody 
fibre ;  e,  spiral  vessel  with  a  single  fibre  partly  drawn  out ;  f,  vessel  with  a  quadruple  fibre. 

30.  WOODY   TISSUE,  called  also   FIBRE,  consists  of  slender, 
transparent,  membranous  tubes,  tapering  to  a  point  each  way, 
and  adhering  together  by  their  sides,  the  end  of  one  tube  ex- 
tending beyond  that  of  another,  so  as  to  form  continuous  threads. 
It  differs  from  cellular  tissue,  in  the  greater  strength,  and,  at  the 
same  time,  the  greater  tenuity,  of  its  membrane.     It  seems  de- 
signed for  the  transmission  of  fluid,  as  well  as  for  giving  firm- 
ness to  those  parts  which  need  support.     (Fig.  1,  d.) 

a.  Tissue  of  this  form  constitutes  the  fibre  of  flax,  hemp,  &c.,  the  ligneous  sub- 
stance of  the  stems  and  roots,  the  petioles,  and  veins  of  leaves,  &c. 

31.  The  most  remarkable  modification  of  the  woody  fibre,  is 
that  called  glandular.     It  consists  of  little  glandular  points,  ar- 
ranged along  the  walls  of  the  woody  tubes.     It  occurs  only  in 
resinous  wood,  chiefly  of  the  fir  tribe  (Coniferce).     It  has  fre- 
quently been  detected  by  the  microscope,  in  fragments  of  fossil 
coal,  whence  it  is  inferred  that  coal-beds  originated  from  buried 
forests  of  the  Conifer  as.      Witham  on  fossil  vegetables,  fyc. 

32.  VASIFORM  TISSUE  consists  of  large  tubes,  called   dotted 
ducts,  having  numerous  little  pits,  sunk  in  the  thickness  of  its 


DUCTS. 


23 


lining.     When  viewed  by  transmitted  light,  it  appears  as  if 
riddled  full  of  holes. 

a.  It  is  of  two  kinds ;  1st,  articulated,  having  its  tubes  interrupted  by  joints  and 
partitions,  as  in  the  oak,  vine,  and  in  the  monocotyledonous  stems ;  2d,  continuous^ 
without  joints  or  partitions ;  often  found  in  the  roots  of  plants. 

b.  These  are  the  largest  vessels  in  the  vegetable  fabric ;  and  their  open  mouths 
arc  particularly  discernible  in  the  cuttings  of  the  oak,  cane,  &c.    It  is  through 
these  that  the  sap  arises  to  the  stem,  and  is  conveyed  to  the  leaves. 

33.  VASCULAR  TISSJJE  consists  essentially  of  spiral  vessels,  with 
their  modifications. 

a.  The  true  spiral  vessel  much  resembles  the  woody  fibre  in 
form,  being  a  long,  slender  tube,  tapering  each  way,  but  is  thin- 
ner and  weaker.  Its  peculiar  mark  is  an  elastic,  spiral  fibre, 
coiled  up  within  it,  from  end  to  end. 

6.  The  spiral  thread  is  usually  single,  sometimes  double,  triple,  &c.  In  the 
Chinese  pitcher  plant,  it  is  quadruple.  (Fig.  I,/.) 

c.  In  size,  spiral  vessels  are  variable.    Generally  their  diameter  is  about  Tn^vtf 
of  an  inch ;  often  not  more  than  g-tnnr- 

d.  The  situation  of  spiral  vessels  is  in  the  medullary  sheath,  that  is,  just  around 
the  pith ;  also  in  every  part  which  originates  from  it,  such  as  the  veins  of  leaves, 
petals,  and  other  modifications  of  leaves,  and  especially  in  the  petioles,  from 
which  it  may  be  uncoiled,  in  the  manner  above  described.  (28,  a.) 

e.  In  then:  perfect  state  they  contain  air,  which  they  transmit,  in  some  way, 
from  one  to  another. 

f.  Ducts  are  membranous  tubes,  with  conical  or  rounded  ex- 
tremities, their  sides  being  marked  with  transverse  bars,  rings, 
or  coils,  incapable  of  being  unrolled  without  breaking. 


FIG.  2.  —  Forms  of  tissue,  &c. ;  a,  annular  ducts;  6,  spiral  and  annular  at  intervals;  c, 
laticiferous  tissue  ;  e,  stomata  of  iris  —  vertical  section,  d,  d,  green  cells  at  the  orifice  ;/,/, 
cells  of  the  parenchyma,  e,  air-chamber ;  g,  g,  view  of  epidermis  and  stomata  of  yucca,  A, 
stomata  closed ;  small,  luminous  bodies  in  the  cells, 

3 


24  ELEMENTARY    ORGANS. 

g.  In  this  modification  of  spiral  vessels  the  tube  is  much  lengthened,  and  the 
coil  within  it  is  either  closed,  that  is,  will  not  unroll,  as  in  the  ferns ;  or  it  is  annu- 
lar, that  is,  broken  into  distinct  rings,  as  in  the  garden  balsam ;  or  it  is  reticulated, 
that  is,  branching,  the  branches  crossing  so  as  to  form  a  net-work.  The  office  of 
all  these  ducts  is  the  same,  —  that  of  conveying  fluid.  It  is  only  in  the  spiral 
vessel  that  we  find  air.  (Fig.  2,  a,  b.) 

34.  LATICIFEROUS   TISSUE  is  so  called,  from  latex,  the  true 
nutritious  sap,  which  it  is  destined  to  elaborate  and  convey.     It 
consists  of  branched  anastomosing  («*«,  to  and  fro,  oro^a,  a  pas- 
sage) tubes,  lying  chiefly  in  the  bark,  arid  the  under  side  of 
leaves.     (Fig.  2,  c.) 

a.  These  tubes  are  very  irregular  in  form,  direction,  and  position.  They 
expand  and  contract  at  intervals,  cross  and  recross  the  other  tissues,  and,  proceed- 
ing from  the  inner  parts,  ramify  upon  the  outer  surface,  and  upon  the  hairs, 
forming  meshes  of  inconceivable  fineness.  Their  average  diameter  is  about 
r?W  of  an  inch.  They  are  largest  in  plants  which  have  a  milky  latex,  or  juice. 

35.  The  EPIDERMIS,  or  skin,  is  a  form  of  cellular  tissue  exter- 
nally enveloping  the  plant.    It  is  found  upon  every  part  exposed 
to  the  air,  except  the  stigma  of  the  flower,  and  the  spongioles 
of  the  roots.     These  it  does  not  cover,  nor  is  it  found  upon  those 
parts  which  habitually  live  under  water.     And,  where  the  bark 
of  the  stem  is  nigged  with  seams  and  furrows,  this  organ  is  not 
distinguishable. 

36.  It  consists  of  a  tissue  of  flattened  cells  of  various  figures, 
filled  with  air.     Usually  there  is  but  one  layer  of  cells,  but 
sometimes  there  are  two  or  three,  especially  in  tropical  plants. 
The  Oleander  has  four.     Its  office,  in  the  economy  of  the  plant, 
is,  to  check  the  evaporation  of  its  moisture. 

a.  The  delicate  membrane,  which  may  be  easily  stripped  off  from  the  leaf  of 
the  house-leek  or  the  garden  iris,  is  the  epidermis.  It  is  transparent,  colorless, 
and,  under  the  microscope,  reveals  its  cellular  structure. 

37.  The  epidermis  does  not  entirely  exclude  the  tissues  be- 
neath it  from  the  external  air,  but  is  perforated  by  certain  aper- 
tures, called  STOMATA  (mouths),  which  open  or  close  under  the 
influence  of  the  light.     (Fig.  2.) 

38.  Stomata  are  usually  of  an  oval  form,  bounded  by  a  pair 
of  kidney-shaped  cells,  containing  a  green  matter.     Sometimes 
they  are  round,  and  bounded  by  several  cells.     Many  other 
varieties  of  form  have  been  noticed 


EPIDERMIS.  25 

39.  Stomata  are  always  placed  over,  and  communicate  with, 
the  intercellular  passages,  that  is,  the  spaces  between  the  cells  of 
the  tissue.  They  are  never  found  on  the  midrib,  or  veins,  of 
the  leaf,  or  over  any  ligneous  part  of  the  structure.  They  are 
most  abundant  over  the  soft,  green  tissue  of  the  leaves,  young 
shoots,  and  the  parts  of  the  flower. 

a.  These  organs  are  of  a  size  so  minute,  that  more  than  100,000  of  them  have 
been  counted  within  the  space  of  a  square  inch.  The  largest  known  are  about 
g.^  of  an  inch  in  length.  Their  function  is  intimately  connected  with  respira- 
tion. 


FIG.  3.  —  Hairs  and  glands  ;  o,  c,  simple  hairs  ;  b,  branched  hair  of  the  mullein  ;  d,  gland 
surmounted  by  a  hair ;  e,  gland  at  the  top  of  a  hair ;  f,  prickles  of  the  rose. 

40.  The  surface  of  the  epidermis  is  either  smooth,  or  furnished 
with  numerous  processes,  originating  from  itself,  or  from  the 
cellular  substance  beneath  it.     These  are  of  several  classes, 
namely,  glands,  hairs,  prickles,  stings,  &c. 

41.  HAIRS  are  minute  expansions  of  the  epidermis,  consisting 
each  of  a  single  lengthened  cell,  or  of  a  row  of  cells,  placed  end 
to  end,  containing  air.     They  are  simple  or  branched.     (Fig.  3.) 

a.  Hairs  are  occasionally  found  upon  the  leaves,  stem,  and  indeed  upon  any 
other  part.  In  the  cotton  plant  (Gossypium)  they  envelope  the  seed.  They  give 
various  names  to  the  surface,  to  which  they  are  appended,  according  to  their 
nature  and  appearance ;  thus  it  is  said  to  be  downy,  or  pubescent,  when  clothed 
with  soft,  short  hairs;  —  hirsute,  with  longer  hairs;  —  rough,  with  short,  stiff 
hairs ;  —  tomentose,  when  they  are  entangled  and  matted ;  arachnoid,  when  like 
cobwebs;  —  sericeous,  when  silky;  —  velvety,  when  they  are  short,  soft,  and 
dense ;  —  ciliate,  when  long  and  fringed,  like  the  eyelash. 

42.  STINGS  are  tubular  and  acute  hairs,  fixed  upon  minute 
glands  in  the  cuticle,  which  secrete  an  acrid  fluid.     By  the 


26  PRIMARY   DIVISIONS,    ETC. 

slightest  pressure  this  fluid  is  injected  through  the  tube  into  the 
wound  made  by  its  point.     Ex.  nettle. 

43.  PRICKLES  (Fig.  3)  are  also  expansions  of  the  epidermis, 
consisting  of  hardened  cellular  tissue  (29,  e).     They  are  appen- 
ded to  the  cuticle  alone,  and  are  stripped  off  with  it.     Unlike 
the  thorn  (171),  they  have  no  connection  with  the  wood,  nor  do 
they  disappear  by  cultivation.     Ex.  rose,  bramble.     (Rubus.) 

44.  GLANDS  (Fig.  3)  are  minute  bodies  of  cellular  tissue,  situ- 
ated on  various  parts  of  the  plant,  generally  serving  to  elaborate 
and  discharge  its  peculiar  secretions,  which  are  oily,  resinous, 
saccharine,  acrid,  &c. 

a.  They  are  either  sessile,  as  in  the  cassia;  or  mounted  upon  a  stipe,  as  in  the 
passion  flower  5  or  imbedded  in  the  leaf,  causing  it  to  appear  pimctate,  as  in  the 
leaf  of  the  lemon.  Often  the  gland  appears  to  be  merely  the  expansion  of  a  hair, 
either  at  its  base  or  its  summit.  Such  are  called  glandular  hairs. 

45.  Analogous  to  glands,  are  those  cavities  formed  in  the  cel- 
lular tissue,  to  serve  as  receptacles  of  secretion.     Examples  are 
seen  in  the  rind  of  the  orange  and  lemon,  containing  minute 
drops  of  a  fragrant  volatile  oil.     The  turpentine  of  the  fir  balsam 
is  stored  up  in  large  reservoirs  of  this  kind. 


CHAPTER    III. 

PRIMARY  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  VEGETABLE  KINGDOM. 

46.  THE   vegetable   kingdom  has  long  been  considered  by 
botanists  under  two  great  natural  divisions,  namely,  PHJSNOGA- 
MIA,  or  FLOWERING  PLANTS,  and  CRYPTOGAMIA,  or  FLOWERLESS 
PLANTS. 

47.  Besides  the  obvious  distinction  made  by  the  presence  or 
the  absence  of  the  flower,  these  divisions   are  further  distin- 
guished by  their  structure.     The  Phsenogamia  abound  with  the 
ligneous   and  vascular  tissue,   while   the    Cryptogamia    consist 
more  generally  of  the  cellular.     Hence,  the  former  are  also  called 
VASCULARES,  and  the  latter  CELLULARES. 


SPECIES  —  GENUS.  27 

48.  Again,  the  former  are  distinguished  for  producing  seeds 
composed  of  determinate  parts,  as  cotyledons  ($125)  and  embryo, 
while  the  latter  produce  certain  minute  bodies,  called  spores, 
having  no  such  distinction  of  parts.     Thus  the  Phsenogamia  are 
also  called  COTYLEDONOUS  and  the  Cryptogamia  ACOTYLEDO- 
NOUS  plants. 

49.  Lastly,  we  find  in  the  Phsenogamia,  a  system  of  com- 
pound organs,  such  as  root,  stem,  leaf,  and  flower,  successively 
developed  on  a  determinate  plan  (H8- 26),  while  in  the  Cryp- 
togamia, a  gradual  departure  from  this  plan  commences,  and 
they  become  simple  expansions  of  cellular  tissue,  without  sym- 
metry or  proportion. 

a.  In  the  following  pages  we  shall  first  direct  our  attention  exclusively  to  the 
compound  organs  of  FLOWERING  PLANTS  ;  and  since,  in  our  descriptions  of  these 
organs,  frequent  references  will  be  made  to  particular  species  and  genera,  for 
illustrations  and  examples,  it  seems  proper  to  subjoin,  in  this  place,  a  brief  notice 
of  these  fundamental  divisions  also. 

50.  A  SPECIES  embraces  all  such  individuals  as  may  have 
originated  from  a  common  stock.     Such  individuals  bear  an  es- 
sential resemblance  to  each  other,  as  well  as  to  their  common 
parent,  in  all  their  parts. 

a.  Thus  the  white  clover,  ( Trifolium  repens)  is  a  species,  embracing  thousands 
of  contemporary  individuals,  scattered  over  our  hills  and  plains,  all  of  a  common 
descent,  and  producing  other  individuals  of  their  own  kind  from  their  seed.  The 
innumerable  multitudes  of  individual  plants  which  clothe  the  earth,  are,  so  far 
as  known,  comprehended  in  about  80,000  species. 

51.  To   this   law   of  resemblance   in   plants   of  a   common 
origin,  there  are  some  apparent  exceptions.     Individuals  from 
the  same  parent  often  bear  flowers  differing  in  color,  or  fruit 
differing  in  flavor,  or  leaves  differing  in  form.     Such  differences 
are  called  VARIETIES.     They  are  never  permanent,  but  exhibit 
a  constant  tendency  to  revert  to  their  original  type. 

a.  Varieties  occur  chiefly  in  cultivated  species,  as  the  apple,  potatoe,  tulip, 
Geranium,  &c.,  occasioned  by  the  different  circumstances  of  soil,  climate,  and 
culture,  to  which  they  a*p  subjected.  But  they  continue  distinct  only  until  left  to 
multiply  spontaneously  rrom  seed,  in  their  own  proper  soil. 

52    A  GENUS  is  an  assemblage  of  species,  with  more  points 
of  agreement  than  of  difference,  and  more  closely  resembling 
each  other  than  they  resemble  any  species  of  other  groups. 
3* 


28  THE    FLOWER. 

a.  For  example,  the  genus  Trifoliwm  includes  the  species  T.  repens,  T.  pratense, 
&c.,  agreeing  in  structure  and  aspect  so  obviously,  that  the  most  hasty  observer 
would  notice  their  relationship.    Also  in  the  genus  Pinus,  no  one  would  hesitate 
to  include  the  white  pine  and  the  pitch  pine  (P.  strobus  and  P.  rigida),  any  more 
than  he  would  fail  to  observe  their  differences. 

b.  Thus,  the  whole  vegetable  kingdom  is,  by  the  most  obvious 
characters,  distributed  into  species,  and  the  species,  by  truly  nat- 
ural affinities,  grouped  into  genera.     These  divisions  constitute 
the  basis  of  all  the  systems  of  classification  in  use,  whether  by 
natural  or  artificial  methods. 


%  #  #  To  the  admirer  of  nature,  flowers  are  among  the  first  subjects  of  atten- 
tion, as  mere  objects  of  taste.  They  are  conspicuous  for  their  superior  beauty, 
even  in  the  vegetable  kingdom,  where  all  is  beautiful.  Yet,  as  objects  of  science, 
they  merit  a  still  higher  regard,  whether  we  consider  the  Creative  skill  displayed 
in  their  construction,  or  their  important  agency  in  the  reproduction  of  the  plant. 
But,  to  the  practical  botanist,  an  intimate  knowledge  of  their  organic  structure  is 
one  of  his^r*<  requisites,  on  account  of  the  indispensable  use  of  the  floral  organs 
in  classification. 


CHAPTER    IV. 

THE   FLOWER 
§1.    OF  ITS  PARTS,  AND  THEIR  ARRANGEMENT. 

53.  A  FLOWER  may  consist  of  the  following  members :  — - 
1.  The  FLORAL  ENVELOPES,  called,  collectively,  the  PERIANTH, 
(nsQt,  around,  av&os,  a  flower) ;  2.  The  STAMENS  ;  3.  The  PISTILS  ; 
and,  4.  The  RECEPTACLE,  or  TORUS. 

a.  Of  these,  only  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  regarded  in  science  as  essential 
parts.     These,  together  with  the  receptacle,  are  said  to  constitute  a  perfect  flower, 
even  when  one  or  all  other  parts  are  wanting ;  because  these  two  organs  alone 
are  sufficient  for  the  perfection  of  the  seed.    In  a  popular  sense,  however,  a  per- 
fect flower  must  possess  all  the  organs  above  mentioned. 

b.  If  the  stamens  or  the  pistils,  either  or  both,  be  wanting,  the  flower  is  said  to 
be  imperfect.    An  imperfect  flower  is  either  sterile,  having  stamens  only,  or  fertile, 
having  pistils  only,  or  neutral,  having  neither  organs  complete. 


PISTILS. 


29 


43  1  2 

FIG.  4.  —  No.  1,  Lily  (Liliurn  Japonicum) ;  2,  pink  (Dianthus) ;  3,  a  stamen  ;  4,  a  pistil. 

54.  The  FLORAL  ENVELOPES,  or  PERIANTH,  consist  of  one  or 
more  circles  or  whorls  of  leaves,  surrounding  the  stamens.     The 
outer  of  these  whorls  is  called  the  calyx,  and  the  other,  if  there 
be  any,  the  corolla.     The  calyx  may,  therefore,  exist  without  the 
corolla,  but  the  corolla  cannot  exist  without  the  calyx.     If  nei- 
ther of  them  exist,  the  flower  is  said  to  be  naked,  or  achlamyde- 
ous  («,  privative,  and  x^ajiivg,  a  cloak). 

55.  The  CALYX  (x«Ay|,  a  cup),  therefore,  is  the  external  en- 
velope, the  cup,  of  the  flower,  consisting  of  a  whorl  of  leaves, 
with  their  edges  distinct  or  united,  usually  green,  but  sometimes 
highly  colored.     The  calyx-leaves  are  called  SEPALS. 

56.  The  COROLLA  (Lat  corolla,  diminutive  of  corona,  crown) 
is  the  interior  envelope  of  the  flower,  consisting  of  one  or  more 
circles  of  leaves,  either  distinct,  or  united  by  their  edges,  usually 
of  some  other  color  than  green,  and  of  a  more  delicate  structure 
than  the  calyx.     Its  leaves  are  called  PETALS 

57.  The  STAMENS  are  those  thread-like  organs,  situated  just 
within  the  perianth  and   around   the   pistils.     Their  number 
varies  from  one  to  a  hundred,  but  the  most  common  number 
is  five.     Their  office  is,  the  fertilization  of  the   seed.     They 
are  collectively  called  the  andr&cium  (ctvdgsg,*  stamens,  01x05,  a 
house). 

*  The  plural  of  &v»g,  a  man,  a  term  applied  to  the  stamen,  by  Linnaeus,  in  accordance 
with  his  favorite  theory  of  the  sexes  of  plants.  The  term  yvw,  woman,  is,  on  the  same 
grounds,  applied  to  the  pistil 


30  THE    FLOWER. 

58.  The  PISTILS  occupy  the  centre  of  the  flower.     They  are 
sometimes  numerous,  but  often  only  one.     They  are  destined  to 
bear  the  seed.     Collectively,  they  are  called  gyn&cium  (ywy, 
pistil,  oixos,  a  house). 

59.  The  RECEPTACLE  is  the  summit  of  the  flower-stalk,  out  of 
which  the  floral  organs  grow,  and  upon  which  they  stand  in 
concentric  whorls,  the  gyn&cium  in  the  centre,  the  andrcecium 
encircling  it,  the  corolla  next  without,  and  the  calyx,  embracing 
the  whole. 

60.  The  principal  parts  of  the  flower  are  shown  in  the  cuts  (Figs.  4,  6,  7,  &c.), 
or  better  by  specimens,  with  which,  both  here  and  throughout  the  work,  the  student 
should  always  be  provided. 

The  slender,  thread-like  organs  seen  at  a  (Fig.  4,  No.  1),  are  the  stamens,  sur- 
rounding the  pistil  b ;  c  is  the  perianth,  consisting  of  two  similar  whorls,  the  outer 
one  a  calyx  of  three  sepals,  the  inner  a  corolla  of  three  petals,  surrounding  or 
enveloping  the  stamens  and  pistil ;  at  d  is  the  receptacle.  At  a  (No.  2)  is  the 
inner  envelope,  the  corolla ;  at  b  is  the  outer  envelope,  the  calyx  or  cup,  which 
seems  to  contain  the  rest  of  the  flower  like  a  cup ;  at  c,  below  the  calyx,  are 
certain  leafy  appendages  called  bracteoles  or  bracts. 

a.  Let  the  pupil  compare  specimens  of  these  and  other  flowers,  whose  parts  are 
well  developed,  until  he  becomes  familiar  with  the  appearance  of  each  organ,  and 
can  instantly  apply  its  name. 

61.  A  complete  and  regular  flower,  therefore,  is  made  up  of 
four  sets  of  organs,  arranged  in  concentric  whorls.     In  regard  to 
the  number  and  position  of  the  individual  organs  composing 
these  whorls,  it  is  important  to  observe, 

a.  First,  that  each  set  consists,  theoretically,  of  the  same  num- 
ber of  organs,  that  is,  if  the  sepals  be  5,  there  should  be  5  petals, 
5  stamens,  and  5  pistils ;  or,  if  3  sepals,  there  should  be  3  petals, 
3  stamens,  and  3  pistils,  &c. 

b.  Secondly,  the  position  of  the  organs  in  each  set  alternates 
with  those  of  each  adjacent  set,  that  is,  the  sepals  alternate  with 
the  petals,  the  petals  with  the  stamens,  and  the  stamens  with 
the  pistils. 

c.  Thus,  in  a  word,  the  normal  structure  of  the  truly  symmetrical  flower, 
divested  of  all  irregularities,  consists  of  four  concentric  whorls  of  organs,  the 
organs  of  each  whorl  being  equal  in  number,  and  alternate  in  position  with  those 
of  the  other  whorls  (Fig.  5;  1).    This  structural  arrangement,  as  will  hereafter  be 
seen,  exactly  coincides  with  that  of  the  leafy  branch,  agreeably  to  the  beautiful 


ITS    NORMAL    STRUCTURE. 


31 


theory  of  the  '  transformation  of  the  leaves  into  the  floral  organs,'  *  to  which  allu- 
sion has  already  been  made  (§25).  When  the  bud  is  developed  into  a  branch, 
instead  of  a  flower,  the  leaves  are  usually  arranged  in  a  simple  spiral  line.  This 
spire  may  be  broken  up  into  equal  circles  or  whorls,  from  causes  to  be  hereafter 
explained.  In  either  case  the  leaves  of  one  spire,  or  circle,  do  not  issue  from  the 
stem  at  points  exactly  over  the  leaves  of  the  next  circle  below,  but  over  the  inter- 
vals between  them. 

62.  This  simple  normal  structure  of  the  flower  is,  however,  subject  to  many 
apparent  exceptions,  so  that  few,  comparatively,  are  found  perfectly  conformable 
to  it.  Of  these  few  the  order  Linaceae  affords  good  examples.  In  the  flax 
(Linum)  the  flower  is  built  upon  the  normal  plan,  consisting  of  5  sepals,  5  petals, 
5  stamens,  and  5  pistils  (each  with  5  double  carpels),  all  alternating  with  each 
other,  according  to  the  diagram  (Fig.  5 ;  1 ). 


FIG.  5. —  Plan  of  flowers  ;  1,  o^a  regular  and  symmetrical  flower,  as  the  flax  (Linum) ;  2, 
of  the  cherry,  showing  the  four  whorls  of  stamens  ;  3,  of  the  primrose,  showing  the  position 
of  the  suppressed  row  of  stamens;  4,  of  the  Samolus,  showing  the  position  of  the  5  abortive 
stamens;  5,  of  a  labiate  flower,  as  the  hemp-nettle  (Galeopsis),  where  one  stamen  and  one 
carpel  is  wanting ;  6,  of  a  cruciform  flower,  as  mustard,  where  the  stamens  are  in  two 
whorls,  two  of  those  in  the  outer  whorl  and  two  carpels  being  suppressed. 

63.  If,  with  this  adopted  standard,  we  compare  the  numerous 


*  This  theory  was  first  suggested  by  Linnaeus,  the  founder  of  Systematic  Botany,  and  sub- 
sequently by  Wolff  and  Goethe.  After  having  been  long  unheeded  by  botanists,  it  has  at 
length  been  revived  by  modern  writers  of  the  highest  merit,  and  shown  to  be  perfectly  coin- 
cident with  facts.  '  The  adoption  of  this  theory,  accordingly,  has  given  a  new  aspect  to 
botany,  and  rendered  it  one  of  the  most  philosophical  and  inductive  of  the  natural  sciences.' 
See  Gray's  Bot.  Text-Book,  Chap  VIII,  where  this  theory  is  clearly  stated,  and  richly  illus- 
trated. 


32  THE    FLOWER. 

forms  of  floral  structure  which  occur,  we  shall  be  able  to  trace 
out  the  features  of  the  general  plan,  even  among  the  widest  de- 
viations, and  to  learn  the  nature  and  causes  of  these  deviations. 
Some  of  them  are  the  following. 

a.  One  or  more  additional  whorls  of  the  same  organ  may  have  been  developed.    For 
example,  the  flower  of  the  Trillium,  which,  as  in  most  liliaceous  plants,  is  trim- 
erous  (T§«?,  three,  and  /*£§<>?,  part)  in  its  parts,  has  6  stamens,  evidently  in  two 
whorls,  and  in  the  flower  of  the  cherry  (No.  2,)  there  are  20  stamens,  which  may 
be  regarded  as  arranged  in  four  whorls  of  fives.     Other  illustrations  will  occur 
to  the  student. 

b.  Some  of  the  entire  whorls  may  have  been  suppressed.    For  example,  in  the 
primrose  there  are  5  sepals,  5  petals,  and  5  stamens,  but  the  stamens  are  placed 
opposite  the  petals.     This  is  to  be  attributed  to  the  absence  of  an  intermediate 
whorl  of  stamens,  for  in  the  Samolus,  a  plant  of  the  same  natural  order,  there  is 
a  circle  of  sterile  filaments  in  the  place  of  the  absent  stamens  (Fig.  5 ;  3,  4). 

c.  Some  of  the  parts  of  a  whorl  may  have  been  suppressed.     Such  deficiencies  are 
very  common.    In  the  sage,  for  example,  and  Monarda,  three  of  the  stamens  are 
wanting,  in  place  of  which  are  two  rudimentary  filaments,  and  the  third  rudiment 
makes  its  appearance  in  some  allied  genera.    In  most  of  the  Labiatse  but  one 
stamen  is  wanting  (Fig.  5 ;  5).    In  the  carrot,  caraway,  and  all  the  Umbelliferae, 
the  pistils  are  reduced  from  5,  the  normal  number,  to  2. 

d.  The  parts  of  the  same  whorl  may  have  been  united.     Thus  the  sepals  may  be 
united  at  their  edges  in  different  degrees,  as  in  the  phlox,  pink,  &c.     Or  the  petals 
may  be  thus  united,  as  in  the  morning  glory :  or  the  stamens,  as  in  the  mallows 
tribe ;  or  the  pistils,  which  is  extremely  common.    In  short,  scarcely  a  flower  can 
be  found  in  which  some  of  these  cohesions  do  not  occur. 

e.  The  organs  of  different  whorls  may  have  been  conjoined,  causing  great  disturb- 
ances in  the  symmetry  of  the  flower.     The  calyx  often,  as  in  the  currant,  coheres 
with  the  whole  surface  of  the  ovarium  (97),  only  becoming  free  at  the  summit,  so 
that  it  seems  to  stand  upon  it.    It  is  then  said  (but  improperly)  to  be  superior. 
Again,  the  stamens  adhere  to  the  petals  in  their  lower  part,  so  as  to  appear  to 
grow  out  of  them ;  they  are  then  said  (improperly)  to  be  inserted  into  the  corolla. 
In  the  Orchis  tribe  the  stamens  are  consolidated  with  the  pistil.     The  term  free 
is  used  in  opposition  to  these  adhesions,  just  as  the  term  distinct  is  used  in  oppo- 
sition to  the  cohesion  of  the  same  organs  with  each  other. 

/.  The  organs  of  the  same  whorl  may  have  been  unequally  developed.  This  is  the 
case  in  the  corollas  of  the  pea  and  bean  tribes,  called  papilionaceous  (Lat.  papilio, 
a  butterfly),  and  in  those  of  the  mint  tribe  called  labiate  (Lat.  labium,  a  lip). 

g.  Again,  organs  of  one  kind  may  have  been  reconverted  into  those  of  another  kind, 
or  into  leaves.  Such  monstrosities  are  of  frequent  occurrence  among  cultivated 
plants,  and  may  be  regarded  as  proofs  of  the  present  doctrine  of  the  floral  struc- 
ture. In  all  double  flowers,  as  the  rose,  peony,  tulip,  &c.,  the  stamens  have  been 
reconverted  into  petals.  By  still  further  changes,  all  parts  of  the  flower  tend 
towards  a  leafy  character,  rendering  the  resemblance  of  the  flower  to  an  undevel- 


ITS    NORMAL    STRUCTURE.  33 

oped  branch  very  obvious.  Nay,  in  some  cases,  the  whole  flower-bud,  after  having 
given  a  slight  indication  of  a  floral  character,  is  transformed  into  a  leafy  branch, 
showing  that  all  parts  of  the  flower  are  formed  out  of  the  same  elements  as  the 
leaves. 

h.  Sometimes  the  flower-stalk  is  not  effectually  checked  in  its  growth  by  the 
development  of  the  flower,  but  is  prolonged  through  it,  and  produces  secondary 
flowers  in  the  midst  of  the  organs  of  the  first.  This  is  not  unfrequent  in  the  rose. 
Several  instances  of  these  malformations  are  exhibited  below.  (Fig.  6.) 

k.  Tliis  mode  of  studying  the  floral  structure  is  deeply  interesting  and  instruc- 
tive, but  our  limits  will  not  permit  us  to  dwell  upon  it,  nor  is  it  necessary.  The 
intelligent  student  will  be  able  to  extend  the  above  illustrations  by  an  examina- 
tion of  almost  any  flower,  with  reference  to  its  deviations  from  the  normal  plan. 


FIG.  6.  —  1,  From  Lindley,  —  a  flower  of  white  clover,  reverting  to  a  leafy  branch  ;  2,  here 
drawn  from  a  living  specimen,  —  a  tulip,  6,  a  leaf  arising  from  the  peduncle,  takes  the  posi- 
tion, form,  and  color  (in  part)  of  a  sepal ;  3,  here  drawn  from  a  living  specimen,  —  a  rose  (R. 
damascena)  with  the  axis  prolonged  into  secondary  rose-buds. 


**#  In  our  detailed  description  of  the  flower,  we  shall  commence  with  those 
organs  which  are  deemed  essential,  their  mysterious  agency  being  indispensable  to 
the  perfection  of  the  seed. 


34 


THE    FLOWER. 


CHAPTER    V. 


THE  FLOWER. 


§  2.    OF  THE  STAMENS,  AND  THE  ARTIFICIAL  CLASSES. 

64.  THE  stamens  and  pistils  are  situated  within  the  floral 
envelopes,  and  since  one  or  both  are  always  present,  in  every 
species,  at  least,  of  the  Phamogamous  plants,  they  were  seized 
upon  by  Lmnseus^  as  the  basis  of  his  beautiful  arrangement, 
called  the  Artificial  System.  7 


is 


FIG.  7. —  Forms  of  stamens,  anthers,  pollen,  &c.  1.  Stamens  and  pistil  of  a  flower  (Rho- 
dodendron Lapponicum),  in  their  natural  position  ;  a,  stigma,  b,  anthers,  c,  style,  d,  filaments, 
«,  ovary,  /,  calyx  and  receptacle  ;  2,  stamen  of  ginger ;  3,  sage  ;  4,  Berberis ;  5,  Vaccinium 
amocnum,  with  the  terminal  pores ;  6,  cucumber,  with  the  sinuous  lobes  of  the  anther ; 
7,  Polygonum ;  8,  Lemna,  anther  bursting  vertically ;  9,  lily ;  10  Magnolia  ;  17,  a  four-celled 
anther;  18,  anther  of  Alchemilla,  bursting  transversely.  Nos.  11,  12,  13,  14,  15,  16,  various 
(magnified)  forms  of  pollen-grains. 


*  Carl  Von  Linne,  or  Linnseus,  the  most  eminent  of  naturalists,  was  the  son  of  a  clergy- 
man, born  in  1707,  at  Rho3shult,  in  the  province  of  Smaland,  Sweden.  In  his  24th  year, 
while  a  member  of  the  University  of  Upsal,  he  conceived  the  idea  of  that  system  of  plants 
which  bears  his  name.  In  1741  he  became  professor  of  medicine  in  the  same  University, 
and  in  1761,  on  account  of  his  great  literary  attainments,  was  elevated  to  the  rank  of  nobility. 
He  died  in  1778.  To  him  the  natural  sciences  are  under  incalculable  obligations,  all  of 
which  he  classified  and  arranged  anew.  But  the  science  of  botany,  especially,  is  indebted 
to  him  for  those  discoveries  and  classifications,  which  have,  more  than  any  others,  contri- 
buted to  its  general  diffusion.  In  his  '  immortal  work,'  Species  Hantarum,  he  enriched  the 
language  of  botany  by  a  new  nomenclature  of  species,  and  many  new  terms  in  the  tech- 
nology of  plants,  for  their  more  accurate  description. 


POLLEN.  dO 

65.  The  STAMENS  are  those  thread-like  organs,  seen  in  the 
midst  of  the  flower,  situated  around  the  pistils  and  within  the 
corolla,  or  the  calyx,  constituting  the  androBcium. 

66.  The  stamen  (Fig.  4,  No.  3)   consists  of  three  distinct 
parts ;  namely,  the  filament,  a ;  the  anther,  b ;  and  the  pollen,  c. 
The  filament  is  sometimes  wanting,  the  two  latter  are  essen- 
tial. 

67.  The  FILAMENT  (Lat.  filum,  a  thread)    is  the  stem,  sup- 
porting the  anther  at  or  near  its  top,  and  is  analogous  to  the 
stem  of  a  leaf,  or  to  the  claw  of  a  petal.     When  it  is  wanting, 
the  anther,  like  a  leaf  or  a  petal  in  a  similar  case,  is  said  to  be 
sessile. 

68.  The  ANTHER  is  generally  situated  at  the  summit  of  the 
filament,  and  is  composed  of  two  parallel  lobes  or  cells,  con- 
nected to  each  other  and  to  the  filament  by  the  connectile.     It  is 
analogous  to  the  blade  of  the  leaf,  each  half  blade  being  trans- 
formed into  a  lobe,  and  the  midrib  into  the  connectile. 

a.  Each  cell  of  the  anther  usually  opens  by  a  longitudinal  fissure,  called  the 
dehiscence,  but  sometimes,  as  in  the  potato,  Pyrola,  &c.  by  an  aperture  (pore)  at 
the  summit.    In  the  Polygala,  mallow,  &c.  the  two  cells  are  reduced  to  one. 

b.  The  connectile  is  usually  a  mere  prolongation  of  the  filament  terminating, 
not  at  the  base,  but  at  the  summit  of  the  anthers.    In  some  cases  it  is  prolonged 
above  them,  into  a  sort  of  appendage,  as  in  the  violet,  silk-weed,  &c. 

c.  The  anther  is  sometimes  wanting,  and  the  filament  in  such  cases  cannot 
constitute  a  stamen,  but  is  said  to  be  abortive,  or  sterile. 

69.  In  regard  to  the  modes  of  attachment  between  the  anther  and  the  filament, 
we  find  the  following  variations ;  the  anthers  are  said  to  be, 

1.  Innate,  when  they  are  attached  to  the  filament  by  the  base  of  the  connectile. 

2.  Adnate,  when  they  are  attached  to  the  filament  by  their  back,  so  as  to  appeal- 
lateral  ;  as  in  the  Anemone,  water-lily. 

3.  Versatile,  when  fixed  by  a  single  point  to  the  connectile,  from  which  they 
lightly  swing :  as  in  the  grasses. 

4.  When  the  anthers  are  attached  to  the  inside  of  the  filament,  or  connectile,  so 
that  the  line  of  dehiscence   faces  the  pistils,  they  are  called  introrse  (turned 
inward).    But  when  they  are  attached  to  the  outside  of  the  connectile,  so  that  the 
dehiscence  faces  the  petals,  they  are  called  extrorse  (turned  outward).    Examples 
of  the  former  are  seen  in  the  violet ;  of  the  latter  in  the  larkspur.    These  distinc- 
tions are  of  importance,  as  will  hereafter  be  seen. 

70.  The  POLLEN  is,  in  appearance,  a  small,  yellow  dust,  con- 
tamed  in  the  cells  of  the  anther.     When  viewed  with  a  micro- 
scope, it  appears  to  consist  of  grains  (granules)  of  various  forms, 
4 


36  THE    FLOWER. 

usually  spherical,  but  in  some  plants  cubical,  in  others  triangu- 
lar, in  others  still,  polygonal,  &c.,  always  being  of  the  same  form 
in  the  same  species.  (Fig.  7.) 

a.  Each  grain  of  pollen  has  been  ascertained  to  consist  of  a  membranous  sack 
containing  a  fluid.  In  this  fluid  are  suspended  molecules  of  inconceivable 
minuteness,  possessed  of  a  tremulous  motion.  When  the  membrane  is  exposed 
to  moisture,  it  swells  and  bursts,  discharging  its  contents.  (Fig.  12.) 

71.  Physiological  structure.     The  filament  consists  of  a  bundle 
of  delicate  ligneous  tissue,  with  spiral  vessels,  surrounded  by 
cellular  tissue,  the  same  tissues  which  compose  the  stem  of  the 
leaf  (260).     The  same  tissues  have  also  been  traced  into  the 
connectile.     The  anther  consists  almost  wholly  of  cellular  tissue, 
corresponding  to  the  fleshy  substance  (parenchyma)  of  the  leaf. 
The  pollen  consists  of  disintegrated  bladders  of  the  same  tissue. 

72.  Theoretical  structure.     Thus  it  is  evident,  as  we  have  already  seen,  that 
however  much  the  stamen  may  differ  in  aspect  from  a  leaf,  they  both  have  the 
same  original  plan.     This  is  further  evident,  from  the  gradual  transition  of  sta- 
mens into  petals,  as  seen  in  the  water-lily  or  the  double  rose.    In  the  former,  the 
process  is  so  gradual  that  the  outer  whorls  exactly  resemble  petals,  except  in  having 
the  tops  developed  into  yellow  anthers,  while  in  the  rose  we  find  organs  in  every 
conceivable  state  of  transition  from  stamens  to  petals.     That  the  petals  are  modi- 
fied leaves,  will  hereafter  be  more  definitely  shown  (106). 


FIG.  8.  —  Stamens  of  the  water-lity  gradually  passing  into  petals. 

73.  The  stamens  vary  in  the  different  kinds  of  plants,  in  re- 
spect to  their  number,  position,  relative  length,  connection,  and 
presence.     Upon  these  five  different  conditions  of  the  stamens, 
the  TWENTY-FOUR  ARTIFICIAL  CLASSES  of  Liiinasus  are  founded. 

74.  1st.  Number.     The  first  eleven  classes  are  founded  upon 
the  number  of  the  stamens — the  stamens  being  also  free  (63, 
c.),  and  of  equal  length.     Their  names  are  derived  from  the 
Greek  numerals  combined  with  a^dgeg   (57,  note),  as  follows :  — 

Class  I,  MONANDRIA  (povog,  solitary,)  includes  all  genera  (52) 
of  plants  with  one  stamen  to  each  flower. 


LINNEAN    CLASSES.  37 

Class  II,  DIANDRIA    (Sig,  twice),  with  two  stamens  to  each, 
flower. 

III,  TRIANDRIA  (rgig,  thrice),  with  three  stamens. 

IV,  TETRANDRIA  (rerga,  four  times),  with  four  stamens. 
V,  PENTANDRIA  (nevrs,  five),  with  five  stamens. 

VI,  HEXANDRIA  (e'£,  six),  with  six  stamens. 
VII,  HEPTANDRIA  (ema,  seven),  with  seven  stamens. 
VIII,  OCTANDRIA  (OXTW,  eight),  with  eight  stamens. 
IX,  ENNEANDRIA  (ewea,  nine),  with  nine  stamens. 

X,  DECANDRIA  (dexa,  ten),  with  ten  stamens. 
XI,  DODECANDRIA  (dudexa,  twelve),  with  twelve  stamens. 
2d.  Position.     The  next  two  classes  depend  upon  the  posi- 
tion of  the  stamens,  —  the  stamens  being  free  and  equal. 

XII,  ICOSANDRIA  (eixoaij  twenty),  includes  those  genera 
of  plants  which  have  twenty  or  more  stamens  to 
the  flower,  seated  on  the  calyx  (perigynous). 

XIII,  POLYANDRIA  (nolvg,  many),  twenty  or  more  stamens, 

seated  on  the  receptacle  (hypogynous). 

3d.  Relative  length.  The  two  following  classes  are  founded 
upon  the  relative  length  of  the  stamens,  together  with  their 
number. 

XIV,  DIDYNAMIA  (di>$,  twice,  dvu,  two,  riifta,  a  filament), 

includes  plants  with  four  stamens,  of  which  two 
are  long,  and  two  are  short. 

XV,  TETRAD YNAMIA  (TBTQCC,  four  times,  dvca,  vy/na),  with  six 
stamens,  of  which  four  are  long,  and  two  are  short. 
4th.    Connection.     The  five  succeeding  classes  depend  upon 
the  connection  of  the  stamens,  in  various  ways. 

XVI,  MONADELPHIA  (fiovoc,  adekyog,  a  brother),  includes 
plants  with  the  filaments  united  into  one  set  or 
fraternity. 

XVII,  DIADELPHIA  (dvw,  adelyog),  into  two  sets  or  fraternities. 
XVIII,  POLYADELPHIA  (nohvg,  ad8h(po$),  into  many  sets  or  fra- 
ternities. 
XIX,  SYNGENESIA,  (aw,  together,  yeveaig,  origin),  stamens 

united  by  their  anthers,  into  a  tube. 

XX,  GYNANDRIA  (ywrj,  §57,  note,  avyg),  stamens  consoli- 
dated with  the  style. 


38 


THE    FLOWER. 


5th.  Absence.  The  four  remaining  classes  depend  upon  the 
absence  of  the  stamens  in  a  part  or  all  of  the  flowers  of  the  same 
species. 

XXI,  MONCECIA  (povog,  owo$,  an  abode),  includes  plants 
where  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  in  separate  flow- 
ers, on  the  same  individual. 

XXII,  DICECIA  (dig,  otxos),  in  separate  flowers  on  different 
individuals. 

XXIII,  POLYGAMIA  (nolvg,  many,  ya^og,  marriage),  where  the 

stamens  and  pistils  are  separate  in  some  flowers, 
and  united  in  others,  either  on  the  same  or  two  or 
three  different  plants. 

XXIV,  CRYPTOGAMIA   (xyvmog,  concealed,  ya^og),  includes 

those  genera  of  plants  where  the  stamens  and  pis- 
tils are  wanting,  or  at  least  invisible,  commonly 
called  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS.  (46  —  49.) 

a.  Such  are  the  twenty-four  Linnean  classes,  in  which  all  the  genera  of  the  vege- 
table kingdom  are  included.  Nothing  could  have  been  more  simple  than  the  first 
eleven.  To  distinguish  them,  we  have  only  to  count  the  stamens.  The  other 
classes  are  founded  upon  distinctions  less  simple,  though  in  general  easy  to  be 
understood.  A  good  specimen  flower  of  each  class  should  here  be  closely  exam- 
ined, to  illustrate  the  definitions,  and  fix  them  in  the  memory. 

The  following  simple  figures  are  emblematic  of  each  class,  to  which  the  pupil 
is  required  to  apply  the  appropriate  numbers  and  names. 


FIG.  9.  —  Stamens. 


CARPELS. 


CHAPTER    VI. 

THE  FLOWER. 
J3.    OF  THE  PISTIL,  AND  THE  ARTIFICIAL  ORDERS. 


FIG.  10.  — 1,  Pistil  of  a  whortleberry  (Vaccinium  amoenum) ;  6,  the  stigma;  c,  style  j  o,  the 
epigynous  disk ;  e,  perpendicular  section  of  the  ovary  combined  with  the  adherent  (superior) 
calyx  ;  d,  the  placenta  with  the  ovules  ;  2,  the  gyncecium  of  a  flower  with  5  pistils,  showing 
the  carpels  and  styles  distinct ;  7,  cross  section  of  the  same ;  3,  the  carpels  united  and  the 
styles  distinct ;  6,  cross  section  of  the  same  ;  4,  both  carpels  and  styles  united  ;  5,  cross  section 
of  the  same  ;  8,  leaf  of  Bryophyllum,  putting  forth  buds  from  its  margin  ;  9,  carpel  of  the  gar- 
den cherry,  reverting  to  the  form  of  the  leaf;  10,  two  such  carpels  ;  11,  two  perfect  carpels. 

75.  THE  pistil  (or  pistils)  occupies  the  centre  of  the  flower,  at 
the  termination  of  the  axis.     It  consists  of  three  parts,  the  ovary, 
or  germ,  a,  (Fig.  4.)  the  style,  b,  and  the  stigma,  c.     The  style  is 
sometimes  wanting,  and  the  stigma  then  becomes  sessile  upon 
the  ovary.     (See  also  Figs.  10,  11.) 

76.  The  OVARY  (Lat.  ovarium,  a  depository,  from  ovum,  an 
egg)  is  the  tumid  and  hollow  part  of  the  pistil,  situated  at  its 
base,  containing  the  ovules,  or  young  seeds  within  its  cavities, 
and  destined  to  become  the  fruit. 

77.  The  ovary  is  either  simple  or  compound.     When   com- 
pound, it  consists  of  two   or  more   lobes  or  divisions,  called 
CARPELS  (xctQnos,  fruit),  united  together  more  or  less  closely. 

4* 


40  THE    FLOWER. 

Sometimes  these  divisions  are  veiy  evident,  being  but  slightly 
connected,  while  in  other  cases,  all  external  marks  of  them  dis- 
appear. When  simple,  it  of  course  consists  of  a  single  carpel. 
(Fig.  10.) 

78.  The  STYLE  is  that  prolonged  columnar  part  of  the  ovary, 
or  rather  of  each  carpel,  which  bears  the  stigma  at  its  top.     The 
number  of  the  styles,  when  they  are  not  wanting,  always  equals 
the  number  of  carpels :  but  when  the  carpels  are  closely  united, 
the  styles  may  be  united  also,  into  a  single  compound  column, 
or  they  may  even  then  remain  distinct. 

79.  The  STIGMA  is  the  upper  portion,  or  extremity,  of  the  style, 
extremely  various  in  form,  but  usually  globular.     Like  the  ovary 
and  style,  it  is  either  simple  or  compound.     When  it  is  com- 
pound it  consists  of  as  many  united  lobes  as  there  are  carpels. 

80.  The  number  of  distinct  styles  (or  of  stigmas,  when  the 
styles  are  wanting)  constitutes  the  basis  of  the  artificial  orders, 
into  which  the  first  thirteen  classes  of  Linnaeus  are  subdivided. 
They  are  named  from  the  Greek  numerals  prefixed  to  the  ter- 
mination gynia,  (jury,  57,  Note,)  as  follows. 

Order  1.  Monogynia,  includes  all  the  genera  of  plants  in 
either  of  the  first  thirteen  classes,  with  one  style 
to  the  flower. 

2.  Digynia,  with  two  styles  to  the  flower. 

3.  Trigynia,  with  three  styles. 

4.  Tetragynia,  with  four  styles. 

5.  Pentagynia,  with  five  styles. 

6.  Hexagynia,  with  six  styles. 

7.  Heptagynia,  with  seven  styles. 

8.  Octogynia,  with  eight  styles. 

9.  Enneagynia,  with  nine  styles. 

10.  Decagynia,  with  ten  styles. 

11.  Dodecagynia,  with  eleven  or  twelve  styles. 

12.  Polygynia,  with  more  than  twelve  styles.* 

*  The  orders  of  the  remaining  classes  are  founded  upon  characters  not  depend- 
ing upon  the  pistil,  and  are  as  follows :  — 
The  orders  of  class  14,  Didynamia,  are  only  two ; 

1.  Gymnospermia,  with  seeds  apparently  naked. 

2.  Angiospermia,  with  seeds  evidently  in  a  seed-vessel,  or  pericarp. 


THEORETICAL    STRUCTURE.  41 

81.  The  OVULES  are  certain  little  globular  bodies,  produced  in 
the  cells  of  the  ovary,  destined  to  become  the  seeds  in  the 
matured  fruit.     ( Fig.  10;  1 . ) 

82.  The  PLACENTA  is  that  part  of  the  ovary  from  which  the 
ovules  arise,  and  to  which  they  are  attached.     It  consists  of  a 
line,  or  fleshy  ridge,  placed  in  some  angle  of  the  cell.     Its  direc- 
tion is  always  vertical,  that  is,  parallel  with  the  axis  of  growth. 
(Fig.  10;  l,d.)   . 

83.  Physiological  structure.     The  ovary  and  style  are  com- 
posed chiefly  of  one  or  more  bundles  of  vascular  tissue,  imbed- 
ded in  cellular  tissue.     The  stigma  consists  of  a  loose  cellular 
substance,  called  the  conducting  tissue,  communicating  with  the 
placenta  through  the  centre  of  the  style.     It  is  the  only  part  of 
the  ascending  axis  which  is  destitute  of  the  epidermis  (35). 

84.  Theoretical  structure.  The  pistil,  as  before  stated  (25,  a),  is  the  modifica- 
tion of  a  leaf,  or  of  a  whorl  of  leaves,  each  leaf  constituting  a  carpel.  Each 
carpel  has  its  own  style  and  stigma,  and  is  formed  of  a  leaf  folded  together  in 
such  a  way  that  the  upper  surface  becomes  the  inner,  and  is  turned  towards  the 


The  15th  class,  Tetradynamia,  is  divided  into  two  orders,  which  are  distinguished 
by  the  form  of  the  pod :  — 

1.  Siliculosa,  the  fruit  a  silicle,  or  short  pod. 

2.  Siliquosa,  fruit  a  silique,  or  more  or  less  elongated  pod. 

The  orders  of  the  16th,  17th,  18th,  20th,  21st,  and  22d  classes  are  of  the  same 
name  and  character  as  the  first  13  classes  themselves,  that  is,  they  are  founded 
upon  the  number  of  the  stamens  to  the  flower,  thus :  — 
Order  1,  Monaudria,  includes  all  Monadelphous  plants,  Diadelphous  plants,  &c. 

with  one  stamen  to  each  flower. 

2,  Diandria,  with  two  stamens  to  each  flower,  and  so  on. 
The  orders  of  the  19th  class,  Syngenesia,  are  five :  — 
Order  1.  Equalis  (equal),  with  the  florets  (flowers)  of  the  head  all  perfect. 

2.  Superflua  (superfluous),  florets  of  the  rays,  or  margin  of  the  head  pistil- 

late, the  rest  perfect. 

3.  Frnstranea  (frustrated),  florets  of  the  margin  neutral,  the  rest  perfect. 

4.  Necessaria  (necessary),  florets  of  the  margin  pistillate  and  fertile,  the  rest 

staminate  and  sterile. 

5.  Segregata  (separated),  each  floret  having  its  own  proper  calyx. 

The  orders  of  class  23d,  Polygamia,  are  two,  founded  upon  the  same  characters 
as  the  two  preceding  classes :  — 

1.  Moncecia,  where  both  separated  and  perfect  flowers  are  found  in  the  same 

individual. 

2.  Dioecia,  where  the  different  flowers  occupy  different  individuals. 

The  orders  of  class  24th,  Cryptogamia,  are  nine,  the  same  as  the  natural  orders 
of  this  grand  division,  as  Filices,  the  ferns,  Musci,  the  mosses,  &c 


42  THE    FLOWER. 

axis,  while  the  lower  surface  becomes  the  outer.  By  this  arrangement  the  two 
edges  of  the  carpel  often  appear  like  sutures  (Lat.  sutura,  a  seam),  of  which  the 
outer,  formed  by  the  midvein,  is  called  the  dorsal,  and  the  inner,  formed  by  the 
united  margins,  the  ventral. 

a.  This  view  of  the  pistil  is  remarkably  confirmed  and  illustrated  by  the  flowers 
of  the  double  cherry,  where  the  pistil  may  be  seen  in  every  degree  of  transition, 
reverting  towards  the  form  of  the  leaf.    This  carpellary  fez/*  (Fig.  10 ;  9)  stands  in 
the  place  of  the  pistil,  having  the  edges  infolded  towards  each  other,  the  midvein 
greatly  prolonged,  and  a  little  dilated  at  the  apex. 

b.  If  this  be  compared  with  the  pistil  of  the  cherry,  seen  in  the  figure,  no  doubt 
can  be  entertained  that  the  two  sides  of  the  leaf  correspond  to  the  walls  of  the 
ovary,  the  margins  to  the  ventral  suture,  the  midvein  to  the  dorsal  suture,  and 
the  lengthened  summit  of  the  leaf  to  the  style  and  stigma.      Sometimes  the 
flower  contains  two  such  leaves,  which  always  present  their  concave  faces  towards 
each  other,  as  seen  in  the  figure.     This  corresponds  with  the  position  of  the  true 
carpels,  in  which  the  ventral  sutures  of  each  are  contiguous. 

c.  Many  other  plants,  as  the  rose,  Anemone,  Ranunculus,  &c.  exhibit  similar 
transformations  of  the  pistil,  so  that  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  carpel  is 
formed  upon  the  same  plan  in  all  plants.     The  ovary,  therefore,  is  the  blade  of  a 
kaf;  the  style,  the  lengthened  apex ;  and  the  stigma,  a  thickened  and  denuded  portion 
of  the  upper  margin  of  the  leaf. 

85.  From  this  doctrine  of  the  structure  of  the  single  carpel, 
the  student  will  be  able  and  expected  to  demonstrate  many 
propositions  like  the  following. 

a.  First.    A  compound  ovary  consists  of  a  whorl  of  carpellary 
leaves,  their  united  edges  all  meeting  in  the  centre,  and  the 
cohering  sides  forming  a  kind  of  radiation  from  it  (Fig.  9). 

b.  Second.    There  must  be  as  many  cells  as  there  are  carpels. 

c.  Third.    The  partitions  between  the  cells,  that  is,  the  dis- 
sepiments  (dissepio,  to  separate,)  must  each  be  double ;  they 
must  be  vertical ;  they  must  be  equal  in  number  to  the  carpels, 
and  alternate  with  the  stigma,  which  is  also  double. 

d.  Again,  the  single  carpel  can  have  no  true  dissepiment,     If 
any  ever  occur,  it  is  regarded  as  an  anomaly,  and  called  spurious. 
Ex.  flax  (Fig.  11). 

86.  These  propositions  are  true  only  when  each  carpellary 
leaf  appears  in  its  normal  condition,  that  is,  with  its  two  edges 
mutually  united.     But  cases  occur  where  only  the  margins  of 
adjacent  leaves  are  united  (Fig.  11;  1,2,  3).     In  this  case  there 
will  be  no  dissepiments,  and  the  compound  ovary  will,  of  course, 
become  one-celled.     Ex.  Primula,  Gentiana. 


OVULES. 


43 


87.  The  placentae  are  developed  at  each  of  the  two  edges  of 
the  carpellary  leaf.  If  these  edges  be  in  their  normal  condi- 
tions, that  is,  united,  there  will  be  apparently  but  one  placenta 
to  the  carpel,  and  that  central.  But  if  the  edges  be  separate, 
there  will  necessarily  be  two  placentae  to  each  carpel,  the  one 
to  the  right  and  the  other  to  the  left  of  the  dorsal  suture  and 
style.  They  are  then  said  to  be  parietal  (paries,  a  wall). 


FIG.  11. —  1,  Cross  section  of  a  one-celled,  three-carpelled  ovary  with  parietal  placentae, 
the  dissepiments  partially  obliterated  ;  2,  dissepiments  wholly  obliterated ;  3,  dissepiments 
obliterated,  showing  a  free  central  placenta ;  4,  a  five-celled  ovary  with  5  false  dissepiments, 
as  in  the  flax ;  5,  vertical  section  of  an  ovary  with  parietal  placentae ;  6,  with  free  central  pla- 
centas ;  7,  an  amphitropous  ovule ;  8,  vertical  section  of  the  same ;  a,  funiculus ;  6,  raphe ; 
c,  chalaza;  d,  nucleus;  e,  secundine ;  /,  primine ;  g,  micropyle;  9,  anatropous  ovules  at- 
tached to  the  ovary. 

88.  But  the  placentae  are  sometimes  found  in  the  common 
centre  when  there  are  no  dissepiments  (Fig.  11;  3,6).     This 
anomaly,  which  is  called  a  free  central  placenta,  is  thus  ex- 
plained.    The  dissepiments  were  at  first  actually  formed  in  the 
usual  manner,  but  afterwards,  by  the  rapid  expansion  of  the 
shell,  they  were  torn  away  and  obliterated. 

a.  As  the  ovules  are  always  developed  by  the  placentae,  they,  of  course,  grow 
out  of  the  margins  of  the  carpellary  leaf,  and  are,  therefore,  understood  to  be 
analogous  to  buds.  For,  in  the  Bryophyllum,  and  some  other  plants,  the  true 
leaves  do  habitually  develop  buds  at  their  margins  (Fig.  10 ;  8),  and  in  the  mign- 
ionette  the  ovules  themselves  have  been  seen  transformed  into  leaves. 

89.  The  ovules  are  almost  always  enclosed  in  the  ovary.     In 
the  mignionette  they  are  partially  naked,  and  in  the  fir  tribe, 
Coniferae,  entirely  so,  the  carpellary  leaf  being  open  or  wanting. 


44 


THE    FLOWER. 


a.  The  ovule  is  said  to  be  erect  when  it  grows  from  the  base  of  the  ovary 
ascending,  when  it  grows  from  a  little  above  the  base ;  pendulous,  when  it  hangs 
from  the  summit  of  the  cavity,  and  suspended,  when  it  hangs  from  a  little  below 
the  summit. 

90.  In  their  early  state,  the  ovules  are  quite  soft,  consisting  of 
two  sacks  or  integuments,  containing  a  pulpy  mass,  and  open 
only  at  their  apex,  where  there  is  a  passage  left  through  both, 
called  the  foramen.     The  outer  integument  is  called  the  primine, 
the  other  the  secundine,  and  the  central  pulpy  mass  the  nucleus. 
(Fig.  11;  8.) 

a.  The  foramen  may  be  detected  even  in  the  perfect  seed,  by  soaking  it  in 
water,  and  then  pressing  out  the  fluid  thus  absorbed,  which  will  be  seen  to  issue 
from  this  little  orifice.  It  has  an  important  agency  in  the  fertilization  of  the  seed, 
which  at  this  early  period  has  no  traces  of  the  embryo  (18). 

91.  The  stalk  by  which  the  ovule  is   connected  to  the  pla- 
centa, is  called  the  funiculus,  and  its  point  of  attachment  to  the 
nucleus  of  the  ovule,  the  chcdaza.     Through  these  the  ovule 
receives  its  nourishment  from  the  placenta.     (Fig.  11 ;  8,  9.) 

§4.     OF  THE  MUTUAL  ACTION  OF  THE  STAMENS  AND  PISTILS. 

92.  The  specific  use  of 
the  stamens  and  pistils  is 
the  fertilization  of  the 
seed  (57,  58).  This  ap- 
pears to  be  effected  in  the 
following  manner.  At  the 
proper  season,  the  anthers 
discharge  the  pollen  con- 
tained iii  their  cavities, 
through  their  dehiscence 

FIG.  12.  —  1,  Section  of  the  uppei;  part  of  the  style  Or  pores,  into  the  air.    Some 
of  the  snap-dragon,  the  pollen  tubes  passing  down  Qf    jt  thus   falls    upOn   the 
between  the  cells  ;  2,  3,  4,  5,  various  forms  of  pollen, 
showing  the  tubes;  6,  pollen  of  the  O3nothera  biennis,  Stigma, 
one  of  its  tubes  descending  among  the  cells  of  the  style. 

o.  The  Author  of  nature  makes  special  provision  for  the  accomplishment  of 
this  function.  Thus  the  anthers  are  generally  placed  above  the  stigma,  the 
stamens  being  longer  than  the  pistils  when  the  flower  is  erect,  as  in  the  tulip, 
and  shorter,  when  it  droops,  as  in  several  species  of  the  lily.  In  the  mountain 


CALYX.  45 

laurel  (Kalmia),  the  anthers  are  confined  in  ten  cavities  in  the  corolla;  at  the 
proper  season  they  are  disengaged,  and  thrown  forcibly  against  the  stigma,  by  the 
elasticity  of  the  filaments.  In  Monoecious  and  Dioecious  plants,  where  the  sta- 
mens are  placed  apart  from  the  pistils  in  different  flowers,  the  pollen  is  often  con- 
veyed to  the  pistil  by  insects  in  going  from  flower  to  flower  in  search  of  honey. 

93.  Soon  after  the  pollen  falls  upon  the  stigma,  the  outer  coat 
of  each  granule  bursts  (70,  a)  at  one  or  more  points,  allowing 
the  inner  coat  to  pass  through  it  in  the  form  of  a  tube.     This 
tube   insinuates   itself  between  the  cells  of  the   stigma,  and 
passes  down  between  the  loose  cells  of  the  style,  extending 
itself  until  it  reaches  the  ovary,  even  when  the  style  is  of  con- 
siderable  length.     When   these   tubes   reach   the  ovary,  they 
direct   themselves   towards  the  ovules  in  different  parts,  and 
enter  the  foramen,  which  at  this  time  is  turned  towards  the 
base  of  the  style,  and  brought  in  contact  with  its  conducting 
tissue  (83). 

94.  As  to  the  further  action  of  the  pollen  grains,  it  is  conjec- 
tured that  the  molecules  which  they  contain  (69,  a)  are  conveyed 
by  the  tubes  into  each  ovule,  and  that  there  developing  them- 
selves into  new  cells,  and  becoming  fixed  in  their  places,  they 
constitute  the  embryo  of  the  future  plant.     All  that  is  certainly 
known,  however,  is,  that  the  embryo  first  appears  in  the  ovule 
shortly  after  the  pollen  tube  enters  it. 


CHAPTER    VII. 

THE  FLOWER 
§  5.     OF  THE  CALYX. 

95.  THE  term  calyx  comes  from  the   Greek,  and  signifies  a 
cup.     It  is  applied  to  the  outer  whorl  of  the  floral  envelopes,  in 
reference   to   its  common  form  and   position.     It  is  generally 
green,  but  is  sometimes  colored,  that  is,  it  is  of  some  other  coloi 
than  green.     It  seems  designed  for  the  protection  of  the  more 
delicate  organs  of  the  flower  in  aestivation  (in  the  bud). 

96.  The  divisions  of  the  calyx  are  called  sepals,  which  are 


46  THE    FLOWER. 

sometimes  distinct,  but  generally  cohere  by  their  edges,  to  a 
greater  or  less  extent,  forming  a  cup  as  in  the  rose,  or  a  tube  as 
in  the  pink.  The  calyx  is  then  said  to  be  monoscpalous,  a  term 
which  must  never  be  literally  applied,  since  no  true  calyx  can 
consist  of  merely  a  single  sepal ;  when  the  sepals  are  not  united 
in  any  degree,  the  calyx  is  said  to  be  polysepalous. 

123 

97.  If  the  calyx  is  free,  that 
is,  distinct  from  the  ovary,  as 
in  the  pink,  it  is  said  to  be  in- 
ferior, while  the  ovary  is  supe- 
rior ;  but  if  the  calyx  be  adhe- 
rent to  the  sides  of  the  ovary, 
so  as  to  appear  to  grow  out  of 
its  summit,  as  in  the  rose,  it  is 
said  to  be  superior.  (Fig.  13 ; 

FIG.  13.  — 3,  Ovary,  with  adherent  (superior),  1?  3.) 
persistent  calyx ;  1,  vertical  section  of  the  same, 

showing  the  epigynous  (Gr.  upon  the  pistil)  sta-  98.  Ill  respect  to  duration, 
mens  ;  2,  calyx  free  (inferior),  stamens  hypogy-  it  jg  caduCQUS  when  ft  fftU  off 
nous  (Gr.  under  the  pistil)]  4,  stamens  on  the 

calyx,  that  is,  perigynous  (Gr.  around  the  pistil)-  as  SOOn  as  the  flower  is  CX- 
5,  stamens  on  the  corolla  (perigynous);  6,  sta-  panded,  Ex.  poppy  :  deciduous, 
men  with  the  connectile  continued  beyond  the  r  .  L  *rj 

anther.  when  it  falls  off  as  the  flower 

decays,  Ex.  water  lily;  and  persistent,  when  it  remains  upon 
the  germ  after  the  corolla  has  fallen ;  Ex.  rose,  apple. 

99.  The  calyx  is  sometimes  reduced  to  a  mere  rim,  and  some- 
times, when  there  is  no  corolla,  the  calyx  is  entirely  wanting 
(54). 

a.  Again,  the  calyx  is  reduced  to  a  whorl  of  mere  hair-like 
processes,  called  pappus,  or  down.  This  kind  of  calyx  is  pecu- 
liar to  the  Compositae,  as  the  Asters,  sunflower,  &c.,  where  the 
flowers  are  collected  in  heads  so  compact  that  the  calyx  has  no 
room  to  develop  itself  in  the  usual  manner.  If  the  pappus  con- 
sists of  simple  hairs,  it  is  said  to  be  pilose ;  if  the  hairs  are 
feathery,  plumose;  if  they  are  stiff,  like  bristles,  setose;  if  dilated, 
so  as  to  become  chaffy,  paleaceous. 

§6.     OF  THE  COROLLA. 

100.  Corolla  is  a  Latin  diminutive,  signifying  a  chaplet  or 


MONOPETALOUS    COROLLAS.  47 

crown.  It  is  fitly  applied  to  that  whorl  of  the  floral  envelopes 
situated  between  the  calyx  and  the  stamens,  upon  the  delicate 
texture  and  hues  of  which  chiefly  depend  the  beauty  of  the 
flower. 

101.  The  divisions  of  the  corolla  are  called  petals.     Like  the 
sepals  of  the  calyx,  they  are  either  distinct,  or  united  by  their 
adjacent  edges  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  as  in  the  morning 
glory.     When  they  are  distinct,  the  corolla  is  said  to  be  polypet- 
alous ;  otherwise,  monopetalous,  a  term  which  is  as  greatly  mis- 
applied in  this  case  as  monosepalous  is  to  the  calyx,  since  no  true 
corolla  can  consist  simply  of  a  single  petal. 

102.  A  petal  consists  of  two  parts ;  the  daw,  which  is  the 
narrow  part  at  the  base,  answering  to  the  stalk  of  a  leaf,  and 
the  lamina,  which  is  the  expanded  portion  supported  by  the 
claw,  and  answers  to  the  blade  of  the  leaf.     The  claw  is  some- 
times very  long,  as  in  the  pink,  and  often  is  wanting,  as  in  the 
rose. 

103.  When  the  petals   are   confluent  into   a  monopetalous 
corolla,  the  united  claws  form  that  part  of  it  which  is  called  the 
tube,  and  the  lamina  constitute  the  upper,  expanded  portion  of 
it,  which  is  called  the  limb  or  border.     Both  of  these  parts  are 
exhibited  in  the  Phlox. 

104.  Monopetalous  corollas  are  regular  when  all  the  parts 
correspond  to  each   other  in   shape,   size,   and   cohesion;  and 
irregular  when  they  do  not.     Both  these  kinds  assume  various 
forms  (Fig.  14),  which  have  received  appropriate  names,  as 
follows : 

1.  Campanulate  (bell-shaped),  having  the  tube  wide,  and 
swelling   abruptly  at  the  base,  as  in  the  bell-flower   (Cam- 
panula). 

2.  Infundibuliform   (funnel-form),   tubular  at  the  base,  but 
gradually  enlarging  towards  the  border.     Ex.   morning   glory, 
tobacco. 

3.  Hypocrateriform  (salver- form),  the  tube  ending  abruptly  in 
a  border  spreading  horizontally.     Ex.  Phlox. 

4.  Rotate  (wheel-form),  limb  regular,  or  nearly  so,  spreading, 
with  a  very  short  or  imperceptible  tube.     Ex.  mullein. 

5.  Labiate  (lipped).     This  corolla  has  its  limb  deeply  cleft 

5 


48 


THE    FLOWER. 


into  two  irregular  segments,  called  the  upper  and  lower  lip.  If 
the  lips  be  widely  separate,  they  are  said  to  be  ringent  (ringo, 
to  grin).  Ex.  monkey-flower.  If  the  upper  and  lower  sides  are 
pressed  together,  personate  (persona,  a  mask) ;  Ex.  snap  dragon. 
If  the  upper  lip  is  arched,  it  is  termed  the  helmet  or  galea.  Ex. 
Lamium.  This  form  of  the  corolla  almost  universally  char- 
acterizes the  plants  of  the  large  and  important  natural  order 
Labiatse. 


FIG.  14.  — Forms  of  corollas;  1,  Campanula  rotundifolia ;  2,  tobacco;  3,  Convolvulus; 
4,  Veronica ;  5,  sage  ;  6,  Gaultheria  procumbens ;  7,  Phlox ;  8,  cabbage ;  9,  rose ;  10,  Lathyrus. 

105.  Several  forms  of  polypetalous  corollas  have  also  re- 
ceived appropriate  names,  and  are  described  as  follows.  The 
last  only  is  irregular. 

1.  Cruciform  (crux,  a  cross),  consisting  of  four  petals  spread- 
ing at  right  angles  to  each  other.     Plants  with  this  corolla  con- 
stitute the  large  natural  order  Craciferae,  which  corresponds  to 
the  15th  class  in  the  artificial  arrangement.     Of  this  kind  is  the 
mustard  (Sinapis). 

2.  Rosaceous,  like  the  rose.     A  regular  corolla,  consisting  of 
five  or  more  petals,   spreading  horizontally,   attached  to   the 
receptacle  by  very  short  claws.     Ex.  rose,  apple. 

3.  Liliaceous,  like  the  lily.   The  Perianth  consists  of  six    parts, 
each  gradually  bending  outwards  in  such  a  manner  as  to  resem- 
ble the  campanulate.     Ex.  lily,  tulip  (Fig.  4). 


NECTARY.  49 

4.  CaryophyUaceous,  like  the  pink.     This  corolla  consists  of 
five  petals,  having  long  claws  immersed  in  a  tubular  calyx.    Ex. 
pink,  cockle  (Fig.  4). 

5.  Papilionaceous,  butterfly-shaped.     This  corolla  consists  of 
five  dissimilar  petals,  which  have  received  names  as  follows ;  — 
the  upper  and  largest  is  called  the  banner  (vexillum) ;  the  two 
lateral  ones  beneath  this,  the  wings  (alee) ;  and  the  two  lower 
ones  cohering  by  their  lower  margins,  the  keel  (carina).  Exam- 
ples, pea,  bean,  locust.     Plants  with  this  kind  of  corolla  consti- 
tute  the   greater  part  of  the   LeguminossB,  one  of  the   most 
extensive  and  useful  of  the  natural  families. 

106.  PHYSIOLOGICAL    STRUCTURE.     The  floral  envelopes  are 
found,  in  their  physical  organization,  to  agree  with  leaves,  of 
which  they  are  only  modifications.     They  consist  of  thin  expan- 
sions of  cellular  tissue,  traversed  by  veins  of  delicate  spiral 
vessels,   all  covered  with  an  epidermis  often  having  stomata. 
Their  various  colors  are  produced  by  secretions  contained  in  the 
little  bladders  of  the  cellular  tissue. 

J  7.    OF  THE  NECTARY  AND  DISK. 

107.  These  are  terms  which  have  been  applied  to  certain 
anomalous  forms  of  the  floral  organs,  and  are  very  variable  in 
structure  and  position. 

a.  The  NECTAHT  (nectar,  honey)  is  properly  an  apparatus  for  the  secretion  of 
honey.    In  the  violet,  larkspur,  columbine,  &c.,  it  consists  of  a  prolongation  of 
the  petal  into  a  spur.    In  the  nasturtium  it  is  a  similar  prolongation  of  the  sepal. 
In  the  passion  flower,  grass  parnassus,  gold-thread,  &c.,  the  nectaries  are  merely 
abortive  stamens  passing  into  petals.    In  the  lady's  slipper  and  other  Orchida- 
ceous plants,  the  lower  petal  being  inflated  and  larger  than  the  rest  of  them,  was 
called  nectary  by  the  Linnean  school,  but  by  modern  writers  the  labellum,  or 
lip. 

b.  The  DISK  is  a  term  applied  to  certain  little  projections  situated  between  the 
bases  of  the  stamens  and  the  pistils.    Its  more  common  form  is  that  of  a  raised 
rim,  either  entire  or  variously  lobed,  surrounding  the  base  of  the  ovary,  that  is, 
hypogynous  (i/Vw,  under,  yvw,  the  pistil),  as  in  the  peony,  or  it  appears  at  the  top 
of  the  ovary  when  the  calyx  is  superior,  and  is  then  said  to  be  epigynous  (art, 
upon,  yuvtt),  as  hi  the  Cornus. 

c.  The  true  character  of  the  disk  is  little  understood.    It  is  supposed  by 
Lindley  to  consist  of  stamens  in  a  rudimentary  state,  as  it  is  sometimes  separated 
into  a  circle  of  glandular  bodies,  alternating  with  the  true  stamens. 


50 


THE    FLOWER. 


§8.     OF  AESTIVATION. 

108.  ^ESTIVATION  (cestivus,  of  summer)  is  a  term  used  by 
botanists,  to  denote  the  relative  arrangement  of  the  several 
organs  of  the  flower  while  yet  undeveloped  in  the  bud.  It  is 
the  same  to  the  flower-bud  as  VERNATION  (vernus,  of  the  spring) 
is  to  the  leaf-bud. 

a.  The  different  modes  of  aestivation  may  be  best  observed  in  sections  of  the 
bud,  made  by  cutting  it  in  a  horizontal  direction.  The  most  common  varieties 
are  the  following. 

1.  Valvate;  applied  to  each  other  by  the  margins  only;  as  the 
petals  of  the  Umbelliferae,  the  valves  of  a  capsule,  &c. 

2.  Convolute ;  when  one  is  wholly  rolled  in  another,  as  in  the 
petals  of  the  wall-flower. 

3.  Quincuncial;  when  the  pieces  are  five  in  number,  of  which 
two  are  exterior,  two  interior,  and  the  fifth  covers  the  interior 
with  one  margin,  and  has  its  other  margin  covered  by  the  ex- 
terior, as  in  Rosa. 

4.  Contorted;  each  piece  being  oblique  in  figure,  and  over- 
lapping its  neighbor  by  one  margin,  its  other  margin  being,  in 
like  manner,   overlapped    by  that    which  stands   next  it,   as 
the  corolla  of  Apocynum. 

5.  Alternative;  when,  the  pieces  being  in  two  rows,  the  inner 
is  covered  by  the  outer  in  such  a  way  that  each  of  the  exterior 
rows  overlaps  half  of  two  of  the  interior,  as  in  the  Liliacese. 


FIG.  15.  — JEstivation  of  the  corolla;  1,  Hydrangea;  2,  Cheiranthus;  3,  Rose  (single); 
4,  Oxalis ;  5,  Lilium ;  6,  Pisum ;  7,  Lysiraachia ;  8,  Solanum ;  9,  calyx  of  the  Rose.  The 
last  form,  with  4  and  5,  are  also  termed  imbricate. 


THE    FEUIT.  51 

6.  VexiUary;  when  one  piece  is  much  larger  than  the  others, 
and  is  folded  over  them,  they  being  arranged  face  to  face,  as  in 
papilionaceous  flowers. 

7.  Induplicate;   having  the  margins  bent  abruptly  inwards, 
and  the  external  face  of  these  edges  applied  to  each  other  with- 
out any  twisting ;  as  in  the  flowers  of  some  species  of  Clematis. 

8.  Supervolute;  when  one  edge  is  rolled  inwards,  and  is  en- 
veloped by  the  opposite  edge  rolled  in  an  opposite  direction ;  as 
the  leaves  of  the  apricot. 

Of  these  forms  of  aestivation,  the  4th,  5th,  and  9th,  are  fre- 
quently designated  by  the  general  term  imbricate,  that  is,  edge 
overlapping  edge. 


CHAPTER    VIII. 

THE  FRUIT. 

109.  THE  fruit  appears  to  be  the  ultimate  object  and  aim  of  the  whole  vegetable 
organization ;  accordingly,  when  this  is  perfected,  the  process  of  vegetation  ceases, 
the  foliage  withers,  and  the  whole  plant,  if  it  be  an  annual,  soon  dies.    But  in  the 
fruit,  provision  is  made  for  the  reproduction  of  the  species,  so  that  it  is  justly 
said  to  be  '  the  termination  of  the  old  individual,  and  the  beginning  of  the  new.' 

a.  The  fruit  is,  therefore,  the  most  important  part  of  the  plant.    Although  it 
does  not,  like  the  flower,  serve  to  adorn  the  face  of  nature  by  the  beauty  of  its 
form  and  color,  yet,  besides  its  own  peculiar  office  of  perpetuating  vegetable  life, 
it  affords  one  of  the  principal  means  of  subsistence  to  animals  and  to  man. 

b.  The  fructification,  in  respect  to  time,  is  subsequent  to  the  flower,  is  always 
preceded  by  it,  and,  as  has  been  sufficiently  shown,  is  dependent  upon  it  for  its 
maturity  and  perfection.    After  having  imbibed  the  pollen  from  the  anthers,  the 
pistil,  or  its  ovary,  continues  to  enlarge,  and  is  finally  matured  in  the  form  of  the 
peculiar  fruit  of  the  plant.     The  fruit  is,  therefore,  properly  speaking,  the  ovary 
brought  to  perfection. 

110.  Such  being  the  case,  it  follows  that  the  fruit  is  constructed  on  the  same 
general  plan  as  the  ovary,  and  its  structure  may  be  inferred  with  much  accuracy, 
by  the  examination  of  the  latter  at  the  time  of  flowering.    In  many  cases,  how- 
ever, the  fruit  undergoes  such  changes  in  the  course  of  its  growth  from  the  ovary, 
as  to  disguise  its  real  structure ;  so  that  an  early  examination  would  be  even  more 
safe  in  its  results  than  a  late  one. 

a.  For  example,  the  oak-acorn  is  a  fruit  with  but  one  cell  and  one  seed, 

although  its  ovary  had  three  cells  and.  six  ovules.    The  change  is  produced  by 

5* 


/^c-Y;r   -\ 

/    UUIVER^    TYJ. 

V  r^  / 


52  THE    FRUIT. 

the  non-development  of  five  of  the  ovules,  while  the  sixth  grows  so  rapidly  as  to 
obliterate  the  dissepiments  and  occupy  the  whole  space.  The  same  change  also 
takes  place  in  the  hazle-nut.  The  ovary  of  the  birch  is  two-celled  and  two- 
ovuled,  but,  by  the  suppression  of  one  cell  with  its  ovule,  the  fruit  becomes  one- 
celled. 

§  1.    OF  THE  PERICARP. 

111.  The  FRUIT  consists  of  the  pericarp  and  the  seed;  the 
former  may  be  wanting,  but  the  latter  is  essential. 

a.  Truly  naked  seeds  are  found  in  few  plants,  except  the  Coniferse,  where  the 
pollen  falls  directly  upon  the  ovules  without  the  intervention  of  the  pistil.  The 
seeds  of  the  sage  and  the  borage,  with  then*  respective  tribes,  generally  said  to  be 
naked,  are  not  so  in  fact,  for  each  seed  being  the  product  of  an  ovary  with  one 
ovule  must  necessarily  be  a  one-seeded  pericarp. 

112.  The  PERICARP  (rce^,  around,  xc^Trog,  fruit)  is  the  covering 
or  envelope  of  the  seeds,  of  whatever  nature  it  may  be.     It 
consists  of  three  different  parts.     1.  The  epicarp  (em,  upon)  is 
the  outer  integument,  or  skin.     2.  The  endocarp  (evdov,  within), 
called  also  putamen  or  shell,  is  the  inner  coat,  and  the  sarco- 
carp  (cr«^|,  flesh)  is  the  intervening  fleshy  substance. 

a.  Thus,  in  the  peach,  the  skin  is  the  epicarp,  the  fleshy  pulp  the  sarcocarp,  and 
the  shell  of  the  stone  the  endocarp.    In  the  apple  or  pear,  the  endocarp  forms  the 
glazed  lining  of  the  cells,  the  epicarp  the  epidermis,  and  the  sarcocarp  the  inter- 
vening pulp. 

113.  The  growth  of  the  fruit  depends  upon  the  absorption  of  sap  from  the  parts 
below.     This  fluid,  finding  no  growing  axis  to  be  prolonged  in  the  usual  manner 
into  a  branch,  is  accumulated  in  the  pistil  and  adjacent  parts,  is  condensed  by 
evaporation,  and  elaborated  into  cellular  matter  by  the  external  surfaces,  which 
still  perform  the  functions  of  true  leaves.     Thus  these  parts  become  gradually 
distended  into  the  form  and  dimensions  of  the  fruit. 

114.  The  process  of  ripening  consists  of  certain  chemical  changes,  effected  by 
the  combined  action  of  heat,  light,  and  air.    In  its  earliest  stages,  the  pericarp 
consists  of  a  structure  similar  to  that  of  leaves,  being  composed  of  cellular  and 
ligneous  tissue,  with  an  epidermis  and  stomata  (35,  37). 

«.  Secondly,  the  fleshy  pulp,  or  sarcocarp,  is  developed,  and  becomes  sour  by 
absorbing  from  the  air  an  excess  of  oxygen,  which  is  the  proper  acidifying  prin- 
ciple. 

b.  Lastly,  when  the  fruit  has  attained  its  full  growth,  the  pulp  becomes  gradu- 
ally sweetened  and  softened,  by  the  formation  of  sugar  at  the  expense  of  the 
acids  and  of  the  ligneous  matter,  which  before  rendered  it  both  sour  and  hard. 
These  transitions  are  exemplified  by  the  apple,  plum,  currant,  &c.,  where  the 
greater  portion  of  nutritive  matter  is  stored  up  in  the  pericarp ;  but  in  the  fruit  of 


CAPSULE.  53 

the  oak,  chestnut,  some  of  the  grasses,  &c.,  it  is  chiefly  or  entirely  deposked  in  the 
seed. 


FIG.  16.  —  Modes  of  dehiscence ;  1,  Locu  Jcidal ;  2,  Septicidal ;  3,  Septifragal.  The  straight 
lines  represent  the  dissepiments. 

1 15.  Dehiscence.  When  the  pericarp  has  arrived  at  maturity, 
it  either  remains  permanently  closed  (indehiscent)  as  the  acorn, 
or  it  separates  into  parts  forming  openings.  These  parts  are 
called  valves,  and  these  openings,  the  dehiscence.  Regular  de- 
hiscence is  always  vertical,  and  is  called, 

1.  Loculicidcd  (loculus,  a  cell,  ccedo,  to  cut),   when   it  takes 
place  by  the  opening  of  the  dorsal  suture  of  each  carpel  directly 
into  the  cell.     Ex.  lily. 

2.  Septicidal  (septum,  a  wall,  and  ccedo),  .when  it  takes  place 
through  the  dissepiments   (which  are   doubled,  $  85,   c).     Ex. 
mallows. 

3.  Septifragal  (septum,  and  frango,  to  break),  when  the  valves 
separate  from  the  dissepiments,  which  remain  still  united  in  the 
axis.     Ex.  Convolvulus. 

4.  Sutural  (sutura,  a  seam),  when  it  takes  place  at  one  or 
both  sutures,  in  a  fruit  with  a  simple  carpel.     Ex.  pea. 

5.  An  irregular  dehiscence,  called  circumscissile  (circwmscindo, 
to  cut  around),  occurs  in  the  plantain,  verbena,  henbane,  &c., 
where  the  top  of  the  pericarp  falls  off  like  a  lid.     (Fig.  18 ;  16.) 

116.  The  forms  of  the  pericarp  are  exceedingly  diversified,  and  have  been 
studied  by  botanists  with  great  attention.  The  following  varieties  are  generally 
described  in  elementary  works. 

1.  CAPSULE  (a  casket),  is  a  term  applied  to  those  pericarps 
which  are  of  a  hard  and  woody  texture,  proceeding  from  a  com- 
pound ovary,  dehiscing  at  the  side  or  top,  by  valves,  or  some- 
times by  pores  only. 

a.  The  capsule  consists  of  only  one  cell,  or  is  divided  within 


64  THE    FRUIT. 

by  dissepiments  (85,  c)  into  many  cells.  The  central  pillar,  or 
substance  formed  by  the  united  placentae  is  called  the  colu- 
mella.  To  this  the  seeds  are  generally  attached.  The  seed- 
vessels  of  the  Lobelia,  mullein,  pink,  poppy,  bloodroot  (San- 
guinaria),  are  capsules. 


FIG.  17.  —  Forms  of  fruit:  1,  capsule  of  Rhododendron;  2,  Nicotiana;  3,  Colchicum; 
4,  CEnothera ;  5,  silique  of  Raphanus ;  6,  silicle  of  Capsella ;  7,  legume  of  the  pea ;  8,  jointed 
legume  (loment)  of  Desmodium ;  9,  follicle  of  Apocynum ;  10,  nut  of  oak ;  11,  drupe  of 
Cerasus. 

2.  SILIQUE  (a  pod).     This  is  a  long,  narrow  pericarp  of  two 
valves,  divided  into  two  cells,  by  a  false  dissepiment  formed  by 
the  extended  placentas.     The  seeds  are  attached  to  the  edges 
of  this  dissepiment,  alternating  with  its  opposite  sides.     Ex. 
mustard,  wallflower,  and  other  Craciferse. 

3.  SILICLE  (a  little  pod),  differs  from  the  silique,  by  being 
shorter,  and  more  nearly  oval.     Ex.  pepper-grass,  shepherd's 
purse  (Thlaspi).     The  silique  and  silicle  are  peculiar  to  plants 
with  cruciform  corollas. 

4.  LEGUME  (also  a  pod),  two-valved,  one-celled,  consists  of  a 
simple  carpel,  and  thus  differs  essentially  from  the  silique.     It 
bears  its  seeds  attached  to  the  margin  of  each  valve  alternately, 
along  the  ventral  suture  only.     Ex.  pea,  and  all  other  plants  of 
the  great  natural  order  Leguminosae.     The  legume,  therefore, 
accompanies  the  papilionaceous  corolla. 

5.  FOLLICLE  (a  bag)  is  a  pericarp  with  one  valve  and  one 


PEPO.  55 

cell,  opening  by  a  sutiual  dehiscence  on  the  inner  side,  and 
bearing  seeds  at  the  base,  or  along  the  suture.  Ex.  peony,  col- 
umbine, silk-weed. 

6.  DRUPE  (stoiie-frait)  is  one-celled,  one  or  two  seeded,  inde- 
hiscent,  with  a  hard  and  bony  endocarp  (stone),  and  a  moist  and 
pulpy  epicarp  and  sarcocarp.     Ex.  plum,  cherry,  peach.     It  also 
includes  those  fruits  which  have  a  fibre-fleshy,  or  even  coria- 
ceous epicarp,  as  the  walnut,  butternut,  which  kinds  of  fruit  are 
called  drupaceous. 

7.  The  NUT  is  a  hard,  dry,  indehiscent  shell,  proceeding  from 
an  ovary  which  is  two  or  more  celled,  and  two  or  more  ovuled, 
but  becoming  by  suppression  one-celled,  and  one-ovuled  ( 1 10,  a). 
It  differs  from  the  Drupe,  in  wanting  the  soft,  succulent  cover- 
ing.    Instead  of  this  it  is  seated  in  a  kind  of  persistent  involu- 
cre, called  a  cupule.     Ex.  chestnut,  oak,  beech,  hazle. 

8.  CARYOPSIS  (kernel).     This  is  a  thin,  dry,  one-celled  peri- 
carp, inseparable  from  the  seed  •which  it  encloses.     Ex.  maize, 
wheat,  Carex.     When  it  is  not  inseparable  from  the  seed,  it  is 
called  a  utricle,  as  in  the  pig-weed  ( Chenopodium). 

9.  An  ACHENIUM  is  a  small,  dry,  hard,  one-celled  pericarp,  dis- 
tinct from  the  seed  which  it  contains.     Ex.   Borago,  Ranun- 
culus, Aster,  and  the  Compositse  generally. 

10.  SAMARA  (winged  fruit).     It  consists  of  a  dry,  indehiscent, 
one-seeded  pericarp,  with  a  wing-like  appendage.     Ex.  birch, 
maple. 

11.  A  PYXIS  (box)  is  a  capsule  which  opens  by  a  circum- 
sessile  dehiscence  (115 ;  5),  so  as  to  appear  like  a  little  cup  with 
a  lid.     Ex.  plantain  (Plantago),  purslane  (Portulaca). 

12.  POME    (apple).     This  is  a  fleshy,  indehiscent  pericarp, 
formed  of  the  permanent  calyx,  containing  several  cartilaginous 
carpels,  or  cells,  which  enclose  the  seeds.     Ex.  apple,   pear, 
quince. 

13.  The  PEPO  (gourd)  is  an  indehiscent,  fleshy  fruit,  proceed- 
ing from  a  compound  ovary,  either  one-celled,  or  entirely  filled 
with  pulp.     Ex.  cucumber,  melon,  pumpkin. 

14.  Berry  (Bacca),  a  succulent,  pulpy  pericarp,  holding  the 
seeds  loosely  within,  with  no  other  covering  than  its  own  soft 


56 


THE    FRUIT. 


mass.     Ex.  currant,  whortleberry.     The  orange  and  lemon  an- 
swer this  definition,  and  are  therefore  berries. 


18, 


FIG.  18.  —  Forms  of  fruit ;  13,  naked  achenia  of  Fragaria  on  the  surface  of  the  enlarged, 
fleshy  receptacle  ;  14,  drupaceous  achenia  of  a  Rubus  on  a  fleshy,  deciduous  receptacle ;  15, 
samara  of  Acer ;  16,  pyxis  of  Hyoscyamus ;  17,  pome  of  Pyrus  (pear) ;  18,  berry  of  Ribes 
(gooseberry) ;  19,  section  of  the  same  enlarged ;  20,  strobile  of  Pinus ;  21,  cremocarp  of  the 
Umbelliferae,  as  Conium. 

a.  This  definition  cannot  include  the  strawberry,  which  consists  of  an  en- 
larged, fleshy  receptacle,  bearing  numerous  achenia  upon  its  surface.  Nor  does 
it  include  the  blackberry,  which,  like  the  other  species  of  the  llubus,  is  an  aggre- 
gate fruit  composed  of  united  drupes.  These  fruits  are  called  Etseria,  by  Mirbel. 
(Eig.  18 ;  13,  14.) 

15.  STROBILE  (cone).  This  is  an  aggregate  fruit,  consisting 
of  scale-like  carpels  spread  open,  with  naked  seeds  on  their 
inner  side,  at  base.  Such  is  the  fruit  of  the  fir  tribe,  which  is 
on  this  account  called  Coniferae. 


HILUM.  57 


CHAPTEE    IX. 

THE  FRUIT. 
§2.    OF   THE    SEED. 

117.  THE  seed  is  the  ultimate  product  of  vegetation,  and  con- 
tains the  rudiments  of  a  new  plant,  similar  in  all  respects  to  the 
original. 

a.  The  seed  consists  of  three  principal  parts;  —  the  INTEGU- 
MENTS, the  ALBUMEN,  and  the  EMBRYO. 

118.  The  INTEGUMENTS,  or  coverings,  invest  the  seed  immedi- 
ately exterior  to  all  its  other  parts.     Although  apparently  single, 
they  consist  of  several  membranes,  to  each  of  which  an  appro- 
priate name  has  been  applied.     The  first,  or  outer  membrane, 
is  the  TESTA;  the  second,  the  MESOSPERM;  the  third,  the  ENDO- 
PLEURA,  corresponding  with  the  primine,  &c.  (90)  of  the  ovule. 

a.  The  testa  is  either  papery  (membranous),  leathery  (coriaceous),  horny  (crus- 
taceous),  bony,  fleshy,  or  woody.  Its  surface  is  generally  smooth,  sometimes 
beautifully  polished,  as  in  the  Indian  shot  (Canna),  or  columbine,  and  often 
highly  colored,  as  in  varieties  of  the  bean,  &c.  It  is  sometimes  expanded  into 
wings,  as  in  the  Arabis,  and  sometimes  into  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  one  end,  called 
coma,  as  in  the  silk-weed,  or  it  is  entirely  enveloped  in  hairs,  as  in  the  cotton. 

6.  The  coma  must  not  be  confounded  with  the  pappus  (99,  a),  which  is  a  modi- 
fication of  the  calyx,  appended  to  the  pericarp,  and  not  to  the  seed,  as  in  the 
achenia  of  the  thistle,  dandelion,  and  other  Composite. 

119.  The  aril  is  an  expansion,  proceeding  from  the  summit  of 
the  funiculus,  or  seed-stalk  (91),  (or  from  the  placenta  when 
the  funiculus  is  wanting)  either  partially  or  wholly  investing 
the  seed.     A  fine  example   is   seen  in  that   gashed  covering 
of  the  nutmeg,   called  mace.     In   the  celastrus  it  completely 
envelops  the  seed.     In  other  seeds  it  is  a  mere  scale,  and  often 
it  is  wanting. 

120.  The  HILUM,  or  scar,  is  that  point  or  mark  left  on  the  coats 
of  the  seed,  by  its  separation  from  the  funiculus  (stalk).     It  is 
commonly  called  the  eye,  as  in  the  bean,  pea,  maize,  &c.     (Fig. 
11;  8,  a.) 

121.  The  hilum  of  the  seed  sometimes  corresponds  with  the  chalaza  of  the 


QS  THE    FRUIT. 

ovule.  In  this  case  the  ovule,  or  seed,  is  said  to  be  orthotropous  (erect),  Ex.  can- 
dleberry  (Myrica).  More  generally,  however,  the  funiculus  (91)  extends  beyond 
the  hilum,  passing  under  the  integuments  partly  around  the  nucleus,  before  it 
is  joined  to  it.  The  point  of  this  final  juncture  is  always  the  chalaza,  and  that 
part  of  the  funiculus  which  then  intervenes  between  the  hilum  and  the  chalaza  is 
called  the  raphe.  This  form  of  the  ovule,  or  seed,  is  called  anatropous  (inverted), 
and  is  exemplified  in  the  apple.  The  raphe  can,  therefore,  exist  only  in  the  ana- 
tropous seed,  and  serves  to  distinguish  it.  (See  Fig.  11 ;  No's  8  and  9.) 

122.  The  ALBUMEN.     Next  within  the  integuments,  there  is  a 
white  substance  called  the  albumen,  consisting  chiefly  of  starch. 
It  constitutes  the  chief  bulk  of  some  seeds,  as  maize,  wheat, 
rye,  and  serves  to  nourish  the  embryo  in  its  nascent  state.     It 
abounds  chiefly  in  those  seeds  which  have  but  one  cotyledon. 
It  is  wholesome  and  nutritious,  even  in  poisonous  plants.     The 
albumen  in  some  seeds  is  entirely  wanting,  particularly  in  the 
bean,  pea,  &c.,  the  nutritious  matter  being  all  absorbed  in  the 
cotyledon. 

123.  The  EMBRYO  is  an  organized  body,  the  rudiments  of  the 
young  plant,  situated  within  the  integuments.     To  the  growth 
of  this  all   other  parts  of  the  seed  are  subservient.     In   somq 
seeds  the  embryo  is  distinctly  visible.     Ex.  bean,  Convolvulus. 

124.  The  embryo  is  divided  into  three  parts ;  the  radicle,  the 
plumule,  and  cotyledon. 

a.  The  radicle  is  the  descending  part  of  the  embryo,  destined 
to  form  the  root  (radix).     In  respect  to  position,  it  always  points 
towards  the  foramen. 

b.  The  PLUMULE  is  the  ascending  part  of  the  embryo,  or  the 
rudiment  of  the  ascending  axis  of  the  future  plant.     It  is  usually 
directed  towards  the  chalaza. 

125.  The  COTYLEDON  is  the  bulky,  porous,  and  farinaceous 
part  of  seeds,  destined  to  form  the  first  or  seminal  leaves  of  the 
young  plant,  as  well  as  to  afford  nourishment  to  the  plumule 
and  radicle,  before  they  can  obtain  it  from  the  earth.     In  the 
bean,  squash,  cucumber,  and  most  other  plants,  the  cotyledons 
are  conspicuous  in  rising  above  the  ground. 

a.     The  number  of  cotyledons  is  variable  ;  and  upon  this  cir- 
cumstance is  founded  the  most  important  and  distinct  division 

Of  the  PlLENOGAMIA,  Or  FLOWERING  PLANTS. 

126.  Monocotyledonous  plants  are  those  whose  seeds  have  but  one  cotyledon, 


SPORES. 


59 


or,  if  two  are  present,  one  is  minute  or  abortive.  Such  plants  are  also  called 
ENDOGEXS  (ivfov,  inside,  yivcfjixi,  to  originate  or  grow),  because  their  stems  increase 
by  internal  accretions  (197).  Such  are  the  grasses,  the  palms,  the  Liliaceae,  &c., 
whose  leaves  are  mostly  constructed  with  parallel  veins. 

127.  Dicotyledonous  plants  are  such  as  bear  seeds  with  two  cotyledons. 
These  are  also  called  EXOGENS  («£a,  outside),  because  their  stems  increase  by 
external  accretions,  including  the  bean  tribe,  the  melon  tribe,  all  our  forest  trees, 
&c.  These  are  also  distinguished  at  a  glance,  by  the  structure  of  their  leaves, 
which  are  reticulate-veined,  that  is,  with  veins  dividing  and  uniting  again,  like 
network. 


15 


FIG.  19.  —  Structure  of  seeds  and  germination ;  l,v  seed  of  a  garden  bean ;  2,  the  same 
after  germination  is  commenced  and  the  skin  thrown  off;  3,  seed  of  Triglochin  (magnified) ; 
a,  fungoas  chalaza,  6,  raphe,  c,  hilum ;  4,  embryo  ;  a,  cotyledon,  b,  radicle,  c,  fissure,  beneath 
which  lies  the  plumule ;  5,  vertical  section  of  the  same ;  rf,  the  radicle  seen  beneath  the 
fissure  ;  6,  germinating  seed  of  Alisma  ;  a,  cotyledon,  ft,  plumule,  c,  radicle  ;  7,  seed  of  Canna 
lutea,  vertical  section,  a,  albumen,  6,  embryo ;  8,  fruit  of  Mirabilis,  showing  the  commence- 
ment of  germination,  the  embryo  protruding  the  radicle  ;  9,  the  same,  having  thrown  off  the 
pericarp  and  become  a  young  plant ;  10,  germinating  seed  of  Calla  JEthiopica ;  o,  seed,  6, 
first  leaf  of  plumule,  c,  radicle  ;  11,  section  of  the  fruit  of  a  grass  with  the  embryo  at  base  ; 
12,  the  same  after  germination  has  commenced ;  13,  the  germination  completed,  and  the 
young  plant  formed  ;  14,  embryo  of  Pinus,  showing  the  numerous  cotyledons ;  15,  the  same 
after  germination  has  commenced ;  16,  embryo  of  Cuscuta,  having  no  cotyledon. 

128.  The  pine  and  fir  have  seeds  with  from  two  to  three  cotyledons,  while  the 
dodder  (Cuscuta)  is  almost  the  only  example  known  of  an  embryo  with  no  coty- 
ledon. 

129.  A  few  plants,  as  the  onion,  orange,  Coniferae,  &c.,  occasionally  have  two 
or  even  several  embryos  in  a  seed,  while  all  the  CRYPTOGAMIA,  or  flowerless 
plants,  have  no  embryo  at  all,  nor  even  seeds,  but  are  reproduced  from  SPORES, 
(48)  bodies  analogous  to  the  pollen  grains  of  flowering  plants. 

6 


60  THE    FRUIT. 

§3.     OF  GERMINATION. 

130.  The  embryo  is  the  most  important  part  of  the  seed.  It  is  to  the  protec- 
tion and  nourishment  of  this  alone,  that  all  other  parts  of  the  seed,  and  even  of 
the  whole  plant,  are  subservient,  and  if  this  be  injured  or  destroyed,  the  ultimate 
object  of  the  whole  vegetable  economy  would  seem  to  be  defeated. 

a.  GERMINATION  is  a  term  denoting  the  first  stages  of  vital 
action  in  the  seed ;  the  process  is  briefly  described  as  follows  : 

131.  When  the  seed  is  planted  in  a  moist  soil,  at  a  moderate 
temperature,  the   integuments  gradually  absorb  water,  soften, 
and  expand.     The  water  is  decomposed,  its  oxygen  combines 
with  the  carbon  of  the  starch  which  had  been  stored  up  in  the 
tissues,  carbonic  acid  is  evolved,  and  the  starch,  at  lengh  con- 
verted into  sugar  for  the  nourishment  of  the  embryo,  which  now 
begins  to  dilate  and  develope  its  parts.     Soon  the  integuments 
burst,  the  radicle  descends,  seeking  the  damp  and  dark  bosom 
of  the  earth,  and  the  plumule  arises,  with  expanding  leaves,  to 
the  air  and  the  light*     (See  Fig.  19,  explanations.) 

132.  As  to  the  cotyledons,  they  either  remain  under  ground  at 
the  centre  of  motion,  as  in  all  Monocotyledonous  plants  and  in 
the  oak,  or,  as  in  almost  all  Dicotyledonous  plants,  they  arise 
above  the  surface  with  the  ascending  axis,  become  green,  and 
perform  the  functions  of  digestion  and  respiration,  like  leaves, 
for  the  nourishment  of  the  young  plant. 

133.  The  conditions  requisite  for  the  germination  of  the  seed 
are  heat,  moisture,  oxygen,  and  darkness. 

a.  Heat  is  a  requisite  condition  of  all  vital  actions,  as  well  in  the  sprouting  of  a 
seed  as  in  the  hatching  of  an  egg,  and  if  it  be  not  supplied  from  a  source  within, 

*  The  phenomena  of  germination,  in  all  its  stages,  may  be  observed  in  an  interesting  ex- 
periment. Let  a  few  seeds,  as  of  the  flax  or  the  pea,  be  enveloped  in  a  lock  of  cotton,  float- 
ing upon  water  in  a  bulb-glass.  In  a  few  days,  the  plumule  ascends  in  its  genial  air,  while 
the  radicle  shoots  downwards  in  long  silky  fibres. 

The  ascent  of  the  plumule  in  a  direction  contrary  to  gravity  is  a  law  in  vegetation,  as  uni- 
versal as  the  law  of  attraction  in  matter,  and  no  less  difficult  to  explain.  From  the  two 
following  experiments,  it  would  seem  to  result  both  from  the  influence  of  the  light  and  the 
law  of  gravitation.  Professor  Shultz  planted  some  seeds  of  cabbage,  mustard,  and  beans,  in 
moss,  and  so  arranged  them  that  the  only  light  which  they  could  receive  was  from  a  mirror, 
reflecting  the  solar  rays  upwards  ;  they  sent  their  stems  downwards,  and  their  roots  upwards. 

Mr.  Knight  placed  vessels,  containing  earth  with  germinating  seeds,  upon  the  circumfer- 
ence of  a  large  horizontal  wheel,  which  was  kept  constantly  and  rapidly  revolving  for  seve- 
ral days.  The  seeds  grew,  but  instead  of  ascending  perpendicularly,  the  axis  of  each  plant 
was  inclined  at  an  angle  of  45°,  or  more,  towards  the  centre  of  the  wheel,  in  accordance  with 
the  combined  action  of  the  centrifugal  force  of  the  wheel,  and  the  attraction  of  the  earth. 


DISSEMINATION    OF    SEEDS.  61 

must  be  obtained  from  without.  Different  degrees  of  heat  are  required  by  dif- 
ferent plants,  but  a  temperature  from  50°  to  80°  is  most  favorable  to  those  of  the 
temperate  zones.  Such  is  the  genial  warmth  supplied  by  the  sun. 

b.  Water  is  also  requisite  for  softening  the  integuments,  and  for  dissolving  the 
dry  nutriment  stored  up  in  the  albumen,  or  the  cotyledons.     This  is  supplied  in 
showers  of  rain  and  dew. 

c.  Oxygen  is  requisite,  as  seen  above,  for  the  conversion  of  starch  into  sugar ; 
a  process  always  depending  upon  the  formation  and  evolution  of  carbonic  acid,  as 
well  in  the  seed  as  in  the  laboratory  of  the  chemist.    This  is  supplied  by  the 
water  and  by  the  air. 

d.  And,  finally,  darkness  is  favorable,  because  it  is  through  the  influence  of 
light,  as  will  hereafter  be  shown,  that  plants  absorb  carbonic  acid  from  the  air, 
decompose  it,  retain  the  carbonic  acid,  and  give  back  the  oxygen  only.    Light 
would  therefore  tend  to  increase  the  quantity  of  carbon,  rather  than  diminish  it. 
Hence  the  seed  should  be  buried  in  the  soil. 

134.  The  ripened  seeds  of  most  plants  have  the  power  of  retaining  their  vitality 
for  many  years,  if  they  are  placed  in  circumstances  which  Avill  neither  cause  them 
to  germinate  nor  decay,  such  as  a  low  or  moderate  temperature,  with  the  absence 
of  moisture.    Thus  the  seeds  of  maize  have  been  known  to  grow  when  30  years 
old,  rye  40  years,  kidney  beans  100  years,  and  the  raspberry  and  beach  plum  after 
many  centuries.* 

§  4.    THE  DISSEMINATION  OF  SEEDS 

135.  Is  a  subject  highly  curious  and  interesting  5  and  when  attentively  consid- 
ered, serves,  like  a  thousand  other  cases  in  the  works  of  Nature,  to  illustrate  the 
wisdom  and  design  of  its  great  Author.    By  means  of  the  coma,  or  pappus, 
already  described,  the  seeds  of  the  thistle,  dandelion,  and  numerous  other  plants, 
are  wafted  by  winds  to  considerable  distances,'  across  rivers,  mountains,  and  even 
the  ocean  itself.     The  Erigeron  Canadense,  a  weed  now  common  on  both  sides  the 
Atlantic,  was  supposed  by  Linnaeus  to  have  been  transported  to  Europe  from 
Canada,  of  which  country  it  is  native. 

a.  Seeds  are  also  furnished  with  wings  for  the  same  purpose.    Others  are  pro- 
vided with  hooks,  or  beards,  by  which  they  lay  hold  of  men  or  animals,  and  are 
thus  scattered  far  and  wide. 

b.  Some  seeds,  as  the  Impatiens,  which  are  destitute  of  all  such  appendages,  are 
thrown  to  some  distance  by  the  bursting  of  the  elastic  pericarp.    Rivers,  streams, 
and  the  currents  of  the  ocean,  are  all  means  of  transporting  seeds  from  country  to 


*No  instance  of  the  longevity  of  seeds  is  more  remarkable  than  that  related  by  Dr. 
Lindley.  '  I  have  before  me,'  says  he,  '  three  plants  of  raspberries,  raised  from  seeds  which 
were  taken  from  the  stomach  of  a  man  whose  skeleton  was  found  30  feet  below  the  surface 
of  the  earth.  He  had  been  buried  with  some  coins  of  the  emperor  Hadrian,  and  it  is  therefore 
probable  that  the  seeds  were  1600  or  1700  years  old.' 

Several  years  ago,  in  the  State  of  Maine,  about  40  miles  from  the  sea,  some  men,  in  dig- 
ging a  well,  threw  up  some  sand  from  a  remarkable  layer,  about  20  feet  below  the  surface, 
and  placed  it  by  itself.  A  year  or  two  afterwards  several  shrubs  sprung  up  from  this  sand, 
grew,  produced  fruit,  and  proved  to  be  the  beach-plum. 


62  THE    ROOT. 

country.  Thus,  the  cocoa,  and  the  cashew-nut,  and  the  seeds  of  the  mahogany, 
have  been  known  to  perform  long  voyages,  without  injury  to  their  vitality.  Squir- 
rels, laying  up  their  winter  stores  in  the  earth,  birds,  migrating  from  clime  to 
clime,  and  from  island  to  island,  in  like  manner  conspire  to  effect  the  same  im- 
portant end. 


CHAPTER    X. 

THE  BOOT. 

136.  THE  ROOT  is  the  basis  of  the  plant,  and  the  principal 
source  of  its  nourishment.  It  originates  with  the  radicle  of  the 
seed ;  the  tendency  of  its  growth  is  downwards,  and  it  is  gener- 
ally immersed  in  the  soil. 

a.  When  the  radicle  has  burst  the  integuments  of  the  seed,  and  penetrated  the 
soil,  its  body  becomes  divided  into  branches,  or  fibres;  each  of  these  is  again 
divided  and  sub-divided  into  fibres,  often  exceedingly  numerous  and  minute,  ever 
extending  and  multiplying,  until  the  vegetable  has  attained  its  full  growth. 

137.  The  prone  direction  of  the  root  is  accounted  for  by  the  extreme  delicacy 
of  the  fibres,  which  renders  them  averse  to  the  air  and  light,  by  their  avidity  for 
moisture,  and  by  the  effects  of  gravitation. 

a.  Although  the  primary  direction  of  the  roots  is  downward,  they  are  not 
known  to  extend  to  any  great  depth.  After  having  descended  to  a  certain  dis- 
tance beneath  the  surface,  they  extend  themselves  horizontally,  keeping  at  about  a 
uniform  depth,  however  great  the  irregularities  of  the  surface. 

138.  The  number  and  extent  of  the  roots  must  always  correspond  to  the 
demands  of  the  vegetable,  both  for  affording  it  nourishment,  and  for  maintaining 
it  in  its  erect  position.    It  follows,  therefore,  that  for  every  expanding  leaf,  or 
extending  twig,  there  must  be  a  corresponding  increment  of  the  roots  and  fibres 
beneath  the  soil. 

139.  Roots  are  generally  distinguished  from  stems  by  their 
downward  direction,  by  the  presence  of  absorbing  fibres,  by  the 
constantly  irregular  arrangement  of  their  branches,  and  by  the 
absence  of  buds,  stomata,  and  pith. 

140.  To  all  these  characteristics  there  are,  however,  exceptions.  Thus,  buds,  in 
peculiar  circumstances,  are  developed  by  the  roots,  sending  up  shoots,  or  suckers, 
around  the  parent  stem.  This  does  not  happen  in  the  natural  or  healthy  state 
of  the  plant,  but  only  when  the  life  of  the  upper  axis  is  partially  or  wholly 
destroyed,  the  roots  remaining  in  full  vigor,  and  elaborating  more  nourishment 


SPONGIOLES.  63 

than  there  is  now  demand  for.  Such  buds  are,  therefore,  merely  adventitious. 
On  this  account  it  would  seem  that  those  roots,  commonly  so  called,  which  do 
naturally  and  uniformly  produce  buds,  are  with  propriety  described  by  modern 
writers  as  subterranean  stems;  as  the  root-stalk  of  the  sweet  flag  (Calamus),  the 
bulb  of  the  tulip,  or  the  tuber  of  the  potato. 

141.  The  summit  of  the  root,  or  that  part  which  connects  it  to 
the  ascending  axis,  is  designated  as  the  cottum,  or  neck. 

a.  Strictly  speaking,  this  is  the  only  stationary  part  of  the  plant.  Occupying 
the  centre  of  motion  between  the  ascending  and  descending  axis,  every  enlarge- 
ment that  takes  place  upon  its  upper  surface  arises  into  the  air,  while  all  below  it 
descends  into  the  earth. 

142.  The  parts  of  the  root  which  require  especial  notice,  are 
the  caudex,  fibrils,  and  spongioles. 

a.  The  CAUDEX  (stock)  is  the  main  body  of  the  root 

b.  The  FIBRILS  are  the  finer  branches  of  the  root,  sent  off 
from  the  caudex.     These  are  the  true  roots. 

c.  The  SPONGIOLES  are  the  tender  and  delicate  extremities  of 
the  fibrils ;  and,  since  the  latter  lengthen  only  by  accretions 
made  to  these  extremities,  these  are  their  growing  points. 

143.  The  form  of  the  root  is  much  diversified  in  different 
plants,  but  the  principal  varieties  which  have  received  distinct- 
ive names,  are  the  following :  — 

144.  Ramose  (branching).     This  rbot  consists  of  ramifications 
sent  off  from  the  main  root,  like  the  branches  of  a  tree,  but  in 
no  determinate  order.     Such  are  the  roots  of  most  trees  and 
shrubs.     (Fig.  20.) 

o.  There  is  a  strong  analogy  between  the  roots  of  a  tree  and  its  branches.  In 
many  instances  they  may  be  made  to  perform,  each  the  functions  of  the  other ; 
that  is,  the  tree  may  be  inverted,  and  the  branches  will  become  roots  and  the  roots 
put  forth  leaves  like  the  branches.  The  willow  and  the  maple  may  be  thus 
inverted  without  injuring  their  vitality. 

6.  A  branch  may  often  be  made  to  put  forth  roots  instead  of  leaves.  If  a 
branch  (offset)  of  the  willow  or  currant  (Ribes)  be  inserted  into  the  ground,  cither 
by  the  lower  or  the  upper  end,  or  by  both  at  once,  it  will  take  root  and  flourish. 
Other  trees,  as  the  mulberry  (Moras)  may  be  multiplied  by  layers.  A  branch  ig 
bent  and  inserted  into  the  ground  by  the  apex.  When  it  has  taken  root  it  is 
severed  from  the  parent  stock,  and  becomes  a  perfect  tree. 

c.  The  roots  of  a  tree  extend  in  all  directions,  and  to  considerable  distances. 
This  distance  is  at  least  equal  to  the  extent  of  the  branches,  and  often  much 
greater.  Those  of  the  elm  embrace  an  area  of  300  feet  diameter,  of  the  poplar, 
6* 


64 


THE    ROOT. 


400.    Forest  trees,  being  less  exposed  to  the  assaults  of  the  wind,  are  much  less 
firmly  rooted  than  those  in  open  situations. 

145.  Fusiform  (spindle-shaped).  It  consists  of  a  thick,  fleshy 
caudex,  tapering  downwards,  and  also,  for  a  short  space,  up- 
wards. It  sends  off  from  the  sides  and  extremity,  thread-like 
fibrils,  which  are  in  fact  its  true  roots,  since  they  alone  absorb 
nourishment  from  the  ground.  Ex.  parsnip,  radish. 


W 


FIG.  20.  —  Forms  of  the  root ;  7,  branching  root*  of  a  tree ;  8,  root  of  Daucus ;  9,  Oxalis ; 
10,  Orchis. 

a.  When  the  fusiform  root  divides  into  two  principal  branches,  it  is  said  to  be 
forked.    When  it  tapers  from  the  collum  downwards  its  whole  length,  it  is  called 
a  conical  or  tap  root.    But  its  most  remarkable  variety  is  the 

b.  Premorse,  in  which  the  caudex  terminates  abruptly  below, 
as  if  it  had  been  bitten  off  (praemorsus).     This  is  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  lower  extremity  perishes  after  the  first  year.     Ex. 
Viola  pedata,  and  Scabiosa  succisa. 

c.  The  napiform  (turnip-shaped)  root  is  another  variety  of  the 
fusiform,  where  the  upper  portion  swells  out,  so  that  the  diame- 
ter is  greater  than  the  length.     Ex.  turnip. 

146.  The  fibrous  root  consists  of  numerous  thread-like  divis- 
ions, sent  off  directly  from  the  base  without  any  caudex.     Such 
are  the  roots  of  most  grasses,  which  multiply  their  fibres  exceed- 
ingly in  a  light  sandy  soil. 

a,  A  fasciculated  root  is  a  variety  of  the  fibrous,  with  some  of 
its  fibres  thickened,  as  in  the  crow-foot  (Ranunculus),  peony, 
Dahlia,  &c. 

147.  A  tuberous  root  consists  of  one  or  more  fleshy  knobs,  or 


ROOTS. 


65 


tumors,  situated  at  the  base  among  the  fibres.  Ex.  Orchis. 
This  root  must  be  distinguished  from  the  tuber,  which,  like  the 
potatoe,  uniformly  bears  buds,  and  is  now  classed  among  stems. 

a.  A  palmate  (hand-shaped)  root  is  a  variety  of  the  tuberous, 
where  the  knob  is  separated  below  into  short,  thickened  pro- 
cesses, as  in  some  species  of  the  Orchis. 

b.  A  granulated  root  consists  of  many  small  tubercular  knobs, 
connected  by  fibres,  as  seen  in  the  common  wood  sorrel.     Some 
writers  call  this  variety  moniliform  (monile,  a  necklace). 


FIG.  21.  —  Forms  of  the  root;  — 1,  Raphanus;  2,  Brassica  rapa;  3,  Scabiosa;  4,  Poa; 
5,  Paeonia ;  6,  Dahlia. 

148.  All  the  above  forms  of  fleshy  roots  appear  to  be  reser- 
voirs where  the  superabundant  nutriment  secreted  by  the  plant, 
is  accumulated  and  kept  in  store  for  the  following  year,  or  for 
the  time  of  flowering. 

a.  To  the  varieties  already  mentioned,  we  may  add  several  others,  which  are 
remarkably  distinguished  by  their  not  being  fixed  in  the  soil. 

149.  The  floating  root  is  peculiar  to  plants  which  float  loosely 
upon  the  surface  of  the  water.     Ex.  Lemna,  Callitriche.     The 
latter,  called  water  starwort,  floats  upon  the  surface  only  until 
flowering,  after  which  it  sinks  to  the  bottom,  fixes  its  roots  in 
the  mud,  and  there  ripens  its  seeds. 

150.  Aerial  roots  are  those  which,  instead  of  originating  from 
portions  of  the  plant  beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground,  are  pro- 
duced from  some  portion  in  the  open  air.     Of  these  roots,  seve- 
ral varieties  are  remarkable.     1st,  Those  which  are  sent  forth 


66  THE    ROOT. 

from  the  joints  of  creeping  or  prostrate  plants ;  as  the  ground- 
ivy,  and  the  twin-flower  (Linnsea).  2d,  The  roots  of  certain 
erect  plants  of  the  endogenous  structure,  originating  from  the 
stem  high  in  air,  descending  and  entering  the  soil.  Of  this  class 
the  screw-pine  (Pandanus)  is  a  remarkable  example,  whose 
aerial  roots  are  often  several  feet  in  length  before  reaching  the 
earth.  Such  roots,  a  few  inches  in  length,  are  also  seen  in  the 
common  maize  (Zea). 

b.  A  third  class  of  aerial  roots  is  peculiar  to  the  epiphytes  (em, 
upon,  cpviov,  a  plant).  These  plants  are  fixed  upon  the  trunk 
and  branches  of  other  species,  and  derive  their  nourishment 
chiefly  from  the  air.  Such  are  the  long  moss  (Tillandsia),  pen- 
dent from  lofty  trees,  and  many  of  the  Orchidaceae  at  the  south. 
4th,  The  roots  of  parasites  are  usually  aerial.  These  are  not 
only  attached  to  other  vegetables,  but,  penetrating  their  tissues, 
they  derive  nourishment  from  their  juices.  The  Cuscuta  and 
Mistletoe  are  examples. 

PHYSICAL  STRUCTURE  AND  FUNCTIONS  OF  THE  ROOT. 

151.  The  internal  structure  of  the  root  is  similar  to  that  of  the 
stem  (q.  v.),  except  that  there  is  often  a  greater  proportion  of 
cellular,  fleshy  matter,  as  in  the  beet.     In  Endogens  the  root 
is  endogenous,  in  Exogens  it  is  exogenous,  but  in  the  latter  case 
it  is  always  destitute  of  a  pith. 

152.  The  fibrils  are  in  fact  but  subdivisions  of  the  caudex,  or 
main  root.     They  consist  of  minute  bundles  of  vasiform  tissue 
(32),  enclosed  in  a  loose,  cellular  epidermis,  except  at  the  ex- 
tremities (35),  where  the  tissue  is  naked  and  becomes  exceed- 
ingly loose  and  spongy.     These  (spongioles)  have  the  property 
of  powerfully  absorbing  water. 

153.  The  growth  of  the  root  does  not  take  place  by  the  ex- 
pansion of  the  parts  already  formed,  but  simply  by  the  addition 
of  new  matter  at  the  extremities,  and  by  the  formation  of  new 
layers  upon  the  surface.     This  accounts  for  the  facility  with 
which  it  penetrates  the  crevices  of  the  soil,  and  forces  its  way 
into  the  hardest  earth. 

154.  The  most  obvious  function  of  the  root  is  the  purely 
mechanical  one  of  jfi&ing  the  plant  in  the  earth,  and  maintaining 


ABSORPTION.  67 

its  posture.  But  its  peculiar  and  most  important  function  is 
ABSORPTION,  or  drawing  from  the  soil  that  food  and  moisture 
which  its  growth  absolutely  requires. 

a.  Let  any  small  growing  plant  be  taken  from  the  earth,  and  immersed  by  its 
roots  in  a  glass  of  water.  If  it  be  then  exposed  to  the  light  of  day,  or  especially 
to  the  sun,  the  water  will  disappear  from  the  glass  more  rapidly  than  could  be 
expected  from  evaporation  alone.  A  plant  of  spearmint  has  thus  been  found  to 
absorb  water  at  the  rate  of  more  than  twice  its  own  weight  per  day.  The  water 
thus  absorbed  by  the  roots  is  mostly  sent  off  again,  or  exhaled  through  the  leaves 
(a  process  called  EXHALATION),  only  a  small  part  of  it,  together  with  the  salts 
which  it  held  in  solution,  being  retained  for  the  use  of  the  plant 

155.  The  activity  of  absorption  must,  therefore,  depend  upon 
the  activity  of  exhalation  ;  and  since  the  latter  is  dependent  upon 
the  presence  of  light  and  heat,  it  follows  that  absorption  will,  in 
general,  be  more  active  by  day  than  by  night. 

156.  The  root  does  not  absorb  moisture  by  its  whole  surface, 
indiscriminately,  but  only  by  the  spongioles  at  the  extremities 
of  the  fibrils,  where  the  pores  are  not  obstructed  by  the  epider- 
mis.    From  the  spongioles  it  is  conducted  by  the  vasiform  tissue 
of  the  fibril  to  the  vessels  of  the  main  rooty  and  immediately 
carried  up  the  stem,  and  distributed  to  all  parts  of  the  plant 

a.  If  a  growing  radish  be  placed  in  such  a  position  that  only  the  fibres  at  the 
end  may  be  immersed  in  water,  the  plant  will  continue  to  flourish.    But  if  the 
root  be  so  bent  that  the  fibrils  shall  be  curved  up  to  the  leaves,  and  only  the 
curved  body  of  the  root  be  immersed,  the  plant  will  soon  wither,  but  will  soon  be 
again  revived,  if  the  fibres  be  relaxed  and  again  submerged. 

b.  Hence,  in  transplanting  trees,  too  much  care  cannot  be  taken  to  preserve, 
uninjured,  as  many  as  possible  of  these  tender,  absorbing  fibres. 

157.  The  force  with  which  plants  absorb  fluids  by  their  roots 
is  very  great,  as  is  proved  by  experiment. 

a.  If  the  stem  of  a  vine  be  cut  off  when  the  sap  is  ascending,  and  a  bladder  be 
tied  to  the  end  of  the  standing  part,  it  will  in  a  few  days  become  distended  with 
sap,  even  to  bursting.  Dr.  Hales  contrived  to  fix  a  mercurial  gauge  to  a  vine  thus 
severed,  and  found  the  upward  pressure  of  the  sap  equal  to  26  inches  of  mercury, 
or  13  Ibs.  to  the  square  inch. 

158.  The  causes  of  the  absorption  of  fluids,  by  the  roots,  have  been  the  subject 
of  much  inquiry.  It  has  generally  been  said  to  be  due  to  capillary  attraction ; 
but,  unfortunately  for  this  theory,  there  are  no  capillary  tubes  in  the  vegetable 
structure,  but  only  closed  cells,  more  or  less  elongated,  through  the  membranous 
walls  of  which  the  flujds  must  force  their  way.  There  is,  however,  a  phenomenon 


68  THE    ROOT. 

in  Natural  Philosophy,  discovered  by  Dutrochet,  which  bears  so  strong  a  resem- 
blance to  absorption  in  Physiology,  that  late  writers  are  generally  agreed  in  ex- 
plaining the  latter  by  the  former.  It  is,  briefly,  as  follows : 

a.  Let  the  broad  end  of  a  tunnel-shaped  glass  be  firmly  covered  with  a  piece  of 
bladder,  and  the  cavity  within  be  filled  with  a  solution  of  gum  or  sugar.  If  now 
the  outer  surface  of  the  bladder  be  immersed  in  water,  a  passage  of  fluid  will  take 
place  through  the  membrane  into  the  glass,  so  that  the  volume  of  the  solution 
will  be  much  increased,  while  at  the  same  time  there  will  be  a  current  in  the 
opposite  direction,  the  solution  within  passing  into  the  water  without,  but  in  a 
much  smaller  quantity.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the  glass  be  filled  with  water  and 
immersed  in  the  solution,  it  will  be  partly  emptied  by  this  action.  The  principal 
current  is  termed  ENDOSMOSE  (flowing  inwards),  and  the  other  EXOSMOSE  (flow- 
ing outwards). 

159.  From  the  above  experiment,  and  others  of  a  similar  nature,  it  is  justly 
inferred,  that  the  conditions  requisite  for  the  action  of  these  two  currents  are,  two 
fluids  of  different  densities,  separated  by  a  porous  septum,  or  partition.     Wherever 
these  conditions  exist,  the  current  exists  also. 

a.  Now  these  conditions  exist  in  the  root.  The  spongiole  is  the  porous  sep- 
tum ;  the  water  around  it  is  one  of  the  fluids,  and  the  other  is  the  fluid  within, 
rendered  dense  by  the  admixture  of  the  descending  sap  elaborated  by  the  leaves. 
Now  if  the  absorption  be  the  endosmose  resulting  from  these  conditions,  there  must 
be  the  counter  current,  the  exosmose,  also.  That  this  is  actually  the  case,  is  proved 
by  the  fact  that  the  peculiar  products  of  the  species  may  always  be  detected  in 
the  soil  about  the  roots  of  the  plant,  and  also,  that  a  plant  grown  in  water,  always 
communicates  some  of  its  peculiar  properties  to  the  fluid  in  which  it  is  im- 
mersed. 

160.  The  use  of  absorption  in  the  vegetable  economy  is  not  merely  the  intro- 
duction of  so  much  water  into  the  plant,  but  to  obtain  for  its  growth  those  min- 
eral substances  held  in  solution  by  the  water,  which  constitute  an  important  part 
of  its  food. 

a.  Now  in  accomplishing  this  object,  the  roots  seem  to  be  endowed  with  a  cer- 
tain power  of  selection  or   choice,  which  has  not  been  satisfactorily  explained. 
Thus,  if  wheat  be  grown  in  the  same  soil  with  the  pea,  the  former  will  select  the 
silex  along  with  the  water  which  it  absorbs,  for  the  construction  of  the  more  solid 
parts  of  its  stem ;  while  the  latter  will  reject  the  silex,  and  appropriate  to  its  use 
the  calcareous  matter  which  the  water  holds  in  solution. 

b.  The  flowing  of  the  sap  from  incisions,  in  early  spring,  depends  upon  the 
excess  of  absorption  over  exhalation.    After  the  decay  of  the  leaves  in  autumn,  and 
the  consequent  cessation  of  exhalation,  —  the  rootlets,  being  deep  in  the  ground, 
below  the  influence  of  the  frost,  continue  their  action  for  a  time,  and  an  accumu- 
lation of  sap  in  the  vegetable  takes  place.    Also,  in  early  spring,  before  the  leaves 
are  developed,  this  action  recommences,  and  the  plant  becomes  gorged  with  sap, 
so  that  it  will  flow  from  incisions,  as  in  the  sugar-maple.    But  this  flowing  ceases 
as  soon  as  the  buds  expand  into  leaves  and  flowers. 


HERB 


CHAPTER    XI. 

THE  STEM,  OR  ASCENDING  AXIS. 

161.  THAT  part  of  the  plant  which  originates  with  the  plum- 
ule (124,  b),  and  arises  above  the  surface,  expanding  itself  to 
the  influence  of  the  air  and  the  light,  is  called  the  ASCENDING 
AXIS  or  STEM. 

a.  The  cause  of  its  upward  tendency  is  unknown  (131,  note),  but  is  supposed 
to  be  in  some  way  due  to  the  principles  of  light  and  gravitation. 

162.  Although  the  first  direction  of  the  stem's  growth  is  verti- 
cal, there  are  many  plants  in  which  it  does  not  continue  so,  but 
extends  in  an  oblique  or  horizontal  direction,  either  just  above 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  or  just  beneath  it.     When  the  stem 
continues  to  arise  in  its  original  direction,  it  is  said  to  be  erect. 
When  it  grows  horizontally  upon  the  surface,  it  is  said  to  be 
procumbent,  creeping,  trailing,  &c.     When  it  arises  obliquely  it 
is  an  ascending  stem,  and  when  it  continues  buried  beneath  the 
soil  it  is  a  subterranean  stem. 

a.  The  subterranean  stem,  and  some  varieties  of  the  creeping,  have  usually 
been  described  as  roots. 

163.  In  regard  to  duration,  the  stem,  like  the  root,  is  said  to 
be  annual  when  it  lives  but  one  season,  afterwards  dying,  at 
least  down  to  the  root,  and  perennial  when  its  existence  is  con- 
tinued beyond  one  season,  to  an  indefinite  period  of  time. 

164.  In  regard  to  the  size  and  duration  of  the  stem,  plants  are 
distinguished  into  trees,  shrubs,  and  herbs. 

a.  A  TREE  is  a  plant  with  a  perennial,  woody  stem,  or  trunk, 
which  does  not  divide  into  branches  for  a  certain  distance  above 
the  ground.     Ex.  elm,  palm. 

b.  A  SHRUB  is  a  plant  of  smaller  dimensions  than  a  tree,  hav- 
ing a  perennial,  woody  stem,  which  divides  into  branches  at  or 
near  the  ground,  like  the  alder.     A  shrub  of  diminished  size  is 
termed  an  undershrub.     Ex.  whortleberry. 

c.  An  HERB  is  a  plant  with  an  annual  or  perennial  root,  pro- 


« 

V 


70  THE    STEM. 

duciiig  stems  which,  above  the  ground,  are  of  annual  duration 
only,  and  do  not  become  woody.     Ex.  the  grasses,  mullein. 

165.  The  most  distinctive  property  of  the  stem  is  the  forma- 
tion and  development  of  BUDS.     At  the  commencement  of  its 
growth,  the  ascending  axis  is  itself  a  bud. 

166.  BUDS  are  of  two  kinds,  namely,  the  leaf-bud,  containing 
the  rudiments  of  a  leafy  branch,  and  the  flower-bud,  containing 
the  same  elements  transformed  into  the  organs  of  a  flower,  for 
the  purposes  of  reproduction. 

167.  The  leaf-bud  consists  of  a  minute,  tender,  growing  point 
of  cellular  tissue,  originating  with  the  pith,  surrounded  and  pro- 
tected by  a  covering  of  imbricated  scales  and  incipient  leaves. 
(Fig.  22;  1.) 

168.  These  scaly  envelopes  of  the  bud  appear  to  be  the  rudimentary  leaves  of 
the  preceding  year,  formed  late  in  the  season,  arrested  in  their  development  by 
the  frosts  and  scanty  nutriment,  and  reduced  to  a  sear  and  hardened  state.    If 
the  bud  of  the  maple  or  horse-chestnut  (JEsculus)  be  examined,  when  swollen  in 
spring,  the  student  will  notice  a  gradual  transition  from  the  outer  scales  to  the 
evident  leaves  within. 

a.  It  is  an  interesting  illustration  of  designing  Wisdom,  that  buds  are  furnished 
with  scales  only  in  wintry  climates.  In  the  torrid  zone,  or  in  hot-houses,  where 
the  temperature  is  equalized  through  the  year,  plants  develope  their  buds  into 
foliage  immediately  after  their  formation,  without  clothing  them  in  scales.  In 
annual  plants,  also,  the  buds  are  destitute  of  scales,  not  being  destined  to  survive 
the  winter.  Hence  it  is  evident  that  the  transformation  of  autumnal  leaves  into 
scales,  is  a  means  ordained  by  the  great  Author  of  nature,  to  protect  the  young 
shoots,  in  their  incipient  stages,  from  cold  and  moisture,  —  an  office  which  they 
effectually  fulfil  by  their  numerous  downy  folds,  and  their  insoluble  coat  of 
resin.  * 

169.  The  original  bud  (plumule)   of  the  embryo  is  at  first 
developed  into  a  simple  stem,  and  being  itself  continually  repro- 
duced, is  always  borne  at  the  termination  of  that  stem ;  that  is, 
the  axis  is  always  terminated  by  a  bud. 

a.  Besides  this,  the  axis  produces  a  bud  (21,  a)  in  the  axil  of  each  leaf,  that  is, 
at  the  point  just  above  the  origin  of  the  leaf-stalk.  If  these  axillary  buds  remain 
inactive,  the  stem  will  still  be  simple,  as  in  the  mullein.  In  general,  however, 


*  In  many  trees  the  scales  of  the  buds  are  clothed  with  a  thick  down.  In  others,  as  in  the 
horse-chestnut,  balm  of  Gilead,  and  other  species  of  poplar,  the  buds  are  covered  with  a 
viscid  and  aromatic  resin,  resembling  a  coat  of  varnish.  A  considerable  quantity  may  be 
separated  from  a  handful  of  such  buds  in  boiling  water. 


NODE    AND    INTERNODES.  71 

some  or  all  of  them  are  developed,  forming  leafy  divisions  of  the  axis,  which  thus 
becomes  branched. 

b.  Buds  are  said  to  be  adventitious  when  they  are  neither  terminal  nor  axillary. 
Such  buds  generally  result  from  some  unnatural  condition  of  the  plant,  as  maim- 
ing or  disease,  and  may  be  formed  in  the  internodes,  or  upon  the  roots  (140), 
or  from  the  trunk,  or  even  from  the  leaves,  as  in  the  Bryophyllum. 

170.  A  BRANCH,  therefore,  is  a  division  of  the  axis,  produced 
by  the  development  of  an  axillary  bud. 

171.  A   THORN,   or   spine,  is   a  leafless,   hardened,   pointed, 
woody  process,  with  which  some  plants  are  armed,  as  if  for  self- 
defence.     Ex.  Cratsegus,  locust 

a.  The  thorn  appears  to  be  an  abortive  growth  of  a  bud,  resulting  from  the  im- 
perfect development  of  the  growing  point  only,  while,  its  leafy  coverings  perish. 
Some  plants  which  naturally  produce  thorns  become  thornless  by  cultivation. 
In  such  cases  the  buds  are  enabled,  by  better  tillage,  to  produce  branches  instead 
of  thorns.    Ex.  apple,  pear,  gooseberry. 

b.  The  thorn  is  distinguished  from  the  prickle  (43)  by  its  woody  structure,  and 
its  connection  with  the  wood  of  the  stem,  while  the  prickle,  as  of  the  rose,  consists 
of  hardened  cellular  tissue,  connected  with  the  bark  only. 

172.  That  point  in  the  stem  where  the  leaf,  with  its  axillary 
bud,  is  produced,  is  called  the  NODE,  and  the  spaces  between 
them  the  INTERNODES. 

a.  In  the  internodes  the  fibres  of  the  stem  are  parallel,  but  at  the  nodes  this 
order  is  interrupted  in  consequence  of  some  of  the  inner  fibres  being  sent  off  later- 
ally into  the  leaf-stalk,  occasioning,  more  or  less,  a  jointed  appearance.  Hence, 
also,  each  internode  contains  fewer  fibres,  and  is  of  a  less  diameter  than  those 
below  it,  so  that  the  axis  gradually  diminishes  upwards. 

173.  Since  the  branches  arise  from  axillary  buds,  their  ar- 
rangement upon  the  stem  will  depend  upon  that  of  the  leaves, 
which,  in  all  young  plants,  at  least,  are  arranged  with  great 
symmetry  and  order. 

174.  It  is  a  general  law  in  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves  and 
indeed  of  all  other  appendages,  that  they  are  disposed  spirally, 
that  is,  in  a  line  which  winds  around  the  axis  like  the  threads 
of  a  screw. 

a.  But  this  arrangement  is  often  so  much  disguised  by  disturbing  causes  that  it 
can  scarcely  be  recognized.  The  most  common  modification  of  it  is  the  circular, 
which  is  readily  explained.  The  spiral  line  is  formed  by  the  union  of  two 
motions,  the  circular  and  the  longitudinal.  The  latter  is  produced  in  the  grow- 
ing plant  by  the  advancement  or  lengthening  of  the  axis.  Now,  if  the  latter  be 
7 


72 


THE    STEM. 


interrupted  from  any  cause,  a  circular  arrangement  is  the  consequence,  —  au 
arrangement  so  conspicuous  in  the  organs  of  the  flower  (61,  a,  b,  c),  and  in  the 
leaves  of  the  Stellatse,  and  other  plants. 

175.  When  a  single  leaf  arises  at  a  node  the  arrangement  is 
more  obviously  spiral,  and  is  said  to  be  alternate.     When  two 
arise  at  each  node  they  are  placed  opposite  to  each  other,  and  at 
right  angles  to  the  adjacent  pairs.     When  three  or  more  arise  at 
each  node  they  are  disposed,  of  course,  in  a  circle,  and  are  said 
to  be  verticillate,  or  whorled. 

176.  In  like  manner,  the  arrangement  of  the  branches,  when 
divested  of  all  disturbing  causes,  is  found  to  be  SPIRAL  ;  that  is, 
alternate  in  most  plants,  opposite  in  the  ash,  &c.,  or  verticillate 
in  the  pine,  &c. 


FIG.  22. —  1,  Buds,  terminal  and  lateral,  with  their  scaly  envelopes  ;  2,  the  scaly  bulb  of 
the  lily,  showing  its  analogy  to  the  bud ;  3,  vertical  section  of  the  same. 

a.  The  ascending  axis  is  exceedingly  various  in  form,  size,  position,  and  struc- 
ture, existing  in  every  plant  under  some  one  or  other  of  its  modifications.  It  has 
already  been  stated,  that  although  its  tendency  is  at  first  upwards,  it  does  not 
always  arise  above  the  surface.  Hence  the  primary  division  of  this  organ  into 
subterranean  and  aerial. 

177.  The  SUBTERRANEAN  STEM  was  deemed  a  root  by  the  ear- 
lier botanists,  and  those  plants  which  possessed  such  stems  only 
were  called  acaulescent  or  stemless,  terms  still  in  use,  denoting 
merely  the  absence  of  aerial  stems.  The  principal  modifica- 
tions are  the  bulb,  corm,  tuber,  rhizoma,  and  creeper. 


TUBER. 


73 


178.  The  BULB  partakes  of  the  nature  of  the  bud.  It  consists 
of  an  oval  mass  of  short,  thickened  scales,  closely  compacted  in 
concentric  circles  and  layers,  emitting  a  stem  from  their  midst, 
and  roots  from  the  base  or  cottum  (141). 

a.  Bulbs  are  said  to  be  timicated  when  they  consist  of  concentric  layers,  each 
entire,  and  enclosing  all  within  it,  as  in  the  Onion.    But  the  more  common 
variety  is  the  scaly  bulb,  consisting  of  thickened  concave  scales,  connected  to- 
gether at  the  base,  as  the  lily,  tulip. 

b.  The  bulb  is  renewed  annually,  at  the  approach  of  winter,  by  the  develop- 
ment of  new  bulbs  in  the  axils  of  the  scales,  which  increase  at  the  expense  of  the 
old. 

c.  Bulblets  are  small,  aerial  bulbs,  formed  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  upon  the 
stem,  which,  when  matured,  fall  to  the  ground,  take  root,  and  produce  a  perfect 
plant.    The  tiger-lily  (Lilium  bulbiferum)  is  an  example,  also  several  species  of 
the  onion.    Such  plants  are  termed  bulbiferous. 


2 


FIG.  23.  —  Forms  of  the  stem ;  —  1,  Allium ;  2,  Arum;  3,  Solanum  tuberosum;  4,  San- 
guinaria ;  5,  a  spinous  branch. 

179.  The  CORM  is  the  dilated,  subterranean  base  of  a  stem, 
resembling  the  bulb  in  form  and  position,  but  differing  in  struc- 
ture, being  composed  of  a  uniform  and  solid  mass,  without  dis- 
tinction of  layers  or  scales.     It  has  been  improperly  called  a 
solid  bulb.     Ex.  Arum,  or  Indian  turnip. 

180.  The  TUBER  is  an  annual,  thickened  portion  of  a  subter- 
ranean  stem,   provided  with  latent  buds   (called  eyes),  from 
which  new  plants  arise  the  succeeding  year.     It  is  the  develop- 
ment of  buds,  and  the  fact  of  its  origin  with  the  ascending  axis, 
that  places  the  tuber  among  stems  instead  of  roots.     The  pota- 
toe  is  an  example. 


74  THE    STEM. 

J81.  The  RHIZOMA,  or  rootstock,  is  a  prostrate,  thickened, 
rooting  stem,  either  wholly  or  partially  subterranean,  often  cov- 
ered with  scales,  which  are  the  rudiments  of  leaves,  or  marked 
with  scars,  which  indicate  the  insertion  of  former  leaves,  and 
yearly  producing  both  shoots  and  roots.  Such  is  the  thickened, 
horizontal  portion  of  the  blood-root  (Sanguinaria),  sweet  flag 
(Calamus),  and  the  bramble  (Rubus). 

182.  The  CREEPER  differs  from  the  above  only  in  size,  consisting  of  slender 
branches,  exceedingly  tenacious  of  life,  extending  horizontally  in  all  directions, 
and  to  considerable  distances  beneath  the  surface,  sending  out  roots  and  branches 
at  intervals.  The  witch-grass  (Triticum  repens)  is  an  example.  Such  plants 
are  a  sore  evil  to  the  garden.  They  can  have  no  better  cultivation  than  to  be 
torn  and  cut  in  pieces  by  the  spade  of  the  angry  gardener,  since  they  are  thus 
multiplied  as  many  times  as  there  are  fragments. 

a.  Kepent  stems  of  this  kind  are  not,  however,  without  their  use.  They  fre- 
quently abound  in  loose,  sandy  soil,  which  they  serve  to  bind  down  and  secure 
against  the  inroads  of  water,  and  even  of  the  sea  itself.  Holland  is  said  to  owe  its 
very  existence  to  certain  repent  stems,  by  which  its  shores  are  apparently  bound 
together.  Much  of  the  surface  of  that  country  is  well  known  to  be  even  below 
the  level  of  the  sea.  To  protect  it  from  inundation,  dikes  of  earth  have  been 
built,  with  immense  labor,  along  the  coast.  These  dikes  are  overspread  with  a 
thick  growth  of  such  plants  as  the  mat-grass,  or  Arundo  arenaria,  the  Carex  are- 
naria,  and  the  Elymus  arenarius,  by  the  innumerable  roots  and  creepers  of  which 
they  are  enabled  to  resist  the  washing  of  the  waves. 

183.  To  AERIAL  STEMS  belong  the  following  varieties; — caulis, 
runner,  scape,  vine,  trunk,  sucker,  offset,  and  stolon. 

184.  CAULIS  (stem)  is  the  term  commonly  applied  to  the  aerial 
stems  of  herbaceous  plants,  which  are  annual  in  duration,  and 
destitute  of  woody  tissue.      Caulescent  and  acaulescent  are  con- 
venient terms,  denoting,  the  former  the  presence,  and  the  latter 
the  absence  of  the  caulis,  or  aerial  stem. 

185.  RUNNER.     This  is  a  prostrate,  filiform  stem,  or  shoot,  ex- 
tending itself  along  the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  throwing  out 
roots  and  leaves  at  its  extremity,  which  become  a  new  plant, 
soon  putting  forth  new  runners  in  its  turn.     Ex.  strawberry. 

186.  The  SCAPE  is  a  stem  which  springs  from  the  summit  of 
the  root,  or  rootstock,  and  bears  the  inflorescence  of  the  plant, 
but  not  its  foliage.     Ex.  Sarracenia,  daffodil,  several  species  of 
the  Orchis,  &c.     The  foliage  of  such  plants  is  usually  radical, 
that  is,  springing  from  the  root  or  subterranean  stem. 


TRUNK.  75 

a.  CULM  (culmus)  is  a  term  by  which  the  peculiar  stems  of  the  grasses,  and 
similar  plants  are  usually  designated  in  descriptive  botany.  It  seems,  however, 
an  unnecessaiy  distinction. 

187.  VINE.    This  is  a  term  denoting  those  stems  which,  being 
too  weak  to  stand  erect,  creep  along  the  ground,  or  any  conven- 
ient support,  and  do  not  throw  out  roots  like  the  runner.     The 
vine   sometimes  supports  itself  on  other  plants,  or  objects,  by 
means  of  tendrils,  as  the  gourd,  and  most  of  its  tribe  ( Cucurbita- 
cese) ;  the  grape-vine,  &c.     Such  plants  are  called  climbers. 

a.  The  tendril  is  a  leafless,  thread-like  branch ;  or  an  appendage  growing  out  of 
the  petiole  of  the  leaf;  or  it  is  the  lengthened  extremity  of  the  midrib  of  the  leaf. 
Its  first  growth  is  straight,  and  it  remains  so  until  it  reaches  some  object,  when  it 
immediately  winds  and  coils  itself  about  it,  and  thus  acquires  a  firm,  though  elastic 
hold.  This  beautiful  appendage  is  finely  exemplified  in  the  Cucurbitacese  and 
grape,  above  cited;  also  in  many  species  of  the  pea  tribe  (Leguminosse),  where  it 
is  appended  to  the  leaves. 

188.  The  twining  vine,  or  stem,  having  also  a  length  greatly  disproportionate 
to  its  diameter,  supports  itself  on  other  plants  or  objects,  by  entwining  itself 
around  them,  being  destitute  of  tendrils.     Thus  the  hop  (Humulus)  ascends  into 
the  air  by  foreign  aid,  and  it  is  a  curious  fact  that  the  direction  of  its  windings  is 
always  the  same,  namely,  with  the  sun,  from  right  to  left ;  nor  can  any  artificial 
training  cause  it  to  reverse  its  course.    This  appears  to  be  a  general  law  among 
twining  plants.    Every  individual  plant  of  the  same  species  revolves  uniformly  in 
one  direction  although  opposite  directions  may  characterize  different  species. 
Thus  the  Convolvulus  revolves  from  left  to  right,  against  the  sun. 

189.  TRUNK.  This  is  the  name  given  to  the  peculiar  stems 
of  trees.  It  is  the  central  colmm,  or  axis,  which  supports  their 
branching  tops,  and  withstands  the  assaults  of  the  wind  by 
means  of  the  great  firmness  and  strength  of  the  woody  or  ligne- 
ous tissue  in  which  it  abounds. 

a.  The  trunk  often  attains  to  great  dimensions.  The  white  pine  (Pinus 
strobus)  of  the  American  forest,  with  a  diameter  of  6  or  7  feet,  sometimes  attains 
the  height  of  180,  or  even  200  feet,  with  a  trunk  straight,  erect,  and  without  a 
branch  for  more  than  two  thirds  its  length.* 


*  At  the  first  establishment  of  Dartmouth  College,  there  was  felled  upon  the  college  plain  a 
tree  of  this  species,  measuring  210  feet  in  length.  A  Bombax  of  the  South  American  forests, 
measured  by  Humboldt,  was  120  feet  in  height,  and  15  in  diameter.  The  Dagon  tree  on  the 
island  of  Teneriffe,  is  said  to  be  16  feet  in  diameter.  Trees  of  the  genus  Adansonia,  in  Sene- 
gal and  the  Cape  Verd  Islands,  have  been  found  of  more  than  34  feet  in  diameter.  The 
famous  Chestnut  tree  on  Mt.  Etna,  often  mentioned  by  travellers,  is  64  feet  in  diameter,  and 
consequently  near  200  feet  circumference. 

7* 


76 


THE    STEM. 


b.  In  regard  to  duration,  trees  differ  much,  some  attaining  their  growth  in  a  few 
years  and  immediately  decaying,  while  on  the  contrary,  the  ordinary  age  of  trees 
is  beyond  the  age  of  man3  and  some  outlive  many  generations,  as  the  oak,  pine.  * 

190.  The  SUCKER  is  a  branch  proceeding  from  the  stem,  or 
root,  beneath  the  surface,  producing  leaves,  &c.,  and  throwing 
out  roots  from  its  own  base,  becoming  an  independent  plant. 
Ex.  rose,  raspberry. 

191.  An  OFFSET  is  a  short,  lateral  branch,  terminated  by  a 
cluster  of  leaves,  and  capable  of  taking  root  when  separated 
from  the  parent  plant.     Ex.  house-leek  (Sempervivum). 

192.  A  STOLON  is  a  branch  which  proceeds  from  an  elevated 
part  of  the  stem,  and  afterwards,  descending  to  the  earth,  takes 
root,  sends  up  new  shoots,  and  finally  becomes  a  new  plant.     It 
differs  from  the  sucker,  in  originating  above  the  ground  and  not 
below  it. 


FIG.  24.  —  Forms  of  the  stem  ;  1,  Fragaria ;  2,  Vitis  ;  6,  tendrils ;  3,  cirrhose  leaf  of  Pisuin  ; 
4,  Pyrola ;  5,  sucker. 

193.  A  plurality  of  stems,  or  trunks,  is  observed  in  a  few  spe- 
cies of  trees  growing  in  tropical  regions.     The  Banyan  (Ficus 


*It  is  recorded  that  a  live  oak,  in  Louisiana,  lived  1000  years  ;  a  sycamore  in  Palestine, 
1050  years  ;  a  pine  in  Asia  Minor,  1800  years  ;  a  cedar  on  Mt.  Lebanon,  2120  years,  and  the 
great  chestnut  on  Mt.  Etna,  2600  years.  It  is  also  supposed  that  there  are  yet  living,  in  the 
"  garden  of  Gethsemane,"  some  of  the  olives  which  witnessed  our  Saviour's  passion  ;  and 
at  Terni,  Italy,  is  an  olive  plantation  supposed  to  have  existed  since  the  age  of  Pliny. 


EXOGENS    AND    ENDOGENS.  77 

Indica),  and  the  black  Mangrove  (Rhizophora  mangle)  are  men- 
tioned as  examples  of  this  singular  conformation. 

a.  The  former  originally  arises  with  a  single  trunk.  From  the  principal 
branches,  when  they  have  become  so  widely  extended  as  to  need  additional  sup- 
port, long,  leafless  shoots  are  sent  down.  When  these  shoots  reach  the  earth, 
they  take  root,  and  become  new  trunks,  in  all  respects  similar  to  the  first.  The 
branches  thus  supported  still  continue  to  advance,  and  other  trunks  to  descend, 
until  a  single  tree  becomes  a  grove  or  forest.  There  is,  in  Hindostan,  a  tree  of 
this  kind,  called  the  Banyan,  which  is  said  by  travellers  to  stand  upon  more  than 
3000  trunks,  and  to  cover  an  area  of  7  acres.  The  Mangrove  tree  is  a  native  of 
the  West  Indies.  The  new  trunks  of  this  tree  are  said  to  be  formed  from  the 
seeds  which  germinate  without  becoming  detached  from  the  branches,  sending 
down  remarkably  long,  tapering  radicles  to  the  earth. 

$  1.     OF  THE  PHYSIOLOGICAL  STRUCTURE  OF  THE  EXOGENOUS  STEM, 

194.  The  substance  of  herbaceous  stems  is  soft  and  succu- 
lent, consisting  almost  wholly  of  cellular  tissue,  traversed  longi- 
tudinally by  some  few  bundles  (strings)  of  woody  fibre  and 
vascular  tissue,  which  diverge  from  the  main  stem  into  the 
leaves. 

195.  This  is  essentially  the  structure  of  the  first  year's  growth 
of  perennial  plants  also.     Cellular  tissue  constitutes  the  frame- 
work of  the  yearly  shoots  of  the  oak,  as  well  as  of  the  annual 
pea,  but  in  the  former  it  becomes  strengthened  and  consolidated 
by  the  deposition  of  ligneous  fibre  in  subsequent  years. 

a.  Plants  differ  in  respect  to  the  arrangement  of  these  fibres  and  vessels,  and  in 
the  mode  of  their  increase ;  on  this  difference  is  based  that  first  grand  distinction 
of  Phsenogamous  plants  into  Exogens  and .  Endogens,  to  which  allusion  has 
already  been  made  (126 — 7). 

196.  The  division  of  EXOGENS  (outside  growers)  includes  all 
the  trees  and  most  of  the  herbaceous  plants  of  temperate  cli- 
mates, and  is  so  named  because  the  additions  to  the  diameter 
of  the  stem  are  made  externally  to  the  part  already  formed. 

197.  The  division  of  ENDOGENS   (inside  growers),  including 
the  grasses,  and  most  bulbous  plants  of  temperate  regions,  and 
the  palms,  canes,  &c.  of  the  tropics,  is  named  from  the  accre- 
tions  of   the   stem  being  made   within  the    portions   already 
formed. 

198.  In  the  exogenous  structure,  the  stem  consists  of  the  pith, 
wood,  and  bark. 


78  THE    STEM. 

199.  The  PITH  (medulla)  occupies  the  central  part  of  the 
stem.  It  consists  of  a  light,  spongy  mass  of  cellular  tissue,  is 
chiefly  abundant  in  young  plants,  and  appears  to  be  serviceable 
only  in  the  earlier  stages  of  growth.  It  is  then  pervaded  by 
fluids ;  but  as  the  plant  advances  in  age,  it  becomes  dry,  being 
filled  with  air  only,  and  much  diminished  in  volume. 


FIG.  25. —  Exogens, —  oak,  fir,  &c. ;  Endogens,  palm  (American),  Agave,  &c. 

200.  Immediately  around  the  pith  is  formed  the  MEDULLARY 
SHEATH,  which  is  a  thin,  delicate  membrane  of  vascular  tissue 
(33),  sending  off  a  portion  of  its  spiral  vessels  to  the  stalk  and 
veins  of  each  leaf.     This,  with  the  leaves,  is  the  only  part  of 
exogenous  stems  which  usually  contains  spiral  vessels. 

201.  The  WOOD  is  composed  of  concentric  zones,  or  layers, 
pervaded  and  intersected  by  the  medullary  rays  (204).     The 
first,  or  inner  layer,  together  with  the  pith  and  medullary  sheath, 
is  the  product  of  the  first  year.     One  new  layer  is  formed  each 
successive  year,  during  the  life  of  the  plant ;  hence  the  whole 


ALBURNUM  AND  DURAMEN. 


79 


number  of  layers,  if  counted  at  the  base,  will  correctly  indicate 
the  age  of  the  tree. 

202.  Each  woody  layer  is  composed  of  ligneous  fibre,  vasi- 
form  tissue,  and  ducts  (33,  /).  The  first  gives  strength  and  solid- 
ity to  the  trunk,  and  determines  the  direction  of  the  cleavage. 

a.  The  ducts  are  always  first  formed  and  lie  in  the  inner  part  next  the  centre, 
while  the  fibres  are  produced  towards  the  end  of  the  season,  and  are  deposited  in 
the  outer  parts  of  the  zone.  The  former  are  distinguished  by  the  large  size  of 
their  open  ends,  while  the  woody  fibres  are  more  minute  and  compact.  This  cir- 
cumstance renders  the  limits  of  each  layer  distinctly  perceptible  in  a  cross  section 
of  the  stem. 


dc       dc         4      a      bcdcdcde 


FIG.  26.  —  Sections  of  wood  ;  1,  2,  3,  horizontal,  4,  5,  vertical.  1,  Exogenous  stem  of  one 
year's  growth;  a,  pith,  6,  bark,  c,  medullary  rays,  d,  woody  bundles  of  fibre  and  vessels; 
2,  stem  of  three  years'  growth,  a,  pith,  e,  bark,  b,  c,  rf,  successive  annual  layers ;  4,  a,  pith,  b, 
spiral  vessels  of  the  medullary  sheath,  c,  dotted  ducts,  d,  woody  fibre,  e,  bark  ;  3,  Endogen- 
ous stem,  exhibiting  the  bundles  of  woody  fibre,  spiral  vessels,  and  ducts,  irregularly  disposed 
in  the  cellular  tissue  ;  5,  a,  cellular  tissue,  6,  spiral  vessels  on  inner  side  of  c,  dotted  ducts,  rf, 
woody  fibre  on  the  exterior  side.  6,  Laticiferous  vessels  of  the  bark. 

203.  The  outer  and  more  recent  portion  of  the  layers  constitutes  the  ALBUR- 
NUM (albus,  white),  or  sap-wood.  This  is  usually  of  a  softer  structure  and  lighter 
color  than  the  rest  of  the  wood,  and  it  is  through  the  vessels  of  these  layers  alone, 
that  the  sap  ascends.  The  interior  layers  of  the  alburnum  gradually  harden  by 
the  deposition  of  solid  secretions  in  their  vessels,  until  they  can  no  longer  allow 
the  passage  of  fluids  through  them.  Thus  the  DURAMEN  (durus,  hard),  or  heart- 
wood  is  formed,  the  texture  of  which  is  firm  and  durable.  It  is  only  the  dura- 
men which  is  useful  in  the  arts.  > 


80  THE    STEM 

204.  The  MEDULLARY  RAYS  are  those  fine  lines  which  appear  in 
a  cross  section  of  the  stem,  radiating  from  the  pith  to  the  bark, 
intersecting  all  the  intervening  layers.     They  consist  of  thin, 
firm  plates  of  cellular  tissue ;  being,  like  the  pith,  the  remains  of 
that  tissue,  which  at  the  first  constituted  the  whole  of  the  stem. 

a.  These  rays  are  quite  conspicuous  in  vertical  sections  of  the  oak,  or  the 
maple,  where  they  are  sometimes  called  the  silver  grain. 

205.  The  BARK  is  the  extenial  covering  of  the  stem,  consisting 
of  several  integuments,  of  which  the  outer  is  the  epidermis  (35), 
that  next  within  the  cellular  integument,  and  the  inner  the  liber. 

206.  The  structure  of  the  two  outer  integuments  is  chiefly 
cellular,  and  that  of  the  inner,  or  liber,  is  both  cellular  and 
woody.     The   cellular  integument  is   very   thick   in    Quercus 
suber,  and  constitutes  that  useful   substance  cork.     The  liber 
(Lat.  the  inner  bark,  hence  a  book,  because  it  "was  manufactured 
into  parchment)  is  usually  thin,  delicate,  and  strong,  and  has 
been  often  applied  to  useful  purposes,  as  in  those  trees  of  Poly- 
nesia from  which  cloth,  mats,  and  sails  are  made. 

207.  At  the  end  of  the  spring  a  portion  of  the  sap,  now  transformed  into  a 
viscid,  glutinous  matter  called  cambium,  is  deposited  between  the  liber  and  the 
wood,  becomes  organized  into  cells,  and  forms  a  new  layer  upon  each.     Soon 
afterwards,  the  new  layers  are  pervaded  by  woody  tubes  and  fibres,  which  com- 
mence at  the  leaves  and  grow  downwards.     Thus  the  number  of  layers  formed 
in  the  bark  and  wood  will  always  be  equal. 

a.  Since  the  growth  of  the  bark  takes  place  by  internal  accretions,  it  follows 
that  the  older  layers  must  be  carried  outwards  arid  continually  expanded.     Thus, 
although  smooth  and  entire  at  first,  they  at  length  become  shaggy  and  rough, 
with  longitudinal  furrows  and  ridges,  and  finally  they  are  cast  off,  as  in  the  hem- 
lock, spruce,  walnut,  &c.    Not  unfrcquently,  however,  the  older  layers  are  ex- 
tended in  horizontal  grains,  or  fibres,  encircling  the  stem,  as  in  the  white  birch 
(Betula  papyracea). 

b.  The  peculiar  virtues  or  qualities  of  the  plant  reside  in  the  bark  rather  than 
in  the  wood ;  hence  this  is  the  part  chiefly  used  for  medicine,  dyes,  tannin,  &c. 

c.  That  vascular  system  which  is  peculiar  to  the  bark,  serving  for  the  circula- 
tion of  its  fluids,  is  called  the  laticiferous  tissue  (34).    It  exists  in  the  form  of  a 
complete  network  of  vessels,  through  which  the  sap  moves  in  all  directions. 

§  2.    FUNCTIONS  OF  THE  STEM. 

208.  We  have  already  stated  (156)  that  the  stem  serves  to 
convey  the  sap  from  the  roots  to  the  opposite  extremities  of  the 
plant. 


ENDOGENOUS    STRUCTURE.  81 

209.  That  portion  of  the  stem  which  serves  this  important 
purpose  is  the  alburnum  (203).     Through  its  ducts  and  fibres 
the  sap  is  elevated  to  the  leaves,  with  the  vessels  of  which  they 
communicate.     Having  been  there  elaborated  by  exhalation  and 
decomposition  into  a  certain  nutritious  fluid  called  latex,  it  de- 
scends by  the  laticiferous  tissues  of  the  liber.     Of  this  descend- 
ing sap  a  part  is  carried  inward  from  the  bark  by  the  medullary- 
rays,  and  thus  diffused  through  the  whole  stem ;  the  remainder 
descends  to  the  roots,  and   is   in   the   same   manner   diffused 
through  their  substance,  both  for  their  nourishment,  and  for  the 
purpose  of  maintaining  the  conditions  requisite  for  endosmose 
(159,  a). 

§  3.  OF  THE  ENDOGENOUS  STRUCTURE. 

210.  In  the  endogenous  stem  there  is  no  distinction  of  pith, 
wood,  and-  bark,  nor  does  a  cross-section  exhibit  any  concentric 
arrangement  of  annual  layers.     (Fig.  26;  3,  5.) 

211.  It  is  composed  of  the  same  tissues  and  vessels  as  that 
of  the  exogen,  that  is,  of  cellular  tissue,  woody  fibre,  spiral  ves- 
sels, and  ducts;  the  first  existing  equally  in  all  parts  of  the 
stem,  and  the  rest  imbedded  in  it  in  the  form  of  bundles. 

212.  Each  bundle  consists  of  one  or  more  ducts,  with  spiral 
vessels  adjoining  their  inner  side  next  the  centre  of  the  stem, 
and  woody  fibres  on  their  outer  side,  as  in  the  exogen. 

a.  A  new  set  of  these  bundles  is  formed  annually,  or  oftener,  proceeding  from 
the  leaves  and  passing  downwards  in  the  central  parts  of  the  stem,  where  the  cel- 
lular tissue  is  most  abundant  and  soft.  After  descending  awhile  in  this  manner, 
they  turn  outwards,  and  interlace  themselves  with  those  which  were  previously 
formed.  Hence  the  lower  and  outer  portions  of  the  palms,  and  other  endogens, 
become  exceedingly  dense  and  hard,  even  so  as  to  resist  the  stroke  of  the  axe. 

6.  The  age  of  most  endogenous  trees,  as  the  palms,  would  seem  to  be  limited 
by  this  peculiarity  of  growth.  The  stem  at  length  becomes  incapable  of  further 
increase  in  diameter,  and  the  lower  portions  of  it  so  densely  filled  with  the  de- 
scending fibres  as  to  become  impervious  to  all  succeeding  ones,  and  the  tree 
languishes  and  dies. 

c  Endogenous  stems,  both  herbaceous  and  woody,  are  often  hollow,  with  solid 
joints ;  as  in  the  grasses  and  bamboo. 


82  THE    LEAF. 

CHAPTER    XII. 

THE  LEAP. 

213.  THE  leaf  constitutes  the  verdure  of  plants,  and  is  by  far 
the  most  conspicuous  and  beautiful  object  in  the  scenery  of 
nature.     It  is  also  of  the  highest  importance  in  the  vegetable 
economy,  being  the  organ  of  digestion  and  respiration. 

214.  The  leaf  is  characterized  by  a  thin  and  expanded  form, 
presenting  the  largest  possible  surface  to  the  action  of  the  air 
and  the  light,  which  agents  are  indispensable  to  the  life  and  in- 
crease of  the  plant. 

215.  The  color  of  the  leaf  is  almost  universally  green,  which 
of  all  colors  is  the  most  agreeable  to  the  eye ;  but  its  intensity 
varies  by  infinite  shades,  and  is  often  finely  contrasted  with  the 
more  delicate  tints  of  the  flower.     Towards  maturity  its  verdure 
is  changed,  often  to  the  most  brilliant  hues,  as  red,  crimson, 
orange,  yellow,  giving  our  autumnal  forest   scenery  a  gaiety, 
variety,  and  splendor  of  coloring,  which  the  wildest  fancy  could 
scarcely  surpass. 

a.  The  color  of  the  leaf  is  due  to  minute  globules,  or  grains,  called  chlorophyll 
(green  leaf),  adhering  to  the  insides  of  the  cells,  just  beneath  the  cuticle,  and 
composed  of  carbon  and  hydrogen,  with  a  small  proportion  of  oxygen.    Their 
change  of  color  in  autumn,  is  stated  by  Macaire  to  depend  upon  their  oxydation. 
As  the  leaves  in  autumn  absorb  more  oxygen  by  night  than  they  evolve  by  day, 
an  excess  is  gradually  added  to  the  chlorophyll,  which  changes  the  green  first  to 
yellow,  then  to  orange,  red,  and  crimson  successively,  according  to  the  quantity 
absorbed.    The  same  effect  may  be  produced  by  acids. 

b.  As  flowers  are  modifications  of  leaves,  it  is  probable  that  their  various  and 
splendid  coloring  is  due  to  the  same  source,  namely,  the  modifications  of  the 
chlorophyll  by  various  degrees  of  oxydation,  or  by  the  presence  of  acids  or  alka- 
lies in  the  cells. 

§1.    VERNATION. 

216.  A  leaf-bud  contains  a  collection  of  undeveloped  leaves, 
folded  together  in  such  a  manner  as  to  occupy  the  least  possible 
space.     The  particular  manner  in  which  the  young  leaves  are 
folded  in  the  bud,  varies  in  different  species,  and  is  called  VER- 
NATION. 


ARRANGEMENT.  83 

a.  The  vernation  of  the  leaf  is  exhibited  in  a  most  interesting  manner,  by 
making,  with  a  keen  instrument,  a  cross-section  of  the  bud  in  its  swollen  state? 
just  before  its  expansion;  or  it  may  be  well  observed  by  removing  the  scales. 

217.  The  forms  of  vernation  are  mostly  similar  to  those  of  aestivation  (108), 
and  are  expressed  by  similar  terms.  Some  of  the  principal  are  the  following : 

1.  Equitant,  overlapping  each 
other  in  a  parallel  manner,  with- 
out  any  involution,  as  in  the 
leaves  of  the  Iris. 

2.  Obvolute,  one  of  the  margins 
of  each  leaf  interior    and    the 
other  exterior  to  the  margin  of 
the  leaf  opposite.    Ex.  sage. 

FIG.  27.  —  Forms  of  vernation.  The  numbers  agree  3.  Involute,  having  the  edges 
with  the  corresponding  paragraphs.  rolled  inwards.  Ex.  apple,  violet 

4.  Revolute,  the  margins  rolled  outwards  or  backwards.    Ex.  willow,  rosemary 

5.  Convolute,  the  leaf  wholly  rolled  up  from  one  of  its  sides,  as  in  the  cherry. 

6.  Plaited,  each  leaf  folded  like  a  fan.    Ex.  vine,  birch. 

7.  Circinate,  when  rolled  downwards  from  the  apex,    Ex.  sundew,  fern. 

$2.  ARRANGEMENT. 

218.  In  regard  to  their  insertion  upon  the  axis,  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  young  leaves  in  the  bud  is  nearly  or  quite  circular, 
but  by  the  development  of  the  axis,  this  arrangement  is  modi- 
fied in  various  ways,  and  the  leaves  are  then  said  to  be 

1.  Scattered,  or  irregular,  as  in  the  potatoe. 

2.  Alternate,  one  above  the  other,  on  opposite  sides.     Ex.  pea. 

3.  Opposite,  two  against  each  other  at  the  same  node  (172). 

Ex.  Hydrangia. 

4.  Verticillate,  or  whorled,  more  than  two  in  a  circle  at  each 

node.     Ex.  meadow  lily. 

5.  Fasciculate,  or  tufted,  in  crowded  whorls,  or  spires.     Ex. 

Callitriche. 

219  We  have  formerly  shown  how  some  of  these  modes  of  arrangement  may 
be  reconciled  with  the  spiral  (174,  a),  and  we  here  add,  that,  in  general,  when  the 
leaves  are  said  to  be  scattered  or  alternate,  they  will  be  found,  by  the  attentive 
observer,  to  be  strictly,  though  perhaps  irregularly,  spiral;  —  always  so  in  the 
annual  shoot. 

a.  Thus  in  the  potato-vine,  above  cited,  or  in  the  house-leek,  poplar,  &c.,  if  we 
commence  at  the  lower  leaf,  and  draw  a  line  to  the  next  above  it,  thence  to  the 
next  and  so  on  to  the  sixth  leaf,  we  shall  have  gone  just  once  around  the  stem, 
8 


84  THE    LEAF. 

describing  one  tarn  of  an  elongated  spire,  so  that  each  sixth  leaf  only  is  placed 
exactly  above  the  first. 

6.  In  the  strictly  alternate  arrangement,  we  shall  have  made  one  complete  turn 
on  arriving  at  every  third  leaf.  But  this  is  rare.  More  commonly  the  third  leaf 
is  a  little  to  the  right  or  left  of  the  perpendicular  line  on  which  the  first  is  in- 
serted, so  that  several  turns  must  be  made  before  we  arrive  at  one  which  is 
exactly  in  that  line. 

c.  The  opposite,  or  whorled,  arrangement  may  be  referred  to  the  non-develop- 
ment of  some  of  the  internodes ;  but  a  better  theory  is  that  which  supposes  seve- 
ral coordinate  spires  arising  side  by  side :  two,  when  the  leaves  are  opposite,  and 
three,  or  more,  when  they  are  whorled.  For  the  leaves  of  the  second  pair,  or 
whorl,  are  never  placed  exactly  above  those  of  the  first,  but  above  their  intervening 
spaces,  in  accordance  with  the  alternation  of  the  petals  with  the  sepals,  &c.  (61,  6). 

220.  In  regard  to  their  position  upon  the  plant,  leaves  are 
radical,  when  they  grow  out  of  the  stem  at  or  beneath  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground,  so  as  to  appear  to  grow  from  the  roots ;  can- 
line,  when  they  grow  from  the  stem,  and  ramial  (ramus,  a 
branch)  when  from  the  branches. 

§3.     ORGANOGRAPHY. 

221.  A  leaf  may  be  regarded  as  an  expansion  of  the  two 
outer  integuments  of  the  bark  (205)  extended  into  a  broad,  thin 
surface  by  a  woody  framework,  or  skeleton,  proceeding  from  the 
medullary  sheath  (200).     This  broadly  expanded  part  is  called 
the  LAMINA,  or  BLADE  of  the  leaf,  and  it  is  either  sessile,  that  is, 
connected  to  the  stem  by  its  base,  or  it  is  petiolate,  connected  to 
the  stem  by  a  foot-stalk  called  the  PETIOLE. 

222.  The  petiole,  therefore,  where  it  exists,  is  the  unexpanded 
part  of  the  leaf,  but  like  the  claws  of  the  petals  (102),  it  is  not 
an  essential  part,  and  is  often  wanting.     Its  form  is  rarely  cylin- 
dric,  but  is  usually  flattened  or  channeled  on  the  upper  side.     It 
is  said  to  be 

1.  Compressed,  when  it  is  flattened  in  a  vertical  direction,  so 
that  it  is  agitated  by  the  slightest  breath  of  air,  as  in  the  aspen 
(Populus). 

2.  Winged  (margined),  when  it  is  flattened  or  expanded  later- 
ally into  a  border.     Ex.  orange. 

3.  Amplexicaul  (sheathing),  when  it  is  dilated  at  the  base  into 
a  margin  which  embraces  or  surrounds  the  stem,  as  in  the  Um- 
belliferse. 


VEINS. 


85 


223.  The  lamina  is  generally  of  a  rounded  oval  outline,  longer 
than  wide,  with  equal  sides  but  unequal  ends.     It  is,  however, 
subject  to  variety  almost  infinite  in  this  respect.     The  end  of 
the  blade  next  the  stem  is  the  base,  and  that  most  remote,  the 
apex. 

224.  A  leaf  is  simple  when  its  blade  consists  of  a  single  piece, 
however  cut,  cleft,  or  divided ;  and  compound  when  it  consists 
of  several  distinct  blades,  supported  by  as  many  branches  of  a 
compound  petiole. 

225.  The  frame-work,  or  skeleton,  of  the  lamina  above  men- 
tioned, consists  of  the  ramifying  vessels  of  the  petiole,  while  the 
lamina  itself  is,  of  course,  parenchyma  (29).     These  vessels  are 
collectively  called  veins,  from  the  analogy  of  their  functions. 

226.  The  manner  in  which  the  veins  are  divided  and  distrib- 
uted is  termed  venation.     The  organs  of  venation,  differing  from 
each  other  only  in  size  and  position,  may  be  termed  the  midvein, 
veins,  veinlets,  and  veinulets.     ( The  old  terms  midrib  and  nerves, 
being  anatomically  absurd,  are  here  discarded.) 

227.  The  midvein  is  the  principal  prolongation  of  the  petiole, 
running  directly  through  the  lamina  to  the  apex ;  as  in  the  leaf 
of  the  birch.     If  there  be  several  similar  divisions  of  the  petiole, 
radiating  from   the   base   of  the  leaf,  they  are   appropriately 
termed  the  veins;  and  the  leaf  is  said  to  be  three-veined,  five- 
veined,  &c.     Ex.  maple. 

228.  The  primary  branches  sent  off  from  the  midvein  or  the 
veins  we  may  term  the  veinlets;  and  the  secondary  branches,  or 
those  sent  off  from  the  veinlets,  are  the  veinulets. 

229.  There  are  three  principal  modes  of  venation  which  are,  in  general,  char- 
acteristic of  the  three  grand  divisions  of  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

1st.  Reticulate  or  net  veined,  as  in  Exogens.  The  petiole  is 
prolonged  into  the  leaf  in  the  form  of  the  midvein,  or  several  pri- 
mary branches,  dividing  and  subdividing  into  branchlets,  which 
unite  again,  and  by  their  frequent  inosculations  form  a  kind  of 
network.  Ex.  maple,  bean. 

2nd.  Parallel-veined,  as  in  Endogens.  In  this  kind  of  vena- 
tion the  veins  are  all  parallel,  whether  proceeding  from  the  base 
of  the  leaf  to  the  apex,  or  sent  off  laterally  from  the  midvein,  and 

^o          'VN 


UNtVER         '"   I 


86  THE    LEAP. 

are  always  connected  by  simple  transverse  veinlets.     Ex.  grass, 
lily. 

1  234 


FIG.  28.  —  Forms  of  venation.    1,  2,  Exogens ;  3,  Endogen ;  4,  acrogen. 

3d.  Forked-veined,  as  in  the  Cryptogamia,  when  the  veins 
divide  and  subdivide  by  forked  divisions  which  do  not  unite 
again.  Ex.  ferns. 

230.  Of  the  first  kind  of  venation,  the  reticulate,  there  are  two  varieties  which 
deserve  the  most  careful  attention.     The  feather-veined  and  the  radiate-veined. 

1.  The  feather-veined  leaf  is  that  in  which  the  venation  con- 
sists of  a  midvein,  giving   off  at   intervals   lateral  veinlets  and 
branching  veinulets.     Ex.  beech,  chestnut. 

2.  In   the   radiate-veined,   the   venation   consists   of   several 
veins  (§227)   of  nearly   equal   size,  radiating  from   the   base 
towards  the  circumference,  each  with  its  own  system  of  veinlets 
and  veinulets.    Ex.  maple,  crow-foot. 

3.  In  parallel  venation,  the  veins  are  either  straight,  as  in  the 
linear  leaf  of  the  grasses,  curved,  as  in  the  oval  leaves  of  the 
Orchis,  or  transverse,  as  in  the  Canna,  Calla,  &c. 

§4.    FORM   OR  FIGURE. 

231.  That  infinite  variety  of  beautiful  and  graceful  forms  for  which  the  leaf  is 
distinguished,  becomes  intelligible  to  the  student  only  when  viewed  in  connection 
with  its  venation.     Since  it  is  through  the  veins  alone  that  nutriment  is  conveyed 
for  the  development  and  extension  of  the  parenchyma,  it  follows  that  there  will 
be  the  greatest  extension  of  outline  where  the  veins  are  largest  and  most  numer- 
ous.    Consequently,  the  form  of  the  leaf  will  depend  upon  the  direction  of  the 
veins,  and  the  vigor  of  their  action,  in  developing  the  intervening  ti^ue.    For 
this  interesting  theory  we  are  indebted  to  Alphonse  De  Candolle. 


VEINS. 


87 


a.  In  our  description  of  individual  forms,  we  shall  select  only  the  most  remark- 
able, leaving  others  for  explanation  in  the  Glossary. 

The  most  obvious  arrangement  is  that  which  is  founded  upon  the  modes  of  the 
veining ;  but  it  should  be  premised  that  different  forms  of  venation  often  give  rise 
to  the  same  outline. 

232.  Of  FEATHER-VEINED  leaves,  the  following  forms  depend 
on  the  length  of  the  veinlets  in  relation  to  each  other,  and  to  the 
mid  vein.  If  the  middle  veinlets  are  longer  than  the  rest,  the  leaf 
will  be 

1,   Orbicular  (roundish),  as  in  Pyrola  rotundifolia. 


FIG.  29.  —  Figures  of  feather- veined  leaves.    The  numbers  refer  to  paragraphs,  a,  deltate 
leaf  of  Populus. 

2.  Elliptical  (oval),  as  in  Lespe^eza  prostrata;  or 

3.  Oblong  (narrow-oval).     Ex.  Arenaria  lateriflora. 

If  the  lower  veinlets  are  longer  than  the  rest,the  leaf  will  be 

4.  Ovate  (egg-shaped),  as  in  the  Mitchella  repens,  or 

5.  Lanceolate  (lance-shaped),  narrow,  and  tapering  to  each 
end.     Ex.  sweet-william. 

When  the  veins  are  most  developed  towards  the  summit  of 
the  leaf,  it  becomes 

6.  Obovate  (inversely  egg-shaped),  as  in  the  walnut;  or 

7.  Spathulate  (shaped  like  a  spathula),  as  in  the  daisy. 
Again,  if  the  lowest  veinlets  are  longest,  sending  off  veinulets 

backwards,  the  leaf  will  be 

8.  Cordate  (heart-shaped),  like  the  ovate  fcirm,  with  a  hollow 
(sinus)  at  the  base,  as  in  the  lilac. 

9.  Auriculate,  having   ear-shaped   lobes  at  the  base.     Ex. 

sage. 

8* 


88 


THE    LEAF. 


10.  Hastate  (halbert-shaped),  hollowed  out  at  the  base  and 
sides.     Ex.  Bitter-sweet. 

11.  Sagittate  (arrow-shaped),  with  pointed,  descending  lobes 
at  base.     Ex.  Polygonum  sagittatum ;   Sagittaria ;  &c. 

12.  Reniform  (kidney-shaped),  broad,  rounded  at  the  apex, 
and  hollowed  at  the  base,  as  in  the  Asarum  Canadense. 

a.  The  following  forms  depend  less  upon  the  proportion  of 
the  veinlets  than  on  the  imperfect  development  of  the  tissue 
between  them. 


16 


izwmrmm     21      a 

FIG.  30.  — 12  — 16,  figures  of  feather- veined  leaves,  the  remainder  of  radiate-veined. 

13.  Runcinate  (re-uncinate),  having  the  margin  extended  at 
the  veins  into  pointed  segments,  which  curve  backwards.     Ex. 
Taraxacum. 

14.  Lyrate  (lyre- shaped),  with  several  deep,  rounded  sinuses, 
occasioned  by  deficiency  of  tissue  between  the  lower  veinlets  ; 
•water-cress  ( Sisymbrium). 

15.  Pinnatifid  (feather-cleft),  with  deep  sinuses  between  the 
veinlets,  separating   each  margin  of  the  leaf  into  oblong,  par- 
allel segments.     Ex.  Lepidium. 

16.  Sinuate,  having  deep,   rounded  openings  between  the 
veinlets,  seen  in  the  leaves  of  the  white  oak. 

233.  RADIATE -VEINED  leaves  assume  many  forms,  depending 
upon  the  direction  of  the  veins,  and  the  quantity  of  the  inter- 
vening tissue.  Some  of  them  are  the  following. 

17.  Palmate  (palm-shaped),  having  five  lobes,  with  as  many 
veins  (227)    separated  by  deep  divisions,  so  as  to  resemble  the 
palm  of  the  hand  with  the  fingers.     Ex.  passion-flower. 


PARALLEL-VEINED    LEAVES. 


89 


18.  Digitate   (finger-shaped),   having  narrower  and  deeper 
segments  than  the  palmate,  as  in  the  hemp. 

19.  Pedate  (foot-shaped).     The  same  as  palmate,  except  that 
the   two   lateral  lobes   are  themselves  subdivided,  as  in  the 
peony  and  passion-flower. 

20.  Laciniate  (gashed),  the  veins  and  veinlets  separate,  as  if 
the  blade  were  cut  and  gashed  with  scissors.     Ex.  Ranunculus. 

21.  Peltate  (shield-like),  the  veins  radiating  in  all  directions, 
and  all  connected  by  intervening  tissue.     This  form  is  gener- 
ally also  orbicular,  and  appears  to  result  from  the  union  of  the 
base-lobes.     Ex.  Podophyllum  peltatum,  Tropeolum,  Brasenia. 

22.  Reniform,  broad-ovate,  broad-cordate,  &c.,  may  also  result 
from  the  radiate  veining. 

234.  The  form  of  PARALLEL-VEINED  leaves  is  less  diversified 
than  that  of  the  preceding  classes,  being 

23.  Linear,  when  the  veins  (and  fibres)  are  straight,  as  in  the 
grasses.     This  form  may  also  occur  in  the  feather-veined  leaf 
by  an  equal  development  of  all  the  veinlets  as  in  Linaria  vtil- 
garis,  &c. 


a 


FIG.  31.  —  23,  24,  25,  figures  of  leaves  with  parallel  veins ;  2  — 10,  margins  of  leaves. 

24.  Oval,  lanceolate,  oblong,  or  some  kindred  form,  when  the 
veins  are  curved,  as  in  Carex,  Cypripedium,  Orchis,  &c.,  or  it 
may  be 

25.  Cordate,  when  some  of  the  lower  veins  are  curved  back- 
wards and  then  upwards,  as  in  Pontaderia,  and  even  sagittate, 
when  they  are  directed  downwards  at  the  base,  as  in  the  Sagit- 
taria. 


90  THE    LEAF. 

26    Acerose  (needle-shaped),  when  there  is  little  or  no  distinc- 
tion of  lamina,  petiole,  or  veins,  as  in  the  leaves  of  the  pine. 

§  5.     MARGIN. 

235.  The  margin  of  the  leaf  is  also  modified  chiefly  by  the 
same  causes  which  affect  the  form.     It  is  said  to  be 

1.  Entire,  when  even-edged.     This  may  result  from  the  full  development  of  the 
tissue,  or  from  a  vein  running  parallel  with  the  margin.    Ex.  lilac,  lily. 

2.  Dentate  (toothed),  the  tissue  incomplete,  having  teeth  with  concave  edges, 
pointing  outwards  from  the  centre.    Ex.  hawkweed.     If  the  teeth  are  very  fine, 
the  margin  is  said  to  be  denticulate.    If  the  teeth  are  themselves  toothed,  it  is 
doubly  dentate. 

3.  Sen-ate,  having  sharp  teeth  pointing  forward  like  the  teeth  of  a  saw     Ex 
Rosa.    If  the  serratures  are  very  small,  it  is  serrulate.    If  they  are  themselves 
serrate,  it  is  doubly  serrate. 

4.  Crenate,  notched  with  rounded  or  convex  teeth,  as  in  Glechoma.    If  such 
notches  are  very  small,  it  is  crenulate. 

5.  Erose  (gnawed),  having  the  margin  irregularly  toothed,  or  jagged,  as  if 
hitten  by  animals. 

6.  Undulate  (wavy),  the  margin  rising  and  falling  like  waves.   Ex.  Amaranthus. 

7.  Spinous,  when  the  veins  project  far  beyond  the  tissue  in  sharp  spines,  as  in 
the  thistle.     Such  leaves  are  said  to  be  armed,  and  the  opposite  corresponding 
term  is  unarmed. 

8.  Incised  (cut),  margin  divided  by  deep  incisions. 

9.  Laciniate  (torn),  divided  by  deep  and  irregular  gashes.  " 

10.  Crisped,  margin  much  expanded  and  curled  by  a  superabundance  of  tissue, 
as  in  the  mallows. 

11.  Repand,  having  the  margin  slightly  concave  between  the  projecting  veins. 
Ex.  Solanum  nigrum. 

§  6.    APEX. 

236.  In  regard  to  the  termination  of  a  leaf  at  its  apex,  it  is 
said  to  be 

1.  Acute,  when  it  ends  with  an  acute  angle. 

2.  Obtuse,  when  it  ends  with  a  segment  of  a  circle. 

3.  Acuminate,  ending  with  a  long,  tapering  point. 

4.  Emarginate,  having  a  small  notch  at  the  end. 

5.  Refuse,  terminating  with  a  round  end,  having  the  centre  depressed. 

6.  Mucronate,  abruptly  terminated  by  a  short,  hard,  bristly  point,  &c. 

§  7.     SURFACE. 

237.  The  following  terras  are  employed  in  descriptive  botany, 
chiefly  to  denote  the  modifications  of  the  surface  (epidermis) 


LEAFLETS. 


91 


of  the  leaf.     They  are,  however,  equally  applicable  to  the  sur- 
face of  any  other  organs.     (41,  a.) 

1.  Glabrous,  smooth;  denoting  the  absence  of  all  hairs  or  bristles.    Hydrangea. 

2.  Pubescent,  covered  with  soft  hairs  or  down.    LoniceraXylosteum. 

3.  Rough,  with  hard,  short,  even  points.    Borago  officinalis. 

4.  Pilose,  with  short,  weak,  thin  hairs.    Prunella  vulgaris. 

5.  Hoary,  white,  with  very  short,  dense  hairs.     Gnaphalium. 

6.  Villose,  with  long,  thin  hairs.     Solidago  altissima. 

7.  Woolly,  with  long,  dense,  matted  hairs.    Mullein. 

8.  Tomentose,  with  dense,  short,  and  rather  rigid  hairs.     Spirea  tomentosa. 

9.  Rugose,  the  tissue  between  the  reticulated  veins  convex,  from  its  superabun- 
dance.   Sage. 

10.  Punctate,  dotted  with  pellucid  glands  (44,  a).    Hypericum  punctatum. 

§  3.     COMPOUND  LEAVES. 


FIG.  32.  —  Compound  leaves.    4,  Trifoliate  leaves ;  a,  pinnately,  as  of  the  bean  ;  b,  pal- 
mately,  clover 

238.  When  a  simple  leaf  becomes  a  compound  one,  the  divis- 
ion takes  place  upon  the  same  principle  as  the  separation  of  an 
entire  leaf  into  segments,  lobes,  and  teeth,  namely,  from  a  defi- 
ciency of  parenchyma;   the  number  and  arrangement  of  the 
leaflets  will  therefore,  in  like  manner,  depend  upon  the  mode  of 
veining. 

239.  The  divisions  of  a  compound  leaf  are  called  LEAFLETS, 
and  the  same  distinctions  of  outline,  margin,  &c.,  occur  in  them 
as  in  simple  leaves.     In  the  truly  compound  leaf,  each  leaflet 


92  THE    LEAF. 

(which  is  usually  supported  on  a  distinct  stalk),  is  articulated 
(articula,  a  joint),  with  the  main  petiole,  and  separates  from  it 
in  decay. 

240.  From   the  feather  veined  arrangement  may  result  the 
following  forms  of  compound  leaves  : 

1.  Pinnate  (winged),  where  the  petiole  (midvein)  bears  a  row 
of  leaflets  on  each  side,  generally  equal  in  number  and  oppo- 
site, as  in  the  Acacia. 

2.  A  pinnate  leaf  is  said  to  be  equally  pinnate  where  the 
petiole  is  terminated  by  neither  leaflet  nor  tendril,  as  the  Cassia 
Marilandica,  and  unequally  pinnate  when  it  is  terminated  by  an 
odd  leaflet  or  by  a  tendril.     Ex.  rose,  locust,  pea.     In  the  latter 
case  the  leaf  is  called  cirrhose. 

3.  An  interruptedly  pinnate  leaf  has  the  leaflets  alternately 
small  and  large,  as  in  the  potato,  avens. 

4.  A  pinnate  leaf  sometimes  consists  of  as  many  as  twenty  or 
thirty  pairs  of  leaflets,  as  in  the  Astragalus.     Sometimes  the 
number  of  leaflets  is  but  three,  and  the  leaf  becomes  ternate  or 
trifoliate,  as  in  the  ash ;  and,  finally,  it  is  sometimes,  by  the  non- 
development  of  the  pinnce  (pairs)  reduced  to  a  single  terminal 
leaflet,  as  in  the  lemon.     Such  a  leaf  is  known  to  be  compound 
by  the  articulation  of  the  leaflet  to  the  petiole. 

5.  A  bipinnate  leaf  (twice  pinnate),  is  formed  when  the  leaf- 
lets of  a  pinnate  leaf  themselves  become  pinnate.     Ex.  Fuma- 
ria  officinalis. 

6.  A  tripinnate  leaf  (thrice  pinnate),  is  formed  when  the  leaf- 
lets of  a  bipinnate  leaf  become  pinnate,  Ex.  Aralia  spinosa.     In 
the  leaf  of  the  honey -locust  (Gleditschia),  we  sometimes  find  all 
these  three  degrees  of  division,  namely,  the  pinnate,  bipinnate, 
and  tripinnate,  curiously  combined,  illustrating  the  gradual  tran- 
sition of  the  simple  to  the  most  compound  leaf. 

7.  A  biternate  leaf  is  formed  when  the  leaflets  of  the  ternate 
leaf  become  themselves  ternate,  as  in  Fumaria  lutea. 

8.  A  triternate  leaf  is  formed  when  the  leaflets  of  a  biteniate 
leaf  become  again  ternate.     Ex.  Aquilegia. 

241.  The   following  forms  of  compound  leaves  may  result 
from  the  division  of  a  radiate-veined  leaf;  the  ternate,  biternate, 
&c.,  already  mentioned ; 


ASCIDIA,    STIPULES,    AND    BRACTS.  93 

9.  Quinate,  when  there  are  five  leaflets  radiating  from  the 
same  point  of  the  petiole,  as  in  Potentilla  argentea. 

10.  Septinate,  when  there  are  seven  leaves  from  the  same 
point  in  the  petiole,  and  so  on. 

242.  With  regard  to  insertion,  the  leaf  is  said  to  be 
1.  Amplexicaul,  when  its  base  surrounds  or  clasps  the  stem. 
124  35 


FIG.  33.  —  Modes  of  insertion. 

2.  Perfoliate,  when  the  base  lobes  of  an  amplexicaul  leaf  are 
united  together,  so  that  the  stem  appears  to  pass  through  the 
leaf. 

3.  Decurrent,  when  the  base  lobes  of  the  leaf  grow  to  the 
stem  below  the  point  of  insertion,  so  that  the  leaf  seems  to  run 
downwards  (Lat.  decurro). 

4.  Connate,  when  the  bases  of  two  opposite  leaves  are  united. 

5.  Stellate,  verticillate,  or  whorled,  when  several  leaves  are 
arranged  around  the  stem  at  the  same  node. 

243.  It  is  often  found  necessary,  in  the  description  of  a  plant,  to  combine  two 
or  more  of  the  terms  above  mentioned,  to  express  some  intermediate  figure  or 
quality ;  thus  ovate-lanceolate,  signifying  between  ovate  and  lanceolate,  &c. 

a.  The  Latin  preposition  s«6  (under),  prefixed  to  a  descriptive  term,  denotes 
the  quality  which  the  term  expresses,  in  a  lower  degree,  as  subsessile,  nearly  ses- 
sile, subserrate,  somewhat  serrate,  &c. 

§  9.    ASCIDIA,  STIPULES,  AND  BRACTS. 

244.  In  the  teazel  (Dipsacus)  of  our  own  fields,  and  in  the  Tillandsia,  or  wild 
pine  of  South  America,  there  are  hollows  at  the  point  of  union  between  the  leaf- 
stalk and  the  stem,  capable  of  holding  a  considerable  amount  of  water.     The 
midrib  and  petiole  of  the  leaves  of  the  Arum,  also,  are  channeled  out  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  convey  water  to  the  axil. 

245.  But  the  most  remarkable  of  all  leaves  are  those  which  are  hollowed  out 
into  the  form  of  pitchers,  called  ascidia. 

a.  In  the  Sarracenia,  a  plant  common  in  our  own  peat-bogs,  these  pitchers  are 
evidently  fonned  by  the  very  deep  channeling  of  the  petiole,  and  the  uniting 
together  of  the  involute  edges  of  its  winged  margin  so  as  to  form  a  complete 
vase,  with  a  broad  expansion  at  the  top,  which  may  be  regarded  as  the  true  leaf. 


94  THE    LEAF. 

The  ascidia  thus  formed  are  always  full  of  water,  in  which  insects  are  drowned, 
being  prevented  from  escaping  by  the  deflexed  hairs  at  the  mouth. 

246.  The  Nepenthes  is  a  native  of  the  East  Indies.  Its  proper  leaves  are  ses- 
sile and  lanceolate.  The  midvein  extends  beyond  the  apex,  like  a  tendril,  to  the 
length  of  six  or  eight  inches.  The  extremity  of  this  tendril  is  inflated  into  a  hol- 
low vessel  similar  to  a  pitcher,  and  usually  contains  about  half  a  pint  of  pure 
water.  It  is  furnished  with  a  leafy  lid,  connected  to  it  by  a  ligament  which  ex- 
pands or  contracts  according  to  the  state  of  the  atmosphere,  so  that  the  cup  is 
open  in  damp  weather  to  receive  moisture  from  the  air,  and  closed  in  dry  weather 
to  prevent  its  evaporation. 


FIG.  34.  —  Ascidia.    1,  Sarracenia  purpurea;  2,  Nepenthes  distillatoria ;  3,  Dischidia  Raf- 
flesiana. 

247.  Another  wonderful  provision  of  this  kind  is  observed  in  a  plant  growing 
in  the  forests  of  India,  called  Dischidia.    It  is  a  twining  plant,  ascending  the  tall 
trees  to  the  distance  of  100  feet  from  its  roots,  and  destitute  of  leaves  except  near 
its  top.    These  cannot,  therefore,  it  would  seem,  derive  much  nourishment  from 
the  earth.    The  pitchers  seem  formed  of  a  leaf  with  its  edges  rolled  towards  each 
other,  and  adherent,  and  its  upper  end,  or  mouth,  is  open  to  receive  whatever 
moisture  may  descend  into  it,  of  which  there  is  always  a  considerable  quantity. 
But  the  greatest  marvel  in  its  structure  is  yet  to  be  described.     Several  bundles 
of  absorbent  fibres,  resembling  roots  (142,  6),  are  sent  out  from  the  nearest  parts 
of  the  stem  and  enter  the  pitchers  and  spread  themselves  through  the  cavity. 
The  design  of  this  apparatus  .scarcely  needs  be  mentioned. 

248.  The  leaf  of  Venus'  fly-trap  (Dionsea  muscipula),  native  at  the  south,  is 
also  of  a  very  curious  construction.    At  the  extremity  of  each  leaf  are  two  lobes, 
bordered  with  spines.    In  the  cavity  between  the  lobes  are  several  sharp  points 
projecting  upwards,  and  a  gland  which  secretes  a  liquor  attractive  to  insects.    But 
when  an  unlucky  fly,  in  search  of  food,  alights  upon  it,  the  irritable  lobes  instantly 
close  and  impale  him  in  their  fatal  embrace. 

249.  STIPULES   are  certain  leaf-like  expansions  situated  on 
each  side  of  the  petiole,  at  its  base.     They  are  membranous, 
leathery,  or  spiny.     They  do  not  occur  in  every  plant,  but  are 
pretty  uniformly  present  in  each  plan*  of  the  same  natural  order 
Ex.  pea,  rose,  Viola  tricolor. 

250.  Stipules  are  generally  supposed  to  be  accessory  leaves^  although  their 


INVOLUCRE. 


95 


nature  is  certainly  obscure.  They  are  subject  to  the  same  laws  of  venation  and 
form,  perform  the  same  functions,  and  are  sometimes  almost  undistinguishable 
from  the  leaves  themselves.  They  also  (very  rarely)  develop  buds  in  their  axils. 
a.  When  they  grow  from  the  stem  itself,  they  may,  therefore,  be  regarded  as 
rudimentary  leaves,  but  when  from  the  base  of  the  petiole,  as  is  most  common, 
they  are  the  undeveloped  leaflets  of  a  pinnate  leaf,  as  in  the  rose. 

251.  'When  leaves  are  furnished  with  stipules  they  are  said 
to  be  stipulate,  and  when  without  them  they  are  exstipulate. 
The  stipules  which  are  situated  at  the  base  of  leaflets  are  called 
stipcls. 


FIG.  35.  —  Stipules,  Bracts,  &c.  1,  a,  stipule  of  grass  ;  2,  6,  of  rose  ;  3,  c,  bract  of  Tilia ; 
4,  d,  of  a  Campanula;  5,  Sium,  a,  involucre,  c,  involucel ;  6,  Cornus  Canadensis,  a,  colored 
involucre,  c,  flowers  ;  7,  Arum,  a  spathe,  c,  spadix. 

252.  BRACTS,  called  also  floral  leaves,  are  leaf-like  append- 
ages, intermediate  between  leaves  and  the  floral  organs.     From 
leaves  they  are  generally  distinguished  by  their  being  placed 
near  the  flower,  their  smaller  size,  their  difference  in  form,  and 
often  in  color. 

253.  That  bracts  are  of  the  same  nature  as  leaves  is  perfectly  evident,  for  so 
gradual  is  the  transition  between  them  that  no  absolute  limits  can  be  assigned. 
That  they  have  a  common  origin  with  the  sepals  of  the  calyx  also,  is  equally  evi- 
dent,—  so  imperceptibly  do  the  latter  pass  into  bracts;  affording  one  of  the 
strongest  proofs  of  the  doctrine  of  floral  metamorphosis. 

a.  Bracts  have  received  different  names,  according  to  their  arrangement  and 
situation.  They  constitute  an 

254.  Involucre,  when  they  are  arranged  in  a  whorl,  and  sur 
round  several  flowers.     In  the  Phlox,  and  generally,  it  is  green, 
9 


96  THE    LEAF. 

but  sometimes,  as  in  the  Cornus,  it  is  colored  like  petals.  Situ- 
ated at  the  base  of  a  compound  umbel  (305,  a)  it  is  called  a 
general  involucre,  at  the  base  of  a  partial  umbel  a  partial  invo- 
lucre, or  involucel,  both  of  which  are  seen  in  the  Umbelliferas. 

255.  In  the  Compositae  the  involucre  consists  of  imbricated  bracts,  often  in 
several  whorls  surrounding  the  base  of  the  heads  (compound  flowers),  as  the 
calyx  surrounds  a  simple  flower. 

256.  In  the  grasses,  the  bracts  subsist  under  the  common  name  of  husk  or 
chaff,  to  which  is  attached  the  awn  or  beard.     The  bracts  situated  at  the  base  of  a 
spikelet  of  flowers,  are  called  the  glume,  corresponding  to  the  involucre.     Those 
situated  at  the  base  of  each  separate  flower  are  palea,  answering  to  the  calyx,  or 
corolla.     The  pieces,  of  which  each  glume  or  palea  is  composed  (generally  two), 
are  called  valves. 

§10.    DURATION. 

257.  Leaves,  although  so  universal  an  accompaniment  of  vegetation,  are  only 
temporary  appendages.     They  rapidly  attain  their  growth,  and  in  a  great  ma- 
jority of  cases  flourish  but  a  single  season,  at  the  end  of  which  they  perish, 
although  the  plant  on  which  they  grew  may  continue  to  flourish  for  ages.     To 
mark  their  duration  more  accurately,  leaves  are  said  to  be 

1.  Fugacious,  when  they  fall  off  early,  before  the  end  of  summer. 

2.  Deciduous,  when  they  endure  for  a  single  season  and  fall  in  autumn. 

3.  Persistent,  or  evergreen,  when  they  remain  through  all  seasons,  retaining  their 
color  until  the  new  leaves  of  the  following  spring  appear,  so  that  the  plant  is 
always  verdant.     In  accordance  with  the  last  two  distinctions,  plants  are  said  to 
be  DECIDUOUS,  or  EVERGREEN. 

258.  The  fall  of  the  leaf  in  temperate  climates,  occurs  near  the  end  of  autumn, 
and  marks  an  important  era  in  the  year.     The  first  symptoms  of  decay  are  seen 
in  the  changes  of  color  from  green  to  various  shades  of  gold  and  crimson.     These 
gorgeous  hues,  gradually  fading,  at  length  give  place  to  a  pale  russet,  the  com- 
mon color  of  the  faded  leaf. 

259.  Defoliation,  or  the  separation  of  the  leaf  from  the  stem,  is  due  to  several 
causes.    During  the  latter  part  of  the  summer,  the  vessels  become  clogged  by  the 
deposition  of  earthy  and  solid  matter  contained  in  the  sap,  until  they  can  no  lon- 
ger admit  the  free  circulation  of  the  fluids  through  them.     The  whole  structure 
consequently  loses  its  vitality,  dries  up,  and  withers,  and  is  finally  cast  off  at  the 
point  of  articulation,  as  a  dead  part  is  from  the  living  body  of  an  animal. 

§  11.    PHYSIOLOGICAL  STRUCTURE. 

260.  Since  the  frame-work  of  the  leaf  is  merely  a  divergent 
portion  of  the  medullary  sheath  (200),  it  must  consist  essentially 
of  the   same  tissues,  namely,  „  spiral  vessels   accompanied  by 
woody  fibre,  that  is,  fibro-vascular  tissue. 


PHYSIOLOGICAL    STRUCTURE. 


97 


a.  The  tissue  of  the  lamina,  in  like  manner,  must  essentially 
correspond  with  the  outer  integuments  of  the  bark,  of  which  it 
is  but  an  extension.  That  peculiar  form  of  cellular  tissue  of 
which  it  is  composed  is  called  parenchyma. 

261.  The  parenchyma  of  the  leaf  exists  in  two  layers,  as 
might  be  inferred  from  the  manner  in  which  it  is  produced 
(221).  In  all  those  leaves  which  are  ordinarily  horizontal  in 
position,  one  surface  being  upwards  and  the  other  downwards, 
these  two  layers  are  dissimilar  in  structure ;  but  in  those  leaves 
where  the  lamina  is  vertical,  as  in  the  iris,  they  do  not  mate- 
rially differ. 

a.  The  whole  structure  is,  of  course,  clothed  with  the  epi- 
dermis. 

262.  The  internal  structure  of  the  parenchyma  is  more  complicated  than  would 
be  at  first  supposed.  A  powerful  microscope  is  necessary  for  its  examination. 
Let  an  exceedingly  thin  paring  be  taken  from  a  vertical  section  of  the  lamina 
and  submitted  to  the  solar  (or  compound)  microscope,  in  such  a  manner  that  the 
rays  shall  pass  from  section  to  section.  Fig.  36  represents  a  magnified  view  of 
such  a  paring  of  the  leaf  of  the  lily,  which  may  be  regarded  as  characteristic  of 
leaves  in  general. 


e          e         e      e 

FIG.  36.  —  1,  Magnified  section  of  a  leaf  of  the  lily ;  2,  of  the  epidermis  with  stomata. 

263.  The  upper  surface  (a,  a)  is  thus  seen  to  consist  of  the  flattened  cells  of  the 
epidermis,  arranged  in  a  single  layer.  Just  beneath  this  (6,  b)  is  the  more  com- 
pact part  of  the  parenchyma,  consisting  of  a  layer  of  oblong  cells  placed  in  such  a 
position  that  their  longer  axis  is  perpendicular  to  the  leaf's  surface.  Next  below 
we  meet  with  the  parenchyma  of  the  lower  surface  (c,  c),  composed  of  oblong 
cells  arranged  longitudinally,  and  so  loosely  compacted  as  to  leave  larger  empty 
spaces  between.  Lastly,  we  find  again  the  epidermis  (d,  d)  of  the  under  surface 
with  stomata  (c,  e),  opening  into  air-chambers. 

a.  Within  all  the  vesicles  of  the  parenchyma  are  seen  adhering  to  the  walls, 
She  green  globules  (chlorophyll)  which  give  color  to  the  parenchyma,  —  dark 


98  THE    LEAF. 

green  above,  where  it  is  more  compact ;  but  paler  beneath,  where  the  cells  are 
more  loose  and  separate. 

264.  The  empty  spaces  between  the  cells,  called  intercellular,  communicate 
with  the  external  air  by  means  of  the  stomata  (37 — 39),  which  are  generally 
found  only  in  the  lower  surface.    In  those  leaves,  however,  whose  position  is  nat- 
urally vertical  instead  of  horizontal,  stomata  are  found  equally  on  both  surfaces. 
In  other  leaves,  as  in  the  Nymphsea,  they  are  found  upon  the  upper  surface  alone, 
the  lower  being  in  contact  with  the  surface  of  the  water. 

265.  The  vessels  of  the  latex  (34)  are  distributed  through  the  under  layer  of  the 
parenchyma.     These  are  prolongations   of  the  ramified  veins,  which,  having 
reached  the  edge  of  the  leaf,  double  back  upon  themselves,  pervade  the  lower  sur- 
face, and  are  again  collected  into  the  petiole,  through  which  they  are  finally 
returned  into  the  bark. 

266.  A  singular  structure  occurs  in  the  Oleander  of  Barbary,  and  other  plants 
of  hot  and  arid  regions.     The  epidermis  on  the  upper  surface  is  double  and  very 
compact,  and  there  are  few  if  any  stomata  on  the  lower  surface,  their  places 
being  supplied  by  cavities  within  its  substance,  opening  outwards  by  a  small  aper- 
ture, and  covered  within  by  minute  hairs.     These  peculiarities  are  adapted  to  the 
conditions  of  the  air  and  soil  in  which  the  Oleander  flourishes.     The  hairs  absorb 
moisture  from  the  air,  which  the  cavities  readily  retain,  while  the  double  epider- 
mis effectually  restrains  its  evaporation. 

§  12.     OF  THE  FUNCTIONS  OF  LEAVES 

267.  These  are  exhalation,  absorption,  respiration,  and  diges- 
tion, and  the  result  of  their  combined  action  is  the  conversion 
of  the  crude  sap,  absorbed  from  the  soil  by  the  roots,  into  the 
proper  juice  or  latex,  for  the  nourishment  and  increase  of  the 
plant,  with  its  various  products. 

268.  The  crude  sap  consists   of  water   holding   in   solution 
minute  quantities  of  various  kinds  of  solid  and  gaseous  matter 
derived  from  the   soil.     In  its   passage   from   the  root  to  the 
leaves,  its  composition  is  somewhat  modified  by  dissolving  the 
previously  formed  secretions,  which  it  meets  with  on  its  way. 

269.  EXHALATION  is  the  process  by  which  the  superabundant 
water  of  the  sap  is  given  off  to  the  atmosphere,  so  that  the  re- 
maining sap  is  reduced,  as  it  were,  by  concentration,  and  con- 
tains a  greater  proportion  of  solid  matter.     It  is  analogous  to 
perspiration  in  animals. 

270.  It  is  to  be  distinguished  from  evaporation;  the  latter 
depending  solely  upon  heat  and  the  state  of  the  air,  and  being, 
in  plants,  almost  wholly  restrained  by  the  epidermis. 

271.  Exhalation  appears  to  take  place  through  the  stomata 


RESPIRATION.  99 

alone.  But  since  these  are  opened  by  the  influence  of  the  light 
and  closed  in  its  absence,  it  follows  that  exhalation  can  proceed 
only  in  the  presence  of  the  light  (155). 

a.  If  a  plate  of  glass  be  held  near  the  under  surface  of  an  active  leaf  of  the 
Hydrangea,  in  a  still  air,  it  will  soon  be  covered  with  dew ;  but  if  the  experiment 
be  repeated  by  holding  the  glass  over  the  upper  surface,  it  will  remain  dry. 
Again,  if  the  light  be  suddenly  excluded  from  the  plant  in  a  state  of  active 
growth,  it  will  immediately  cease  to  transpire,  whatever  be  the  temperature ;  and 
if  the  stomata  be  then  examined  they  will  be  found  dosed. 

272.  That  exhalation  and  absorption  by  the  roots  are  mutually  dependent  upon 
each  other,  has  already  been  stated  (155).  The  quantity  of  fluid  discharged  by 
the  former  may  therefore  be  inferred  from  that  of  the  latter.  This  has  also  been 
confirmed  by  experiment.  A  sunflower  3£  feet  high,  was  ascertained  by  Hales 
to  transpire  from  20  to  30  oz.  of  water  daily;  a  cabbage  from  15  to  25  oz.,  &c. 
Experiments  have  also  been  made  upon  single  leaves,  recently  plucked,  with  the 
petiole  immersed  in  water.  Thus  a  leaf  of  the  sunflower,  weighing  31  grains, 
absorbed  and  exhaled  its  own  weight  of  water  in  6  hours. 

273.  ABSORPTION  is  primarily  the  office  of  the  roots  (154),  but 
in  certain  circumstances  it  is  performed  by  the  leaves  also. 

a.  When  tha  roots  are  imperfect,  or  wanting,  or  serve  merely  to  fix  the  plant 
in  its  position,  as  in  some  aerial  parasites,  and  in  some  of  the  Orchidaceae,  it  is 
evident  that  the  plant  must  derive  its  nourishment  chiefly  from  the  absorption 
performed  by  the  leaves.  Experiment  also  proves  that  the  leaves  of  plants  in 
general  are  capable  of  this  function.  Every  one  knows  how  plants,  when  parched 
and  withered  by  drought,  are  revived  by  a  shower  which  does  not  reach  their 
roots,  but  only  moistens  their  leaves. 

274.  The  lower  surface  of  the  leaf  appears  to  be  chiefly  instrumental  in  absorp- 
tion. This  is  readily  shown  by  experiment.  Leaves  with  their  lower  surfaces  in 
contact  with  the  water,  remain  fresh  much  longer  than  others  with  their  upper 
surfaces  thus  placed.  Leaves  of  the  white  mulberry,  with  the  upper  surface  only 
in  contact  with  water,  faded  in  six  days,  while  others,  reversed  in  position,  lasted 
as  many  months. 

275.  RESPIRATION   in   plants  is  analogous   to   respiration,  or 
breathing,  in  animals.     In  both  it  is  equally  constant  and  equally 
necessary.     It  is  performed  principally  by  the  leaves,  but  is  not 
confined  to  them,  being  partially  performed  by  other  parts  also, 
even  by  the  roots. 

276.  Respiration  consists  of  the  absorption  of  oxygen  from 
the  atmosphere,  accompanied  by  the  evolution  of  carbonic  acid. 

a.  This  process  must  not  be  confounded  with  another  which  occurs,  of  a  con- 
trary nature,  treated  of  under  the  head  of  digestion. 


9* 


100  THE    LEAF. 

277.  Respiration  appears  to  be  going  on  constantly,  by  day 
and  by  night,  during  the  life  of  the  plant,  even  while  it  is  act- 
ively engaged  in  the  contravening  process  of  the  fixation  of  car- 
bon. The  result  of  it  is,  the  removal  of  a  certain  superfluous 
portion  of  carbon,  in  a  state  of  combination  with  oxygen,*  from 
the  nutritive  substances  of  the  plant,  just  as  the  same  deleteri- 
ous acid  is  removed  from  the  blood  of  animals  by  breathing. 

278.  Let  a  few  healthy  plants  be  placed  under  a  bell-glass  containing  air  from 
which  all  the  carbonic  acid  has  been  previously  removed.  After  a  few  hours 
let  the  air  be  tested  by  shaking  it  with  lime-water,  and  it  will  be  found  to  contain 
carbonic  acid,  rendering  the  lime-water  turbid.  This  effect  will  be  produced, 
whether  the  bell-glass  stand  in  the  sunshine  or  in  darkness,  but  the  quantity  of 
acid  evolved  will  be  found  to  be  much  greater  in  the  darkness. 

279.  Respiration  is  carried  on  with  peculiar  activity  during 
the  two  periods  of  germination  and  flowering. 

a.  In  germination  pure  oxygen  is  absorbed,  either  from  the  ah*  or  water,  or 
both,  in  the  absence  of  light  (133,  d),  and  returned  to  the  air  combined  with  the 
superfluous  carbon  of  the  starch,  which  thus  is  converted  into  sugar  for  the  nour- 
ishment of  the  young  plant. 

b.  It  is  also  equally  active  at  the  time  of  flowering,  a  large  quantity  of  oxygen 
being  converted  into  carbonic  acid  by  the  flower.    By  this  process  it  seems  that 
the  starch  previously  contained  in  the  disk  (107),  or  receptacle  (59),  is  changed 
into  saccharine  matter  for  the  nutrition  of  the  pollen  and  ovules  (70,81),  the 
superfluous  portion  flowing  off  in  the  form  of  honey.    And  it  has  been  ascer- 
tained that  the  quantity  of  oxygen  evolved  bears  a  direct  proportion  to  the  devel- 
opment of  the  disk,  t 

280.  The  life  of  the  plant  depends  upon  the  continuance  of  respiration,  for  if  it 
be  surrounded  by  an  atmosphere  with  too  great  a  proportion  of  carbonic  acid,  or 
in  a  confined  portion  of  air,  which  has  become  vitiated  by  its  own  action,  and  ex- 
cluded from  the  light,  its  respiration  is  necessarily  soon  suspended,  and  it  speedily 
perishes.  J 

281.  DIGESTION,  in  plants,  consists  properly  of  all  those 
changes  effected  by  the  leaves  in  rendering  the  crude  sap  fit  for 
the  purposes  of  nutrition.  But  that  process  which  is  more  par- 


*  Carbonic  acid  is  composed  of  6  parts  (by  weight)  of  carbon,  combined  with  16  parts  of 
oxygen. 

t  Thus  Saussure  found  that  the  flower  of  the  Arum,  while  in  bud,  consumed  5  or  6  times  its 
own  volume  of  oxygen  in  24  hours  ;  during  the  expansion  of  the  flower,  30  times2  and  during 
its  withering,  5  times.  When  the  floral  envelopes  were  removed,  he  found  that  the  quantity 
of  oxygen  consumed  by  the  stamens  and  pistils  in  24  hours,  was,  in  one  instance,  132  times 
their  own  bulk. 


CARBON.  101 

ticularly  described  under  the  head  of  digestion,  consists  in  the 
decomposition  of  carbonic  acid  by  the  green  tissues  of  the  leaves, 
under  the  stimulus  of  the  light,  the  fixation  of  the  solid  carbon, 
and  the  evolution  of  pure  oxygen. 

282.  Carbon  is  one  of  the  principal  ingredients  in  the  vegetable  structure.     The 
chief  source  from  which  plants  obtain  it  is  the  atmosphere,  which  always  contains 
it  in  the  form  of  carbonic  acid,  evolved  by  combustion,  by  the  respiration  of  ani- 
mals, from  the  earth,  &c. 

a.  'Now  if  we  place  some  fresh  leaves  in  an  inverted  bell-glass, •containing  air 
charged  with  7  or  8  per  cent,  of  carbonic  acid,  and  expose  them  to  the  direct  light 
of  the  sun  for  a  few  hours,  it  will  be  found  that  a  large  proportion  of  the  carbonic 
acid  will  have  disappeared,  and  will  be  replaced  by  pure  oxygen.'  But  this 
change  will  not  be  effected  in  the  dark,  or  by  any  degree  of  artificial  light  Ac- 
cordingly we  find  that  plants  which  grow  in  the  dark  become  blanched  from  the 
want  of  the  proper  supply  of  carbon,  on  which  then-  green  color  depends. 

283.  "We  have  before  stated  that  this  fixation  of  carbon  in  the  substance  of  the 
plant,  contravenes  the  process  of  respiration,  in  which  carbon  is  given  off.     The 
former  occurs  only  in  the  light  of  day,  the  latter  by  night  as  well  as  by  day.    But 
as  to  the  relative  amount  of  carbon  thus  absorbed  by  the  former  process,  and 
evolved  by  the  latter,  there  can  be  no  reasonable  doubt :  for  when  we  consider 
how  large  a  portion  of  the  tissues  of  every  plant  is  solid  carbon,  and  that  too, 
derived  chiefly  from  the  atmosphere,  it  is  evident  that  much  more  carbonic  acid 
is,  on  the  whole,  consumed  by  vegetation  than  is  evolved.    In  accordance  with 
this  are  the  results  of  the  experiments  of  Dr.  Daubeny,  who  has  recently  shown, 
that  '  in  fine  weather,  a  plant,  consisting  chiefly  of  leaves  and  stems,  if  confined 
in  a  capacious  vessel,  and  duly  supplied  with  carbonic  acid  during  sunshine,  as 
fast  as  it  removes  it,  will  go  on  adding  to  the  proportion  of  oxygen  present,  as  long 
as  it  continues  healthy.' 

284.  Thus  are  the  two  great  kingdoms  of  nature  rendered  mutually  subser- 
vient, each  to  the  well-being,  and  even  the  existence,  of  the  other.    Animals 
require  an  atmosphere  comparatively  pure,  although,  by  then-  respiration  and 
decay,  they  are  continually  adding  to  the  proportion  of  its  deleterious  gases. 
Plants,  on  the  other  hand,  thrive  by  the  decomposition  of  these  gases  and  the  res- 
toration of  pure  oxygen  to  the  air  in  their  stead.    It  is  impossible  not  to  admire 
this  beautiful  arrangement  of  Providence,  by  which,  as  in  a  thousand  other  cases, 
the  means  and  ends  are  rendered  reciprocal,  affording  the  highest  proof  of  wis- 
'loin  and  design. 

$  Another  view  of  respiration,  different  from  the  above,  has  been  ably  maintained ;  viz.  that 
it  is  not  a  vital  action,  but  only  a  necessary  result  of  a  temporary  suspension  of  vital  action. 
During  the  absence  of  the  vivifying  stimulus  of  the  light,  a  part  of  the  carbonic  acid  absorbed  by 
day  is  lost,  from  the  want  of  power  to  retain  it,  and  a  small  quantity  of  oxygen  is  absorbed  to 
recombine  with  some  of  the  carbon  recently  set  free.  But  as  this  theory  does  not  account  for  the 
loss  of  carbonic  acid  by  day  as  well  as  by  night,  and  moreover  supposes  imperfection  in  the  origi- 
nal design  of  the  Creator,  I  have  not  yet  seen  fit  to  adopt  it. 


K)2  INFLORESCENCE. 

CHAPTER    XIII. 

INFLOKESCENCE. 

285.  INFLORESCENCE  is  a  term  denoting  the  arrangement  of 
the  flowers  upon  a  stem  or  branch. 

286.  In  regard  to  position  upon  the  stem,  the  inflorescence, 
like  the  leaf-bud,  of  "which  we  have  shown  it  to  be  a  modifica- 
tion, is  either  terminal  or  axillary. 

a.  It  is,  however,  in  some  plants,  particularly  in  the  potatoe  tribe  (Solanaceje), 
situated  opposite  to  a  leaf.  This  irregularity  is  accounted  for,  if  we  suppose,  with 
Lindley,  that  the  flower-stalk,  originating  in  the  axil  of  the  leaf  next  below,  ad- 
heres to  the  internode  (172)  in  its  lower  part,  and  does  not  separate  from  it  until 
it  is  opposite  the  succeeding  leaf. 

287.  The  PEDUNCLE  (flower-stalk)  is  that  part  of  the  stem  on 
which  the  inflorescence  is  immediately  supported.     It  bears  no 
leaves,  or,  at  most,  only  such  as  are  reduced  in  size,  and  altered 
in  form,  called  bracts  (252).     If  the  peduncle  is  wanting,  the 
flower  is  said  to  be  sessile. 

288.  The  peduncle,  like  the  stem  of  which  it  is  a  portion,  may 
be  either  simple  or  branched.     When  it  is  simple  it  bears,  of 
course,  a  single  flower,  but  when  it  is  divided  into  branches  it 
bears  several  flowers,  and  its  final  divisions,  each  bearing  a  sin- 
gle flower,  are  called  PEDICELS. 

289.  A  SCAPE  is  a  flower-stalk  which  springs  from  a  subter- 
ranean stem,  in  such  plants  as  are  called  stemless  (177).     Ex. 
Sarracenia,  Taraxacum,  Hyacinthus.     Like   the  peduncle,   of 
which  it  is  a  modification,  it  is  leafless,  or  with  bracts  only,  and 
may  be  either  simple  or  branched. 

290.  The  RACHIS  (?«/*?,  the  spine)  is  the  axis  of  the  inflores- 
cence, or  the  main  stem  of  a  compound  peduncle,  along  which 
the  pedicels  are  arranged,  as   seen   in  the    Plantago,  currant, 
grape,  and  grasses. 

291.  The  inflorescence  is  said  to  be  solitary  when  it  consists 
of  a  single  terminal  flower,  as  in  Erythronium,  or  when  but  a 
single  axillary  flower  is  developed  at  the  same  node,  as  in  Petu- 
nia, Convolvulus. 


CENTRIFUGAL    INFLORESCENCE. 


103 


292.  In  regard  to  the  evolution  of  the  inflorescence,  that  is, 
the  mode  of  succession  in  the  development  of  the  flowers,  bota- 
nists have  recently  observed  two  important  distinctions,  namely, 
the  centripetal  and  the  centrifugal,  the  former  resulting  from 
axillary,  and  the  other  from  terminal  flowers. 

293.  In  CENTRIPETAL  inflorescence  the  evolution  (blossoming) 
of  the  flowers  commences  with  those  of  the  circumference  (or 
the  base)  and  proceeds  towards  the  centre  (or  the  summit),  as 
in  the  Umbelliferse  and  the  Craciferas. 

a.  The  student  will  readily  perceive  that  the  circumference  of  a  depressed  (flat- 
tened, inflorescence  corresponds  to  the  base  of  a  lengthened  one;  and  also  that  the 
centre  of  the  former  answers  to  the  summit  of  the  latter.  For  when  the  axis,  or 
rachis,  is  lengthened,  it  is  the  centre  which  it  bears  along  with  it  at  its  apex,  leav- 
ing the  circumference  at  the  base. 

294.  In   CENTRIFUGAL    inflorescence    the    blossoming   com- 
mences with  the  terminal  and  central   flower,   and   proceeds 
towards  the  lateral  flowers,  or  those  of  the  circumference.     Ex. 
Hydrangea,  elder,  and  the  pink  tribe. 

a.  '  This  mode  of  inflorescence  is  generally  indicated  by  the  presence  of  a  soli- 
tary floAver  seated  in  the  axils  of  the  dichotomous  (forked)  branches.'  All  the 
flowers  are  considered  terminal,  because  they  do  in  fact  (except  the  first  which 
terminates  the  axis)  terminate  lateral  branches  successively  produced  at  the  node 
next  below  the  primary  flower.  This  is  beautifupy  illustrated  in  Spergula. 


FIG.  37.  —  Modes  of  inflorescence;  1,  centrifugal  inflorescence  (cyme)  of  Cerastium  maxi- 
mum ;  2,  fascicle  ;  3,  centripetal  inflorescence  (corymb) ;  4,  spike. 

295.  Sometimes  we  find  these  two  modes  of  inflorescence 
combined  in  the  same  plant.  In  the  Composite,  as  Dr.  Gray 
remarks,  the  heads,  which  may  be  called  the  partial  inflores- 


104  INFLORESCENCE. 

cences,  are  centripetal,  while  the  general  inflorescence  is  centri- 
fugal, that  is,  the  central  head  is  developed  before  the  lateral 
ones.  But  in  the  Labiatse  the  partial  inflorescences  (verticilas- 
ters,  309)  are  centrifugal,  while  the  general  inflorescence  is 
centripetal. 

296.  Of  centripetal  inflorescence  the  principal  varieties  are, 
the    spike,     raceme,    ament,    spadix,    corymb,    umbel,    head, 
panicle,  and    thyrse. 

297.  The  SFIKE  is  an  inflorescence  consisting  of  several  ses- 
sile flowers  arranged  along  a  common  peduncle  (rachis).     Ex. 
Plantago,  Verbascum. 

298.  The  RACEME  is  the  same  as  the   spike,  but  having  the 
flowers  raised  on  pedicels,  each  being  axillary  to  a  bract,  and 
blossoming  in  succession  from  the  base  upwards.     The  raceme 
may  be  either  erect,  as  in  Hyacinthus,  Pyrola,  or  pendulous,  as 
in  the  currant  and  black  cherry. 

299.  The  AMENT,  or  catkin,  is  a  spike  whose  flowers  are  cov- 
ered each  with  a  scaly  bract,  instead  of  a  calyx  and  corolla,  and 
fall  off  together,  all  remaining  still  connected  with  the  rachis. 
Ex.  Salix,  Betula. 

300.  The  SPADIX  is  a  spike  with  a  fleshy  rachis  enveloped  in 
a  large  bract,  called  spathe.     Ex.  Arum,  Calla. 

301.  The  CORYMB  is  the  same   as   the  raceme,  having   the 
lower  pedicels  so  lengthened  as  to   elevate  all  the  flowers  to 
nearly  or  quite  the  same  level.     Ex.  wild  thorn  (CrataDgus). 

302.  An  UMBEL  resembles  the  corymb,  but  the  pedicels  are  of 
nearly  equal  length,  and  all  arise  from  the  same  point  in  the 
common  peduncle.     Ex.  Asclepias,  Aralia  hispida,  onion. 

303.  A  tfEAD  or  CAPITULUM  is  similar  to  an  umbel,  but  the 
flowers  are  sessile  or  nearly  so  upon  the  summit  of  the  pedun- 
cle.    Ex.  button-bush,  clover,  globe-amaranth  (Gomphrena). 

a.  But  the  more  common  kind  of  capitulum  is  that  where  the 
summit  of  the  peduncle  (rachis)  is  dilated  into  a  broad  disk  (re- 
ceptacle) bearing  the  sessile  flowers  upon  its  surface.     This  is 
the  kind   of  inflorescence  peculiar  to  the  vast  family  of  the 
Composites,  and  is  equivalent  to  the  compound  flowers  of  the 
earlier  botanists. 

b.  In  the  capitulum  there  is  a  general  resemblance  to  the  simple  flower,  the 


CYME. 


105 


rays  answering  to  petals,  and  the  involucre  (254)  to  the  calyx.  The  flowers  are 
called  florets,  those  in  the  outer  circle,  florets  of  the  ray,  and  those  of  the  central 
portions,  florets  of  the  disk. 

304.  The  PANICLE  is  a  compound  inflorescence,  formed  by  an 
irregular  branching  'of  the  pedicels  of  the  raceme.     Ex.  oats, 
Poa,  and  many  other  grasses. 

305.  The  THYRSE  is  the  same  as  the  panicle,  having  the 
lower  branches  rather  shorter  than  those  in  the  midst,  and  all  of 
them  very  compact,  as  in  the  lilac  (Syringa),  horse-chestnut 

a.  The  umbel  becomes  compound  when  each  pedicel  becomes 
itself  an  umbel,  as  in  most  of  the  Umbelliferae.  In  these  cases 
the  secondary  umbels  are  called  UMBELLETS,  and  sometimes 
partial  umbels.  See  $  254. 

By  a  similar  decomposition,  a  raceme  becomes  a  compound 
raceme,  a  corymb  a  compound  corymb,  &c. 


FIG.  38.  —  Modes  of  inflorescence ;  1,  raceme ;  2,  ament ;  3,  spadix ;  4,  head ;  5,  panicle ; 
6,  verticillaster}  7,  thyrse. 

306.  Of  the  centrifugal  inflorescence,  the  following  varieties 
are  described ;  namely,  cyme,  fascicle,  and  verticillaster. 

307.  CYME.     This  inflorescence  has  the  general  aspect  of  the 
coiymb,  but  is  remarkably  distinguished  from  it  by  its  centrifu- 
gal evolution,  and  by  its  branches  being  repeatedly  2-forked 
and  3 -forked,  as  exemplified  in  Hydrangea,  Viburnum,  cluck- 
weed. 


a.  The  cyme  is  found  only  in  plants  with  opposite  leaves,  and  its  normal  struc- 
ture and  development  are  as  follows     The  terminal  flower,  which  is  the  first  to 


106  INFLORESCENCE. 

be  opened,  is  borne  upon  a  peduncle  of  two  or  more  nodes,  which  are,  of  course, 
transverse  to  each  other  (219,  c).  Prom  one,  or  two,  or  all  of  these  nodes,  pairs 
of  secondary,  opposite  peduncles  arise,  each  of  which,  like  the  first,  is  binodal  or 
multinodal,  and  terminated  by  a  flower.  Again,  in  the  nodes  of  these  secondary 
peduncles,  may  arise,  in  the  same  manner  as  before,  pairs  of  tertiary  peduncles, 
each  to  be  terminated  by  a  flower,  and  perhaps  to  bear  still  other  peduncles,  and 
so  on. 

b.  Hence  it  is  evident,  that  in  each  axil  of  the  forked  branches  there  should  be 
a  solitary  flower.  This,  however,  is  often  wanting.  Irregularities  may  also  be 
occasioned  by  the  absence  of  other  parts. 

308.  FASCICLE.     This  is  a  modification  of  the  cyme,  in  which 
the  flowers  become  crowded,  and  nearly  sessile,  as  in  sweet 
william,  and  other  species  of  Dianthus. 

309.  VERTICILLASTER  or  VERTICIL,  called  also,  though  improp- 
erly, whorl,  is  a  term  denoting  those  reduced  cymes  which  are 
peculiar  to  the  Labiatse,  where  two  such  cymes  occupy  the 
opposite  axils  of  each  pair  of  leaves. 

a.  Sometimes  the  peduncle,  instead  of  producing  flowers,  is  changed  into  a  ten- 
dril, as  in  the  vine. 


CHAPTER    XIV. 

REVIEW  OF  THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  NUTRITION. 

310.  It  has  already  been  shown,  in  the  preceding  chapters, 
that  plants  consist  chiefly  of  four  simple  organic  elements ;  viz. 
carbon,  oxygen,  hydrogen,  and  nitrogen.      The  first  mentioned 
exists  in  a  larger  proportion,  the  last  in  a  smaller,  than  either  of 
the  others.     These  four  elements  constitute  about  94  per  cent 
of  all  vegetable  matter. 

311.  CARBON  (essentially  charcoal)  enters  so  largely  into  the 
composition  of  plants,  that  it  retains  the  exact  form  and  texture 
of  the  wood  after  the  other  ingredients  have  been  expelled  by 
heat.       On   this    element   chiefly   depends   their   solidity   and 
strength.     Its  proportion  is  from  40  to  60  per  cent.     NITROGEN, 
although  perhaps    equally   essential,  is  less  abundant  in   the 
tissues,  and  exists  largely  only  in  certain  important  vegetable 
products  ;  as  gluten,  legumine,  albumen. 


REVIEW  OF  THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  NUTRITION  107 

312.  Besides  these  four  universal  elements,  many  other  sub- 
stances, earthy  and  mineral,  are  found  in  quantities  greater  or 
less  in  different  species  :  thus  forest  trees  and  most  other  inland 
plants  contain  potassa ;   marine  plants,  soda,  iodine,  &c. ;   the 
grasses,  silex  and  phosphate  of  lime ;  rhubarb  and  sorrel,  oxalate 
of  lime ;    the  Leguminosse,  carbonate  of  lime.     Now  all  these 
ingredients,  being  found  in  plants,  are  inferred  to  be  essential 
elements  in  the  food  which  they  require  for  healthy  vegetation; 
and  an  inquiry  into  the  sources  from  which  they  may  be  supplied, 
constitutes  the  chief  object  of  Agricultural  Chemistry. 

313.  It  is  evident  that  plants  do  not  create  a  particle  of  matter, 
and  therefore  do  not  originate  in  themselves  any  of  the  ingre- 
dients which  compose  them;   consequently  they  must  obtain 
them  from  sources  without.     These  sources  are  obviously  air, 
earth,  and  water.     Carbon  is  derived  from  the  carbonic  acid 
which  the  atmosphere  contains,  and  from  the  decaying  vegetable 
matter  of  the  soil.     Oxygen  is  derived  from  the  water,  and  from 
the  carbonic  acid  of  the  atmosphere ;  hydrogen,  from  water  and 
ammonia ;  and  nitrogen,  from  ammonia  alone,  either  drawn  from 
the  air  or  the  soil. 

314.  The,  ATMOSPHERE  contains  about  TT5Vo-  part  of  carbonic 
acid,  diffused  throughout  the  whole  extent ;  and,  as  this  gas  con- 
tains 27  per  cent  of  carbon,  it  may  «be  demonstrated,  that  the 
whole  atmosphere  contains  at  least  fourteen  hundred  billions  of 
tons  of  solid  carbon,  derived  from  the   sources  mentioned  in 
$  282,  —  an  amount  fully  adequate  to  the  vast  and  ceaseless  drain 
made  upon  it  by  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

315.  SOIL  consists  of  two  classes  of  materials;   viz.  mineral 
and  organic.     The  former,  called  earths,  consists  of  disintegrated 
and   decomposed  rocks,  —  all  the  various  mineral  substances 
which  are  found  to  enter  into  the  composition  of  plants,  as 
potassa,  soda,  silica,  lime,  &c.  all  of  which  are  more  or  less 
soluble  in  water.     The  organic  materials  consist  of  the  remains 
of  former  tribes  of  plants  and  animals,  mingled  with  the  earths, 
which,  having  access  to  air,  are  decomposed,  evolving  carbonic 
acid  and  ammonia  both  to  the  air  and  the  water. 

316.  WATER  is  composed  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen,  in  the  pro- 
portion of  8  to  1  by  weight.     Having  pervaded  the  atmosphere 

10 


108  REVIEW  OP  THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  NUTRITION. 

in  the  state  of  vapor  and  rain,  and  percolated  through  the  soil, 
it  holds  in  solution  carbonic  acid,  ammonia,  and  many  of  the 
various  minerals  above  mentioned. 

317.  AMMONIA  consists  of  nitrogen  and  hydrogen,  in  the  pro- 
portions of  14  to  3  by  weight.     It  arises  from  decaying  animal 
and  vegetable  matter,  as  above  stated,   and  is  also  generated  in 
the  atmosphere,  during  storms,  by  the  flashes  of  the  electric 
fluid. 

318.  Thus  it  appears  that  the  three  compounds,  water,  car- 
bonic acid,  and  ammonia,  may  yield  to  plants  their  four  essential 
organic  elements.     And,  since  all  of  them  are  contained  in  the 
air,  some  plants  are  capable  of  subsisting  on  air  alone  ;  but  most 
species  are  dependent  on  water,  earth,  and  air,  and  demand  a 
copious   supply.       The   external  circumstances,  therefore,  first 
requisite  to  healthy  vegetation  are,  — 

1.  Free  access  to  an  atmosphere  which  is  often  agitated  by 
winds. 

2.  A  proper  supply  of  rain  or  river-water. 

3.  A  soil  possessing  the  peculiar  minerals  required  by  the 
species  to  be  grown  upon  it,  together  with  a  certain  proportion 
of  vegetable  mould. 

319.  The  first  of  these  is  everywhere  abundantly  supplied  by 
nature,  and  asks  no  aid  from  man.     The  second  and  third  are 
often  deficient,  and  are  to  be  supplied  by  the  labors  of  agricul- 
ture.     By  irrigation,  streams  of  water  are  turned  from  their 
natural  channels  to  add  to  the  scanty  moisture  of  fields  parched 
with  drought;   while,  by  drainage,  the  inundated  bog  is  con- 
verted into  a  luxuriant  lawn. 

320.  The  object  of  tillage  is  to  pulverize  and  lighten  the  too 
compact  soil,  and  thus  expose  every  part  to  the  oxygen  of  the 
air  in  order  to  hasten  its  decomposition.     The  object  of  manur- 
ing is  mainly  to  increase  the  quantity  of  organic  matter.     By 
various  amendments,  as  gypsum,  lime,  and  pulverized  charcoal, 
ammonia  is  powerfully  attracted  from  the  air,  and  yielded  again 
to  the  water.     Marl  promotes  the  decomposition  of  the  soil,  and 
ashes   add   to   the  potassa  which  exists  naturally  in  it  being 
derived  from  the  decomposition  of  the  rocks  which  contain  it, 
as  granite,  clay-slate,  basalt,  &c. 


REVIEW  OF  THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  NUTRITION.  109 

321.  Soils  are  often  improved  by  lying  fallow  for  a  season, 
thus  allowing  time  to  form  by  decomposition  a  fresh  supply  of 
that  particular  ingredient  which  had  been  exhausted  by  previous 
crops.     On  the  same  principle  is  explained  the  beneficial  effects 
of  a  rotation  of  such  crops  as  require  different  mineral  substances 
in  their  composition. 

322.  But  when  all  these  materials  have  been  supplied  to  the 
plant,  still  two  other  agents  are  requisite,  without  which  the  great 
work  of  vegetation  will  not  go  on.     These  life-giving  principles 
are  light  and  heat,  both  of  which  emanate  in  floods  from  the  sun. 
Under  their  influence  the  raw  material  is  received  into  the  ves- 
sels of  the  plant,  and  assimilated  to  its  own  substance,  —  a  pro- 
cess which  can  be  fully  comprehended  only  by   HIM  whose 
power  is  adequate  to  carry  it  on. 

323.  Under  the  influence  of  solar  light,  and  a  temperature 
above  the  freezing  point,  water  is  imbibed  by  the  roots  and 
raised  into  the  tissues  of  the  stem,  dissolving,  as  it  passes,  small 
portions  of  gum  or  sugar  previously  deposited  there.     In  this 
state  it  is  crude  sap.     But  passing  on  it  enters  the  leaves,  and 
is  there  subjected  to  the  action  of  the  chlorophylle  (215,  a),  which 
chiefly  constitutes  the  apparatus  of  digestion.     Here  it  is  con- 
centrated by  exhalation  and  evaporation,  sending  off  quantities 
of  pure  water.     Meanwhile  the  leaves  are  imbibing  carbonic 
acid,  decomposing  it,  retaining  the  carbon,  and  returning  pure 
oxygen  to  the  air. 

324.  Thus   elaborated,   the  sap  is  now  termed  the  PROPER 
JUICE,  and  consists  of  course  of  carbon  and  water,  with  a  little 
nitrogen,  and  minute  portions  of  the  mineral  substances  men- 
tioned  above.      From   this  juice   are  elaborated  the   building 
material  of  the  vegetable  fabric,  and  all  its  various  products  and 
secretions. 

325.  First,  by  the  aid  of  light,  chlorophylle  is  developed,  cloth- 
ing the  plant  in  living  green.     Next  lignin  is  produced,  the 
peculiar  principle  of  tissue,  whether  cellular,  vascular,  or  woody, 
consisting  of  carbon  with  the  exact  elements  of  water,  viz.  oxy- 
gen and  hydrogen. 

326.  Meanwhile  gum,  starch,  and  sugar,  nutritive  products 
common  to  all  plants,  are  also  developed  from  the  proper  juice, — 


110  REVIEW  OF  THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  NUTRITION. 

not  all  to  be  immediately  employed  in  building  up  the  tissues, 
but  mostly  to  be  stored  away  in  reserve  for  future  use.  Such 
deposits  are  made  in  the  root  of  the  beet,  tuber  of  the  potato,  and 
in  the  fruit  of  almost  all  plants.  These  three  products,  with 
lignin,  are  all  composed  of  carbon  with  the  elements  of  water,  — 
gum  and  starch  containing  them  in  the  same  proportions. 

327.  Sugar  is  sometimes  produced  directly  from  the  proper 
juice,  as  in  the  root  of  the  beet,  stalk  of  the  maize  and  sugar- 
cane ;  but  oftener,  during  germination,  from  the  starch  deposited 
in  the  seed.     Its  composition  differs  from  that  of  starch,  only  in 
containing  a  larger  proportion  of  the  elements  of  water,  or  (what 
is  the  same  thing)  a  smaller  proportion  of  carbon.     The  trans- 
formation of  starch  into  sugar  appears  to  be  dependent  on  the 
presence  of  a  certain  substance  called  "diastase;  minute  quan- 
tities of  which  exist  in  seeds,  and  about  the  eyes  of  the  potato." 

328.  The  similarity  of  these  four  general  products,  in  chemical 
constitution,  accounts  for  the  facility  with  which  they  are  con- 
verted into   each  other  in  the  growing  plant.      Thus  gum  is 
converted  into  starch  (in  which  state  it  is  best  adapted  for  pre- 
servation), and  starch  is  converted  into  sugar  ( 131 ).    In  flowering, 
sugar  is  rapidly  consumed  by  the  flower,  —  a  portion  of  it  being 
reconverted  into  starch,  and  deposited  in  the  seed.     Both  gum 
and  sugar  appear  to  be  converted  into  lignin  during  the  growth 
of  the  tissues;  and  this  substance,  in  the  laboratory  of  the  chemist, 
has  been  changed  again  into  gum  and  sugar. 

329.  Among  the  numerous  secretions  of  plants  which  our  limits 
forbid  us  to  consider,  are  the  vegetable  acids,  containing  more 
oxygen  than  exists  in  water;  and  the  oils  and  resins,  containing 
less  than  exists  in  water,  or  none  at  ail      These  substances  vary 
in  the  different  species  almost  to  infinity,  taking  into  their  con- 
stitution, in  addition  to  the  four  organic  elements,  minute  portions 
of  the   mineral   substances  introduced  by  rain-water.      Their 
peculiarities  of  flavor,  odor,  color,  properties,  &c.  although  so 
obvious  to  the  senses,  are  occasioned  by  differences  in  constitu- 
tion often  so  slight  as  to  elude  the  most  delicate  tests  of  the 
chemist 


SPECIES    AND    GENERA.  Ill 

CHAPTER    XV. 

SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY. 

§  1.    OF  THE  CLASSIFICATION  OF  PLANTS. 

330.  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY  relates  to  the  arrangement  of  plants 
into  groups  and  families,  according  to  their  characters,  for  the 
purpose  of  facilitating  the  study  of  their  names,  affinities,  habits, 
history,  properties,  and  uses. 

331.  The  student  in  botanical  science  is  introduced  into  a  boundless  field  of 
inquiry.     The  subjects  of  his  research  meet  him  at  every  step :  they  clothe  the 
hill  and  the  plain,  the  mountain  and  the  valley.     They  spring  up  hi  the  hedges 
and  by  the  wayside ;  they  border  the  streams  and  lakes,  and  sprinkle  over  its  sur- 
face; they  stand  assembled  in  vast  forests,  and  cover  with  verdure  even  the 
depths  of  the  ocean ;  they  are  innumerable  in  multitude,  infinite  in  variety.     Yet 
the  botanist  proposes  to  acquaint  himself  with  each  individual  of  this  vast  king- 
dom, so  that  he  shall  be  able  readily  to  recognize  its  name,  and  all  that  is  either 
interesting,  instructive,  or  useful  concerning  it,  whenever  and  wherever  it  is  pre- 
sented to  his  view. 

332.  Now  it  is  obvious,  that  if  the  student  should  attempt  the  accomplishment 
of  this  task  by  studying  each  individual  plant  in  detail,  whether  with  or  without 
the  aid  of  books,  the  longest  life  would  scarcely  be  sufficient  to  make  a  begin- 
ning. 

333.  But  such  an  attempt  would  be  as  unnecessary  as  fruitless.     The  Author 
of  Nature  has  grouped  these  myriads  of  individuals  into  SPECIES  (50).    When 
he  called  them  into  existence  in  their  specific  forms,  he  endowed  each  with  the 
power  of  perpetuating  its  own  kind  and  no  other,  so  that  they  have  descended  to  us 
distinguished  by  the  same  differences  of  character  and  properties  as  at  the  begin- 
ning.   When,  therefore,  the  student  has  become  acquainted  with  any  one  indi- 
vidual plant,  he  is  also  equally  acquainted  with  all  others  belonging  to  the  same 
species. 

a.  Thus  a  single  stalk  of  white  clover  becomes  a  representative  of  all  the  mil- 
lions of  its  kind  that  grow  on  our  hills  and  plains,  and  a  single  description  of  the 
white  pine  will  answer,  in  all  essential  points,  for  every  individual  tree  of  that 
ancient  and  noble  species,  in  all  lands  where  it  is  found. 

334.  Again,  the  species  themselves,  although  separated  from  each  other  by 
obvious  differences,  still  are  found  to  exhibit  many  constant  affinities,  whereby 
they  are  formed  into  larger  groups,  called  GENERA  (52).     Thus  the  white  clover 
and  the  red  (Trifolium  rcpens  and  T.  pratense)  are  universally  recognized  as  of 
different  species,  but  of  the  same  genus ;  and  a  single  generic  description  of  any 

10* 


112  SYSTEMATIC    BOTANY. 

one  plant  of  the  genus  Trifolium  will  convey  intelligence,  to  a  certain  extent, 
concerning  every  other  plant  belonging  to  its  150  species. 

335.  Thus  the  whole  vegetable  kingdom  is  grouped  into  species,  and  the  spe- 
cies themselves  into  genera.  But  natural  affinities  do  not  stop  here.  The  genera 
are  still  too  numerous  for  the  purpose  of  clear  and  systematic  study.  The  natu- 
ralist would  therefore  generalize  still  further,  and  reduce  the  genera  to  still  fewer 
and  larger  tribes  or  groups.  Accordingly  he  finds,  on  comparing  the  genera  with 
each  other,  that  they  still  possess  some  characters  in  common,  although,  perhaps, 
of  a  more  general  nature  than  those  which  distinguish  them  among  each  other. 
These  general  characters,  therefore,  serve  to  associate  the  genera  into  a  sys- 
tematic arrangement  of  Classes  and  Orders. 

336.  There  are  two  independent  and  widely  different  methods 
of  classifying  the  genera,  which  have  generally  been  approved, 
namely,  the  Artificial  System  of  Linnaeus,,  and  the  Natural  Sys- 
tem of  Jussieu.     The  former  has  for  its  basis  those  characters 
which  are  derived  from  the  organs  of  fructification,  leaving  all 
other  natural  affinities  out  of  view.     The  latter,  on  the  contrary, 
is  founded  upon  all  those  natural  affinities  and  resemblances  of 
plants,  by  which  Nature  herself  has  distinguished  them  into 
groups  and  families. 

337.  In  regard  to  the  relative  merit  of  these  two  arrangements  there  is  now  no 
longer  room  for  comparison.     That  of  Linnseus  is  truly  ingenious  and  beautiful, 
and  furnishes,  perhaps,  the  readiest  means  for  determining  the  names  of  plants 
which  has  ever  been  devised;  but  this  must  be  regarded  as  its  principal  use. 
Indeed,  its  author  Himself  did  not  design  it  for  any  higher  end,  or  claim  for  it  any 
higher  merit. 

338.  But,  in  acquiring  a  thorough  and  accurate  knowledge  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom,  the  Natural  System  is  not  only  the  best,  but  it  is  the  only  method  which 
can  be  relied  upon  for  this  purpose.     The  obscurity  and  misconceptions  which 
formerly  embarrassed  the  science  of  the  vegetable  structure,  so  as  to  render  this 
system  unavailable,  have  now  been  so  far  removed  by  the  labors  of  De  Candolle 
and  Lindley,  in  Europe,  and  of  Drs.  Torrey  and  Gray,  of  our  own  country,  that  it 
is  brought  generally  within  the  scope  of  the  ordinary  mind,  and  shown  to  be 
founded  in  true  philosophy.    Accordingly,  it  is  now  generally  adopted. 

339.  Still,  the  difficulties  attending  analysis*  by  the  Natural  System  alone, 
are  confessedly  too  great  to  be  successfully  encountered  at  the  threshold  of  the 
science,  by  him  who  has  it  yet  to  learn.    These  arise,  partly  from  the  obscurity 
of  the  characteristic  distinctions  employed,  and  partly  from  the  remaining  inac- 
curacies of  their  definitions.    On  this  account  it  has  been  thought  best  to  retain, 
in  this  work,  the  artificial  characters  of  the  Linnaean  Classes  and  Orders,  in  the 


*  Analysis,  as  used  in  botany,  denotes  the  dissection  and  examination  of  the  organic  struc- 
ture of  plants,  in  order  to  learn  their  characters,  affinities,  names,  &c.    See  §  344 — 348, 


THE    NATURAL    SYSTEM.  113 

form  of  analytical  tables,  to  be  used  simply  as  a  guide  in  the  analysis  of  plants, 
to  point  the  learner  to  the  place  in  the  Natural  System  which  his  specimen 
occupies. 

340.  The  artificial  arrangement  consists  of  classes,  orders, 
genera,  and  species.  The  two  latter  are  the  same  as  in  the  nat- 
ural system  (50,  51),  and  the  two  higher  divisions,  classes  and 
orders,  have  already  been  seen  (74,  80)  to  be  founded  upon 
the  number,  situation,  and  connection  of  the  stamens  and 
pistils. 


CHAPTER    XVI. 

OF  THE  NATUKAL  SYSTEM. 

341.  IT  is  the  aim  of  the  Natural  System  to  associate  in  the 
same  divisions  and  groups,  those  plants  which  have  the  greatest 
general  resemblance  to  each  other,  not  only  in  aspect  and  struc- 
ture, but  also  in  properties. 

342.  While  the  artificial  arrangement  employs  only  a  single 
character  in  classification,  the  natural  seizes  upon  every  charac- 
ter in  which  plants  agree  or  disagree  with  each  other.     Thus, 
those  plants  which  correspond  in  the  greatest  number  of  points 
will  be  associated  in  the  smaller  and  lower  divisions,  as  species 
and  genera,  while  those  corresponding  in  fewer  points  will  be 
assembled  in  divisions  of  higher  rank. 

343.  By  an  acquaintance,  therefore,  with  the  characters  of 
each  of  the  families  of  the  Natural   System,  we  may  at  once 
determine  to  which  of  them  any  new  plant  belongs,  what  are 
its  affinities  with  others,  and  what  are  its  poisonous  or  useful 
properties. 

344.  Although  the  aim  of  this  System  is  as  above  stated,  yet 
the  full  consummation  of  it  is  still  reserved  for  a  future  age.     At 
present,  though  greatly  advanced,  we  are  still  obliged  to  call  in 
the  aid  of  artificial  characters,  where  Nature  is  as  yet  too  pro- 
found for  ordinary  skill.     Such  aid  is,  for  example,  employed  in 
the  first  subdivision  of  Angiosperms. 


114  THE    NATURAL    SYSTEM. 

345.  The  first  and  highest  division  of  the  vegetable  kingdom, 
namely,  into  the  Phcenogamia  or  Flowering  Plants,  and  the 
Oryptogamia  or  Flowerless  Plants,  has  already  been  noticed, 
and  its  distinctions  explained,  in  Chapter  III.,  and  elsewhere. 
These  grand  divisions  lie  at  the  foundation  of  both  the  System 
of  Linnasus  and  of  Jussieu,  and  are  truly  founded  in  nature ; 
for 

The  PILSSNOGAMIA 

1.  Consist  of  a  regular  axis  of  growth  with  leafy  appendages. 

2.  They  possess  a  woody  and  vascular  structure. 

3.  They  develope  flowers,  and 

4.  They  produce  seeds.    On  the  other  hand 
The  CRYPTOGAMIA 

1.  Are  destitute  of  a  regular  axis  and  of  true  leaves. 

2.  They  possess  a  cellular  structure  only. 

3.  They  do  not  develope  flowers,  and 

4.  They  produce  SPORES  (129)  instead  of  seeds. 

346.  These  distinctive  characters  must  not,  however,  be  regarded  as  decisive  in 
all  cases ;  for  the  higher  Cryptogamia.  as  the  ferns,  give  indications  both  of  a  regu- 
lar woody  axis  and  of  a  vascular  structure,  while  some  of  the  lower  Phasnogamia 
can  scarcely  be  said  to  produce  flowers.    And,  universally,  so  gradual  are  the 
transitions  from  family  to  family  and  tribe  to  tribe,  that  it  is  impossible  to  fix 
upon  characters  so  definite  as  to  completely  circumscribe  any  one  group,  while  at 
the  same  time,  they  exclude  every  member  of  surrounding  and  approximating 
groups. 

347.  There  is  a  small  and  curious  order  of  plants  of  comparatively  recent  dis- 
covery, native  chiefly  of  the  East  Indies,  which  appear,  from  the  most  authentic 
accounts  of  them,  to  form  the  connecting  link  between  the  Flowering  and  Flow- 
erless plants,  combining  a  part  of  the  characters  of  each,  so  that  botanists  are  at 
a  loss  to  which  it  belongs.     They  possess  a  cellular  structure,  develope  flowers 
immediately  from  the  root,  whence  they  are  called  Rhizanths  (OILTJ,  a  root,  *v0o?, 
a  flower) ;  but  their  ovaries  are  said  to  be  filled  with  spores  instead  of  seeds,  and 
hence  they  are  also  called  Sporogens.    Ex.  Bafflesia. 

348.  Again,  the  Phsenogamia  are  very  naturally  resolved  into 
two  subdivisions,  depending  upon  their  manner  of  growth,  called 
EXOGENS  and  ENDOGENS,  whose  distinctions  are  briefly  as  fol- 
lows :  — 

EXOGENS, 

1.  GroAving  by  external  accretions  (196). 

2.  Bearing  leaves  which  have  reticulated  veins  (229)  and  which  fall  off  by 
an  articulation. 

3.  Seeds  with  two  or  more  cotyledons  (127)  or  dicotyledonous. 


ACROGENS.  115 

ENDOGENS, 

1.  Growing  by  internal  accretions  (197). 

2.  Leaves  parallel-veined  (229)  and  decaying  without  falling  off. 

3.  Seeds  with  one  cotyledon  (126)  or  morwcotykdonous. 

349.  Classes.     The  groups  above  mentioned,  comprising  the 
whole  vegetable  kingdom,  are  again  subdivided  into  six  classes. 
The  first  two  are  formed  from  the  subdivision  Exogens,  and  are 
founded  upon  the  presence  or  absence  of  the  pericarp ;  namely, 

Class  I.  AXGIOSPERMS,  (as  the  oak,  rose,) 

1.  Ovules  produced  within  an  ovary,  and 

2.  Fertilized  by  the  action  of  the  pollen  through  the  stigma. 

3.  Becoming  seeds  enclosed  in  a  pericarp. 

4.  Embryo  with  two  opposite  cotyledons. 
Class  II.  GYMNOSPERMS,  (as  the  pine,  yew,) 

1.  Ovules  produced  naked  beneath  a  scale-like  carpel. 

2.  Fertilized  by  the  direct  action  of  the  pollen  without  the  stigma. 

3.  Becoming  truly  naked  seeds,  that  is,  destitute  of  a  pericarp. 

4.  Embryo  mostly  with  several  whorled  cotyledons. 

350.  The  next  two  classes  are  formed  from  the  subdivision 
Endogens,  and  are  founded  upon  the  presence  and  absence  of 
glumes  or  husks ;  namely, 

Class  in.  AGLUMACE^;  or  AGLTJMACEOUS  ENDOGENS, 

Plants  of  the  endogenous  structure  with  flowers  constructed  on  the 
usual  plan;  perianth  verticillate,  of  one  or  more  whorls  of  petaloid 
organs,  or  wanting.  Ex.  lily,  orchis,  rush. 

Class  IV.  GLUMACE^:  or  GLTTMACEOTJS  ENDOGENS, 

Plants  of  the  endogenous  structure,  the  flowers  invested  in  an  imbri- 
cated perianth  of  glumes  instead  of  a  calyx ;  as  the  grasses,  grains, 


351.  The  Cryptogamia  are  separated  into  two  great  classes, 
called  Acrogens  and  Thallogens ;  the  former  including  those 
tribes  which  make  some  approximation  towards  the  Phsenoga- 
mia,  and  the  latter  including  the  lowest  tribes  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom.  As  their  names  indicate,  they  are  distinguished  from 
each  other  by  then-  manner  of  growth ;  thus, 

Class  V.  ACROGENS  (growing  from  <xxgo?,  the  summit  or  point)  have  a  regular 
stem,  or  axis,  which  grows  by  the  extension  of  the  point,  or  apex  only, 
without  increasing  at  all  in  diameter,  generally  furnished  with  leaves, 
and  composed  of  cellular  tissue  and  ducts.  Ex.  ferns,  mosses,  club- 
mosses,  and  the  Equisetaceae. 


116  THE    NATURAL    SYSTEM. 

Class  VI.  THALLOGENS,  consisting  merely  of  cellular  tissue,  with  a  tendency  to 
grow  into  a  flat  expansion  called  thallus,  but  having  no  distinction  of 
root,  stem,  leaves,  or  flowers.  Ex.  Lichens,  seaweeds,  liverworts, 
fungi. 

352.  Affinities  of  the  Six  Classes.  These  may  be  represented 
to  the  sight  by  the  following  arrangement  • 

Angiosperms. 

Gymnosperms.         Aglumacese. 

Acrogens.  Glumacese. 

Thallogens. 

Angiosperms  stand  in  the  highest  rank,  as  they  justly  merit,  by  their  superior 
organization.  These  are  nearly  allied  to  Gymnosperms  by  their  mode  of  growth ; 
and,  on  the  other  hand,  to  Aglumacese  by  their  mode  of  flowering.  Gymnos- 
perms are  intimately  connected  with  Acrogens  through  Equisetacece  of  the  latter, 
which  stands  intermediate ;  and  the  Aglumacese  approach  the  Glumaceae,  almost 
indefinitely,  through  the  Juncese  (rushes).  Between  the  Acrogens  and  Thallo- 
gens a  close  relationship  is  established  through  the  Musci  (mosses),  while  the 
sporogens  form  the  connecting  link  between  the  Endogens  and  the  lowest  tribes 
of  vegetation,  as  the  Fungi.  Thus,  from  the  highest  rank  we  descend  to  the  low- 
est, through  Gymnosperms  and  Acrogens  on  the  one  hand,  and  through  Aglu- 
maceae  and  Glumaceas  on  the  other,  forming  a  circle  of  affinities. 

353.  The  mutual  relations  of  the  six  classes  with  the  higher  divisions,  are  pre- 
sented in  the  following  synopsis : 


f  EXOGENS  ; 
f  PH.ENOGAMIA  ;  -j 
VEGETABLE  j  [  ENDOGENS  ; 


KINGDOM  ;  1 


p  n     .         .   . 

L  CKYPTOGAMIA  , 


Class     I.  ANGIOSPERMS. 
Class    II.  GYMNOSPERMS. 
Class  III.  AGLUMACEOUS. 
Class  IV.  GLUMACEOUS. 
Class    V.  ACROGENS. 


354.  SUB-CLASSES.     The  classes  are  next  to  be  broken  up 
into   smaller   divisions.     In  effecting  this   object  most  writers 
have  employed  artificial  methods,  since  no  natural  one,  founded 
upon  clear  and  comprehensive  distinctions,  has  yet  been  de- 
vised.    Thus  Angiosperms,  which  class  is  by  far  the  largest  of 
the  six,  is  divided  into  three  sub-classes.     POLYPETAL^:,  or  POLY- 
PETALOUS  EXOGENS,  flowers  with  distinct  petals;  MONOPETAL^E, 
or  MONOPETALOUS  EXOGENS,  flowers  with  united  petals  ;  APET- 
AL.E,  or  APETALOUS  EXOGENS,  flower  with  no  floral  envelopes,  or 
with  a  calyx  only. 

355.  ORDERS,  or  FAMILIES,  are  the  most  important  of  all  the 
natural  associations.     On  the  accuracy  and  distinctness  of  the 


ORDERS.  117 

characters  of  these,  botanists  have  bestowed  the  highest  degree 
of  attention,  and  the  student's  progress  will  depend  chiefly  upon 
his  acquaintance  with  them. 

356.  Orders  are  formed  by  associating  together  those  genera 
which  are  the  most  nearly  allied  to  each  other,  or  to  some  one 
genus  previously  assumed  as  the  type.     Therefore,  as  the  spe- 
cies form  genera,  so  genera  form  orders. 

357.  In  systematic  works,  the  orders  are  also  associated  on 
natural  principles  into  alliances,  groups,  &c.,  which  are  inter- 
mediate between  these  and  the  sub-classes,  and  are  designated 
numerically,  thus,  group  1st,  group  2d,  &c.,  or  by  names  derived 
from  a  leading  order. 

358.  In  regard  to  their  extent, the  orders  differ  very  widely, 
some   consisting   of  a  single  genus,  as    Sarraceniacese,  while 
others  comprehend  hundreds  of  genera,  as   Compositae.     For 
convenience'    sake  the  larger  orders  are   broken  up  into  sub- 
orders, or  tribes. 

359.  The  Natural  System,  with  its  classes  and  subordinate 
divisions,  may  be  exhibited  in  one  view ; 

The  VEGETABLE  KINGDOM  is  separated 

1st,    into  Grand  Divisions  and  Subdivisions. 

2nd,   "      Classes. 

3d,      "      Sub-classes,  Alliances,  and  Groups. 

4th,    "      Orders  and  Sub-orders. 

5th,    "      Genera  and  Sub-genera. 

6th,    "      Species  and  Varieties,  and 

7th,    "     Individuals. 


118  NOMENCLATURE. 


CHAPTER    XVII. 

§1.    NOMENCLATURE. 

360.  THE  names  of  the  Orders  are  Latin  adjectives,  (feminine,  plural,  to  agree 
with  planta,  plants,  understood,)  usually  derived  from  the  name  of  the  most 
prominent,  or  leading  genus,  in  each,  by  changing  or  prolonging  the  termination 
into  ace#,  as  Rosacea,  the  rose  tribe,  Papaveracece,  the  poppy  tribe,  from  Rosa  and 
Papaver. 

a.  Earlier  names,  however,  derived  from  some  leading  character  in  the  Order, 
and  with  various  terminations,  are  still  retained.  Thus,  Composite,  with  com- 
pound flowers  5  Labiatce,  with  labiate  flowers. 

361.  Generic  names  are  Latin  substantives,  arbitrarily  formed,  often  from  some 
medicinal  virtue,  either  supposed  or  real,  or  from  some  obvious  character  of  the 
genus ;  sometimes  from  the  native  country  of  the  plants,  or  from  the  name  of 
some  distinguished  botanist,  or  patron  of  botany,  to  whom  the  genus  is  thus  said 
to  be  dedicated.    Also  the  ancient  classic  names,  either  Latin  or  Greek,  are  often 
retained.    Examples  of  all  these  modes  of  construction  will  be  hereafter  seen. 

362.  Specific  names  are  Latin  adjectives,  singular  number,  and  agreeing  in  gen- 
der with  the  name  of  the  genus  to  which  they  belong.     They  are  mostly  founded 
upon  some  distinctive  character  of  the  species;  as    Gerardia  glauca,  glaucous- 
stemmed  Gerardia ;  G.  purpurea,  purple-flowered  Gerardia ;  G.  tenuifolia,  slender- 
leaved  Gerardia.    Frequently  the  species  is  named  after  some  other  genus,  which, 
in  some  respect,  it  resembles ;  as   Gerardia  quercifolia,  oak-leaved  Gerardia.     G. 
delphinifolia,  larkspur-leaved  Gerardia. 

363.  Species,  like  genera,  are  also  sometimes  named  in  commemoration  of  dis- 
tinguished persons.     The  rules  given  by  Lindlcy,  for  the  construction  of  such 
names,  are,  1st,  If  the  person  is  the  discoverer,  the  specific  name  is  a  substantive 
in  the  genitive  case,  singular  number ;  as,  Lobelia  Kalmii,  Kami's  Lobelia ;  Pinus 
Fraseri,  Eraser's  pine.     2d,  If  the  name  is  merely  conferred  in  honor  of  the  per- 
son to  whom  it  is  dedicated,  it  is  an  adjective  ending  in  nus,  na,  num;  as  Erica 
Linneana,  Linnams's  heath ;  jRosa  Lawrenciana,  Miss  LaAvrence's  rose.    In  these 
cases,  and  in  all  others  where  the  specific  name  is  derived  from  proper  names,  or 
where  it  is  substantive,  as  it  often  is,  it  should  begin  with  a  capital  letter. 

§  2.    BOTANICAL  ANALYSIS. 

364.  The  application  of  the  rules  of  Systematic  Botany  to  the 
natural  plant,  in  order  to  ascertain  its  affinities,  place,  name,  &c. 
is  called  botanical  analysis. 

365.  In  order  to  be  in  a  proper  state  for  this  kind  of  examina- 
tion plants  should  be  in  full  blossom,  and  fresh,  that  is,  not  with- 


PRESERVING   PLANTS.  119 

ered  or  decayed.     A  good  lens  is  requisite  for  the  examination 
of  the  minute  parts  of  the  structure,  or  of  the  flower. 

366.  The  analysis  of  plants  is  a  constant  object  of  pursuit  with  the  practical 
botanist.    Without  this  exercise, the  study  of  authors  will  be  of  little  avail.    A 
more  accurate  and  useful  knowledge  of  a  plant  can  be  acquired  in  a  few  minutes, 
by  a  careful  examination  of  the  living  specimen,  or  even  of  the  dried,  than  by  com- 
mitting to  memory  the  most  elaborate  descriptions  found  in  books.    During  the 
flowering  months,  the  learner  will  often  in  his  walks  meet  with  plants  in  blossom, 
with  which  he  is  yet  unacquainted.    And  he  who  is  duly  interested  in  his  pursuit, 
will  by  no  means  fail  to  seize  and  analyze  each  specimen  while  the  short  hour  of 
its  bloom  may  last,  and  to  store  his  memory  with  the  knowledge  of  its  names, 
habits,  and  uses.     Thus,  in  a  few  seasons,  or  even  in  one,  he  will  have  grown  fa- 
miliar with  nearly,  or  quite,  every  species  of  plants  in  his  vicinity. 

367.  Let  us  now  suppose  the  pupil  in  possession  of  a  specimen  of  an  unknown 
plant  in  full  blossom.     In  order  to  study  it  by  the  aid  of  authors,  a  point  immedi- 
ately requisite  is  its  name.    Now,  having  learned  by  examination  the  organic  and 
physiological  structure  of  the  flower,  leaves,  stem,  &c.,  the  experienced  botanist, 
who  has  at  his  command  the  characters  of  all  the  Natural  Families,  will  at  once 
determine  to  which  of  them  the  plant  belongs. 

368.  But  this  is  not  to  be  expected  of  the  pupil  who  is  supposed  to  be  yet,  in  a 
measure,  unacquainted  with  the  characters  of  the  orders.    He  must  be  guided  to 
the  place  which  his  specimen  holds  in  the  classification,  by  a  longer  course  of 
inquiry  and  comparison.    For  the  assistance  of  the  learner,  therefore,  and  for  the 
convenience  of  all,  we  are  happy  to  be  able  to  add  a  full  series  of  ANALYTICAL 
TABLES,  which,  with  proper  use,  will  seldom  fail  of  conducting  them  almost  im- 
mediately, to  the  object  of  their  research.     See  the  directions. 

§  3.  OF  COLLECTING  AND  PRESERVING  PLANTS. 

369.  The  student  in  botanical  science  should  give  an  early  and  persevering  at- 
tention to  the  collection  and  preservation  of  specimens  of  as  many  species  of 
plants  as  he  can  procure.     The  advantages  to  be  derived  from  such  collections, 
either  in  refreshing  the  memory  by  reviewing  them,  or  in  instituting  a  more 
thorough  examination  at  one's  leisure,  are  such  as  will  afford  an  abundant  com- 
pensation for  all  the  labor  requisite  in  preparing  them. 

a.  Such  a  collection  of  dried  specimens  of  plants  is  called  an  HERBARIUM,  or 
by  the  more  significant  title,  hortus  siccus  (dry  garden). 

370.  The  apparatus  requisite  for  the  accomplishment  of  this  object  is,  1st,  a 
close  tin  box,  20  inches  in  length,  and  of  a  portable  form ;  2d,  a  portable  press 
consisting  of  two  boards  of  light  material,  12  by  18  inches,  opening  and  shutting 
by  hinges,  like  the  cover  of  a  book,  and  secured  by  springs  (even  a  large  book  is 
a  good  substitute) ;  3d,  a  quantity  of  smooth,  bibulous  paper,  of  large  size  (a 
dozen  or  more  quires  of  printing  paper) ;  4th,  eight  or  ten  boards  of  the  same  size 
as  the  paper ;  5th,  a  small  screw-press,  or  several  lead  weights  of  various  sizes, 
from  15  to  30  pounds  each. 

11 


120  NOMENCLATURE. 

371.  In  gathering  plants  for  this  purpose,  or  specimens,  as  they  are  called,  the 
smaller  and  herbaceous  plants  should  be  taken  up  with  a  portion  of  the  roots, 
while  from  larger  plants  there  should  be  selected  a  shoot,  with  complete  represen 
tations  of  the  leaves  and  flowers.    They  may  be  preserved  for  several  days,  with- 
out withering,  in  the  tin  box,  or  they  may  at  once  be  laid  between  several  thick- 
nesses of  the  paper,  and  enclosed  in  the  portable  press.    It  is  always  desirable 
that  they  be  gathered  in  a  dry  day ;  if  not,  they  should  be  freed  from  dampness 
before  being  committed  to  the  paper  and  press. 

372.  In  drying  the  specimens,  great  care  is  required,  that  they  may  preserve 
well  their  natural  appearance,  form,  and  color.    It  is  generally  recommended 
that  they  be  carefully  spread  out,  as  nearly  in  their  natural  position  as  possible, 
between  8  or  10  thicknesses  of  paper,  and  then  submitted  to  pressure  between  the 
boards.    The  degree  of  pressure  should  never  be  such  as  to  crush  their  parts,  and 
may  be  easily  regulated  by  the  screw,  or  by  the  number  and  size  of  the  weights 
used.     Cotton  batting  may  be  used  to  equalize  the  pressure. 

373.  As  often  as  once  a  day  they  should  be  taken  from  the  press,  transferred  to 
fresh  and  dry  paper,  and  returned,  until  they  are  thoroughly  dried,  when  they  are 
ready  to  be  transferred  to  the  cabinet.     The  true  secret  of  preserving  specimens 
with  all  their  colors  is  to  extract  the  moisture  from  them  by  pressure  in  an  abund- 
ance of  dry,  bibulous  paper  as  soon  as  possible. 

374.  The  next  object  with  the  collector  is  the  arrangement  of  his  specimens. 
For  this  purpose,  each  one  is  first  to  be  fastened  to  a  sheet  of  firm  white  paper, 
about  10  inches  by  18,  either  by  glue  or  with  loops  of  paper  of  the  same  kind,  or 
they  may  be  stitched  to  the  paper  with  a  fine  needle.    The  latter  mode,  if  done 
skilfully,  is  preferable.    Then  let  all  those  specimens  which  belong  to  the  same 
genus  be  collected  together  and  placed  within  a  folded  sheet  of  colored  paper, 
with  the  name  of  the  genus  and  each  species  written  on  the  outside.    Each  sheet 
should  also  be  labelled  with  the  names  of  the  plant,  the  locality,  tune  of  gather- 
ing, habits,  &c. 

375.  The  genera  are  next  to  be  collected  together  into  orders,  each  order  being 
wrapped  or  folded  in  a  still  larger  sheet,  of  a  different  color  from  that  which  en- 
folds the  genera,  having  the  name  of  the  order,  with  a  catalogue  of  its  genera  on 
the  outside.    Thus  arranged,  the  orders  are  to  be  laid  away  upon  the  shelves  of  a 
cabinet,  or  packed  in  a  chest.    To  protect  the  plants  from  the  attacks  of  insects, 
pieces  of  camphor  gum  are  to  be  placed  among  them,  or  a  piece  of  sponge  satu- 
rated with  the  oil  of  turpentine.    To  save  them  from  decay,  they  should  be  kept 
dry,  and  well  ventilated. 

376.  Fruits  and  seeds  which  are  too  large  to  be  pressed  with  the  plants,  and 
also  truncheons  of  wood,  are  to  be  preserved  separately,  in  a  cabinet. 


INDEX  AND  GLOSSARY. 


»**  The  figures  refer  to  paragraphs. 


A ;  («,  privative)  in  composition  signifies 
without. 

Abortion;  an  imperfect  development  of 
any  organ.  Abbreviations,  138. 

Absorption,  157,  158,  272,  273,  274. 

Acaulescent,  184. 

Accessory ;  something  added  to  the  usual 
parts. 

Accretion ;  the  growing  of  one  thing  to 
another. 

Accumbent;  lying  upon.  In  the  Cru- 
ciferai  it  denotes  the  radicle  lying  upon 
the  edges  of  the  cotyledons. 

Acerose,  234,  26. 

Achenium,  116,  9. 

Achlamydeous,  54. 
.  Aciculaf ;  needle-shaped. 

Acine ;  a  separate  grain  or  carpel  of  a  col- 
lective fruit. 

Acotyledonous,  48. 

Acrogens,  351. 

Aculeate ;  armed  with  prickles. 

Acuminate,  236,  3. 

Acute,  236,  1. 

Adherent,  97. 

Adnate ;  growing  to  or  upon,  69,  2. 

^Estivation,  108. 

Aggregate ;  assembled  closely  together. 

Aglumaceous,  350. 

Ala,  105,  5. 

Alburnum,  203. 

Albumen,  122. 

Alternative,  108,  5. 

Alveolate ;  with  partitions  like  a  honey- 
comb. 

Ament.  299. 

Amplexicaul,  222,  3. 

Anastomosing;  the  uniting  of  vessels; 
inosculating. 

Anatropous,  121. 

Ancipital ;  two-edged. 

Andrcecium,  57, 65. 


Androgynous;  with  both  stamens  and 
pistils. 

Angiosperrns,  349. 

Anthelmintic ;  expelling  or  killing  worms. 

Animal,  definition  of,  11. 

Antiseptic;  efficacious  against  putrefac- 
tion. 

Anther,  68. 

Apetalae,  354.  Apetalous,  without  petals. 

Appressed;  pressed  closely  upon  some- 
thing else. 

Apterous ;  without  wings  (or  margins). 

Aquatics ;  growing  in  or  belonging  to  the 
water. 

Arachnoid ;  41,  a. 

Arboreous;  tree-like. 

Arborescent ;  belonging  to  a  tree. 

Areolse ;  having  the  surface  divided  into 
little  spaces,  or  areas. 

Ariditv;  dryness. 

Aril,  119.     ' 

Aristate ;  bearded,  as  in  the  glumes  of 
barley. 

Armed,  235,  7. 

Aroma ;  the  spicy  quality  of  a  thing. 

Articulation;  a  joint;  the  place  where 
one  thing  is  joined  to  another. 

Artificial  Classes,  73. 

Artificial  Orders,  80. 

Ascidia,  245. 

Ascending;  arising  obliquely,  assurgent. 

Assurgent;  arising  in  an  oblique  direc- 
tion. 

Attenuate ;  rendered  slender  or  thin. 

Auriculate,  232,  9. 

Awn,  256. 

Axil  (arm-pit);  the  angle  between  the 
petiole  and  branch,  on  the  upper  side 

Axillary ;  growing  out  of  the  axils. 

Axis,  ascending,  19. 

Axis,  descending,  19. 


122 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY. 


Baccate ;  berry-like,  covered  with  pulp. 

Banner,  105,  5. 

Bark,  205. 

Beak ;  a  hard,  short  point,  like  the  beak 

of  a  bird. 

Bearded ;  with  long  awns  or  hairs. 
Berry,  116,  14. 

Bicuspidate ;  with  two  points. 
Bidentate  ;  with  two  teeth. 
Biennial ;  of  two  years'  duration. 
Bifid;  two-cleft.  " 
Bifoliate ;  with  two  leaves. 
Bilabiate;  two-lipped. 
Bifurcate ;  two-forked. 
Binate ;  growing  two  together. 
Bipinnate,  240,  5. 
Bipinnatifid ;  twice  pinnatifid. 
Bisaccate ;  with  two  tumors  or  sacks. 
Biternate,  240,  7. 
Bivalved ;  two-valved. 
Botany  defined,  1. 
Brachiate;     with     opposite     spreading 

branches  (arms). 
Bracteate ;  having  bracts. 
BracteolfB ;  little  bracts. 
Bracts,  252. 

Branchlets ;  small  branches. 
Branch,  370. 
Bristles ;  rigid  hairs. 
Bud,  20,  22.  165—169. 
Bulb,  178. 
Bulbiferous,  178,  c. 
Bulblets,  178,  c. 
Bulbous ;  having  bulbs. 

Caducous,  98. 

Caespitose ;  turfy,  growing  in  tufts. 

Calycine ;  of  a  calyx. 

Calyculated;  having  bracteoles  resem- 
bling an  external  or  additional  calyx. 

Calyptra;  (an  extinguisher)  applied  to 
the  cover  of  the  theca  of  some  mosses. 

Calyx,  55,  95. 

Cambium,  207. 

Campanulate,  104,  1. 

Campylotropous ;  denotes  that  the  ovule 
is  curved  upon  itself. 

Canaliculate ;  channelled,  or  furrowed. 

Canescent ;  hoary,  approaching  to  white. 

Capillary ;  very  slender,  hair-like. 

Capitate ;  growing  in  a  head. 

Capsule,  116,  1. 

Carina,  105,  5.     Carinate,  keel-shaped. 

Caryopsis ;  a  small,  1-celled,  indehiscent 
pericarp,  adhering  to  the  seed  which  it 
encloses,  as  in  the  grasses.  116, 8. 

Carpels,  77. 

Carpophore ;  the  axis  of  the  fruit  in  the 
Umbelliferae. 

Cartilaginous ;  gristly. 

Caryophyllaceous,  105,  4. 

Cathartic;  purgative. 

Catkin,  299. 

Caudate ;  with  a  tail-like  appendage. 

Caudex,  142,  a. 


Caulescent,  184. 

Cauline,  220. 

Caulis,  184. 

Cellular ;  composed  of  cells. 

Cellular  tissue,  29. 

Cellulares,  47. 

Cernuous;  nodding. 

Chaffy ;  with  chaff  like  processes. 

Chalaza,  91. 

Chemical  basis  of  vegetable  tissue,  28. 

Chlorophyll,  215,  a. 

Chromulse ;  green  coloring-matter  or  par 
tides. 

Cilice ;  hairs  like  those  of  the  eyelash. 

Ciliate,  41,  a. 

Circinate,  217,  7. 

Circumscissile,  115.  5. 

Cirrhose,  240,  2. 

Clavate;  club-shaped. 

Claw,  102. 

Climbers,  187. 

Cochleate;  resembling  the  shell  of  a 
snail. 

Cohering;  connected. 

Collum,  141. 

Columella,  116,  a. 

Colored ;  not  green. 

Columnar ;  formed  like  columns. 

Column ;  the  consolidated  stamens  and 
pistils  of  Orchidacege. 

Coma,  118,  a. 

Commissure ;  the  inner  face  of  the  car 
pels  of  Umbelliferse. 

Compound  leaves,  238. 

Comose  ;  a  kind  of  inflorescence,  having 
a  tuft  of  sessile  bracts  on  the  top  of  it. 

Compound  leaves ;  consisting  of  several 
leaflets. 

Compressed,  222,  1. 

Concave ;  hollow. 

Concentric ;  points  or  lines  at  equal  dis- 
tance from  a  common  centre. 

Concrete;  hardened,  or  formed  into  one 
mass. 

Confluent ;  running  into  one  another. 

Conjugate  ;  joined  in  pairs. 

Connate;  joined  together  at  the  base, 
242,  4. 

Connectile,  68,  b. 

Connivent;  converging. 

Conoid ;  like  a  cone. 

Contorted ;  108,  4,  twisted. 

Convolute,  108,  2. 

Convex ;  rising  spherically. 

Coral  Islands,  12,  c. 

Cordate,  234,  25. 

Coriaceous ;  leathery,  thick,  and  tough. 

Corm,  179. 

Cornute ;  horned. 

Corolla,  56,  100. 

Corona  (a  crown) ;  the  expanded  cup- 
like  disk  of  the  Narcissus,  &c. 

Corymb,  301. 

Corymbose ;  arranged  like  a  corymb 

Costate;  ribbed. 


INDEX   AND    GLOSSARY. 


123 


Cotyledon,  125. 

Cotyledonous  plants,  48. 

Creeper,  182. 

Crenate,  235,  4. 

Crenulate,  235,  4. 

Crisped,  235,  10. 

Cruciform,  105,  1. 

Cryptogamia,  345. 

Cucullate ;  hooded,  cowled. 

Culm,  186,  a. 

Cultivation,  effects  of,  15. 

Cuneate ;  wedge-shaped. 

Cupule;  the  cup,  or  involucre,  of  the 
acorn,  and  of  all  amentaceous  plants. 

Cuspidate ;  like  the  point  of  a  spear.  A 
leaf  is  cuspidate  when  suddenly  con- 
tracted to  a  point. 

Cuticle  ;  the  epidermis ;  scarf-skin. 

Cyathiform  ;  cup-shaped ;  concave. 

Cylindraceous ;  like  a  cylinder  in  form. 

Cyme,  307.     Cymose,  like  a  cyme. 

Cyanic,  of  the  blue  series ;  i.  e.  white,  red, 
blue,any  color  save  yellow  or  ochroleuc. 

Decandrous ;  with  10  stamens. 

Deciduous,  98. 

Declinate ;  turned  towards  one  side. 

Decompound ;  more  than  once  compoun- 
ded, as  bipinnate,  &c. 

Decumbent;  lying  down,  or  leaning  on 
the  ground. 

Decurrent,  242,  3. 

Decussate;  crossing  each  other  at  right 
angles. 

Deflexed ;  bent  downwards. 

Defoliation,  259. 

Dehiscence,  68,  #,  115. 

Deltoid ;  shaped  like  the  Greek  letter  A. 

Dentate,  235,  2. 

Denticulate,  235,  2. 

Depressed ;  pressed  inward  or  flattened 
from  above. 

Diandrous ;  with  two  stamens. 

Diadelphous ;  having  the  stamens  united 
in  2  sets. 

Diaphanous ;  transparent. 

Dichotomous;  branching  by  two  equal 
divisions ;  forked. 

Diclinous  ;  (stamens  and  pistils)  in  sepa- 
rate flowers. 

Dicotyledonous  plants,  127. 

Didymous ;  two  united. 

Didynamous ;  having  two  long  stamens 
and  two  short  ones  in  the  same  flower. 

Diffuse;  wide-spread,  scattered. 

Digestion,  281. 

Digitate,  233,  18. 

Digynous  ;  with  two  pistils. 

Dioecious  ;  bearing  staminate  flowers  on 
one  individual,  and  pistillate  on  another. 

Discoid;  in  the  Composite,  when  the 
flowers  are  all  tubular  in  the  same 
head. 

Disk,  107,  b ;  also,  the  centre  of  a  head  in 
the  Composite. 

Jissected  ;  cut  into  2  parts. 

11* 


Dissepiment;  the  partitions  by  which 
the  cells  of  the  pericarp  are  separated. 

Dissemination  of  seeds,  135. 

Distichous ;  leaves  or  flowers  in  two  op- 
posite rows. 

Distinct,  63,  e. 

Divaricate;  spreading  in  a  straggling 
manner. 

Dodecandrous ;  having  twelve  stamens. 

Dorsal,  84  (on  the  back). 

Drupe,  116,  6. 

Ducts,  33,  /. 

Duramen,  203. 

Echinate ;  beset  with  prickles. 

Elementary  organs,  29,  &c. 

Elliptical,  232,  2. 

Elongated ;  exceeding  the  common  length. 

Emarginate,  236,  4. 

Embryo,  123,  124,  130. 

Emollient;  softening. 

Endocarp,  112. 

Endogenous  structure  210,  211. 

Endogens,  126,  197,  348. 

Endopleura,  118. 

Endosmose,  158,  a. 

Endostome ;  inner  mouth  or  perforation. 

Ensiform ;  sword-shaped,  two-edged. 

Entire,  235,  1. 

Epicarp,  112. 

Epidermis,  35. 

Epigvnous,  107,  b. 

Epiphytes,  150,  b. 

Equitant,  217,  1. 

Erose,  235,  5. 

Esculent;  eatable. 

Etiolated ;  blanched  or  whitened. 

Exhalation,  269,  271. 

Exogenous  structure,  198, 199,  &c. 

Exogens,  127,  196,  348. 

Excsmose,  158,  a. 

Exotic  ;  foreign ;  not  native. 

Exserted ;  projecting  or  extending  out  of 

the  flower  or  sheath. 
Exsiccated ;  dried  up. 
Exstipulate,  251. 
Extrorse,  68, 4. 

Faecula ;  the  nutritious  part  of  wheat  and 

other  fruits. 

Falcate ;  sickle-shaped ;  linear  and  curved. 
Farinaceous;  mealy. 
Fascicle,  308. 
Fasciculated,  146,  a. 
Fastigiate  ;  having  a  flat  or  level  top. 
Favose ;  deeply  pitted. 
Feather-veined,  230,  1. 
Febrifuge ;  efficacious  against  fever. 
Fecundation ;  the  act  of  making  fruitful. 
Ferruginous ;  iron-colored ;  rusty. 
Fibrils,  142,  b,  152. 
Fibro-vascular  tissue,  260. 
Fibrous,  146. 
Filament,  67. 
Filiform ;  shaped  like  a  thread. 


124 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY. 


Fimbriate;  fringed. 

Fistular  or  fistulous ;  tubular. 

Flabelliform ;  fan-shaped. 

Flexuous ;  bent  in  an  undulating  manner. 

Floating  root,  149. 

Floral  envelopes,  or  perianth,  54. 

Floral  leaves,  252. 

Florets,  303,  b. 

Flosculous;  consisting  of  many  tubular 

monopetalous  flowers,  or  florets. 
Flower,  origin  of,  24. 
"       consists  of,  53. 
"       physiological  structure  of,  106. 
"       normal  structure  of,  61,  c. 
Flower-bud,  166. 

Foliaceous ;  having  the  form  of  leaves. 
Follicle,  116,  5. 
Foot-stalks ;  the  stalks  of  either  flowers 

or  leaves. 
Foramen,  90. 
Fork-veined,  229,  3. 
Free,  97. 

Free  central  placenta,  88. 
Fringed  ;  having  a  border  like  a  fringe. 
Frond ;  the  leaves  of  the  ferns,  palms,  &c. 

have  been  generally  so  called. 
Fruit,  109,  110. 

"     growth  of,  113. 

"     ripening  of,  114. 

"  consists  of,  111. 
Frutescent ;  shrubby. 
Fugacious,  257,  1. 

Fungous ;  of  the  substance  of  the  Fungi. 
Funiculus,  91. 
Furcate ;  forked. 
Fusiform,  145. 

Galea ;  (104,  5)  the  arched  upper  lip  of  a 
labiate  flower. 

Geminate;  doubled. 

Genus,  52. 

Germ  ;  the  old  name  of  the  ovary. 

Germination,  130  —  133. 

Gibbous ;  swelled  out,  protuberant. 

Glabrous,  237,  1. 

Glands,  44. 

Glandular  fibre  or  tissue,  31. 

Glaucous;  sea  green;  pale  bluish  green 
with  a  powder  or  bloom. 

Globose ;  round  or  spherical. 

Glossology,  4. 

Glumaceje,  350. 

Glume,  256. 

Granular ;  147,  £,  formed  of  grains  or  cov- 
ered with  grains. 

Gregarious ;  herding  together. 

Grooved ;  furrowed  or  channelled. 

Groups,  357. 

Gymnosperms,  349. 

Gynandrous ;  having  the  stamens  and 
styles  combined  in  one  body. 

Gynoecium,  58. 

Hairs,  41. 
Hastate,  232,  10. 


Habit ;  the  general  aspect  or  external 
features  of  a  plant,  by  which  it  is 
known  at  sight. 

Head,  303. 

Helmet  or  Galea,  104,  5. 

Herb,  164,  c. 

Herbarium,  369,  370. 

Heterogamous ;  flowers  not  all  perfect, 
some  being  neutral  or  pistillate. 

Hexandrous ;  having  six  stamens. 

Hilum,  120. 

Hirsute,  41,  a. 

Hispid ;  rough,  with  stiff  hairs. 

Hoary,  237,  5. 

Homogamous;  flowers  all  tubular,  simi- 
lar and  perfect,  as  in  some  of  the  Com- 
positse. 

Homogeneous ;  having  a  uniform  nature 
or  composition. 

Hooded ;  curved  or  hollowed  at  the  end 
into  the  form  of  a  hood. 

Hot  springs,  12,  e. 

Hyaline ;  crystalline,  transparent. 

Hybrid ;  partaking  of  the  nature  of  two 
species. 

Hypocrateriform,  104,  3. 

Hypogynous,  107,  b. 

Imbricate  ;  placed  one  over  another,  like 
the  tiles  upon  a  roof,  108,  8. 

Incised,  235,  8. 

Incrassated;  becoming  thicker  by  de- 
grees. 

Indehiscent,  115. 

Indigenous ;  native  of. 

Induplicate,  108,  7. 

Incumbent;  lying  against  or  across.  In 
the  Crucifefse  it  denotes  that  the  radi- 
cle is  applied  to  the  back  of  one  of  the 
cotyledons. 

Indusium;  the  membrane  that  encloses 
the  theca  of  ferns. 

Inferior,  97. 

Inflated;  tumid  and  hollow,  blown  up 
like  a  bladder. 

Jnflexed ;  bending  inward. 

Inflorescence,  285,  &c. 

"  centripetal,  293. 

"  centrifugal,  294. 

Infundibuliform,  104,  2. 

Innate,  68,  1. 

Inserted  into ;  growing  out  of. 

Integument,  118. 

Intercellular  passages,  39. 

Internode.  172. 

Introrse,  69,  4. 

Involucel,  254. 

Involucre,  254. 

Involute,  217,  3. 

Irregular;  unequal  in  size  or  figure 

Keel,  105,  5. 

Kidney-shaped,  232,  12  (reniform). 

Labellum,  107,  a. 


INDEX   AND    GLOSSARY. 


125 


Labiate,  104,  5. 

Laciniate,  233,  20. 

Lactescent ;  milky  or  juicy. 

Lamina,  102. 

Lanate ;  "woolly. 

Lanceolate,  232,  5. 

Lateral ;  relating  to  the  side. 

Latex,  265. 

Laticiferotis  tissue,  34,  207,  c. 

Leaf  consists  of,  27. 

form  of,  231. 

color  of,  215. 

margin  of,  235. 

surface  of,  237. 

functions  of,  267. 

duration  of,  257. 
Leaf-bud,  167. 
Leaflets,  239. 

Leaves,  arrangement  of,  218. 
Legume,  116,  4. 
Leguminous ;  having  legumes. 
Lenticular ;  lens-shaped. 
Liber,  205,  206. 
Ligneous ;  woody. 
Lignla,  or  ligule ;  the  membrane  at  the 

top  of  the  sheath  of  grasses,  &c. 
Ligulate ;  strap-shaped. 
Liliaceous,  105,  3. 
Limb,  103. 
Linear,  234,  23. 
Linnean  Classes,  73,  74. 
Linnean  Orders,  80. 
Loculicidal,  115,  1. 
Loment ;  a  jointed  legume. 
Lunate ;  crescent-shaped. 
Lyrate,  232,  14. 

Marescent ;  withering  on  the  plant. 

Marginal ;  on  the  margin. 

Medulla;  pith. 

Medullary  rays,  204. 

Medullary  sheath,  200. 

Membranous,  or  membranaceous ;  -with 

the  texture  of  membrane. 
Mericarp ;  half-fruit. 
Mesosperm,  118. 
Midrib,  226.    Midvein,  226. 
Mineral  denned,  9. 
Monadelphous ;  stamens  all  united. 
Monandrous ;  with  one  stamen. 
Moniliform,  147,  b. 
Monocotyledonous  plants,  126. 
Monoecious  ;  stamens  and  pistils  apart,  in 

separate  flowers  on  the  same  plant. 
Monopetalae,  354. 
Monopetalous,  101. 
Monosepalous,  96. 
Mucronate,  236,  6. 
Multifid;  many-cleft. 
Muricate ;  with  hard  short  points. 

Naked  ovules,  or  seeds,  111,  a. 
Napiform,  145,  c. 

Narcotic ;  producing  sleep  or  torpor. 
Natural  System,  341. 


Nectariferous ;  producing  honey. 

Nectary,  107,  a. 

Nerves,  227. 

Net-veined,  229. 

Nodding ;  in  a  drooping  position. 

Node,  172. 

Normal ;  regular,  according  to  rule. 

Normal  structure  of  plants,  61. 

"       causes  of  deviation  from,  63. 
Nucleus,  90. 
Nut,  116,  7.    Nutrition,  principles  of,  310. 

Ob,  in  composition  implies  inversion,  as 
obovate,  inversely-ovate,  &c. 

Oblong,  232,  3. 

Obovate,  232,  6. 

Obvolute ;  217,  2. 

Obsolete ;  indistinct,  as  if  worn  out. 

Obtuse;  blunt.   Ochroleucous, yellowish- 

Octandrous  ;  with  eight  stamens,  [white. 

Octogynous ;  with  eight  styles. 

Officinal:  used  in  or  belonging  to  the 
shops. 

Offset,  191. 

Oleaginous,  oily. 

Operculum ;  the  lid  to  a  pyxis,  &c. 

Opposite,  218,  3. 

Orbicular,  232,  1. 

Orders,  355. 
"         names  of,  360. 

Ordinal ;  relating  to  the  Orders. 

Organic  bases,  28. 

Organography,  2. 

Orthotropous,  121. 

Oval,  234,  24. 

Ovary,  76,  77. 

Ovate ;  egg-shaped  (surface),  as  a  leaf. 

Ovoid ;  egg-formed  (solid),  as  a  fruit. 

Ovules,  81,  89. 

Paleacious,  99,  a. 

Palese,  256. 

Palmate,  147,  a. 

Panduriform;  fiddle-shaped,  rounded  at 
the  ends,  narrow  in  the  middle. 

Panicle,  304. 

Papilionaceous,  105,  5. 

Papillose ;  producing  small  glandular  ex- 
crescences. 

Pappus,  99,  a. 

Parasitic ;  growing  upon  or  nourished  by 
another. 

Parallel-veined,  229,  2. 

Parenchyma,  29,  261. 

Parietal  placenta, 

Pectinate ;  comb-like,  with  long,  narrow 
segments. 

Pedate;  when  the  palmate  leaf  has  the 
two  lateral  lobes  cut  into  two  or  more 
segments. 

Pedicel,  288. 

Pedicellate ;  furnished  with  a  pedicel. 

Peduncle,  287,  288. 

Pellucid;  transparent. 

Peltate,  233.  21. 


126 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY. 


Pendulous ;  drooping,  hanging  down. 

Pentagonal ;  with  5  sides  and  5  angles. 

Pentandrous ;  with  5  stamens. 

Pepo,  116,  13. 

Perennial ;  enduring  three  years  or  more. 

Perfoliate,  242,  2. 

Perianth,  54. 

Pericarp,  112. 

Perigynous ;  inserted  into  the  calyx. 

Peristome ;  the  rim  or  border  surrounding 
the  orifice  of  the  theca  of  a  moss. 

Permanent ;  same  as  persistent. 

Persistent,  98. 

Personate,  104,  5. 

Petal,  101. 

Petaloid ;  resembling  petals. 

Petiolate,  221. 

Petiole,  221,  222. 

Phasnogamia,  46, 345. 

Pilose,  99,  a. 

Pinnas ;  (wings)  the  segments  of  a  pinnate 
leaf. 

Pinnate,  240,  1. 

Pinnatifid,  232,  15. 

Pistil,  58,  75. 

"      physiological  structure  of,  83. 
"      theoretical  structure  of,  84. 

Pistillate ;  bearing  pistils. 

Pith,  199. 

Placenta,  87. 

Plaited,  217,  6. 

Plant  defined,  10. 

Plicate ;  folded  like  a  fan. 

Plumose,  99,  a.  * 

Plumule,  124,  b. 

Pod ;  legumes,  siliques,  &c. 

Pollen,  70. 

Polyandrous ;  with  many  stamens. 

Polyadelphous ;  stamens  united  in  seve- 
ral sets. 

Polygamous ;  having  staminate  or  pistil- 
late and  perfect  flowers  on  the  same 
tree. 

Polygynous  ;  with  many  pistils. 

Polypetalse,  354. 

Polypetalous,  101. 

Polysepalous,  96. 

Polyspermous ;  many-seeded. 

Pome,  116,  12. 

Pores;  apertures  of  perspiration  hi  the 
cuticle. 

Premorse,  145,  b. 

Prickles,  43. 

Primine,  90. 

Prismatic ;  formed  like  a  prism,  with  3 
or  more  angles. 

Procumbent ;  trailing  on  the  ground. 

Proliferous ;  forming  young  plants  about 
the  roots. 

Prostrate  ;  trailing  flat  on  the  ground. 

Pubescent,  41,  a. 

Pulp ;  the  soft,  juicy,  cellular  substance 
found  in  berries  and  other  fruits. 

Pulverulent;  powdery. 

Punctate,  237, 10. 


Pungent ;  stinging  or  pricking- 
Putamen,  112. 
Pyriform;  pear-shaped. 
Pyxis,  116, 11. 

Quinate,  241,  9. 
Quincuncial,  108,  3. 

Raceme,  298. 

Racemose ;  resembling  a  raceme. 

Rachis,  290. 

Radiate ;  when  the  outer  flowers  of  an  in- 
florescence are  largest,  or  furnished 
with  rays. 

Radiate-veined,  230,  2. 

Radical,  220. 

Radicle,  124,  a. 

Ramial,  220. 

Ramose,  144. 

Raphe,  121. 

Raphides,  29,  / 

Receptacle,  59. 

Recurved ;  bent  or  curved  backwards. 

Reflexed ;  curved  backwards  and  down- 
wards. 

Reniform,  232, 12. 

Repand,  235,  11. 

Respiration,  275  —  280. 

Resupinate;  inverted. 

Reticulate,  229,  1. 

Retrorse ;  bent  backwards. 

Retuse,  236,  5. 

Re  volute,  217,  4. 

Rhizoma,  181. 

Rhomboid ;  oval  and  angular  in  the  mid- 
dle. 

Rib  [costa] ;  ridge  caused  by  projecting 
veins,  &c. 

Ringent,  104,  5. 

Root,  136  — 160. 
"     growth  of,  153. 
"     forms  of,  143,  &c. 
"     use  of,  154. 
"     physiological  structure  of,  151. 

Rosaceous,  105,  2. 

Rostrate ;  with  a  beak. 

Rosulate ;  arranged  in  a  radiant  manner, 
like  the  petals  of  a  double  rose. 

Rotate,  104,  4. 

Rugose,  237,  9. 

Runcinate,  232,  13. 

Runner,  185. 

Saccate ;  with  a  bag  or  sack. 
Sagittate,  232,  11. 
Samara,  116,  10. 
Sap,  268. 
Sapwood,  203. 
Sarcocarp,  112. 
Scabrous;  rough. 

Scale  ;  the  bracts  of  the  Compositas. 
Scape,  186,  289. 

Scarious ;  dry,  colorless,  membranaceous. 
Scorpoid  ;  when  racemes  are  revolute  be- 
fore expansion,  as  Droscra,  &c. 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY. 


127 


Scattered,  218, 1. 

Secund ;  turned  to  one  side. 

Secundine,  90. 

Scrobiculate  ;  pitted  or  furrowed. 

Seed,  117,  &c. 

"     vitality  of,  134. 
Segments ;  parts  or  divisions. 
Seminal ;  of  the  seed. 
Sepals,  96. 
Septicidal,  115,  2. 
Septifragal,  115,  3. 
Septinate,  241,  10. 
Septum ;  a  partition. 
Sericeous,  41,  a. 
Serrate,  235,  3. 
Serrulate,  235,  3. 
Sessile,  221. 

Setaceous,  or  setose  ;  bristly. 
Setose,  99,  a. 
Sheath  ;  the  lower  part  of  the  leaf  or  leaf- 
stalk which  surrounds  the  stem. 
Shrub.  164,  6.    Signs,  128. 
Silicic,  116,  3. 
Silique,  116,  2. 
Sinuate,  232,  16. 
Sinus ;  the  recesses  formed  by  the  lobes 

of  leaves,  &c. 
Soporific ;  inducing  sleep. 
Sori ;  the  patches  of  fructification  on  the 

back  of  the  fronds  of  ferns. 
Spadix,  300. 
Spathe  ;  the  sheath  surrounding  a  spadix 

or  a  single  flower. 
Spathulate ;  obovate,  with  the  lower  end 

much  narrowed  and  tapering. 
Species,  50. 
Specific  names,  362. 
Spermoderm ;  skin  of  a  seed. 
Spike,  297. 
Spines,  171. 
Spinous.  235,  7. 
Spiral  vessels,  33,  a. 
Spongioles,  142,  c. 
Spores,  129. 
Sporogens,  347 
Sporules  or  spores,  129. 
Spur,  107,  a. 
Stamens,  57,  65,  73. 
"        consist  of,  66. 
"        and  pistils,  use  of,  92. 
Staminate  ;  with  stamens  only,  barren. 
Standard  ;  same  as  vexillum  or  banner. 
Stellate,  242,  5. 
Stem,  161. 

"     functions  of,  208,  209. 
Sterile  ;  barren,  unfruitful. 
Sternutatory ;  exciting  to  sneezing. 
Stigma,  79. 
Stings,  42. 

Stipe ;  the  stalk  of  a  pod,  of  a  fungus,  &c. 
Stipels,  251. 

Stipitate,  borne  on  a  stipe. 
Stipules,  249. 
Stipulate,  251. 
Stolon,  192. 


Stoloniferous ;  bearing  stolons. 

Stomata,  37,  38,  39. 

Straight-veined;     where    the    principal 

veins  pass  direct  to  the  margin. 
Striae  ;  small  streaks,  channels  or  furrows. 
Striate  ;  with  strise,  slightly  furrowed,  &c. 
Strigose  ;  clothed  with  short,  stiff,  and 

appressed  hairs. 
Strobile,  116, 15. 
Style,  78. 
Stylopodium ;  a  kind  of  disk  which  is 

epigynous  and  confluent  with  the  style. 
Sub  ;  in  composition,  it  denotes  a  lower 

degree  of  the  quality,  as  sub-sessile, 

nearly  sessile,  &c. 
Submersed ;  under  water. 
Subulate;  awl-shaped. 
Succulent ;  thick,  juicy,  and  fleshy. 
Suffrutescent ;  somewhat  shrubby. 
Suffraticose ;  same  as  the  last. 
Sulcate  ;  furrowed  or  grooved. 
Superior,  97. 
Suture,  84. 
Symmetrical,  61,  c. 
Syncarpous ;  when  the  fruit  consists  of 

united  carpels. 

Syngenesious ;  when  the  anthers  are  uni- 
ted into  a  tube,  as  in  Composite. 
Systematic  botany,  330. 

Tap  root,  145,  c. 

Tendril,  187,  a. 

Terete ;  rounded  or  cylindric. 

Terminal ;  borne  at  the  summit. 

Ternate,  240,  4. 

Testa,  118. 

Tetradynamous ;  with  2  short  and  4  long 
stamens. 

Tetragynous  ;  with  4  pistils. 

Tetrandrous  ;  with  4  stamens. 

Thallogens,  351. 

Thallus;  that  part  of  Lichens  which 
bears  the  fructification. 

Theca;  the  vessels  which  contain  the 
sporules  of  the  Cryptogamia. 

Thorn,  171. 

Throat;  the  orifice  of  the  tube  of  the 
corolla. 

Thyrse,  305. 

Tomentose,  41,  a. 

Toothed;  dentate. 

Torose ;  uneven  or  undulating  on  the  sur- 
face. 

Torus ;  receptacle,  59. 

Trailing ;  creeping  or  lying  on  the  ground. 

Transverse ;  cross-wise. 

Tree,  164,  a. 

Triandrous  ;  with  3  stamens. 

Tricuspidate  ;  having  three  points. 

Tridentate ;  three-toothed. 

Trifid;  three-cleft. 

Tripinnate,  239,  6. 

Triternate,  239,  8. 

Truncate ;  blunt,  as  if  cut  square  off. 

Trunk,  189. 


128 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY. 


Tube,  103. 

Tuber,  ISO. 

Tuberiferous ;  bearing  tubers. 

Tuberous,  147. 

Tubular,  103. 

Tunicated,  178,  a. 

Turbinate ;  shaped  like  a  top. 

Turgid ;  swollen. 

Umbel,  302,  a. 

Umbellet,  305,  a. 

Umbilicate ;  depressed  in  the  centre. 

Unarmed,  235,  7. 

Uncinate  ;  hooked  at  the  end. 

Undulate ;  wavy. 

Unquis ;  the  claw,  as  of  a  petal. 

Unilateral ;  one-sided. 

Utricle,  116,  8. 

Valvate,  108,  1. 
Valves,  115. 
Varieties,  51. 
Vascular  tissue,  33. 
Vasculares,  47. 
Vasiform  tissue,  32. 


Vegetable  kingdom,  variety  of,  13. 

Vegetation,  its  diffusion,  14,  a. 

Veins,  228. 

Veinlets,  228.     Veinulets,  228. 

Velvety ;  clothed  with  a  dense,  soft  pub- 
escence. 

Venation,  226. 

Ventral,  84. 

Vernation,  216. 

Verticillaster,  309. 

Verticillate,  218,  4. 

Vescicular;  bladdery. 

Vexillary,  108,  6. 

Vexillum,  105,  5. 

Villose ;  villous  :  clothed  with  long  hairs. 

Vine,  187. 

Viscid ;  clammy,  sticky. 

Vittas ;  receptacles  of  secretion  in  the 
seed  of  Umbelliferse. 

Whorled,  175. 

Winged,  222,  2. 

Wood,  201,  202. 

Woody  tissue,  or  fibre,  30. 


ABBREVIATIONS  AND   SIGNS, 


OFTEN  USED  IN  DESCRIPTIVE  BOTANY. 


ach.  achenia. 
cest.  aestivation. 
alter,  alternate. 
amplex.  amplexicauL 
anth.  anther. 
axill.  axillary. 
caL  calyx. 
caps,  capsule. 
cor.  corolla. 
decid.  deciduous. 
diam.  diameter. 
ellip.  elliptical. 
emarg.  emarginate. 
epig.  enigynous. 
/.  or  ft.  feet. 


fil.  filaments. 

fl.  flower ;  fls.  flowers. 

fr.  fruit. 

ltd.  head ;  hds.  heads. 

hyp,  hypogynous. 

imbr.  imbricate. 

inf.  inferior. 

invol.  involucre. 

irreg.  irregular. 

leg.  legume. 

7  /  •     1  /?        7 


If.  leaf;  Ivs.  leaves. 
Ifts.  leaflets. 
lorn,  loment. 
opp.  opposite. 
ova.  ovary. 


ped.  peduncle. 
pet.  petals. 
perig.  perigynous. 
perig.  perigynium. 
recep.  receptacle. 
reg.  regular. 
rkiz.  rhizoma. 
rt.  root. 
sds.  seeds. 
seg.  segments. 
sep.  sepals. 
st.  stem. 
sta.  stamens. 
sti.g.  stigmas. 
sty.  styles. 


The  names  of  the  months,  and  of  states  and  countries,  are  often  abbreviated,  and 
always  in  the  same  manner  as  in  other  works ;  thus,  Apr.  April ;  Jn.  June ;  Mass. 
Massachusetts  ;  N.  Y.  New  York ;  la.  or  Ind.,  Indiana,  &c. 

The  following  Signs  are  also  in  general  iise  :  — 

fAn  annual  plant. 
A  biennial  plant. 
A  perennial  herb. 
h  A  plant  with  a  woody  stem. 
A  staminate  flower  or  plant, 
it. 


ABBREVIATIONS,    ETC. 


129 


$  A  perfect  flower,  or  a  plant  bearing  perfect  flowers. 

8  Monoecious,  or  a  plant  with  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers. 

?  cf  Dicecious ;  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on  separate  plants. 

¥  $  tf  Polygamous ;  the  same  species  with  staminate,  pistillate,  and  perfect  flowers. 

0  Wanting  or  none. 

00  Indefinite,  or  numerous. 

0=  Cotyledons  accumbent.  } 

0 1|  Cotyledons  incumbent.  >  Used  only  in  the  Cruciferae. 

0>>  Cotyledons  conduplicate.     ) 

§  A  naturalized  plant. 

f  A  plant  cultivated  for  ornament. 

j  A  plant  cultivated  for  use.  This,  with  the  two  last,  are  placed  at  the  end  of  a 
description.  In  other  situations  they  have  their  usual  signification  as  marks  of 
division  or  reference.  In  measure  of  length,  or  other  dimensions,  the  following  signs 
are  adopted  in  this  work :  — 

f  (without  the  period)  A  foot. 

'  (a  single  accent)  An  inch. 

H  (a  double  accent)  A  line  (one  twelfth  of). 

!  The  note  of  exclamation,  now  common  in  botanical  works,  is  used  in  contrariety 
to  the  note  of  interrogation  (?).  It  denotes,  in  general,  certainty  from  personal  obser- 
vation. Affixed  to  a  locality,  it  denotes  that  the  writer  has  examined  specimens 
either  in  or  from  that  place.  Affixed  to  the  name  of  an  individual,  it  denotes  that 
the  writer  has  examined  specimens  supplied  by  him.  In  this  work  the  note  of  affir- 
mation is  used  only  where  the  fact  stated  or  implied  is  somewhat  new,  or  might 
otherwise  have  been  regarded  as  doubtful. 

Authors'  names,  when  of  more  than  one  syllable,  are  usually  abbreviated  by 
writing  the  first  syllable  and  the  next  following  or  last  consonant.  The  following 
are  nearly  all  the  names  thus  abridged  in  this  work :  — 


Adans.  Adanson. 
Agh.  Agardh. 
Ait.  Aiton. 
Arn.  Arnott. 
Bart.  Barton. 
Benth.  Bentham. 
Berl.  Berlandier. 
Bernh.  Bernhardi. 
Brongn.  Brongniart. 
Bigl.  or  Bw.  Bigelow. 
Boehm.  Boehmer. 
Bong.  Bongard. 
Br.  Brown. 
Cass.  Cassini. 
Cav.  Cavanilles. 
Darl.  Darlington. 
DC.  De  Candolle. 
Desf.  Desfontaines. 
Desv.  Desvaux. 
Dew.  Dewey. 
Duh.  Duhamel. 
Endl.  Endlicher. 
Ehrh.  Ehrhart. 
Ell.  Elliot. 


Engel.  Engelman. 
Forsk.  Forskahl. 
Froel.  Froelich. 
Gsert.  Gcertner. 
Ging.  Gingins. 
Gmel.  Gmelin. 
Gron.  Gronovius. 
Hedw.  Hedwig. 
HofFm.  Hoffmann.^ 
Hook.  Hooker. 
Juss.  Jussieu. 
Lam.  Lamark. 
Lee.  Le  Conte. 
Lindl.  Lindley. 
Linn.*  Linnaeus. 
Lk.  Link. 
Lehm.  Lehmann. 
Mart.  Martius. 
Mentz.  Mentzel. 
Michx.  Michaux. 
Mill.  Miller. 
Mirb.  Mirbel. 
Moench.  Moenchausen. 
Muhl.  Muhlenberg. 


Nutt.  Nuttall. 

Pers.  Persoon. 

Pall.  Pallas. 

Pav.  Pavon. 

Poir.  Poiret. 

Ph.  Pursh. 

R.  Br.  Robert  Brown. 

Raf.  Rafinesque. 

Rich.  Richard. 

Schw.  Schwenitz. 

Scop.  Scopoli. 

Ser.  Seringe. 

Schk.  Schkuhr. 

Sm.  Smith. 

Spr.  Sprengel. 

Sw.  Swartz. 

T.  &  G.  Torrey  &  Gray. 

Torr.  Torrey. 

Tourn.  Tournefort. 

Traut.  Trautvetter. 

Willd.  Willdenow. 

Walt.  Walter. 


ANALYTICAL  TABLES. 

The  object  of  scientific  tables  is  usually  twofold.  First,  philosophical ;  —  to  ex- 
hibit in  one  condensed  view  the  affinities  and  differences  of  the  several  subjects  to 
which  they  relate,  by  bringing  them  into  immediate  comparison  and  contrast. 
Second,  practical ;  —  to  aid  the  student  in  his  researches  by  affording  him  an 
abridged  method  of  analysis.  The  analytica.  tables  which  accompany  this  flora 
may  subserve  both  these  purposes,  but  they  are  designed  chiefly  for  the  latter ;  viz. 

*  In  this  flora,  wherever  no  authority  is  added  to  the  generic  or  specific  name,  Linn,  is  to  be 
understood. 


130  ANALYTICAL    TABLES. 

as  an  expeditious  method  of  botanical  analysis.  They  are  the  result  of  much  labor 
and  investigation,  since  each  character  employed  required  a  previous  examination 
of  all  the  species  included  under  it.  The  process  of  analysis  by  these  tables  consists 
of  a  simple  series  of  dilemmas  or  alternatives  ;  the  decision  being,  in  almost  all  cases, 
to  be  made  merely  between  two  opposite  or  obviously  distinct  characters.  These 
decisions  or  dilemmas  being,  moreover,  few  in  number,  conduct  the  student  with 
absolute  precision  (provided  the  tables  be  free  from  error,  and  the  specimen  a  good 
one)  to  the  order  or  genus  to  which  his  plant  belongs,  by  once  or  a  few  times  reading 
across  the  page.  The  advantages  thus  afforded  will  be  duly  appreciated,  at  least  by 
those  who  have  hitherto  been  subjected  to  the  drudgery  of  reading  through  whole 
pages  of  dry  generic  descriptions,  and  that  too,  often,  without  arriving  at  any  satis- 
factory conclusion. 

In  regard  to  the  generic  characters  employed  in  the  tables,  it  will  be  observed  that 
they  are  drawn  from  leaves,  fruit,  flower,  or  any  portion  of  the  plant  which  suited 
our  convenience,  —  our  only  inquiry  being  after  those  which  appear  to  us  the  most 
obvious  and  constant.  It  should  be  remarked,  however,  that  in  many  instances 
these  characters  are  not  strictly  applicable  to  all  the  known  species  belonging  to 
those  particular  orders  or  genera,  but  only  to  those  which  are  described  in  this  work ; 
that  is,  found  in  the  United  States,  north  of  lat.  3S|°.  In  our  choice  of  terms  we  have 
always,  of  necessity,  studied  the  utmost  brevity  of  expression,  but  have  used  none 
but  such  as  are  explained  in  the  glossary  or  in  the  body  of  the  work. 

Although  the  manner  in  which  these  tables  are  to  be  used  will  in  general  be  ob- 
vious at  a  glance,  yet  it  may  not  be  unprofitable  to  attend  to  the  following  directions 
and  illustrations.  We  will  suppose  the  student  to  be  in  possession  of  an  unknown 
plant  which  he  wishes  to  study  by  the  aid  of  the  Flora,  in  other  words  to  analyze. 
To  this  end,  he  first  determines  to  which  of  the  six  great  classes  of  the  natural  "sys- 
tem it  belongs,  —  either  by  his  previous  knowledge  of  their  characters,  which  should 
be  thoroughly  understood,  or  by  an  appeal  to  the  first  synoptical  view,  page  130. 
Thus  he  inquires,  — 

1.  Is  the  plant  a  flowering  or  flowerless  one  ?    Ans.  Flowering.    It  belongs  there- 
fore to  Phaenogamia.     Turn  next  to  the  2d  couplet. 

2.  Are  the  leaves  net-veined,  &c.  or  parallel-veined,  &c.     Ans.  Net-veined,  and 
the  flowers  are  not  wholly  trimerous ;  that  is,  the  petals,  sepals,  and  stamens,  are  in 
in  threes,  but  the  carpels  are  single.     The  plant  belongs,  therefore,  to  Exogens. 
Turn  to  the  3d  couplet. 

3.  Stigmas  present,  &c.  or  stigmas  0,  &c.    Ans.  Stigmas  present.     The  plant 
therefore  belongs  to  Class  I.  Angiospermous  Exogens.    Next  ascertain  to  which  of 
the  sub-classes  it  belongs,  by  synopsis  2d. 

4.  Are  the  petals  distinct,"  or  united,  or  0,  &c.  ?     Ans.  Distinct.     The  plant  will 
be  found  therefore  among  the  Polypetalous  Exogens.    Now  turn  to  the  Conspectus 
of  the  Orders  of  this  subdivision,  and  inquire, — 

7.  Is  the  plant  an  herb  or  a  shrub  ?     Ans.  A  shrub.     Turn  then  to  couplet  54. 
54.  Leaves  opposite,  or  leaves  alternate  ?     Ans.  Alternate.     Turn  to  65. 

65.  Stipules  present,  or  stipules  none  ?    Ans.  Stipules  none.     70. 

70.  Flowers  <?  $ ,  or  $  ?     Ans.  $ .     Turn  then  to  couplet  72. 

72.  Stamens  (00)  indefinite,  or  6,  or  4,  or  5  ?  Ans.  6 ;  and  the  plant  belongs  there- 
fore to  the  natural  order  Berberidaceaj.  The  pupil  now  turns  to  Order  VI.  and 
inquires  in  the  Conspectus,  — 

Is  the  plant  an  herb  or  a  shrub  ?  Ans.  A  shrub,  and  therefore  belongs  to  Berberis, 
genus  1st.  Turn  finally  to  that  genus,  and  study  the  species. 

Again,  suppose  the  plant  to  be  an  herb.     Turn  to  couplet  8. 

8.  Leaves  alternate,  &c.  or  opposite  ?    Ans.  All  radical.     9. 

9.  Stipules  present  or  0  ?     Ans.  Present  (radical).     34. 

34.  Blowers  regular  or  irregular  ?     Ans.  Regular.     35. 

35.  Stamens  monadelphous  or  distinct  ?     Ans.  Distinct,  and  the  order  sought  is 
Kosaceas.     Then  turn  to  Order  XLVIII.  and  inquire,  — 

Ovaries  free  or  adherent  ?     Ans.  Free. 

Naked  or  enclosed,  &c.  ?    Ans.  Naked. 

Are  they  3 — 50  in  number  or  1  only  ?     Ans.  3 — 50. 

Are  they  in  fruit  follicles,  a  compound  berry,  or  achenia  ?    Ans.  Achenia. 

On  a  dry  receptacle  or  juicy  ?    Ans.  Dry. 

Caudate  with  the  persistent  style  or  not '?    Ans.  Not  caudate. 

Leaves  simple  or  compound  ?    Ans.  Compound. 

Is  the  plant  caulescent  or  acaulescent  ?  Ans.  Acaulescent,  and  the  genus  is 
Waldsteinia.  Turn  lastly  to  that  genus,  and  learn  the  species.  Further  illustrations 
are  perhaps  unnecessary. 


SYNOPSIS   OF  THE  NATURAL   SYSTEM. 

Sec.  I.    Classes  and  Subclasses. 

1  Flowering  plants  (PHJENOGAMIA).  2 

I  Flowerless  plants  (CRYPTOGAMIA).  5 

2  Lvs.  net- veined  (§  229,  I).     Fls.  never  wholly  trimerous  (EXOGENS).  3 
2  Lvs.  parallel-  (rarely  net-)  veined.     Fls.  trimerous  (ENDOGENS).  4 

3  Stigmas  present.     Sds.  enclosed  in  a  pericarp.  6       ANGIOSPERMS.  I 

3  Stig.  none.  Sds.  quite  naked.  (CONIFERS.  CXXXI)  GYMNOSPERMS.  II 
4  Sepals  and  petals  verticillate  or  0.     Glumes  0.     143       AGLUMACE^.  Ill 
4  Sep.  and  pet.  none.   Glumes  altern.    Fr.  1-s'ded.  163      GLUMACEJE.  IV 

5  Stems  and  leaves  distinguishable.  164    -    -    -    -    ACROGENS.  V. 

5  Stems  and  leaves  undistinguishable.  168    -    -    -    THALLOGENS.  VI 

6  Petals  (or  petaloid  sepals)  distinct.  7 Polypetalae.  I 

6  Petals  united  (at  least  at  their  bases).  76     -    -    -    -    Moiiopetalae.  II 
6  Petals  0.     Sepals  more  or  less  united  or  none.  116    -    Apetalae.  Ill 

Sec.  II.    Orders  of  the  Polypetalous  Exogens. 
7  Herbs  (164),  annual,  biennial  or  perennial,  rarely  suffruticose  at  base.      -    -      8 

7  Shrubs  and  trees  (164). 54 

8  Leaves  alternate  or  all  radical.    ----------------      9 

8  Leaves  cauline,  opposite,  at  least  the  lower  ones.   --         -- 38 

9  Stipules  (249)  present. 34 

9  Stipules  none. ----------     10 

10  Polyandrous,— stamens  (20—200)  indefinite. 11 

10  Oligandrous, — stamens  (few)  definite.     --- 17 

II  Stamens  (hypogynous)  inserted  on  the  receptacle  (74,  Id).     -----     12 
11  Stamens  (perigynous)  inserted  on  the  calyx  or  corolla.    -------16 

12  Ovaries  simple ;  fruit  acheniate,  folliculate,  &c.,  never  capsular.   -----     13 

12  Ovaries  united  into  a  compound  capsule. - 15 

13  Leaves  never  peltate.     Seeds  albuminous. RANUNCULACEJE.  I 

13  Leaves  centrally  or  subcentrally  peltate.  Aquatic. 14 

14  Sepals  and  petals  definite  (2 — 4).   Seeds  albuminous.        -    -      CABOMBACEJE.  VII 

14  Sepals  and  petals  indefinite,  numerous.    Albumen  0.  -    -    -  NELUMBIACEJE.  VIII 

15  Sepals  and  petals  indefinite,  numerous.        -----     NYMPH.EACE.E.  IX 

15  Sepals  and  petals  5.     Lvs.  pitcher-  or  trumpet-form.     -  SARRACENIACE.K.  X 

15  Sepals  2.     Juice  usually  colored.    --------     PAPAVERACE.E.  XI 

16  Sepals  and  petals  5 — 10. r 75 

16  Sepals  and  petals  indefinite  and  confounded. CACTACE.E.  LXI 

17  Flowers  very  irregular. - 18 

17  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. ------20 

18  Filaments  6  or  8,  united  below  into  one  or  two  sets.       19 

L8  Filaments  5,  cohering  only  at  top.      ------  BALSAMINACEJE.  XXVIII 

18  Filaments  8,  distinct.     Leaves  peltate. TROPJSOLACE.E.  XXIX 

18  Filaments  8,  distinct.    Lvs.  biternate.   Vine  with  tendrils.    SAPIKDACE^.  XLI V 
19  Leaves  much  dissected  and  divided.    -------     FUMARIACE^E.  XII 

19  Leaves  simple,  entire.       ----------       POLYGALACE.E.  XVI 

20  Ovaries  superior  (97),  free  from  the  calyx  or  nearly  so.  -    --------21 

20  Ovaries  inferior,  or  wholly  adherent  to  the  calyx  (97). 32 

21  Sepals  2.     Fleshy  herbs. PORTULACACEJE.  XXIV 

21  Sepals  3  or  more. - 22 

22  Sta.  (hypogynous)  inserted  on  the  receptacle  or  torus. 23 

22  Stamens  (perigynous)  inserted  on  the  calyx. 31 

23  Sepals,  petals  and  stamens  symmetrical  (61,  c). -    -     -    -     24 

23  Sepals,  petals  and  stamens  unsymmetrical.     Fruit  a  pod.      -----    29 

24  Carpels  solitary,  fruit  simple,  one-celled. BERBERIDACE^E.  VI 

24  Carpels  3 — 5,  more  or  less  united.        --------- 25 

25  Leaves  simple.        ._.----------------    26 

25  Leaves  compound. ~    ~    ~    \ 

26  Ovary  and  capsule  one-celled.     Aquatic.      -----      DROSERACE.E.  XVIII 

26  Ovary  and  capsule  5— 10-celled. LINACEJE.  XXVI 

27  Plants  aquatic.  Fr.  2 — 5  fleshy  achenia.   Juice  acid.    LIMNANTHACEJE.  XXX 

27  Plants  not  aquatic.       --- 28 

28  Leaves  palmately  3-foliate.     Juice  acrid.       -----      OXALIDACEJE.  XXXI 

28  Leaves  pinnate,  with  pellucid  resinous  dots.     -    -     -     -        RUTACE.ZE.  XXXIV 

29  Flowers  cruciform  (105, 1).   Pod s2-carpeled,  2- celled.     -       CRUCIFERJE.  XIII 

29.  Flowers  not  cruciform,    ---- 30 

12 


132  SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM. 

30  Pods  2-carpeIed,  one-celled.       CAPFARIDACEJE.  XIV 

30  Pods  3 — 6-carpeled,  one-celled. RESEDACEJE.  XV 

31  Ovaries  (3 — 20)  as  many  as  the  sepals.    -----    CRASSULACEJE.  LXIV 

31  Ovaries  (2)  fewer  than  the  sepals.       ------    SAXIFRAGACEJE.  LXV 

32  Flowers  in  simple  or  compound  umbels.      ------------     33 

32  Flowers  in  racemes,  solitary,  &c.        ONAGRACE.E.  LV 

33  Carpels  2,  dry,  separable,  1-seeded,  indehiscent.     -     -   UMBELLIFER^E.  LXVII 

33  Carp.  2 — 5,  inseparably  combined  into  a  berry  or  drupe.   ARALIACE^:.  LXVIII 

34  Flowers  regular.      --------------------    35 

34  Flowers  irregular.    --------------------36 

35  Stamens  monadelphous  (74,  xvi). MALVACE.E.  XXXVII 

35  Stamens  distinct. ROSACES.  XLVIII 

36  Fruit  a  three-celled  capsule.       --- 37 

36  Fruit  a  legume  (116,  4). LEGUMINOSJE.  XLVL 

37  Caps,  with  3  broad  wings.  Monoecious  and  monadelphous.  BEGONIACEJE.  LVID 
37  Capsule  not  winged.     Flowers  perfect.        ------  VIOLA CE^E.  XVII 

38  Stipules  present,  sometimes  minute.        39 

38  Stipules  none.     ---------------------41 

39  Ovaries  5,  distinct  and  one-seeded  in  fruit.      -    -    -    GERANIACEJE.  XXVII 

39  Ovary  compound,  1 — 5-celled.  --- _-__40 

40  Sepals,  petals  and  stamens  5. ILLECEBRACEJE.  XXII 

40  Sepals,  petals,  stamens  and  styles  2  or  3.     Aquatic.       -         ELATINACEJE.  XXV 
41  Flowers  very  irregular.     -----------  POLYGALACE.E.  XVI 

41  Flowers  regular  or  slightly  unequal. --42 

42  Ovaries  inferior. 43 

42  Ovaries  superior. 45 

43  Calyx  adhering  only  to  the  angles  of  the  ovary.     -    -    -    -  MELASTOMACEJE.  LI 
43  Calyx  tube  wholly  adherent  to  the  ovary.     ----- 44 

44  Involucre  4-leaved, white,  subtending  the  small  cyme.  -    -    -     CORNACE.K.  LXIX 
44  Invol.  0.  (Lvs.  2  only.  BERB.  vi.  Lvs.  3,  Comp.  Aral.  LXVIII.)  ONAGRACE*:.  LV 

45  Ovaries  00,  distinct,  simple,  acheniate,  caudate.    -    -    -      RANUNCULACEJE.  I 

45  Ovaries  compound. - 46 

46  Sepals  2,  fewer  than  the  petals. PORTULACACE.E.  XXIV 

46  Sepals  3 — 5,  more  or  less  united. 47 

47  Styles  united  into  one. 48 

47  Styles  distinct. 49 

48  Sepals  equal,  combined  into  a  tube.    ---------  LYTHRACE.E.  LI1 

48  Sepals  unequal,  nearly  distinct.       -          CISTACEJE.  XIX 

49  Stamens  hypogynous  (arising  from  the  receptacle). 50 

49  Stamens  perigynous  (arising  from  the  calyx).       51 

50  Stem  tumid  at  the  nodes.     Leaves  not  punctate.  -       CARYOPHYLLACEJE.  XXIII 

50  Stem  often  ancipital.    Leaves  with  pellucid  and  black  dots.      HYPERICACE.E.  XX 

51  Stamens  20  or  more,  indefinite.     Exotic.     -     -    -       MESEMBRYACE.E.  LXII 

51  Stamens  fewer  than  20,  definite. -52 

52  Carpels  (follicles)  distinct,  always  as  many  as  the  sepals.      CRASSULACE.E.  LXIV 

52  Carpels  2 — 5,  partly  or  completely  united. 53 

53  Embryo  coiled  around  the  albumen.    Styles  3 — 5.    CARYOPHYLLACE.E.  XXIII 

53  Embryo  straight,  in  the  midst  of  the  alb.     Styles  2.     -    SAXIFRAGACEJE.  LXV 

54  Leaves  opposite.      --------------------    55 

54  Leaves  alternate. -----65 

55  Stipules  present,  deciduous.       -    - CELASTRACE.E.  XLV 

55  Stipules  none. 56 

56  Flowers  irregular. HIPPOCASTANACEJE.  XLIII 

56  Flowers  regular.       ___-__--_-----_--_--    57 

57  Stamens  (00)  indefinite,  20  or  more. 58 

57  Stamens  definite,  fewer  than  20. - 61 

58  Ovary  superior  (§  97). 60 

58  Ovary  inferior.     ---------------------59 

59  Ovary  compound,  of  3 — 5  carpels.     Leaves  dotted.    -    -    HYPERICACEJE.  XX 
59  Ovaries  00,  simple,  enclosed  in  the  fleshy  calyx.   -    CALYCANTHACEJE.  XLIX 

60  Styles  united  into  one. MYRTACEJE.  L 

60  Styles  4,  distinct. §  PHILADELPHE*;.  LXV 

61  Ovary  superior.    --------------------62 

61  Ovary  inferior. - 63 

62  Fruit  a  one-celled  capsule.     Depressed  shrubs. CISTACEJE.  XIX 

62  Fruit  2  united  samans  (116, 10).    Erect  shrubs  and  trees.      -       ACERACEJE.  XLI1 
62  Fruit  a  2-seeded  berry.    Climbing  by  tendrils.      -    -    -     VITACEJE.  XXXVIII 


SYNOPSIS  OP  THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM.  133 

63  Styles  2,  distinct.    Cymes  radiate. §  HYDEANGEJB.  LXV 

63  Styles  united  into  one. ._.-. -    -    64 

64  Berry  4-angled,  4-celled.     Exotic.  - ONAGRACE^.  IA 

64  Drupe  1— 2-celled.     Terrestrial  shrubs  or  trees.     -    -    -    -     CORKAGES.  LX1X 

64  Berry  1-celled,  1-seeded.     Parasites. LORANTHACEJS.  LXX 

65  Stipules  present,  sometimes  minute,  or  only  2  glands. "n 

65  Stipules  none.     Flowers  regular.  --------------70 

66  Flowers  regular. ;    -    -    -    -    -    -    o7 

66  Flowers  more  or  less  irregular. -    LEGUMINOSJE.  XLiVli 

67  Stamens  4 — 5,  distinct.    Erect  shrubs.  -- --68 

67  Stamens  5,  united  into  one  set.     Climbing.     -    -    -  PASSIFLORACE^.  LVII 

67  Stamens  00,  20  or  more.        --'^ 

68  Stamens  opposite  to  the  petals. RHAMNACEJE.  XL ,V1 

68  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals.      -------      CELASTRACE.E.  XLv 

69  Filaments  distinct,  hypogynous.    Flowers  very  large.   -      MAGNOLIACE*:.  IJ 

69  Filaments  distinct,  perigynous.      -    -    - ROSACES.  XLVIII 

69  Filaments  united  into  one  set.       - MALVACEAE.  XXXV  II 

69  Filaments  united  into  5  sets.     Flowers  small.      -    -    TILIACEJE.  XXXVI11 

70  Flowers  dioecious.    Climbing  vines. MENISPERMACEJE.  V 

70  Flowers  dioecious.    Erect  shrubs.      - 71 

70  Flowers  perfect. ._.------- 72 

71  Ovary  superior.     Prickly  shrubs. ZANTHOXYLACEJS.  XXXII 

71  Ovary  inferior.     Unarmed.  --------       HAMAMELACE*:.  LXVI 

72  Stamens  (00)  indefinite,  18  or  more.     Ovaries  (5  Ros.  XLVIII.)  00  or  1.    -    -    73 

72  Stamens  6,  opposite  to  the  6  petals. BERBERIDACE^E.  VI 

72  Stamens  4,  alternate  with  the  petals. .---     CORNACE.E.  LXIX 

72  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals.  -    --- 74 

73  Fruit  large,  fleshy  pods.     Flowers  trimerous  (63,  a)      -    -      ANONACE s..  IV 
73  Fruit  a  several-celled  capsule.  Fls.  pentamerous.  TERNSTRCEMACE*:.  XXXVI 

73  Fruit  a  many-celled  berry. AURANTIACE^E.^XXXV 

74  Fruit  a  dry,  one-seeded  drupe. ANACAHDIACEJE.  XXXIII 

74  Fruit  a  2-celled,  many-seeded  capsule. §  ESCALLIONE.E.  LXV 

74  Fruit  a  one-celled,  globose  berry. -    -    GROSSULACE.E.  LX 

74  Fruit  a  5-celled  baccate  drupe. -     ARALIACEJE.  LXVII 

75  Styles  several,  distinct. -----    ROSACES.  XLVIII 

75  Styles  united  into  1.    -    -    - LOASACEJE.  LVI 

Sec.  III.    Orders  of  the  Monopetalous  Exogeiis. 

76  Herbs  annual,  biennial  or  perennial.    ---------------77 

76  Trees,  shrubs  or  undershrubs. 106 

77  Stem  long;  juicy,  climbing  by  tendrils.    -----      CUCURBITACE.E.  LIX 

77  Stem  not  furnished  with  tendrils. 78 

78  Leaves  alternate  or  all  radical. 79 

78  Leaves  opposite,  cauline. -    -  "95 

78  Leaves  none.     Plant  without  verdure.     ----. 93 

79  Flowers  regular. _.._..._-_--     SO 

79  Flowers  irregular.    -------------------90 

80  Stamens  5,  cohering  by  the  anth.     Fls.  small,  in  heads.     -  COMPOSITE.  LXXV 

80  Stamens  4—10,  distinct  (or  united  and  fls.  not  capitate). 81 

81  Ovary  (inferior)  adherent  to  the  calyx  tube. 82 

81  Ovary  (superior)  free.    (Stamens  6,  diadelphous.    Vine.  19.) 83 

82  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.    -    -      CAMPANULACEJE.  LXXVII 

82  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  cor.     -    -      §  VACCINES.  LXXVIII 

83  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  slightly  united  petals.    §  PYROLE*:.  LXXVIII 

83  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla. --84 

|4  Stamens  opposite  the  segments  of  the  corolla.      -- -85 

84  Sta.  alternate  with  the  segm.  of  the  cor.     Styles  united  into  one.     -    -    -    -    86 

85  Ovary  many-seeded.     ----------      PRIMULACEJE.  LXXXII 

85  Ova.  1-s'ded.    Pet.  often  but  slightly  connected.    PLTJMBAGINACE.E.  LXXXV 
6  Acaulescent.     Fls.  spicate.     Fr.  a  minute  pyxis.     PLANTAGINACEJE.  LXXXIV 

86  Caulescent. 1 -    -     87 

87  Fruit  4  nearly  distinct  achenia  (116,  9). BORRAGINACEJE.  XCIV 

87  Fruit  compound,  capsular,  or  baccate    (follicular,  105.) 88 

88  Corolla  twisted  and  imbricate  in  aestivation.      -     -    -       POLEMOXIACEJE.  XCVI 
38  Corolla  twisted  and  plicate  in  estivation.      -    -    -      OONVOLVULACE*:.  XCVIII 

88  Corolla  in  aestivation  not  twisted. 89 

89  Fruit  a  few-(2— 4-)seeded  capsule.      .._'..     HYDHOPHYLLACE*.  XCV 


134  SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM. 

89  Fr.  a  many-seeded  capsule  or  berry.    ./Estivation  plicate.  SOLANACE.E.  XCIX 

90  Ovary  inferior.     --- - LOBEUACEJE.  LXXYI 

90  Ovary  superior. - 91 

91  Stamens  2,  or  4  and  didynamous.  --------------    92 

91  Stamens  5,  rarely  4  and  not  didynamous.  Cor.(very  irreg.18)  slightly  uneq.  115 
92  Ovary  1-celled.     Aquatic,  acaulescent.     -     -    -     -      LENTIBULACE.E.  LXXXVI 

92  Ovary  (spuriously)  4-celled. PEDALIACEJE.  LXXXIX 

92  Ovary  regularly  2-celled. SCROPHULARIACEJE.  XCI 

93  Flowers  regular. §  MONOTROPE.E.  LXXVIII 

93  Flowers  irregular. 94 

94  Erect  herbs,  color  reddish-white  or  brown.  -    -    -  OROBANCHACE.E.  LXXXVII 
94  Twining,  parasitic  vines,  orange- colored.     -    -    -    -      §  CUSCUTINEJE.  XCVI1I 

95  Herbs  with  a  watery  juice. '-96 

95  Herbs  with  a  milky  juice.     Fruit  1  or  2  follicles. -  105 

96  Corolla  limb  quite  regular,  or  else  ligulate.    ------------97 

96  Corolla  limb  more  or  less  irregular.      --------------  102 

97  Fls.  small,  in  dense,  involucrate  heads.     Fr.  achenia.     COMPOSITE.  LXXV 

97  Flowers  in  umbels,  racemes,  &c.,  not  involucrate. 98 

98  Ovaries  inferior. 99 

98  Ovaries  superior,  or  nearly  so. 100 

99  Fruit  with  2  or  more  seeds. RUBIACE.E.  LXXII 

99  Fruit  with  but  1  perfect  seed. VALERIAN  ACEJS.  LXX1II 

100  Fruit  4  nearly  distinct  achenia.      -----------  LABIATE.  XCIII 

100  Fruit  a  2-celled,  many-seeded  capsule. §  SPIGELEJE.  LXXII 

100  Fruit  a  3-celled  capsule,  loculicidal. POLEMONIACE.E.  XCVIII 

100  Fruit  a  1-celled.  many-seeded  capsule.    -------------  101 

101  Stamens  opposite  the  petals.   Placentas  central,  free.  PRIMULACEJE.  LXXXII 
101  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals.     Placentae  parietal.      -  GENTIANACE^E.  C 

102  Ovary  inferior. 103 

102  Ovary  superior.      ---- - -104 

103  Flowers  in  dense,  involucrate  heads.      ------  DIPSACE^E.  LXXI V 

103  Flowers  solitary  or  geminate.  --------      §  LONICEREJS.  LXXI 

104  Ovary  2-celled,  Sds.(few,  on  hooks.  ACANTHACEJE.XC.)  SCROPHULARIACE.ZE.  XCI 

104  Ovary  drupaceous,  entire,  2  or  4-seeded. VERBENACE^E.  XCII 

104  Ovary  deeply  4-lobed,  4  distinct  achenia  in  fruit.  -  -  -  -  LABIATE.  XCIII 
105  Flowers  with  a  corona  and  in  simple  umbels.  -  -  ASCLEPIADACE.E.  CII 
105  Flowers  with  no  corona,  and  in  cymes.  ------  APOCYNACE^E.  CI 

106  Leaves  alternate. 112 

106  Leaves  opposite. - 107 

107  Ovary  superior. 109 

107  Ovary  inferior.       108 

108  Stipules  present.   Flowers  in  globose  heads.    Stamens4.    §  CINCHONEJE.  LXXII 

108  Stipules  (mostly)  none.     Stamens  5.      -----      CAPRIFOLIACEJE.  LXXI 

109  Flowers  irregular.    Perfect  stamens  2  or  4.    -     BIGNONIACEJE.  LXXXVIII 

109  Flowers  regular. 110 

110  Stamens  10,  twice  as  many  as  the  corolla  lobes.       -      §  ERICINEJE.  LXXVIII 

110  Stamens  5,  as  many  as  the  corolla  lobes. APOCYNACE^E.  CHI 

110  Stamens  2,  fewer  than  the  corolla  lobes. Ill 

111  Corolla  imbricate  and  twisted  in  aestivation.    -    -    -    -     JASMINACEJE.  CIII 

111  Corolla  valvate  in  aestivation. OLEACE.E.  CIV 

112  Ovary  superior.      --------------------114 

112  Ovary  inferior. 113 

113  Fls.  capitate,  involucrate,  minute.     Fr.  an  achenium.     COMPOSITJE.  LXXV 

113  Fls.  racemose,  &c.  Stamens  distinct.  Fr.  a  berry.    §  VACCINEJE.  LXXVIII 

113  Fls.  racemose,  &c.  Sta.  monad.  Fr.  a  winged  drupe.  STYRACACE^E.  LXXXI 

1*4  Stamens  (hypogynous)  inserted  with  the  corolla.      -     -  §  ERICINE^E.  LXXVIII 

114  Sta.(perigynous)  inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  cor.  tube.  DIAPENSIACE^E.  XCVII 

114  Stamens  (perigynous)  inserted  into  the  cor.  tube  inside. 115 

115  Drupe  with  8  1-seeded  cells.     Petals  4. EBENACE*:.  LXXX 

115  Drupe  with  3—6  1-seeded  cells. AQUIFOLIACE.E.  LXXIX 

115  Berry  with  2  many-seeded  cells.  --------  SOLANACE.E.  XCIX 

Sec.  IV.    Orders  of  the  Apetalous  Exogens. 
116  Herbs.      -  - 117 

116  Trees,  shrubs  and  undershrubs.     ---------------130 

117  Leaves  alternate  or  all  radical. 118 

117  Leaves  opposite. 123 


SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM.  135 

118  Stipules  (pchreae)  sheathing  the  stem  above  the  nodes.      -    POLYGONACES:.  CX 

118  Stipules  0,  or  not  ochreate. 119 

119  Fruit  capsular,  3-carpeled,  3-seeded,  tripartible.  -    -   EUPHORBIACEJE.  CXXI 
119  Fruit  baccate,  10-carpeled,  10-seeded.     Fls.  purple.    PHYTOLACCACE.E.  CXI 
119  Fruit  capsular,  3 — 6-celled,  many-seeded.       ------___.  120 

119  Fruit  4-seeded.     Calyx  0.     Stamens  7.      -    -    -    -     SAURURACEJE.  CXVII 

119  Fruit  a  solitary,  1-celled,  1-seeded  utricle.     121  (or  many  distinct  achenia.  13) 

120  Flowers  with  a  petaloid  or  colored  calyx.     Aerial.    -    -    ARISTOLOCHIACE^E.  CV 

120  Flowers  with  a  green  calyx  or  0.    Aquatic.    -    -    -       PODOSTEMIACE.E.  CXX 

121  Sep. white,  petaloid,  connected  to  the  anthers  by  threads.  SANTALACEJE.  CXIII 

121  Sepals  green,  minute. --_ 122 

121  Sep.  dry  and  scarious,  with  scarious  bracts  around.  AMARANTHACE.E.  CVIII 

122  Flowers  perfect. - CHENOPODIACE*:.  CVI 

122  Flowers  moncecious  or  dioecious. URTICACE.E.  CXXX 

123  Stipules  present. URTICACE.E.  CXXX 

123  Stipules  none. 124 

124  Flowers  monochlamydeous  (with  calyx  only).     --.---____  125 

124  Flowers  achlamydeous  (with  neither  calyx  or  corolla.) 129 

124  Flowers  with  a  calyx-like  involucre ;  capsule  3-seedea.     EUPHORBIACE.E.  CXXI 
125  Stamens  numerous,  indefinite.     Sepals  distinct,  colored.      -----     13 

125  Stamens  10.     Calyx  green.      - SCLERANTHACE.E.  CVII 

125  Stamens  1,  3,  4,  5,  8. 126 

126  Calyx  large,  colored,  limb  entire,  funnel-shaped.       -    -     NYCTAGINACEJE.  CIX 

126  Calyx  small,  limb  3— 5-lobed,  or  annular. 127 

127  Ovary  (inferior)  adherent  to  the  calyx  tube. 32 

127  Ovary  (superior)  free  from  the  calyx. ------  128 

128  Capsule  1-celled,  5-seeded.     Calyx  colored. 101 

128  Capsule  1-celled,  00-seeded. 50 

128  Capsule  2— 4-celled,  00-seeded. 48 

128  Utricle  1-seeded.     Calyx  dry,  with  dry,  colored  bracts.     AMARANTACE.E.  CVIII 
129  Leaves  verticillate.    Ovary  1-secded.    -    -    -    CERATOPHYLLACE.E.  CXVIII 

129  Leaves  opposite.     Ovary  4-seeded. CALUTRICHACE^E.  CXIX 

130  Leaves  alternate.   - -  131 

130  Leaves  opposite.     Flowers  declino us. 133 

131  Stipules  present,  often  deciduous. 132 

131  Stipules  none.       139 

132  Juice  milky.      - §  MORE*.  CXXX 

132  Juice  watery,  &c. v 133 

133  Flowers  not  in  aments,  mostly  perfect  and  monochlamydeous.      -    -    -  134 
133  Flowers  amentaceous,  diclinous.      -------_-____  135 

134  Ovary  inferior.     Capsule  3 — 6-celled.      ------   ARISTOLOCHIACE.E.  CV 

134  Ovary  superior.     Samara  or  drupe  1-seeded.    Trees.     -    -    -  ULMACEJE.  CXVI 
135  Aments  pistillate  and  staminate,  globular  and  pendulous.     Trees.      -    -  137 
135  Aments  pistillate  and  staminate,  cylindric  and  oblong.      -----    -136 

136  Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  in  fruit  1-seeded.       -    -    -     -      MYRICACEJE.  CXXVI 

136  Ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled,  in  fruit  1-seeded. BETULACE^E.  CXXV 

136  Ovary  follicular,  00-ovuled,  in  fruit  00-seeded.     -     -     -      SALICACE',E.  CXXVII 

137  Fruit  2-celled,  several-seeded. -     BALSAMIFLUJE.  CXX VIII 

137  Fruit  a  1-seeded,  clavate  nut. PLATANACEJS.  CXXIX 

133  Samara  double,  winged.        62 

138  Achenium  enclosed  in  the  berry-like  calyx  tube.  -    -    -    -  ELEAGNACE^E.  CXV 
138  Fruit  capsular,  of  3,  1-seeded,  slightly  united  nuts.  -     -  EUPHORBIACE.E.  CXXI 

139  Fruit  1-celled  (ovary  1— 2-ovuled). -    -    -  140 

139  Fr.  3— 9-celled.     Fls.  perf.    Evergreen  undershrubs.    EMPETRACEJE.  CXXII 
140  Both  pistillate  and  stamin.  fls.  in  oblong  aments.  Shrubs.  MYRICACEJE.  CXX  VI 

140  Only  the  staminate  flowers  in  aments.     Trees. 142 

140  None  of  the  flowers  amentaceous.     -----------___  141 

141  Ova.  inferior.  Fls.  greenish.  Drupe  blue.   Large  trees.   SANTALACEJE.  CXIII 

141  Ova.  super.  Fls.  greenish,  deeply  cleft.  Shrubs  or  sm'll  tr's.  LAURACEJE.  CXII 

141  Ova.  superior.    Fls.  tubular,  yellow  or  white.  Shrubs.   THYMELACE.E.  CXIV 

142  Leaves  pinnate.      ----_,------      JUGLANDACE^E.  CXXI1I 

142  Leaves  simple,  straight-veined. CUPULIFER.E  CXXIV 

Sec.  V.    Orders  of  the  Aglumaceous  Eudogens. 

143  Veinlets  of  the  leaves  diverging  from  the  midvein. ._-  156 

143  Veinlets  of  the  leaves  all  parallel  with  the  midvein. 144 

143  Veinlefs  of  the  leaves  reticulated. 160 


136  SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM. 

144  Fls.  incomplete,  collec'd.  in  a  small,  round,  white  head.  ERIOCAULONACE^E.  CLIX 

144  Flowers  incomplete  and  mostly  on  a  spadix.       -157 

144  Flowers  complete  (rarely  dioecious),  never  on  a  spadix. .-  145 

145  Flowers  regular.    -    - 146 

145  Flowers  more  or  less  irregular.     --,-------_-_    -  155 

146  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary. - 147 

146  Perianth  adherent  to  the  ovary.     - 153 

147  Sepals  and  petals  similarly  colored.  -- __..  150 

147  Sepals  and  petals  differently  colored. --  148 

148  Flowers  solitary,  or  racemose,  &c. 149 

148  Flowers  densely  capitate,  yellow. XYRIDACEJE.  CLVIII 

149  Styles  and  stigmas  distinct.     Leaves  radical.      -   ALISMACE.E.  CXXXVIII 
149  Styles  and  stigmas  united  into  1.    Leaves  cauline.    COMMELINACE^E.  CLVII 

150  Styles  and  stigmas  distinct. 151 

150  Styles  and  stigmas  united  into  1. 152 

151  Perianth  scale-like,  dry. §  JITNCAGINEJE.  CXXXVIII 

151  Perianth  petaloid,  green  or  colored.     Aerial  plants.     MELANTHACE.E.  CLV 
151  Per.  petaloid,  small.  Plants  float'g  in  water.  HYDROCHARIDACEJE.  CXXXIX 

152  Flowers  succulent  and  withering,  colored. LILIACE.E.  CLIII 

152  Flowers  dry  and  (if  colored)  scarious. JUNCACE^E.  CLVI 

153  Stamens  3.       IRIDACE^.  CXLIX 

153  Stamens  6. - 154 

154  Leaves  equitant  and  channeled  (§  216,  1).  -    -    -      HJEMODORACEJE.  CXLVIII 
154  Leaves  flat  and  not  equitant.    -------      AMARYLLIDACE.K.  CXLVII 

155  Ovary  inferior.       --.-------------___  155 

155  Ovary  superior.      --___.__---       PONTEDERIACEJE.  CLIV 
156  Stamens  gynandrous  (§  74,  XX.)      --------    ORCHIDACEJE.  CXL 

156  Stamen  free,  1  only,  with  half  an  anther.  ------     CANNACEJE. 

156  Stamens  free,  3,  with  extrorse  anthers.  -    ------    IRIDACEJE.  CXLIX 

157  Root  floating  in  water.     Stamens  1  or  2.  -    -    -    -     LEMNACE^E.  CXXXV 

157  Root  fixed  in  earth. 158 

158  Stems  floating  in  water. NAIADACE/E.  CXXXVII 

158  Stems  erect,  terrestrial.  ---- __.-  159 

159  Spadix  with  a  spathe,  or  on  a  leaf-like  scape.      -    -    -  ARACE^E.  CXXXIV 
159  Spadix  without  a  spathe,  and  not  on  a  scape.      -    -    TYPHACEJE.  CXXXVI 

160  Flowers  perfect,  solitary,  or  2 — 3. TRILLIACE^E.  CLI1 

160  Flowers  dioecious. 161 

161  Leaves  cauline,  mostly  climbing  shrubs. 162 

161  Leaves  radical. ALISMACE^.  CXXXVIII 

162  Fruit  a  thin,  3-cornered  capsule. -    DIOSCOREACEJE.  CL 

162  Fruit  a  globose,  fleshy  beny.    -- --     SMILACE.E.  CLI 

Sec.  VI.     Orders  of  the  Glumaceous  Endogens. 

163  Stems  mostly  solid.     Sheaths  entire. CYPERACEJE.  CLX 

163  Stems  mostly  fistulous.  Sheaths  split  down  to  the  nodes.  GRAMINE.E.  CLXI 

Sec.  VII.    Orders  of  Cryptogamla. 

164  Plants  consisting  of  woody  and  vascular  tissue.  ----------  165 

164  Plants  consisting  of  cellular  tissue  only. 166 

165  Fruit  terminal,  cone-like.     Leaves  sheath-like.  -    -    EQUISETACEJE.  CLXII 

165  Fr.  axillary,  &c.     Leaves  1-veined. LYCOPODIACEJE.  CLXIII 

165  Fruit  borne  upon  the  veiny,  often  contracted  leaves.   -    -    FILICES.  CLXIV 

165  Fruit  radical  or  nearly  so,  of  two  kinds.    Aquatics.     MARSILEACE.S.  CLXV 

166  Leaves  veinless,  distinct  from  each  other  or  from  the  axis.     Musci.  (CLXVII^ 

166  Leaves  veiny,  mostly  confluent  into  one  expansion.     HEPATIC^.  (CLXVIII) 

167  Plants  with  no  distinct  axis  of  growth.    - 168 

167  Plants  having  a  distinct  axis,  with  whorled  branches.  CHARADES.  CLXVI 
168  Plants  aerial,  dry,  crustaceous,  on  trees,  rocks,  &c.  -  -  LICHENES.  (CLXIX) 
168  Plants  aerial,  succulent,  often  ephemeral,  never  green.  -  -  FUNGI.  (CLXX^ 
168  Plants  aquatic,  consisting  of  simple  vesicles  or  lobed  fronds.  ALGJE.  (CLXXI) 


FIRST  GRAND  DIVISION, 
PH^ENOGAMIA,  OR  FLOWERING  PLANTS. 

Plants  consisting  of  a  regular  axis  of  groioth  with  leafy  appendages 

compcsed  of  a  cellular ,  vascular  and  ligneous  structure; 

developing  flowers  and  producing  seeds. 


SUBDIVISION    FIRST. 

EXOGENS,  OR  DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS. 

STEM  composed  of  distinct  bark  and  pith,  with  an  intervening  layer 
of  woody  fibre  and  vessels.  G-ROWTH  by  annual,  concentric,  exter- 
nal zones  or  layers.  LEAVES  mostly  with  reticulated  veins,  and  fall- 
ing off  by  an  articulation.  SEPALS  and  PETALS  in  5s  and  4s  much 
oftener  than  in  3s.  EMBRYO  with  2  opposite,  or  several  whorled 
cotyledons. 

CLASS  I.     ANGIOSPERMS. 

OVULES  produced  within  an  OVARY  and  fertilized  by  the  pollen 
through  the  medium  of  the  PISTIL,  becoming  SEEDS  enclosed  in  a 
PERICARP.  EMBRYO  with  two  opposite  cotyledons. 


SUBCLASS   I.      POLYPETAL^E. 

Floral  envelops  usually  consisting  of  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the 
latter  composed  of  distinct  petals. 


ORDER  I.     RANUNCULACE.33.— CROWFOOTS. 

Herbs,  with  an  acrid,  colorless  juice. 

Leaves  mostly  alternate  and  much  divided,  with  half-clasping  petioles. 

Calyx.— Sepals  mostly  5,  sometimes  3,  4  or  6,  mostly  deciduous,  andimbricated  in  aestivation. 

Corolla.— Petals  3—15,  hypogynous,  sometimes  irregular  or  0. 

Stamens  00,  distinct,  hypogynous.    Anthers,  adnate  or  innate. 

Ovaries  00,  rarely  solitary  or  few,  distinct,  seated  on  the  torus. 

Fruit  either  dry  achenia,  or  baccate,  or  follicular. 

Embryo  minute,  at  the  base  of  horny  or  fleshy  albumen. 

Genera  41,  species  about  1000  (Lindley),  mostly  natives  of  cold,  damp  climates.  Europe  is  supposed 
to  contain  one  fifth  of  the  species,  North  America  one-seventh,  India  one-twenty-fifth,  South  America 
one-seventeenth,  Africa  very  few,  and  New  Holland  but  18. 

Properties.—  Almost  all  the  genera  contain  an  acrid  juice  highly  prejudicial  to  animal  life,  but  easily 
decomposed  and  deprived  of  its  activity  by  a  heat  of  212  deg.  They  also  lose  their  poisonous  qualities  in 
drying.  This  order  is  rk-h  in  ornamental  cultivated  plants. 


138 


I.    RANUNCULACE^E. 


CLEMATIS. 


f  Sepals 
I  equal.  . 

I  Sepals 
follicular.    [unequal, 


I"  Pet.  small. 
\  Petals  0. 


PIG.  39  —1.  Ranunculus  bulbosus.  2.  A  petal  with  the  nectariferous  scale.  3.  A  carpel  with  its  beak. 
4.  Vertical  section,  showing  the  erect  ovule.  5.  Aquilegia  Canadensis.  6.  Torus,  with  the  stamens  and 
pistils,  and  a  petal  attached.  7.  Follicle.  8.  Seed.  9.  Its  vertical  section,  showing  the  funiculus  and 
minute  embryo.  10.  Cross  section  of  the  flower,  showing  the  arrangement  of  the  5  ovaries,  the  20 
stamens  in  4  series,  &c. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(  Pet.  Mipped.  Trollius.  7 

Flowers    (  cauline.  \  Pet.  2-lipped.  Helleborus.  8 

solitary,    f  radical.        .        .        .  Copt  is  9 

(white.         .  Cimicifuga.  15 

Flowers  racemose,  \  dark  purple.  Zanthorhiza.  19 

Calyx  white.          ....  Isopyrum.  10 

Calyx  bright  yellow.     .       .        .  Caltha.  6 

(plane,  3-lobed.     .        .  Nigella.  22 

.  I  Petals  conspicuous,      (  all  spurred  behind.     .  Aquilegia.  11 

( upper  one  large,  vaulted.     .        .  Aconitum.  13 

(colored,  ..  (upper  one  spurred  behind.  .        .  Delphinium.  12 

.  (green  and  foliaceous.    Petals  plane.         .        .  Pcconia.  21 

( palmate.     .  Trautvetteria.  16 

(Leaves  alternate,    if  2— 3-ternate.  Thalictrum,  17 

(Invol.  0.  .  .( Leaves  opposite.  Mostly  climbers..  Clematis.  l 

(Petals  0,  or  <  Involucre  calyx-like,  near  the  flower.       .        .  Hepatica.  3 

inconspicu.  (  Involucre  leaf-like,  remote  from  flower.  .        .  Anemone.  2 

( with  no  nectary,  scarlet.      .        .  Adonis.  4 

\  with  nectariferous,  tubular  claws.  Myosiirus.  18 

Petals  conspicuous,  .  .  .  f  with  a  nectariferous  scale  at  base.  Ranunculus.  5 

( solitary,  many-seeded.     Flowers  racemose Actcca.  14 

Carpels       baccate,      (numerous,  1—2-seeded.     Flowers  solitary Hydrastis.  20 

1.   CLEMATIS. 

Gr.  K\rjfjia,  a  tendril ;  climbing  by  tendrils,  or  twining  petioles  instead. 

Calyx  4-(rarely  5,  6  or  8-)  sepaled,  colored,  pubescent;  corolla  0, 
or  smaller  than  the  calyx ;  filaments  00,  shorter  than  the  sepals ; 
ovaries  4 — 20 ;  styles  longer  than  the  stamens  ;  achenia  caudate  with 
the  long,  plumose,  permanent  style. — %  Mostly  climbing.  Leaves 
mostly  compound  and  opposite. 


ANEMONE.  I.  RANQNCULACE^E.  139 

§  Sepals  4.     Petals  several,  minute.    ATRAGENE.    DC. 

1.  C.  VERTICILLARIS.    DC.     (Atragene  Americana,  Sims.}    Whorl-leaved 
Virgin's  Boiccr. 

Climbing;  Irs.  in  4s.,  verticillate.  ternate;  Ifts.  cordate,  nearly  entire; 
ped.  1-flowered;  sepals  very  large,  acute. — A  handsome  climber  in  highland 
woods,  Vt.,  (Dr.  Phelps}  to  N.  Car.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mts.  Stem  ascending  trees 
15f  by  means  of  its  twisting  petioles.  At  each  node  is  a  whorl  of  four  3-foliate 
leaves,  and  2  large  purple  flowers.  Leaflets  acute,  1 — 2'  by  \ — 1'.  Sepals 
thick,  15"  by  5".  Filaments  about  24,  outer  ones  (petals  7)  dilated,  spatulate, 
tipped  with  imperfect  anthers.  May,  Jn. 

§§  Petals  0.     CLEMATIS  proper. 

2.  C.  VIRSINIANA.     Virgin's  Bower. 

St.  climbing ;  Ivs.  ternate ;  Ifts.,  ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  lobed  and  cut- 
dentate  ;  fls.  often  9  J\  paniculate. — A  common,  hardy  climber  in  hedges  and 
thickets,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  the  Miss.  Stem  8 — 15  f.  in  length,  supporting  itself 
on  fences  and  brushwood  by  means  of  the  long  petioles.  Leaflets  2 — 3'  by 
\\ — 2',  with  mucronate  teeth.  Sepals  4,  white,  oval-oblong,  obtuse.  Sta- 
mens 28 — 36.  Panicles  large,  axillary,  dichotomous.  Fruit  furnished  with 
long,  plumose  tails  (caudas),  appearing  in  large,  downy  tufts.  Aug.  f 

3.  C.  VIORNA.     Leather  Flower. 

St.  climbing ;  Irs.  pinnately  divided ;  Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  each 
end,  entire  or  3-lobed ;  fls.  solitary,  campanulate ;  sep.  thick  and  leathery,  acumi- 
nate.— In  woods,  Penn.  to  111.  (Jenny]  and  Ga.  Stem  10 — 15f  in  length,  cyl- 
indrical, striate.  Leaves  opposite,  decompound,  consisting  of  9 — 12  leaflets. 
Flowers  axillary,  purple,  large,  nodding.  Peduncle  3 — 6'  long,  with  a  pair  of 
small,  simple,  entire  leaves  near  the  middle.  Fruit  with  long,  plumose  tails, 
Jn.  Jl.t 

4.  C.  OCHROLEUCA.     Ait.  (C.  sericea.    Michx.}    Erect  Clematis. 

St.  herbaceous,  erect,  simple,  silky-pubescent ;  Ivs.  undivided,  ovate,  entire, 
silky  beneath ;  fls.  pedunculate,  terminal,  solitary,  inclined  to  one  side ;  cal. 
silky  outside. — Mts.  and  river  banks,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  An  erect  species,  12— -18' 
high.  Leaves  subsessile,  2 — 4'  long,  two-thirds  as  wide,  with  prominent  veins, 
upper  surface  becoming  glabrous.  Flowery  yellowish  white  (ochroleucous), 
camr>anulate  in  form.  May,  Jn. 

5.  C.  CRISPA.     Crisp-flowered  Clematis. 

St.  climbing ;  Ivs.  pinnate  and  ternate  ;  Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate,  very  acute, 
3-lobed  or  entire ;  fls.  solitary ;  sep.  acuminate,  revolute,  thick,  with  undulate 
and  crisped  margins. — Va.  to  Flor.  Stem  striate,  6— 8f  long.  Flowers  a 
third  smaller  than  in  C.  Viorna,  pale-purple,  campanulate.  Sepals  spreading 
or  revolute  at  the  end.  Peduncles  axillary,  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Achenia 
with  naked  (not  plumose)  candae.  Jl.  f 

6.  C.  FLAMMULA.     Sweet  Virgin's  Bower. — Lvs.  pinnate ;  Ifts.  smooth,  entire, 
orbicular-oval,  oblong  or  linear,  acute. — From  France.    A  fine  climber  for 
arbors,  &c.,  very  ornamental  and  sweet-scented.    Flowers  white.    Jl. — Oct.  f 

7.  C.  FLORIDA.     Large-flowered  Virgin's  Bower.    Lvs.  2-foliate  and  decom- 
pound ;  segments  ovate,  acute,  entire";  sep.  acuminate,  glabrous ;  involucre  0. — 
From  Japan.     Vine  12f  long,  with  large,  white  and  yellow  flowers.     Jn. 
-Sept.f 

8.  C.  VITICELLA.    Lvs.  3-foliate  and  decompound,  lobes  or  segments  entire  ; 
sep.  obovate. — From  Spain.    This,  as  well  as  the  preceding  species,  is  often 
double-flowered.    Vine  20f  long.    Flowers  purple,  f 

Observation.— All  the  species  are  ornamental,  and  of  easy  culture.    They  require  only  a  common  soil, 
and  are  propagated  by  layers,  cuttings,  or  from  the  seed. 

2.  ANEMONE. 

Gr.  avsfios,  wind;  most  of  the  species  grow  in  elevated  or  windy  places. 

Involucre  remote  from  the  flower,  of  3  divided  leaves  ;  calyx  regu- 
lar, of  5 — 15  colored  sepals;  corolla  0;  stamens  00,  much  shorter 
than  the  sepals ;  ovaries  00,  free,  collected  into  a  roundish  or  oval 


140  I.  RANUNCULACE^E.  ANEMONE. 

head ;  achenia  00,  mucronate.- — ^i-  Lvs.  radical.  Scapes  with  leaf- 
like  involucres. 

1.  A.  NEMOROSA  (and  quinquefolia.    Linn.').     Wood  Anemone. 

Lvs.  ternate ;  Ifts.  undivided,  or  with  the  middle  one  3-cleft,  and  lateral  ones 
2-parted,  incisely  dentate  ;  invol.  similar  to  the  leaves,  petiolate ;  st.\ -flowered. 
— A  common  and  interesting  little  plant,  found  in  old  woods,  hedges,  and  some- 
times in  open  fields.  Root  creeping.  Stem  6—9'  high,  erect.  The  involucre 
consists  of  3  petiolate  leaves,  placed  in  a  whorl  near  the  top  of  the  stem,  its 
bracts  cut-toothed  and  lobed,  the  lateral  segments  cleft,  sometimes  quite  to  the 
base,  so  as  to  render  the  leaf  quinate.  At  the  top  of  the  stem  is  a  single 
white  flower,  purplish  outside.  Apr.  May. 

2.  A.  CYLINDRICA.    Gray. 

Whole  plant  pubescent ;  his.  ternate,  lateral  Ifts.  2-parted  to  the  base,  middle 
one  deeply  3-cleft,  segments  all  linear,  cuneate  below,  cut-dentate  and  lobed  at 
apex;  Ivs.  of  invol.  petiolate  ;  ped.  2 — 6,  rarely  1,  all  naked;  sep.  5;  ach.  woolly, 
in  a  long,  cylindric  head. — Dry,  hilly  places,  Mass.  W.  to  la.  Not  common. 
Scape  about  2f  high.  Leaves  about  2 — 3'  wide,  and  similar  in  their  divisions 
to  those  of  Ranunculus  acris.  Naked  flower-stalks  8 — 10'  long,  umbellate,  but 
little  diverging.  Flowers  large,  solitary.  Petals  pale  yellow,  obovate,  obtuse. 
Heads  of  fruit  If  long.  May,  Jn. 

3.  A.  VIRGINIANAV    Virginian  Anemone. 

Lvs.  ternate  ;  Ifts.  subpetiolate,  ovate-lanceolate,  cut-dentate,  acuminate, 
lateral  ones  2-lobed,  middle  ones  3-lobed  ;  invol.  foliaceous,  petiolate ;  fr..  in 
oblong  heads. — A  tall  species  in  dry  woods  and  hilly  pastures.  Can.  to  Car. 
Scape  erect,  2 — 3  f.  high,  round,  hairy,  dividing  above  into  about  3  long, 
parallel  peduncles,  middle  one  naked,  lateral  ones  each  with  an  invol ucel  of  2 
bracts.  Leaves  2 — 3'  by  3 — 4',  on  radical  petioles  6—10'  long,  petioles  of  the 
bracts  much  shorter.  Flowers  solitary,  yellowish-green.  Fruit  woolly,  in 
heads  1'  long.  July. 
/?.  alba.  Oakes.  Ms.  larger ;  sep.  white. — Ledges,  Vt.  Dr.  Robbins. 

4.  A.  HUDSONIANA.    Rich.    (A.  multifida,  DC.  and  1st  edit.) 

Hairy  ;  Ivs.  3 — 5-parted  to  the  base,  segments  cuneate,  laciniately  dentate ; 
scape  1,  2  or  3-flowered ;  invol.  and  involucels  similar,  2-leaved,  on  short  petioles; 
sep.  5—8,  oval,  obtuse. — On  rocky  ledges,  shores  of  Onion  River,  Colchester 
and  Burlington,  Vt.  Dr.  Robbins.  Watertown,  N.  Y.  Dr.  Crawe.  Rare. 
Scape  6 — 10'  high,  simple,  or  dividing  below  the  middle.  Leaves  mostly  in  5 
segments  distinct  to  the  base,  about  I/  diam.,  each  segment  \'  long,  in  3. linear 
lobes,  petioles  1 — 2'  long.  Flower  small,  white,  varying  to  purple.  Heads  of 
fruit  oval  or  globose.  Jn. 

5.  A.  PENNSYLVANIA.     (A.  aconitifolia.  Michx.     A.  dichotoma.  Linn.) 
St.  dichotomous ;  Ivs.  3—  5-parted  and  incisely  dentate ;  invol.  and  involucels 

leaf-like,  sessile,  3-parted,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  acute,  incisely  serrate ;  sep.  5 ; 
fr.  in  globose  heads. — Shores  and  rocky  places,  Penn.  N.  to  Arctic  Am.  Rare. 
Scape  15 — 20'  high,  dividing  above  the  middle  into  about  3  shortish  peduncles, 
the  middle  one  naked,  the  other  2  each  with  a  2-leaved  involucel,  the  involu- 
cre at  their  base.  Flowers  white,  12 — 14"  diam.  Carpels  hairy,  compressed, 
as  long  as  the  curved  style.  Jn.  Jl. 

6.  A.  PATENS.    (A.  Ludoviciana.    Nutt.) 

Silky-villous ;  Ivs.  3-parted  or  divided,  segments  cuneiform,  3-cleft  and 
incised,  lobes  lance-linear ;  invol.  subulately  dissected ;  sep.  5 — 6,  erect. — Dry 
hills,  111. !  W.  to  Rocky  Mts.  Stem  6 — 10'  high.  Leaves  smoothish  above,  seg- 
ments 1 — 3'  long,  1 — 2"  wide.  The  dissected  involucre  concave  or  cup-shaped. 
Sepals  1'  long,  silky  outside,  pale  dull  purple.  Tail  of  the  carpels  near  2'  long. 

7.  A.  CORONARIA.     Poppy-leaved  Anemone. — Lvs.  ternate,  with  multifid  seg- 
ments and  linear,  mucronate  lobes ;  sep.  6,  oval,  close. — From  Levant.    A 
hardy,  flowering  plant,  with  large,  single  or  double  variegated  flowers.    May.  f 

8.  A.  HORTENSIS.     Star  Anemone. — Lvs.  3-parted,  with  crenate,  cut-dentate 
lobes;  invol.  sessile,  of  oblong,  entire  or  cut  leaflets;  sep.  10 — 12,  oblong. — 


RANUNCULUS.  I.  RANUNCULACEJE.  141 

From  Italy.    A  fine  garden  species,  with  double  and  semi-double  varieties  of 
red,  white  and  blue  flowers.    May.  f 

Observation.— Many  other  foreign  species  are  ornamental,  and  perhaps  rarely  cultivated.    They  all 
prefer  a  fresh,  loamy  soil. 

3.   HEP  ATI  CA.     Dill. 

CrT.  fiirariKos,  of  the  liver;  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the  leaf. 

Involucre  of  3  entire,  ovate,  obtuse  bracts,  resembling  a  calyx, 
situated  a  little  below  the  flower  ;  calyx  of  5 — 9  petaloid  sepals,  dis- 
posed in  2  or  3  rows  ;  corolla  0  ;  achenia  awnless. 

H  TRILOBA.  Chaix.  (Anemone  Hepatica.  L/inn.}  Liverwort. 
L/vs.  trilobate,  the  lobes  entire ;  scape  1-flowered,  hairy. — Woods,  Can.  to 
Car.  This  little  plant  is  one  of  the  earliest  harbingers  of  spring,  often  putting 
forth  its  neat  and  elegant  flowers  in  the  neighborhood  of  some  lingering  snow- 
bank. The  root  consists  of  numerous  and  strong  fibres.  Leaves  all  radical, 
on  long,  hairy  petioles,  smooth,  evergreen,  coriaceous,  divided  into  3  lobes, 
which  suggests  all  its  names.  Flowers  on  scapes  3 — M  long,  solitary,  numer- 
ous, generally  blue,  but  frequently  in  varieties  of  white  and  flesh-color.  In  cul- 
tivation they  become  double.  In  respect  to  the  form  of  the  leaves  there  are  two 
varieties : — 

a.  obtvsa,  lobes  obtuse,  rounded. — Prefers  the  south  side  of  hills. 

8.  acuta,  lobes  acute. — Prefers  the  north  side  of  hills. 

4.   ADONIS. 

Feigned  to  have  sprung  from  the  blood  of  Adonis,  when  wounded  by  the  boar. 

Sepals  5,  appressed ;  petals  5 — 15,  with  naked  claws  ;  achenia  in 
a  spike,  ovate  and  pointed  with  the  hardened,  persistent  style. 

A.  AUTUMNALIS.     Pheasant's  Eye. 

^..branching;  fls.  5 — 8-petaled  ;  carpels  crowned  with  a  very  short  style, 
and  collected  into  an  ovate  or  subcylindric  head ;  pet.  longer  than  the  calyx. — A 
fine,  hardy  annual,  from  Europe,  naturalized  in  some  parts  of  N.  Y.  Stem 
thick.  Leaves  pinnately  parted,  with  numerous  linear  segments.  Flowers 
crimson,  !£'  diam.  Seeds  to  be  sown  in  autumn,  in  a  light  soil.  f§ 

5.   RANUNCtJLUS. 

Lat.  rana,  a  frog ;  from  the  aquatic  habitat  of  some  species. 

Calyx  of  5  ovate  sepals  ;  corolla  of  5  roundish,  shining  petals,  each 
with  a  nectariferous  scale  or  pore  at  the  base  inside ;  filaments  00. 
much  shorter  than  the  petals ;  achenia  00,  crowded  in  a  roundish  or 
oblong  head. — Herbs  mostly  ^  with  yellow  flowers. 
*Leaves  all  undivided. 

1.  R.  FLAMMULA.     Small  Spearu-ort. 

St.  declinate ;  Ivs.  smooth,  linear-lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  lower  ones 
petiolate ;  ped.  opposite  the  leaves. — An  aquatic  herb,  growing  in  ditches  and 
swamps,  Can.  to  N.  Car.  W.  to  111. !  Root  fibrous.  Stem  6 — 18'  long,  more  or 
less  decumbent,  succulent.  Leaves  3 — 6'  in  length,  J — 1'  wide,  entire  or  with 
a  few  teeth,  thickened  at  the  acute  summit.  Flowers  solitary,  of  a  golden  yel- 
low, on  peduncles  J  as  long  as  the  leaves.  It  abounds  in  a  very  acrid  juice. 
Jn. — Aug. 

2.  R.  REPTANS.     Creeping  Crowfoot. 

Very  small,  smooth ;  st.  creeping,  geniculate,  rooting ;  nodes  1-flowered ; 
Ivs.  subulate,  smooth,  entire,  remote. — A  slender  species,  creeping  on  river  banks 
and  other  wet  places,  Hanover,  N.  H.,  (Mr.  T.  Rickard,}  W.  to  Oregon.  Stem 
6 — 10'  long,  round,  rooting  at  the  joints.  Leaves  fleshy,  6 — 12"  in  length, 
mostly  very  narrow,  and  acute  at  each  end.  Flowers  on  axillary  peduncles. 
Sepals  spreading,  obtuse.  Petals  obovate,  yellow,  fading  to  white.  Nectary 
covered  by  a  scale.  Achenia  very  smooth.  Jl. 
/?.  walis.  Bw.  Lvs.  oval  and  lanceolate ;  pet.  5 — 10. 


142  I.  RANUNCULACE.E.  RANUNCULUS, 

y.  filiformis.     DC.    (R.  filiformis.   Michx.}     St.  filiform,  very  long,  with 
linear  leaves  and  small  flowers. 

3.  R.  PUSILLUS.    Poir.    /?.  muticus.  T.  &  G.    Puny  Crowfoot. 

Erect ;  Ivs.  all  petiolate,  lower  ones  ovate,  upper  ones  linear  lanceolate ; 
pet.  mostly  but  3,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  carpels  ovate,  pointless,  smooth, 
in  small  globose  heads. — In  wet  grounds,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  Stems  slender, 
weak,  6 — 12'  high,  dichotomously  branched.  Lower  leaves  subcordate,  J — 1' 
long,  i  as  wide,  petioles  1 — 3"  long,  upper  ones  1 — 1£"  long,  i  as  wide,  with 
minute,  remote  teeth.  Flowers  very  small,  yellow,  on  long  peduncles.  May. 

4.  R.  CYMBALARIA.  Ph.     Sea  Crowfoot. 

Very  small,  smooth ;  st.  filiform,  creeping,  rooting  at  the  joints ;  Ivs.  reni- 
form-cordate,  crenate-dentate ;  ped.  solitary,  mostly  2-flowered ;  pet.  spatulate ; 
ach.  oblong. — In  salt  marshes  on  the  sea-coast,  N.  J.  to  Arctic  Am.  and  at 
Salina,  N.  Y.  Stem  round,  sending  out  runners  from  the  joints.  Leaves  radi- 
cal, J — 1'  diam.,  on  long  petioles.  Scapes  2 — 6'  high,  each  with  2  or  3  small, 
bright  yellow  flowers,  and  as  many  obtuse  bracts.  Nectary  naked.  Jn. 
*  *  Leaves  divided. 

5.  R.  ABORTlvus.     Round-leaved  Crowfoot. 

Smooth;  radical  Ivs.  roundish,  cordate  at  base,  crenate, petiolate;  cauhne 
Ivs.  ternate  or  pedate,  angular,  with  linear  segments,  upper  ones  sessile ;  cal.  a 
little  longer  than  petals,  reflexed. — A  very  pretty  species  in  woods,  Can.  to  Ark., 
remarkable  for  the  dissimilarity  of  the  root  and  stem  leaves.  Stem  8 — 16' 
high,  nearly  naked.  Root  leaves  8 — 18"  diam.,  quite  regularly  margined  with 
crenate  divisions,  and  on  petioles  2 — 5'  long.  Lower  stem  leaves  pedate,  with 
a  pentangular  outline ;  upper  in  3  deep  segments.  Flowers  small,  yellow  . 
Fruit  in  globose  heads.  May.  Jn. 

6.  R.  SCELERATUS.  Ph.     Celery  Crowfoot.      See  also  Addenda,  p.  638. 
Smooth  ;  lower  Ivs.  3-parted,  segments  3-lobed,  crenately  subincised  ;  stem 

Ivs.  3-parted,  segments  crenately  incised,  upper  ones  simple,  lanceolate,  entire ; 
carpels  in  an  oblong  head. — Grows  in  wet  places,  Can.  to  Car.  Stem  rather 
thick,  hollow,  much  branched,  1 — l£f  high.  Lower  petioles  3 — 5'  long,  with 
rather  large,  palmately  3 — 5-parted  leaves.  Floral  leaves  or  bracts  mostly 
simple,  lanceolate  and  entire.  Flowers  numerous,  small,  yellow.  Calyx 
deflexed.  This  is  one  of  the  most  acrid  of  the  tribe,  and  will  raise  blisters 
upon  the  skin.  Jn.  Jl. 

7.  R.  RECURVATUS.     Wood  Crowfoot. 

St.  erect,  and  with  the  petioles,  covered  with  spreading  hairs ;  Ivs.  3-parted, 
hairy,  segments  oval,  unequally  incised,  the  lateral  ones2-lobed;  cal.  recurved ; 
pet.  linear-lanceolate ;  ach.  uncinate. — About  1  f.  high,  in  damp  woods,  Lab. 
to  Ga.,  pale  green,  branching  above.  Leaves  1£ — 2'  long,  2 — 3|'  wide,  on  peti- 
oles 3—6'  long.  Upper  leaves  subsessile  and  3-parted  quite  to  the  base. 
Flowers  small,  with  inconspicuous,  pale  yellow  petals.  Carpels  ovate,  tipped 
with  minute,  hooked  beaks.  May. — Jl. 

8.  R.  ACRIS.     Butter-cups.    Crowfoot.     Yellow  Weed. 

St.  erect,  many  flowered ;  Ivs.  more  or  less  pubescent,  deeply  trifid,  the  seg- 
ments laciniate,  upper  ones  with  linear  segments ;  ped.  round ;  cal.  hairy, 
spreading;  carpels  roundish,  smooth,  compressed;  beak  short,  recurved. — This 
is  the  most  common  species  from  Penn.  to  Hudson's  Bay.  in  meadows  and 
pastures,  rapidly  and  extensively  spreading.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  round,  hollow, 
mostly  hairy.  Leaves  !£— 3'  diam.,  upper  ones  in  3  linear  segments.  Flowers 
large,  golden  yellow.  Jn. — Sept. 
/?.  Fls.  double,  the  pet.  excessively  multiplied. — Gardens. 

9.  R.  BULBOSUS.     Bulbous  Crowfoot.     (Fig.  39.) 

Hairy ;  st.  erect,  bulbous  at  the  base ;  radical  Ivs.  ternate,  Ifts.  petiolate, 
incisely  dentate,  each  about  3-cleft;  ped.  furrowed;  cal.  reflexed. — This  is 
another  acrid  species,  very  common  in  pastures,  mow-lands,  &c.  Root  fleshy. 
Stem  leafy,  furrowed,  6 — 18'  high,  hollow,  thickened  at  the  base  into  a  sort 
of  bulb,  and  dividing  above  into  upright  peduncles,  with  golden-yellow  flowers. 
It  is  well  distinguished  from  R.  acris  by  its  reflexed  sepals,  and  its  furrowed 


CALTHA.  1.  RANUNCULACE^E.  143 

peduncles.    The  lobes  of  the  root  leaves  are  also  rounded  rather  than  acute  at 
apex.    May,  Jn.  § 

10.  R.  FASCICULARIS.     Muhl.     Early  Crowfoot. 

St.  erect,  branched ;  Ivs.  pubescent,  ternate,  the  middle  segments  deeply  3- 
cleft,  lateral  ones  remotely  3-lobed;  col.  villous,  spreading,  shorter  than  the 
petals. — Rocky  woods  and  hills,  Penn.  to  Wiscon.  N.  to  Can.  Root  a  fascicle 
of  fleshy  fibres.  Radical  leaves  on  petioles  3 — 8'  long,  so  divided  as  to  appear 
almost  pinnate ;  upper  leaves  3-parted,  nearly  sessile.  Flowers  large.  Petals 
yellow,  cuneate-obovate,  with  a  scale  at  base  as  broad  as  the  transparent  claw. 
Apr.  May. 

11.  R.  PENNSYLVANICUS.    (R.  hispidus.  Ph.)    Bristly  Crowfoot. 

St.  erect,  and  with  the  petioles  covered  with  stiff,  spreading  hairs ;  Ivs.  vil- 
lous, ternate,  Ifts.  subpetiolate,  deeply  3-lobed,  incisely  serrate ;  cal.  reflexed, 
rather  longer  than  the  roundish  petals ;  carpels  tipped  with  a.  short,  straight 
style. — A  very  hairy  species,  in  wet  grounds,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  li — 3f 
high.  Leaves  2 — 3'  diam. ;  leaflets  strongly  veined  and  with  spreading  seg- 
ments. Flowers  numerous,  small,  bright  yellow.  Fruit  in  dense  oblong  or  cy- 
lindrical heads.  Jn. — Aug. 

12.  R.  REPENS.    (R.  intermedius.  Eaton.    R.  Clintonii.    Beck.') 

St.  branching  from  the  base,  prostrate,  radicating  at  the  joints ;  Ivs.  trifo- 
liate, Ifts.  petiolate,  cuneiform,  3-lobed,  cut-dentate ; ped.  furrowed;  cal.  spreading ; 
carpels  with  a  broad,  not  recurved  point. — In  moist  or  shady  places,  Can.  and 
U.  S.  Stems  1 — 3  or  4f  long,  generally  nairy  at  base,  the  early  flowering 
branches  erect.  Petioles  hairy,  long.  Leaves  hairy  on  the  veins,  dark  green. 
Flowers  middle  size,  bright  yellow.  Petals  often  emarginate.  May — Jl. 

/?.  linearilobus.  DC.     St.  very  long,  floriferous ;  lobes  of  Ivs.  very  narrow. 

y.  Marilandicus.  T.  &  G.  St.  and  petioles  densely  hirsute  with  soft  hairs ; 
Ifts.  distinctly  petiolulate. 

13.  R.  PURSHII.  Richardson.    Floating  Crmvfoot. 

Floating;  st.  long;  submerged  Ivs.  cleft  in  to  numerous  capillary  segments, 
emersed  ones  reniform,  3— 5-parted,  the  lobes  variously  divided ;  sep.  reflexed, 
half  as  long  as  the  petals  ;  carpels  smooth,  with  a  short,  straight,  ensiform  style ; 
hds.  globose. — Ponds,  sluggish  streams,  and  .muddy  places,  Can.,  U.  S.  Stem 
1 — 2f  or  more  in  length,  fistulous.  Leaves  pentangular  in  outline,  f — 1J' 
diam.,  those  below  most  finely  divided ;  petioles  J — 2'  in  length.  Flowers 
bright  yellow,  emerging  on  forked,  striate  peduncles.  May,  Jn. 

/?.  (R.  fluviatilis.  Bw.  R.  lacustris.  Beck.')  Lvs.  all  capillaceous-multi- 
fid ;  fls.  as  large  as  in  R.  acris. 

14.  R.  AQUATILIS.    /?.  capillaceus.     River  Crowfoot. 

St.  floating ;  submersed  Ivs.  filiformly  dissected ;  pet.  obovate,  larger  than  the 
calyx,  white ;  carpels  transversely  rugose. — Ponds  and  sluggish  streams,  Arctic 
Am.  to  S.  Car.  W.  to  Rocky  Mts.  The  whole  plant  is  submerged  except  the 
flowers,  and  perhaps  a  few  of  the  upper  leaves.  Stem  1 — 2f  or  more  in  length, 
slender,  weak,  round,  smooth,  jointed.  Leaves  divided  dichotomously  into 
numerous,  hair-like  segments,  in  outline  roundish  and  £ — 1'  diam.  Peduncles 
thick,  1 — 1J'  long.  Flowers  smaller  than  in  R.  acris.  Petals  rather  narrow, 
white,  except  the  yellow  claws.  Jl.  Aug. 

Observation.— Several  of  the  above  mentioned  species  are  double-flowered  in  cultivation,  as  Nos.  8,  9, 
and  12.  Of  foreign  species,  R.  Asiaticus,  the  garden  Ranunculus,  with  large  double  flowers  varying  to 
every  hue,  and  R.  aconitifolius,  with  white  double  flowers,  are  sometimes,  but  not  generally,  found  in 
our  gardens. 

6.   CALTHA. 

Gr.  KaXflt&of,  a  goblet ;  the  yellow  calyx  may  well  be  compared  to  a  golden  cup. 

Calyx  colored,  of  5  orbicular  sepals,  resembling  petals  ;  corolla  0 ; 
stamens  00,  shorter  than  the  sepals  ;  follicles  5 — 10,  oblong,  com- 
pressed, erect,  many-seeded. — %.  Aquatic  and  very  glabrous. 
C.  PALUSTRIS.     Marsh  Marigold.     Cowslips. 

St.  erect ;  Ivs.  cordate,  suborbicular,  crenate. — Wet  meadows,  Can.  to  Car. 
W.  to  Oregon.    Root  large,  branching.     Stem  about  If  high,  hollow,  round, 
13 


144  I.  RANUNCULACE.E.  COPTIS, 

dichotomous.  Lower  leaves  2 — 4'  wide,  on  long  semicylindric  petioles,  upper 
ones  sessile,  all  of  a  dark  shining  green,  veiny  and  smooth.  Flowers  of  a 
golden  yellow  in  all  their  parts,  1J'  diam.,  few  and  pedunculate.  Outer  row 
of  filaments  clavate,  twice  longer  than  the  ijiner.  The  young  leaves  are  in 
great  request  in  spring,  for  greens.  May. 

/?.  integerrima.    (C.  integerrima.  PA.)    Lvs.  entire;  sep.  obovate,  obtuse. 

y.  plena,  with  double  flowers.    Cultivated  in  gardens. 

7.   TROLLIUS. 
Germ,  trol  or  trollen,  globular;  alluding  to  the  form  of  the  flowers. 

Sepals  5 — 10 — 15,  roundish  ovate,  colored,  deciduous;  petals  5 — 
25,  small,  linear,  tubular  at  base ;  stamens  00,  much  shorter  than  the 
sepals ;  follicles  00,  subcylindric,  sessile,  many-seeded. — %.  Smooth, 
with  palmate  leaves. 

1.  T.  LAXUS.  Salisb.  (T.  Americanus  Muhl.')    American  Globe  Flower. 

Sep.  5,  oblong,  spreading ;  pet.  15 — 25,  shorter  than  the  stamens. — In 
swamps,  Can.  to  Penn.  Not  common.  About  If  high.  Leaves  deeply  cleft  into  5 
segments,  which  are  lobed  and  cut-dentate.  Sepals  yellow,  resembling  petals, 
4 — 5"  long.  Petals  very  small,  orange-colored.  Follicles  about  10,  crowned 
with  the  persistent  styles.  This  is  the  only  American  species.  Jn. 

2.  E.  EUROP.EUS.    European  Globe  Flower. — Erect,  branched,  leafy ;  Ivs.  deeply 
cleft  or  divided,  segments  cuneate  at  base,  acute,  incisely  lobed  and  toothed ; 
fls.  solitary,  erect,  large,  globular ;  ped.  long,  naked ;  sep.  closely  converging ; 
pet.  equaling  the  stamens.     Native  of  Europe.    Stem  2 — 3f  high.    Flowers 
of  a  rich  yellow.     A  very  ornamental  plant,  of  easy  culture  from  seeds  or 
roots.    May,  Jn.f 

3.  T.  ASIATICUS.     Asiatic  Globe  Flower. — Erect ;    Ivs.  deeply  divided  into  5 
broad  segments ;  segments  laciniately  lobed  and  toothed ;  fls.  terminal,  soli- 
tary, pedunculate  ;   sep.  spreading ;  pet.  longer  than  the  stamens. — Native  of 
Asia.    Plant  about  2f  high,  with  ample  foliage  and  large,  deep  orange-color- 
ed flowers — yellow  in  some  of  its  varieties.    Jn.f 

8.  HELLEBORUS.— Adans. 

EXetr,  to  cause  death  ;  popa,  food  ;  the  poisonous  qualities  are  well  Known. 

Sepals  5,  mostly  greenish,  persistent;  petals  8 — 10,  very  short, 
tubular,  2-lipped ;  stamens  00;  stigmas  3 — 10,  orbicular;  follicles 
cohering  at  base,  many-seeded. — %  Lvs.  coriaceous,  divided.  Fls. 
large,  nodding. 

H.  VIRIDIS.— Green  Hellebore. 

Glabrous ;  radical  Ivs.  pedately  divided,  segments  lanceolate,  acute,  ser- 
rate ;  cauline  Ivs.  few,  palmately  parted,  nearly  sessile  ;  peds.  often  in  pairs ;  sep. 
roundish  ovate,  acute,  green. — A  European  plant,  §  on  Long  Island.  Stem 
2—3  f.  high,  thick.  Apr.f 

9.  COPTIS.— Salisb. 

Gr.  KOTTTCJ,  to  cut ;  from  the  numerous  divisions  of  the  leaves. 

Sepals  5 — 6,  oblong,  concave,  colored,  deciduous ;  petals  5 — 6, 
small,  cucullate,  obconic  ;  stamens  20 — 25  ;  follicles  5 — 10,  stipitate, 
rostrate,  diverging  in  a  stellate  manner,  4 — 6-seeded. — Low  herbs, 
with  radical  leaves,  and  a  long,  slender,  perennial,  creeping  rhizoma. 

C.  TRIFOLIA. —  Goldthread. 

Lvs.  3-foliate  ;  scape  1-flowered ;  pet.  much  smaller  than  the  sepals. — Penn. 
N.  to  Arctic  Am.  Stem  subterranean,  extensively  creeping,  golden  yellow,  very 
bitter  and  tonic.  Leaves  all  radical,  leaflets  sessile,  4 — 8"  long,  crenate-mu- 
cronate,  smooth,  coriaceous,  common  petiole  1 — 2'  long.  Peduncles  3 — 4' 
high,  with  a  single,  minute  bract  above  the  middle,  bearing  a  single  white  star- 
like  flower.  The  5  or  6  yellow  petals  are  barely  distinguishable  by  their  color 
among  the  white  stamens.  May.  Medicinal. 


DELPHINIUM.  I.  RANUNCULACE^E.  145 

10.  I S  O  P  Y  R  U  M . 

Sepals  5,  petaloid,  deciduous  ;  petals  5,  small,  tubular,  sometimes 
0;  stamens  10 — 40;  ovaries  3 — 20;  follicles  subsessile,  acuminate 
with  the  style,  2-several-seeded. — Delicate  herbs,  with  leaves  2 — 3-ter- 
nate,  segments  2 — 3-lobed.  Fls.  pedunculate,  axillary  and  terminal,  white. 
I.  BITERNATUM.  Torr.  and  Gray.  (Enemion.  Raf.) 
Low,  erect,  glabrous  ;  petioles  auricled  at  base  ;  Ivs.  "membranaceous ;  pet. 
0 ;  carpels  3—6,  broadly  ovate,  divaricate*  sessile,  strongly  veined,  2-seeded ;  sds. 
obovatc,  compressed,  smooth  and  shining. — Tj.  Damp  shades,  Western  States. 
Root  fibrous.  Stems  several!,  4 — 10'  high.  Leaves  mostly  biternate,  petiolules 
longer  than  the  petioles,  segments  cuneate-obovate,  4 — 6"  long.  Flowers  on 
slender  peduncles  1 — 2'  long.  May. 

11.  AdUILEGIA. 

Lat.  aquila,  the  eagle ;  the  spurred  petals  resemble  the  talons  of  a  bird  of  prey. 

Sepals  5,  equal,  ovate,  colored,  spreading,  caducous ;  petals  5,  tu- 
bular, dilated  at  the  mouth,  the  outer  margin  erect,  the  inner 
attached  to  the  torus,  extending  behind  into  a  long,  spurred  nectary ; 
stamens  30 — 40,  the  inner  ones  longer  and  sterile ;  styles  5 ;  fol- 
licles 5,  many  seeded. — °4  Fls.  nodding. 

1.  A.  CANADENSIS.      Wild  Columbine.     (Fig.  39.) 

Glabrous ;  divisions  of  the  leaves  3-parted,  rather  obtuse,  incisely  dentate ; 
sep.  rather  acute,  longer  than  the  corolla  ;  spurs  straight,  longer  than  the  limb ;  sta. 
and  sty.  exserted. — This  beautiful  plant  grows  wild  in  most  of  the  States,  in 
dry  soils,  generally  on  the  sunny  side  of  rocks.  It  is  cultivated  with  the 
greatest  ease,  and  is  much  more  delicate  in  foliage  and  in  the  hues  of  its  flowers, 
than  the  common  blue  Columbine.  Stem  branching,  a  foot  high,  with  ternate, 
lobed  leaves.  Flowers  terminal,  scarlet  without  and  yellow  within,  pendulous, 
much  embellished  by  the  numerous  descending,  yellow  stamens  and  styles. 
Fruit  erect.  May. 

2.  A.  VULGARIS.  Common  Columbine. — ^purs  incurved ;  sts.  leafy,  many- 
flowered  ;  Ivs.  nearly  smooth,  glaucous,  biternate ;  sty.  a  little  longer  than  the 
stamens. — From  Europe.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  with  a  profusion  of  handsome, 
smooth  foliage,  and  large  purple  flowers.  Leaflets  bifid  and  trifid,  with  round- 
ed lobes.  In  cultivation  the  flowers  become  double  by  the  multiplication  of 
the  hollow,  spurred  petals.  They  also  vary  in  color  through  all  shades  from 
purple  to  white.  Jn.f 

12.  DELPHINIUM. 

Gr.  Se\<j>tv,  a  dolphin ;  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the  flower. 

Sepals  5,  colored,  the  upper  one  spurred ;  petals  very  irregular, 
the  two  upper  ones  terminating  behind  in  a  tubular,  nectariferous 
spur,  enclosed  in  the  spur  of  the  calyx  ;  styles  1 — 5  ;  follicles  1 — 5. 
— Showy  herbs,  with  leaves  much  divided.  Fls.  blue,  red  or  purple, 
never  yellow. 

1.  D.  CONSOLIDA.     Branching  Larkspur. 

St.  suberect,  smooth,  with  spreading  branches ;  fls.  few,  loosely  racemed ; 
ped.  longer  than  the  bracts  ;  sty.  1 ;  carpel  solitary,  smooth. —  The  common 
larkspur  of  the  gardens,  sparingly  naturalized,  fields  and  roadsides.  Leaves 
in  numerous  linear  divisions.  Jn.  Jl.  It  has  numerous  varieties  of  double 
and  semi-double  flowers  of  various  colors.^  f 

2.  D.  EXALTATUM.     American  Larkspur. 

Petioles  not  dilated  at  base ;  Ivs.  flat,  3-cleft  below  the  middle,  segments  cu- 
neiform, 3-cleft  at  the  end,  acuminate,  the  lateral  ones  often  2-lobed ;  roc. 
straight ;  spur  longer  than  the  calyx. — Native  of  the  Middle  States,  rarely  of  the 
Northern.  Stem  3 — if  high,  straight,  erect.  Flowers  of  a  brilliant  purplish 


146  1.  RANUNCULACE.^.  ACTJBA. 

blue.    It  is  deservedly  esteemed  in  the  flower-garden,  and  is  of  the  easiest  cul- 
ture.   Jl.  Aug.  f 

3.  D.  TRICORNE.     Michx.     Three-fruited  Larkspur. 

Petioles  slightly  dilated  at  base ;  Ivs.  5-parted,  divisions  3 — 5-cleft,  lobes 
linear,  acutish ;  pet.  shorter  than  the  sepals,  lower  ones  2-cleft,  densely  bearded 
inside ;  spur  ascending,  straight,  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  carpels  3,  spreading  in 
fruit. — Uplands,  Penn.  to  Mo.  and  Ark.  Plant  6 — 18'  high,  nearly  smooth. 
Leaves  roundish  in  outline,  on  long  petioles.  Flowers  6—8,  light  blue,  in  a 
rather  loose  panicle. 

4.  D.  AZUREUM.  Michx.     Azure  La'rkspur. 

Pubescent  or  nearly  smooth ;  st.  erect ;  Ivs.  3 — 5-parted,  many-cleft,  with 
linear  lobes ;  petioles  some  dilated  at  base  ;  rac.  strict ;  pet.  shorter  than  sepals, 
lower  one  densely  bearded,  2-cleft ;  spur  ascending. — Native  in  Wis.  and  Ark. 
A  very  variable  species,  cultivated  in  gardens.  Stem  2 — 4  f.  high.  Flowers 
azure-colored.f 

5.  D.  GRANDIFLORUM.     Large  Blue  Larkspur. — Lvs.  palmate,  many-parted, 
lobes  linear,  distant ;  pedicels  lojiger  than  bract ;  pet.  shorter  than  calyx. — A 
superb  perennial  species,  from  Siberia.     Flowers  double  or  single,  in  racemes, 
of  brilliant  dark  blue,  with  a  tinge  of  purple.f 

6.  D.  ELATUM.     Bee  Larkspur. — Lvs.  downy,  5-lobed,  lobes  cuneate  at  base, 
trifid,  cut-dentate ;   spur  inflexed. — Native   of  Siberia.      Stem  5  or  6f  high. 
Flowers  blue,  and  when  viewed  at  a  little  distance,  resembling  the  bee  in  form.f 

Observation.— A.  few  other  species  may  perhaps  be  found  in  gardens.  All  are  showy  plants,  of  the 
easiest  culture. 

13.   ACONITUM. 

Gr.  UKOVITOS,  without  dust;  because  the  plants  grow  on  dry  rocks. 

Sepals  5,  irregular,  colored,  upper  one  vaulted;  petals  5,  the  3 
lower  minute,  the  2  upper  on  long  claws,  concealed  beneath  the  upper 
sepal,  recurved  and  nectariferous  at  the  apex ;  styles  3 — 5  ;  follicles 
3 — 5. — ^\.Lvs.  digitate  or 'palmate.     Fls.  in  terminal  spikes. 
1.  A.  UNCINATUM.     American  Wolf's-Bane. 

St.  flexuose ;  panicle  rather  loose,  with  divergent  branches ;  Ivs.  palmate, 
3 — 5-parted,  with  rhomboidal-lanceolate,  cut-dentate  divisions;  galea  (upper 
sepal)  exactly  conical,  rostrate ;  spur  inclined,  somewhat  spiral ;  ova.  villous. — 
A  cultivated,  poisonous  plant,  also  native  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  Stem  2f  high. 
Leaves  coriaceous,  dark  green,  4 — 5'  wide.  Flowers  large,  purple,  3  or  4  near 
the  summit  of  each  branch.  Jl.  Aug. 

2.  A.  NAPELLUS.  (A.  delphinifolia.  DC.y  Monk's-Hood. — St.  straight,  erect ; 
Ivs.  deeply  5-cleft,  cut  into  linear  segments,  furrowed  above  ;  upper  scp.  arched 
at  the  back,  lateral  ones  hairy  inside  ;  ova.  smooth. — A  poisonous  plant,  culti- 
vated among  flowers.  It  is  a  tall,  rank,  perennial,  making  quite  a  consequen- 
tial appearance.  Stem  4f  high,  with  a  long  spicate  inflorescence  at  its  termi- 
nation. Flowers  dark  blue,  surmounted  by  the  vaulted  upper  sepal,  as  if 
hooded  in  a  monk's  cowl.  Aug. — There  are  varieties  with  flowers  white,  rose- 
colored,  &c. 

14.   ACT^EA. 

Gr.  aKTt],  the  elder;  which  plant  these  herbs  resemble  in  foliage. 

Calyx  inferior,  of  .4  roundish,  deciduous  sepals  ;  corolla  of  4 — 8 
spatulate,  unguiculate  petals;  filaments  about  30,  dilated  above; 
anthers  2-lobed,  introrse ;  stigmas  sessile  ;  ovary  ovoid  ;  berry  glo- 
bose, with  a  lateral  furrow,  1 -celled ;  seeds  many,  smooth,  com- 
pressed.— 7J.  with  ternately  divided  Ivs.  Fls.  white. 

1.  A.  RUBRA.     Bigelow.     (A.  Americana.  Pk.}    Red  Bane-berry. 

Lvs.  twice  and  thrice  ternate  ;  rac.  hemispherical ;  pet.  acute ;  pedicels  of  the 
fruit  slender;  berries  red,  ovoid-oblong. — Not  uncommon  in  rocky  woods,  Penn. 
to  Lab.  W.  to  Rocky  Mts.  Stem  1& — 2f  high,  dividing  into  2  branches,  one 
of  which  usually  bears  leaves  only,  the  other  leaves  and  a  cluster  of  flowers. 


THALICTRUM.  1.  RANl/NCULACE^E.  147 

Leaves  2  or  3-ternate,  with  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets,  variously  lobed  and  cut. 
Petioles  4 — 1'  long,  smooth,  and  slightly  glaucous,  like  the  whole  plant. 
Flowers  20 — 40,  in  a  short  dense  raceme.  Berries  bright  red,  on  slender  pedi- 
cels. May. 

2.  A.  ALBA.     Bw.     (A.  Americana.    /?.  alba.  Ph.}     White  Bane-berry. 

Lvs.  twice  and  thrice  ternate ;  roc.  oblong ;  pet.  truncate ;  pedicels  of  the  fruit 
thicker  than  the  peduncles ;  berries  white. — Grows  in  rocky  woods,  common, 
Can.  to  Ga.,  much  like  the  last  in  foliage.  Plant  1J — 2f.  high,  bearing  2  com- 
pound leaves  and  a  cluster  of  flowers.  Leaflets  1 — 2'  long,  £  as  wide,  acumi- 
nate. Raceme  1 — 3'  long,  !£'  thick,  the  pedicels  f  long,  at  length  purple,  and 
about  as  thick  as  the  purple  peduncles, — characters  which,  as  well  as  the  milk- 
white  fruit,  readily  distinguish  this  species  from  the  last.  May. 

15.   CIMICIFUGA. 
Lat.  cimex,  a  bug,fugo,  to  drive  away  ;  alluding  to  its  offensive  odor. 

Sepals  4 — 5  ;  petals  3 — 8,  sometimes  wanting ;  stamens  00, 
anthers  introrse ;  follicles  1—8,  oblong,  many-seeded. — 1j-  Lvs.  ter- 
nately divided.  Pis.  white,  in  long  slender  racemes. 

1.  C.  RACEMOSA.  Ell.    (Actaea.  Linn.  Macrotys.  Raf.}   Black  Snake-root. 
Lvs.  ternately  decompound ;    Ifts.  ovate-oblong,  incisely  serrate ;  roc.  very 

long;  pet.  2,  forked,  slender;  sty.  1 ;  capsule  follicular,  dry,  dehiscent,  ovate. — 
A  tall,  leafy  plant,  with  the  aspect  of  an  Actaea,  found  in  upland  woods.  Stem 
4 — 8  f.  high,  with  long,  panicled  racemes  of  white  sepaled  and  monogynous 
flowers.  Petals  4 — 6,  small.  Stamens  about  100  to  each  flower,  giving  the 
raceme  the  appearance  oi  a  long  and  slender  plume.  Flowers  very  fetid. 
Jn.  Jl. 

2.  C.  AMERICANA.   Michx.   (C.  podocarpa.  Ell.    Actaea  podocarpa.  DC.} 
Glabrous ;  Ivs.  triternate,  segments  ovate,  terminal  one  cuneiform  at  base, 

3-parted  or  3-cleft  and  incised ;  pet.  concave,  sessile,  2-lobed,  nectariferous  at 
base ;  ova.  2 — 5,  stiped,  obovatr  and  pod-shaped  in  fruit ;  sds.  flat,  scaly. — 
Woods,  Penn.  to  N.  Car.  Stem  3 — 6f  high.  Leaflets  2—4'  long,  with  coarse, 
unequal,  mucronate  serratures.  Flowers  smaller  than  in  C.  racemosa,  in  a 
long  panicle  of  racemes.  Follicles  abruptly  beaked,  6 — 8-seeded. 

16.   TRAUTVETTERIA.    Fisch.  and  Meyer. 

Named  in  honor  of  Trautvetter,  a  German  botanist. 

Sepals  4 — 5  ;  petals  0  ;  stamens  00,  petaloid  ;  anthers  introrse ; 
carpels  15 — 20,  membranaceous  and  indehiscent,  3-carinate,  1 -seeded, 
tipped  with  the  short,  hooked  style. — ^  Lvs.  palmately  lobed. 
T.  PALMATA.     Fisch.  and  Meyer.     (Cimicifuga.     Hook.} 
St.  slender,  terete,  smooth,  branched  above ;  Ivs.  few,  rugose  and  reticulate- 
veined,  palmately  5 — 9-lobed,  upper  ones  sessile,  lower  on  long  petioles,  lobes 
lanceolate,  acute,  incisely  serrate  ;  fls.  cymose. — Prairies,  la.  S.  to  Tenn.    Plant 
2— 5f  high.     Radical  leaves  4—6'  wide,  3 — 5'  long,  the  petioles  twice  as  long. 
Stem  leaves  2 — 4,  remote.    Flowers  many.     Sepals  orbicular,  concave,  cadu- 
cous, white.    Stamens  conspicuous,  white.    Jl.  Aug. 

17.   THALICTRUM. 

Said  to  be  from  -&aXXco,  to  be  green. 

Calyx  colored,  of  4 — 5  roundish,  concave,  deciduous  sepals  ; 
corolla  0  ;  filaments  00,  compressed,  dilated  upwards,  longer  than 
the  calyx  ;  ovaries  numerous  (4 — 15),  with  sessile  stigmas ;  achenia 
awnless,  ovoid. — %•  Lvs.  ternately  divided.  Fls.  often  $  J*. 

1.  T.  DIOICUM.     Early  Meadow  Rue. 

Very  smooth ;  Ivs.  decompound ;  Ifts.  roundish,  with  obtuse  lobes ;  filaments 

filiform ;  fls.  9  tf. — Herb  1 — 2f  high,  meadows  and  woods,  British  Am.  to 

Car.     Stem  striate,  jointed.    Leaflets  paler  beneath,  with  5 — 7  rounded  lobes 

or  teeth.    Flowers  in  long-stalked  panicles.    Sepals  5,  obtuse,  purplish.    The 

13* 


148  I.  RANUNCULACE^.  HYDRASTIS. 

barren  flowers  with  numerous  slender  filaments  and  yellow  anthers,  the  fertile 
ones  smaller,  with  shorter  stamens.    Fruit  oval,  striate.     May. 

2.  T.  CORNUTI.     (T.  Corynellum.  DC.}    Meadow  Rue. 

Lfts.  obtusely  3-lobed,  paler  underneath ;  fls.  9  cT  5  filaments  clavate ;  fr. 
sessile,  striate. — A  handsome  herbaceous  plant,  common  in  meadows.  Stem 
3 — 4f  high,  smooth,  hollow,  jointed,  furrowed.  Leaves  resembling  those  of  the 
columbine  (Aquilegia),  green  above,  smooth,  several  times  compounded. 
Leaflets  1—2'  long,  f  as  wide.  Petioles  sheathing  at  base.  Panicles  large 
and  diffuse.  The  barren  flowers  have  numerous  club-shaped  stamens,  with 
oblong  yellow  anthers.  Fertile  flowers  smaller  and  less  crowded.  Jn.  Jl. 

3.  T.  ANEMONdiDES.  Michx.    (Anemone  thalictroides.  Linn.)  Rue  Anc- 


Floral  IDS.  petiolate,  simple,  whorled,  resembling  an  involucrum ;  radical 
Ivs.  biternate  ;fts.  umbeled. — "Woods  and  pastures,  Northern,  Middle,  and  West- 
ern States.  The  root  of  this  little  herbaceous  plant  consists  of  several  oblong 
tubercles.  Stem  erect,  6 — 8'  high,  slender,  bearing  several  white  flowers  at  top 
in  a  sort  of  umbel.  Leaves  } — 1'  long,  §  as  wide,  cordate  at  base,  3-lobed,  on 
petioles  J — 1J'  long;  radical  common  petioles 2 — 1'  long.  Apr.  May. 

18.   MYOStJRUS.     Dill. 
GT.  jjivs,  //uo?,  mouse,  ovpa,  tail;  alluding  to  the  long  spike  of  carpels. 

Sepals  5,  produced  downwards  at  base  below  their  insertion; 
petals  5,  with  slender,  tubular  claws  ;  stamens  5 — 20  ;  achenia  very 
closely  spicate  on  the  elongated  torus. — (D  Lvs.  linear ',  entire,  radical. 
Scapes  \-flowered. 

M.  MIN¥MUS.     (M.  Shortii.  Raf.}     Mouse-tail. 

Prairies  and  bottoms,  111.,  Mead !  to  La.  and  Oreg.,  Nuttall.  A  diminutive 
plant,  remarkable  for  its  little  terete  spikelet  of  fruit,  which  is  often  an  inch 
long.  Leaves  1 — 3'  long,  1 — 2"  wide.  Scape  a  little  taller,  with  a  single 
minute  pale-yellow  flower  at  top.  Apr. 

19.  ZANTHORHIZA. 

Gr.  |ai/-&of,  yellow,  pi£a,  root. 

Sepals  5 ;  petals  5,  of  2  roundish  lobes,  raised  on  a  pedicel ;  sta- 
mens 5 — 10;  ovaries  5 — 10,  beaked  with  the  styles,  2 — 3-ovuled  ; 
follicles  mostly  1 -seeded,  seed  suspended. — Suffruticose;  st.  and  bark 
yellow  and  bitter.  Lvs.  pinnately  divided.  Rac.  axillary,  compound, 
Fls.  small,  dark  purple,  often  9  $  cT- 

Z.  APIIFOLIA.     L'Her.     (Z.  simplicissima.  Michx.} 

River  banks,  Penn.  to  Ga.  Root  thick.  Stem  short,  woody,  leafy  above. 
Leaves  glabrous,  about  8'  long,  including  the  long  petioles.  Leaflets  5,  2 — 3' 
long,  sessile,  incisely  lobed  and  dentate.  Racemes  many-flowered,  appearing 
with  the  leaves.  Follicles  spreading,  1|"  long.  March,  April. 

20.   HYDRASTIS. 

Gr.  iSwp,  water;  the  plant  grows  in  watery  places. 

Sepals  3,  ovate,  petaloid,  equal ;  corolla  0 ;  stamens  00,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  sepals ;  baccate  fruit  composed  of  numerous,  aggre- 
gate, 1 -seeded  acines. — %with  2  Ivs.  and  1  flower. 

H.  CANADENSIS.     Turmeric-root. 

The  only  species.  It  grows  in  bog  meadows,  Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky. !  Rare. 
Root  of  a  deep  yellow  color  internally.  Stem  6—9'  high,  becoming  purplish, 
hairy  above.  Leaves  2  only,  alternate,  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stem,  petiolate, 
emarginate  at  base,  palmate,  with  3 — 5  lobes.  Peduncle  terminal,  solitary, 
1-flowered.  Sepals  reddish  white,  of  short  duration.  Fruit  red,  juicy,  resem- 
bling the  raspberry.  Seeds  nearly  black.  May,  Jn. 


II.   MAGNOLIACE^E.  149 

21.   P^EONIA. 

The  physician  Paeon,  according  to  mythology,  first  used  this  plant  in  medicine,  and  cured  Pluto  with  it. 

Sepals  5,  unequal,  leafy,  persistent ;  petals  5  ;  stamens  00  (mostly 
changed  to  petals  by  cultivation) ;  ovaries  2 — 5;  style- 0;  stigmas 
double,  persistent ;  follicles  many-seeded. — %  Rt.  fasciculate.  Lvs. 
bilernate.  Fls.  large^  terminal^  solitary. 

1.  P.  OFFICINALIS.     Common  Pceony. — St.  erect,  herbaceous ;  lower  Ivs.  bipin- 
nately  divided ;   Ifts.   ovate-lanceolate,  variously  incised ;  fr.  downy,  nearly 
straight. — The  splendid  pseony  has  long  been  cultivated  in  every  part  of  Europe 
and  in  this  country.     This  species  is  said  to  be  native  of  Switzerland.     It  is  a 
hardy  perennial,  requiring  very  little  pains  for  its  cultivation.     Among  its 
varieties  the  double  red  is  the  most  common.     The  white  is  truly  beautiful. 
The  flesh-colored  and  the  pink  are.  also  favorites.    May,  Jn. 

2.  P.   ALBIFLORA.      White-flowered   Pceony. — Lifts,    elliptic-lanceolate,  acute, 
entire,  smooth ;  follicles  recurved,  smooth. — Native  of  Tartary.     Whole  plant 
dark,  shining-green  and  smooth.    Flowers  smaller  than  the  last,  but  truly  ele- 
gant and  fragrant.   Petals  white.    Calyx  brown,  with  3  green,  sessile  bracts  at 
base.    Nine  or  ten  varieties  with  flowers   single   and  double,  white,  rose- 
colored,  &c.,  are  now  mentioned  in  the  catalogues  of  American  gardeners. 

3.  P.  ANOMALA.    Jagged-leaved  Siberian  P&ony. — Lfte.  with  many  lanceo- 
late segments,  smooth;  follicles  depressed,  smooth;    col.  bracteolate. — From 
Siberia.    Distinguished  by  the  long,  narrow  segments  of  the  leaflets.    Flowers 
concave,  rose-colored.    Follicles  usually  5. 

4.  P.  MOUTAN.     Chinese   Tree  Paony. — St.  shrubby,  Tj.;   Ifts.  oblong-ovate, 
glaucous  and  somewhat  hairy  beneath,  terminal  one  3-lobed;  ova.  5,  distinct, 
surrounded  by  the  very  large  disk. — From  China.     The  woody  stem  branches 
into  a  bush  3 — 4f  high.     Leaves  large,  on  long  stalks.    Flowers  very  large, 
always  double  in  cultivation,  fragrant  and  truly  splendid.     This  plant  is  re- 
markable for  producing  the  largest  form  of  disk  in  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

5.  P.  PAPAVERACEA.     Chinese  Poppy-flowered  Paony. — St.  shrubby,  7J. ;  Ifts. 
oblong-ovate,  glaucous  and  slightly  hairy  beneath,  terminal  one  3-lobed  ;    ova. 
about  5,  closely  united  into  a  globose  head. — From  China.     Resembles  the 
last  in  foliage,  but  is  remarkably  distinguished  from  all  the  other  species  by 
its  united  carpels.     Flowers  white,  with  a  purple  centre,  often  single  in  culti- 
vation.    Other  species  and  varieties  are  cultivated,  rarely  in  this  country, 
amounting  to  about  150  in  all. 

22.  NIGELLA. 
Lat.  Niger,  black ;  the  color  of  the  seeds,  which  are  used  in  cookery. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  colored ;  corolla  of  5  3-cleft  petals ;  styles  5 ; 
capsules  5,  follicular,  convex. — ®  European  herbs.  Lvs.  in  many  line- 
ar and  subulate  segments. 

1.  N.  DAMASCENA.     Fennel  Flower. — Fls.  in  a  leafy  involucre;  anth.  obtuse; 
carpels  5,  smooth,  2-celled,  united  as  far  as  the  ends  into  an  ovoid-globose  cap- 
sule.—Native  of  S.  Europe.    A  hardy  annual  of  the  gardens,  to  which  have 
been  applied  the  gentle  names  of  "  ragged  lady,"  "  devil  in  a  bush,"  &c. 
Leaves  twice  and  thrice  pinnatifid,  as  finely  cut  as  those  of  the  Fennel.    Flowers 
terminal,  solitary,  encompassed  and  over-topped  by  a  circle  of  leaves  divided 
like  the  rest.     They  are  often  double,  white  or  pale-blue.    Jn. — Sept. 

2.  N.  SATlVA.     Nutmeg  Flower. — St.  hairy,  erect ;  fls.  naked ;  anth.  obtuse  ; 
capsules  muricate. — From  Egypt.     Rather  smaller  than  the  last.    Jn. — Sept. 


ORDER  II.     MAaNOLIACEJE— MAGNOLIADS. 

Trees  or  shrubs. 

Lvs.  alternate,  coriaceous,  simple,  entire  or  lobed,  never  serrate. 

Stip.  membranaceous,  either  convolute  in  the  leaf-bud,  or  placed  face  to  face. 

Fls.  solitary,  large  and  showy,  mostly  odorous  and  perfect. 


150  II.  MAGNOLIACE^E.  LIRIODENDRON. 

Cal.— Sepals  3—6,  deciduous,  colored  like  the  petals. 
Cor.— Petals  6—12,  hypogynous,  in  several  rows,  imbricate  in  aestivation. 
Sta.  indefinite,  hypogynous,  distinct,  with  short  filaments,  and  adnate  anthers. 
Ova.  several,  in  many  rows  upon  an  elongated  torus. 
Fr.  follicular  or  baccate,  1— 2-seeded. 

Sds.  attached  to  the  inner  suture  of  the  carpels,  from  which  (in  Magnolia)  they  are  suspended  by  along, 
delicate  funiculus. 

An  order  consisting  of  11  genera  and  65  species,  including  some  of  the  most  splendid  and  majestic  forest 
trees.  The  southern  and  western  states  seem  to  be  the  region  of  the  most  of  them.  China,  Japan,  and 
the  Indies  contain  a  few, 

Properties.—  The  bark  of  the  species  mentioned  below  contains  an  intensely  bitter  principle,  which  is 
tonic  and  stimulating,  and  the  corollas  are  aromatic  beyond  almost  all  other  flowers. 

Genera. 

Carpels  dehiscent  by  the  dorsal  suture,  seeds  pendulous Magnolia.        1 

Carpels  indehiscent,  seeds  enclosed,  not  pendulous Liriodendron.  2 

1.  MAGNOLIA. 

In  honor  of  Pierre  Magnol,  a  French  botanist,  author  of  '  Botanicum  Montpeliense,'  &c. 

Sepals  5,  often  0  or  petaloid  ;  petals  6 — 12^  caducous  5  carpels 
2-valved,  1 — 2-seeded,  imbricated  into  a  cone ;  seeds  baccate,  sub- 
cordate,  and  suspended,  when  mature,  by  a  long  funiculus. — A  superb 
genus,  consisting  mostly  of  large  trees  with  luxuriant  foliage,  and  large, 
fragrant  flowers. 

1.  M.  GLAUCA.     White  Bay. 

Lvs.  oval,  glaucous  beneath ;  pet.  obovate,  tapering  to  the  base. — This  spe- 
cies is  native  in  N.  Eng.,  particularly  at  Gloucester,  Mass.,  thence  to  La.  and 
Mo.  The  tree  is  about  25f  in  height,  remarkable  only  for  the  beauty  of  its 
foliage  and  flowers.  The  leaves  are  smooth,  entire,  of  a  regular,  elliptical 
form,  remarkably  pale  beneath.  Flowers  terminal,  white,  solitary,  of  3  sepals 
and  several  concave  petals,  appearing  in  July. 

2.  M.  ACUMINATA.     Cucumber  Tree. 

Lvs.  oval,  acuminate,  pubescent  beneath ;  pet.  obovate,  obtusish. — Grows 
near  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  but  is  more  abundant  in  the  Southern  States.  It  is 
a  noble  forest  tree.  Trunk  perfectly  straight,  4 — 5f  diam.,  60 — 80f  high, 
bearing  an  ample  and  regular  summit.  Leaves  very  acuminate.  Flowers 
5 — 6'  diam.,  bluish,  sometimes  yellowish-white,  numerous,  and  finely  con- 
trasted with  the  rich  dark  foliage.  Cones  of  fruit  about  3'  long,  cylindric, 
bearing  some  resemblance  to  a  small  cucumber.  May. 

3.  M.  UMBRELLA.     Lam.     (M.  Tripetala.     Linn.")     Umbrella  Tree. 
Lvs.  deciduous,  cuneate-lanceolate,  silky  when  young ;  sep.  3,  reflexed ; 

pet.  9,  narrow-lanceolate,  acute. — A  small  tree,  20 — 30f  high ;  common  in  the 
Middle  and  Southern  States,  extending  north  to  southern  N.  Y.  Branches  irre- 
gular. Leaves  16 — 20'  by  6- — 8',  often  appearing  whorled  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches  in  the  form  of  an  umbrella.  Flowers  terminal,  white,  7 — 8'  diam. 
Fruit  conical,  4 — 5'  long,  of  a  fine  rose-color  when  ripe.  The  wood  is  soft 
and  porous,  and  of  little  use  in  the  arts.  May,  June. 

4.  M.  GRANDIFLORA, 

Native  of  the  Southern  States,  is  the  noblest  species  of  the  genus.  Its 
great  neight  (80  £),  its  shining,  dark-green  leaves,  its  fragrant,  white  flowers  a 
foot  in  diameter,  form  a  combination  of  rare  magnificence.! 

2.  LIRIODENDRON. 
Gr.  Xctptov,  a  lily ;  Sev&pov,  a  tree. 

Sepals  3,  caducous ;  petals  6 ;  carpels  imbricated  in  a  cone,  1 — 2- 
seeded  ;  seeds  attenuated  at  apex  into  a  scale. — Trees,  with  large  and 
fragrant.Jlowers. 

L.  TULIPIFERA.     Tulip  Tree.     White  Wood.     Poplar. 

A  fine  tree,  one  of  the  most  remarkable  of  the  American  forests.  Can.  to 
La.,  especially  abundant  in  the  Western  States.  It  is  ordinarily  about  80f 
high,  with  a  diam.  of  2  or  3f,  but  along  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers  it 
grows  much  larger.  Near  Bloomington,  la.,  I  measured  a  tree  of  this  species 
which  had  been  recently  felled.  Its  circumference,  4  feet  from  the  ground, 


MEMSPERML'M.  V.  MENISPERMACEJE.  151 

was  23f;  30  feet  from  the  ground  its  diameter  was  5f;  the  whole  height 
125f.  The  trunk  is  perfectly  straight  and  cylindric.  At  top  it  divides  rather 
abruptly  into  coarse,  crooked,  rather  unsightly  branches.  Leaves  dark  green, 
smooth,  truncate  at  the  end,  with  two  lateral  lobes,  3 — 5'  in  length  and  breadth, 
on  long  petioles.  In  May  and  June  it  puts  forth  numerous  large  and  brilliant 
flowers,  greenish-yellow,  orange  within,  solitary,  4 — &  diam.  The  wood  is 
extensively  used  as  a  substitute  for  pine. 


ORDER  IV.     ANONACE^E.— ANONADS. 

Trees  or  Shrubs. 

Lvs.  alternate,  simple,  entire,  -without  stipules. 

Fts.  usually  green  or  brown,  axillary,  large,  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

CaL—  Sepals  3—4,  persistent,  often  united  at  base. 

Cor.— Petals  6,  in  two  rows,  hypogynous,  aestivation  valvate. 

Sta.  indefinite,  densely  crowded.    Fil.  short.    Anth.  adnate,  extrorse. 

Ova.  numerous,  closely  packed.    Sty.  short  or  0.     Stiff   simple. 

Fr.  dry  or  succulent,  l— many-seeded,  distinct  or  aggregated.    Sds.  anatropous. 

Genera  20,  species  300 ,  chiefly  native  within  the  tropics  of  both  hemispheres.    Four  species  are 
found  in  the  United  States,  all  of  the  following  genus.    Plants  generally  aromatic  in  all  their  parts. 

UVARIA. 

Lat.  un a,  grape ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  fruit  of  some  species. 

Sepals  3,  united  at  base ;  petals  6,  in  2  rows ;  carpels  oblong, 
baccate,  often  torulose,  pulpy  within  ;  seeds  several. — Aromatic  shrubs 
or  trees. 

U.  TRILOBA.    Torr.  and  Gr.     (Anona.  Linn.)    Pawpaw. 

Lvs.  obovate-oblong,  acuminate ;  pet.  dark-purple,  exterior  orbicular,  3  or 
4  times  as  long  as  the  sepals. — A  small  and  beautiful  tree,  15 — 20f  high,  on 
banks  of  streams,  Middle,  Southern  and  Western  States.  Branches  and  leaves 
nearly  glabrous,  the  latter  8 — 12'  by  3 — 4',  very  smooth  and  entire,  tapering  to 
very  short  petioles.  Fruit  about  1'  thick  and  3'  long,  ovoid-oblong,  about 
8-seeded,  yellowish,  fragrant,  eatable,  ripe  in  October.  Flowers  in  March, 
Apr. 


ORDER   V.  .  MENISPERMACEJE.— MENISPERMADS. 

Shrubs  twining  or  climbing,  with  alternate,  entire  leaves. 

Fls.  small,  in  panicles  or  racemes,  usually  dioecious. 

CaL— Sepals  3—8,  in  adouble  series,  2—4  in  each,  imbricated  in  aestivation,  hypog.,  deciduous. 

Cor. — Petals  1—8,  hypogynous,  usually  as  many  as  the  sepals,  rarely  0.  [many. 

$ta.  distinct  or  monadelphous,  equal  in  number  to  the  petals  and  opposite  to  them,  or  3  or  4  times  as 

Anth.  innate  and  consisting  of  4  globose  lobes. 

Ova.  usually  solitary,  sometimes  2—4.    Fr.  a  drupe,  globose-reniform. 

Genera  11,  species  175,  mostof  them  natives  of  tropical  Asia  and  America.  The  only  northern  genus 
is  Menispermum. 

Properties. — A  few  plants  of  this  order  contain  a  bitter  principle  in  their  roots.  A  foreign  species 
of  Menispermum  yields  the  colwmbo  of  the  shops,  which  is  a  valuable  tonic;  another  genus,  Anamirta 
Cocculus,  of  India,  furnishes  the  Indian  cockle,  so  intoxicating  to  fishes. 

MENISPERMUM. 

Gr.  firii'T],  the  moon;  o-Treftyta,  seed;  from  the  crescent  form  of  the  seed. 

Flowers  9cf;  sepals  4 — 8,  in  a  double  row;  petals  4 — 7,  minute, 
retuse;  c?  Stamens  12 — 20.  9  Ovaries  and  styles  2 — 4;  drupes 
1 -seeded  ;  seeds  lunate  and  compressed. 

M.  CANADENSE. — Moon-seed. 

St.  climbing ;  Ivs.  roundish,  cordate,  angular,  peltate,  the  petiole  inserted 
near  the  base ;  roc.  compound ;  pet.  6 — 7,  small. — In  woods  and  hedges  near 
streams,  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Miss.  Stems  round,  striate,  8— 12f  long. 
Leaves  4 — 5'  diam.,  generally  5-angled,  smooth,  pale  beneath,  on  petioles  3 — 5' 
long.  Flowers  in  axillary  clusters,  small,  yellow.  Drupes  about  4"  diam., 
black,  resembling  grapes.  The  root  is  perennial,  and  in  medicine  has  the  pro- 
perties of  a  tonic.  Jl. 
/?.  lobatum,  has  the  leaves  lobed. 


152  VI.  BERBERIDACEjE.  JEPPERSONIA. 

ORDER  VI     BEKBERIDACE^G. — BERBERIDS. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate,  usually  exstipulate,  simple  or  compound  leaves. 

Fis.  solitary,  racemose  or  panicled,  perfect. 

Cat.—  Sepals  3—4—6,  imbricate  in  2 rows,  often  reinforced  by  petaloid  scales. 

Cor.  hypogynous.    Pet.  1—3  times  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite  to  them. 

Sta.  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  opposite  to  them. 

Anth.  generally  opening  by  recurved  valves,  extrorse. 

Ova.  l-celled,  solitary,  simple.    Sty.  often  lateral.    Stig.  often  lateral  or  peltate. 

Fr.  berried  or  capsular. 

Sds.  one  or  few,  attached  to  the  bottom  of  the  cell,  or  many,  attached  to  lateral  placentae. 

Genera  12,  species  100,  inhabiting  the  temperate  zones.    Some  genera,  as  the  Podophyllum  and  Jeffer- 

sonia,  possess  cathartic  properties.    Others,  as  the  Berberis,  contain  in  their  fruits  malic  and  oxalic  acid. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

$  Petals  8,  flowers  on  a  scape Jeffersonia.      3 

S  Leaves  not  peltate.  £  Petals  6,  with  a  scale  at  base.  .        .        .  Leontice.          4 

Herbs  perennial.  I  Leaves  peltate  ;  stamens  00. Podophyllum.  2 

Shrubs,  with  yellow  flowers  and  irritable  filaments. Berberis.  1 

1.   BERBfiRIS. 

Calyx  of  6,  obovate,  spreading,  colored  sepals,  with  the  three  outer 
ones  smaller  ;  corolla  of  6  suborbicular  petals,  with  2  glands  at  the 
base  of  each  ;  filaments  6,  flattened  ;  anthers  2  separate  lobes  on 
opposite  edges  of  the  connectile  ;  style  0;  berry  oblong,  l-celled; 
seeds  2  or  3. — Fine  hardy  shrubs. 

B.  VULGARIS.     Berberry  Bush. 

Spines  3-forked ;  Ivs.  simple,  serratures  terminated  by  soft  bristles ;  roc. 
pendulous,  many-flowered ;  pet.  entire. — A  well  known  bushy,  ornamental  shrub, 
in  hard,  gravelly  soils,  Northern  States.  Grows  3 — 8f  high.  Leaves  1£ — 2' 
long,  £  as  wide,  round-obtuse  at  apex,  tapering  at  base  into  the  petiole,  and 
remarkably  distinguished  by  their  bristly  serratures.  Flowers  yellow,  a  dozen 
or  more  in  each  hanging  cluster.  Stamens  irritable,  springing  violently 
against  the  stigma  when  touched.  Berries  scarlet,  very  acid,  forming  an 
agreeable  jelly  when  boiled  with  sugar.  The  bark  of  the  root  dyes  yellow. 
Jn.§? 

2.  PODOPHYLLUM. 

Gr.  irovs,  xoSos,  a  foot ;  (f>v\\oi>}  a  leaf;  alluding  to  the  long,  firm  petioles. 

Sepals  3,  oval,  obtuse,  concave,  caducous  ;  petals  6 — 9,  obovate, 
concave;  stamens  9 — 18,  with  linear  anthers;  berry  large,  ovoid, 
l-celled,  crowned  with  the  solitary  stigma. — %  Low,  rather  poisonous 
herbs.  Lvs.  2.'  Fl.  solitary. 

P.  PELTATUM.     May  Apple.     Wild  Mandrake. 

In  woods  and  fields,  common  in  Middle  and  Western  States,  rare  in  N. 
Eng.  Height  about  If.  It  is  among  our  more  curious  and  interesting  plants. 
Stem  round,  sheathed  at  base,  dividing  into  2  round  petioles,  between  which  is  the 
flower.  Leaves  oftener  cordate  than  peltate,  in  5 — 7  lobes,  each  lobe  6'  long 
from  the  insertion  of  the  petiole,  2-lobed  and  dentate  at  apex.  Flowers  pedun- 
culate, drooping,  white,  about  2'  diam.  Petals  curiously  netted  with  veins. 
Fruit  ovoid-oblong,  large,  yellowish,  with  the  flavor  of  the  strawberry.  The 
root  is  cathartic.  May. 

3.   JEFFERSONIA.    Bart 

In  honor  of  President  Jefferson,  a  patron  of  science. 

Sepals  4,  colored,  deciduous  ;  petals  8,  spreading,  incurved ;  sta- 
mens 8,  with  linear  anthers  ;  stigma  peltate  ;  capsule  obovate,  stipi- 
tate,  opening  by  a  circumscissile  dehiscence. — Scape  simple,  l-flowered. 
Lvs.  ^-parted  or  binate. 

J.  DIPHYLLA.     Barton. 

A  singular  plant,  8—14'  high,  Middle  and  Western  States.  Rhizoma 
horizontal.  Each  petiole  bears  at  the  top  a  pair  of  binate  leaves,  which  are 
placed  base  to  base,  and  broader  than  long,  ending  in  an  obtuse  point,  glaucous 


NELUMBIUM.  VIIL  NELUMBIACE.&.  153 

beneath.  Scape  as  long  as  the  petioles.  Flowers  large,  regular,  "white.  The 
capsule  opens  only  half  round,  and  has  thersfore  a  persistent  lid.  Apr. — This 
plant  has  in  Ohio  the  reputation  of  a  stimulant  and  antispasmodic,  and  is  there 
significantly  termed  rheumatism  root. 

4.   LEONTlCE. 

Gr.  Acwv,  a  lion ;  the  leaf  is  likened  to  a  lion's  foot-track.     . 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  of  3 — 6  green  sepals ;  corolla  of  6 
petals,  each  bearing  a  scale  attached  to  the  claw  at  base  within ;  sta- 
mens 6 ;  cells  of  the  anther  dehiscent  at  edge ;  pericarp  membrana- 
ceous  (caducous),  2 — 4-seeded  ;  seeds  erect,  globose. 

L.  THALICTROIDES.     (Caulophyllum.  Michx.)     Poppoose  Root. 

Smooth  ;  Ivs.  biternate  and  triternate  ;  Ifts.  oval,  petiolate,  unequally  lobed, 
the  terminal  one  equally  3-lobed. — A  smooth,  handsome  plant,  in  woods,  Can. 
to  Ky.  Plant  glaucous,  purple  when  young.  Stem  1 — 2|f  high,  round, 
dividing  above  into  2  parts,  one  of  which  is  a  3-ternate  leaf-stalk,  the  other 
bears  a  2-ternate  leaf  and  a  racemose  panicle  of  greenish  flowers.  Leaflets 

galer  beneath,  2 — 3'  long,  lobed  like  those  of  the  Thalictrum  or  Aquilegia. 
eeds  2  (mostly  1  by  abortion),  naked  after  having  burst  the  caducous,  thin 
pericarp,  resembling  berries  on  thick  stipes.    May. 


ORDER  VII,     CABOMBACEJE.— WATERSHIELDS. 

Herbs  aquatic,  with  floating,  entire,  centrally  peltate  leaves. 

Fls.  axillary,  solitary,  small.    Sep.  3—4,  colored  inside. 

Cor.— Petals  3—4,  alternate  with  the  sepals. 

Sta.  hypogynous,  either  6,  or  more  than  17.    Anth.  adnate. 

Ova.  2  or  more.    Stis:  simple. 

Fr.  indehiscent,  tipped  with  the  hardened  style. 

Sds.  globular,  pendulous.    Embryo  minute,  2-lobed,  external  to  an  abundant,  fleshy  albumen. 

Genera  2,  species  3.    American  water-plants,  extending  from  Cayenne,  S.  America,  to  N.  England. 

Property— Slightly  astringent. 

BRASENIA.    Schreb. 

Calyx  of  3 — 4  sepals,  colored  within,*  persistent ;  corolla  of  3 — 4 
petals;  stamens  18 — 36;  ovaries  6 — 18;  carpels  oblong,  2-(or  by 
abortion  l-)seeded. — 1\.  Aquatic.  The  stem,  peduncles,  and  under  sur- 
face of  the  leaves  are  covered  with  a  viscid  jelly. 

B.  PELTATA.     Ptirsh.     (Hydropeltis  purpurea.  MX.)     Water  Target. 

It  inhabits  muddy  shores  and  pools,  often  in  company  with  the  water-lily, 
Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ark.  Leaves  peltate,  elliptical,  entire,  2—3'  by  1 — H',  with 
the  long,  flexible  petioles  inserted  exactly  in  the  centre,  floating  on  the  surface 
of  the  water,  smooth  and  shining  above.  Flowers  arising  to  the  surface,  on 
long,  slender,  axillary  peduncles.  Petals  purple,  about  3"  long.  July. 

ORDER  VIII— NELUMBIACE^E.— WATER-BEANS. 

Herbs  aquatic,  with  peltate,  fleshy,  radical  Ivs.    Rhizoma  prostrate. 

Fls.  large,  solitary,  on  long,  erect  scapes.    Sep.  4—5. 

Cor. — Petals  00.  in  many  rows,  arising  from  without  the  disk. 

Sta.  00,  in  several  rows ;  filaments  petaloid  ;  anth.  adnate,  introrse. 

Oca.  00,  separate,  each  with  a  simple  style  and  stigma. 

Fr.—  Nuts  generally  l-seeded,  half  sunk  in  hollows  of  the  very  large  torus. 

Sds.  destitute  of  albumen,  and  with  a  highly  developed  embryo. 

This  order  comprises  but  a  single  genus  with  3  species,  two  of  which  inhabit  the  still  waters  of  tropical 
regions,  and  the  other,  of  the  U.  S.    The  nuts  are  eatable,  and  indeed  all  the  other  parts  of  the  plant. 

NELUMBIUM.    Juss. 
Characters  of  the  genus  the  same  as  those  of  the  order. 

IN".    LCTEUM. 

Lvs.  peltate,  orbicular,  entire ;  anth.  with  a  linear  appendage. — A  magnifi- 
cent flowering  plant,  peculiar  to  the  stagnant  waters  of  the  south  and  west ! 


154  IX.  NYMPH^ACE^.  NUPHAR, 

but  occasionally  met  with  in  Ct.  and  N.  Y.  Rhizoma  creeping  in  mud  in 
depths  of  water  from  2  or  3  to  6  f.  From  this  arise  the  simple  scapes  and 
petioles  to  the  surface.  Leaves  10 — 18'  diam.,  the  petioles  inserted  on  one  side 
of  the  centre.  Flowers  several  times  larger  than  those  of  Nymphaea  odorata, 
and  without  fragrance.  Petals  concave,  of  a  brilliant  white,  becoming  yellow 
towards  the  base.  The  nuts  imbedded  in  the  torus  are  about  the  size  of  acorns, 
and  are  used  for  food  by  the  Indians.  June. 


ORDER  IX.     NYMPH.EACEJE.— WATER  LILIES. 

Herbs  aquatic,  with  peltate  or  cordate  leaves  from  a  prostrate  rhiz  oma. 

Fls.  large,  showy,  often  sweet-scented. 

CaL—  £ Sepals  and  petals  numerous,  imbricated,  gradually  passing  into  each  other.    Sep.  persistent. 

Cor.—  ( Pet.  inserted  upon  the  disk  which  surrounds  the  pistil. 

Sta.  numerous,  in  several  rows  upon  the  disk.    Fil.  petalqid.    Anth.  adnate,  introrse. 

Ova.  many-celled,  many-seeded,  surrounded  by  a  fleshy  disk. 

Sds.  attached  to  the  spongy  placentae,  and  enveloped  in  a  gelatinous  aril. 

Genera  5,  species  50,  inhabiting  the  northern  hemisphere.  Their  general  aspect  is  that  of  an  endogen. 
but  they  have  two  foliaceous  cotyledons.  The  stems  of  Nymphaoa  contain  a  powerful  astringent  princi- 
ple, which  is  removed  by  repeated  washing  in  water,  after  which  they  are  tasteless  and  may  be  used 
for  food. 

Genera. 

Flowers  white  or  rose-color,  '  Nymph&a.  \ 

Flowers  yellow , Ntt^phar.      2 

1.   NYMPH^A. 

The  Greek  Nymph  or  Naiad  of  the  waters. 

Sepals  4 — 5  ;  petals  00,  inserted  on  the  torus  at  its  base ;  stamens 
gradually  transformed  into  petals ;  stigma  surrounded  with  rays ; 
pericarp  many-celled,  many-seeded.—^  Aquatic. 

N.  ODORATA.     Water  Lily. 

Lvs.  orbicular,  cordate,  entire,  with  veins  prominent  beneath ;  cal.  4-se- 
paled,  equaling  the  petals;  stig.  15 — 20-rayed. — One  of  the  loveliest  of  flowers, 
possessing  beauty,  delicacy  and  fragrance  in  the  highest  degree.  Ponds  and  slug- 
gish streams,  N.  Am.  E.  of  R.  Mts.  Rhizoma  thick,  in  mud  where  the  water 
is  of  3 — 8  or  lOf  in  depth,  sending  up  leaves  and  flowers  to  the  surface. 
Leaves  5 — 6'  diam.,  dark  shining  green  above,  cleft  at  the  base  quite  to  the 
insertion  of  the  long  petiole.  Sepals  colored  within.  Petals  lanceolate,  1£ — 2' 
long,  of  the  most  delicate  texture,  white,  tinged  with  purple.  Filaments  yellow, 
dilated  gradually  from  the  inner  to  the  outer  series  so  as  to  pass  insensibly  into 
petals.  ($72.)  July. 
0.  rosea.  Ph.  Petals  stained  with  purple.  Mass. 

2.   NUPHAR.    Smith. 

Sepals  5  or  6,  oblong,  concave,  colored  within  ;  corolla  of  numerous 
small  petals  furrowed  externally,  and  inserted  with  the  numerous, 
truncated,  linear  stamens  on  the  torus  ;  stigma  discoid,  with  promi- 
nent rays  ;  pericarp  many-celled,  many-seeded. — 7|.  Aquatic. 

1.  N.  ADVENA.     Ait.     (Nymphaea  Adv.  Me.)     Yellmv  Pond  Lily. 

Lvs.  oval,  rounded  at  apex,  with  rounded,  diverging  lobes  at  base ;  scp.  6 ; 
pet.  00 ;  stig.  12— 15-rayed,  margin  crenate. — Very  common  in  sluggish  streams 
7.nd  muddy  lakes,  Can.  to  Ga.  W.  to  Oreg.  A  well  looking  and  very  curious 
plant,  but  from  its  filthy  habits  it  has  been  called,  with  some  justice,  the  frog 
lily.  The  rhizoma  is  large,  creeping  extensively.  Leaves  large,  dark  green, 
shining  above,  and,  when  floating,  pale  and  slimy  beneath.  Petioles  half 
round.  Flowers  rather  large  and  globular  in  form,  erect,  on  a  thick,  rigid 
stalk.  Three  outer  sepals  yellow  inside,  and  the  three  inner  entirely  yellow,  as 
well  as  the  petals  and  stamens.  Jn.  Jl. 

0.  tomentosa.  T.  &  G.  (N.  tomentosa.  Nutt.)  Lvs.  canescently  tomer> 
tose  beneath. 


SAKOUIXARU.  XI.  PAPAVERACEJ2.  155 

2.   KALMIANA.    Ait.     (Nymphasa  Kalmiana.     Michx.     Nuphar  lutea, 

0.  Kalmiana.   T.  fy  G.)     Kalm's  Pond  Lily. 

"Floating  Ivs.  oblong,  cordate,  lobes  approximate ;  submersed  Ivs.  membra- 
naceous,  reniform-cordate,  the  lobes  divaricate,  margin  waved,  apex  retuse ;  " 
stig.  8 — 12-rayed,  somewhat  crenate. — A  smaller  species,  with  small  yellow 
flowers,  growing  in  similar  situations  with  the  last,  N.  States. — Dr.  Robbins, 
from  whose  MSS.  the  above  is  quoted,  thinks  it  wholly  distinct  fromN.  lutea, 
Smith,  or  any  other  species.  Petiole  subterete;  upper  leaves  2 — 3'  long  1J — 2£' 
wide,  lower  leaves  3—4'  diam.  Jl. 

ORDER  X.     SARBACENIACEJE.— WATER  PITCHERS. 

Herbs  aquatic,  perennial  in  bogs,  with  fibrous  roots. 

Lvs.  radical,  with  a  hollow,  urn-shaped  petiole  and  lamina  articulated  at  summit. 

F Is.  large,  solitary,  or  several  on  scapes. 

Cal.—  Sepals  5,  persistent,  with  a  3-leaved  involucel  at  base.    JEst.  imbricate. 

Cw.— Petals  5,  unguiculate,  hypogynous,  concave. 

Sta.  00,  hypogynous.    Anth.  oblong,  adnate,  introrse. 

Ova.  5-celled,  placentas  central.    Sty.  single.    Stiff,  dilated,  peltate,  5-angled. 

FT.  capsular,  5-celled,  5-valved,  crowned  with  the  broad  persistent  stigma. 

Sds.  00,  minute. 

An  order  consisting  of  only  2  genera,  (one  inhabiting  the  bogs  of  N.  America,  the  other  in  Guiana, ) 
and  7  species. 

SARRACENIA.    Tourn. 
In  memory  of  Dr.  Sarrazen  of  Quebec,  the  discoverer  of  the  genus. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  with  3  small  bracts  at  base ;  petals  5,  deciduous; 
stigma  very  large,  peltate,  persistent,  covering  the  ovary  and  sta- 
mens ;  capsule  5-celled,  5-valved,  many-seeded. 

S.  PURPUREA.     Side-saddle  Flmver. 

Z/ys.(ascidia)  radical,  decumbent,  inflated,  contracted  at  the  mouth,winged 
on  the  inner  side,  ending  in  a  broad-cordate,  erect  lamina. — One  of  the  most 
curious  of  plants.  Grows  in  wet  meadows  and  about  mud  lakes,  Lab.  to  Flor. 
Leaves  6 — 9'  long,  rosulate,  ever-green,  composed  of  a  hollow,  pitcher-form 
petiole  (1)  swelling  in  the  middle,  with  a  wing-like  appendage  extending  the 
whole  length  inside,  from  \—  V  wide,  and  extended  on  the  outside  of  the  mouth 
into  a  lamina  (!),  covered  above  with  reversed  hairs.  Their  capacity  when 
of  ordinary  size  is  about  a  wine-glass,  and  they  are  generally  full  of  water 
with  drowned  insects.  Scape  14 — 20'  high,  terete,  smooth,  supporting  a  single 
large,  purple,  nodding  flower,  almost  as  curious  in  structure  as  the  leaves.  Jn. 
0.  hetcrophylla.  Torr.  (S.  heterophylla.  Eaton.} — Scape  rather  shorter; 
sep.  yellowish-green;  pet.  yellow. — Northampton,  Ms.  Mr.  R.  M.  Wright! 
Leaves  scarcety  different. 

ORDER  XI.     PAP  AVERAGES. — POPPYWORTS. 

Plants  herbaceous,  generally  with  a  colored  juice. 

Lvs.  alternate,  simple  or  divided,  without  stipules. 

Fls.  solitary,  on  long  peduncles,  never  blue. 

Cal—  Sepals  2,  rarely  3,  deciduous,  imbricated  in  aestivation. 

Cor.— Petals  4,  rarely  5  or  6.  hypogynous. 

Sta.  often  00,  but  some  multiple  of  4,  rarely  polyadelphous.    Anth.  innate. 

Ova.  solitary.    Sty.  short  or  0.    Stig.  2,  or  if  more,  stellate  upon  the  flat  apex  of  ovary. 

FT.  either  pod-shaped,  with  2  parietal  placentae,  or  capsular  with  several. 

Sds.  00,  minute,  Embryo  minute,  at  the  base  of  oily  albumen. 

An  order  consisting  of  18  genera  and  130  species,  more  than  two-thirds  of  which  are  natives  of  Europe. 
The  order  is  characterized  by  active  narcotic  properties,  principally  resident  in  the  turbid  juices.    The 
Beeds  are  commonly  rich  in  fixed  oil.    Several  of  the  species  are  highly  ornamental  in  cultivation. 
Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

$  Stigmas  concave.         ;       .       .    Argemone.       3 
$  Leaves  armed  with  prickly  teeth.  £  Stigmas  convex.  .       .       .    Meconoptris.      4 

f  yellow.  (  Leaves  unarmed,  entirely  green,  cauline Crieltdonnvm.  2 

I  orange-red.  Leaves  radical,  reniform.    Capsule  terete Sangmnaria.  1 

]  white.    Leaves  unarmed,  cauline.    Capsule  globose Papaver.          5 

Juice  (colorless.    Leaves  multifid  with  linear  segments.    Capsule  terete.         .        .    Eschscfioltzia.  6 

1.   SANGUINARIA. 

Lat.  sanguis,  blood ;  all  parts  abound  in  a  red  juice. 

Sepals  2,  caducous  ;  petals  8,  in  2  series,  those  of  the  outer  series 
14 


156  XI.  PAPAVERACE^E.  MECONOPSIS. 

longer ;  stamens  00 ;  stigma  1 — 2-lobed,  sessile  ;  capsule  pod-like, 
oblong,  1 -celled,  2-valved,  acute  at  each  end,  many-seeded. — 1\.  Juice 
orange  red. 

S.  CANADENSIS.     Blood-root. 

An  interesting  flower  of  woods,  groves,  &c.,  appearing  in  early  spring. 
Rhizoma  fleshy,  tuberous,  and  when  broken  or  bruised  exudes  a  blood-colored 
fluid,  as  also  does  every  other  part  of  the  plant.  From  each  bud  of  the  root- 
stalk  there  springs  a  single  large,  glaucous  leaf,  and  a  scape  about  6'  high,  with 
a  single  flower.  Whole  plant  glabrous.  Leaf  kidney-shaped,  with  roundish 
lobes  separated  by  rounded  sinuses.  Flower  of  a  quadrangular  outline,  white, 
scentless,  and  of  short  duration.  The  juice  is  emetic  and  purgative.  Apr.  May. 

2.   CHELIDONIUM. 

[its  departure. 
Gr.  Xe\iiuv,  the  swallow;  being  supposed  to  flower  with  the  arrival  of  that  bird,  and  to  perish  with 

Sepals  2,  suborbicular ;  petals  4,  suborbicular,  contracted  at  base  ; 
stamens  24 — 32,  shorter  than  the  petals;  stigma  1,  small,  sessile, 
bifid ;  capsule  silique-form,  linear,  2-valved,  1  -celled ;  seeds  crested. — 
1[.  with  yellow  juice. 

C.  MA  jus.     Celandine. 

Livs.  pinnate  ;  Ifts.  lobed,  segments  rounded ;  fls.  in  umbels. — A  pale  green, 
fleshy  herb  found  under  fences,  by  road-sides,  &c.,  arising  1 — 2f  high.  Leaves 
smooth,  glaucous,  spreading,  consisting  of  2 — 4  pairs  of  leaflets  with  an  odd 
one.  Leaflets  1J — 2j'  long,  f  as  broad,  irregularly  dentate  and  lobed,  the  par- 
tial stalks  winged  at  base.  Umbels  thin,  axillary,  pedunculate.  Petals  ellip- 
tical, entire,  yellow,  and  very  fugacious,  like  every  other  part  of  the  flower. 
The  abundant  bright  yellow  juice  is  used  to  cure  itch  and  destroy  warts. 
May.— Oct.  § 

3.   ARGEMONE. 

Gr.  apyefjia,  a  disease  of  the  eye,  which  this  plant  was  supposed  to  cure. 

Sepals  3,  roundish,  acuminate,  caducous ;  petals  6,  roundish, 
larger  than  the  sepals ;  stamens  00,  as  short  as  the  calyx ;  stigma 
sessile,  capitate,  6-lobed ;  capsule  obovoid,  opening  at  the  top  by 
valves. —  ®  Herbs  with  yellow  juice. 

A.  MEXICANA.     Horn  Poppy. 

Las.  repand-sinuate  or  pinnatifid,  with  spiny  teeth ;  /.  solitary,  erect, 
axillary ;  cal.  prickly ;  caps,  prickly,  6-valved. — A  weed-like  plant,  native  at  the 
south  and  west,  §  at  the  north.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  branching,  armed  with 
prickly  spines.  Leaves  5 — 7'  or  8'  long,  sessile,  spinose  on  the  margin  and 
veins  beneath.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  on  short  peduncles,  about  2' 
diam.,  yellow.  The  juice  becomes  in  air  a  fine  gamboge-yellow,  and  is 
esteemed  for  jaundice,  cutaneous  eruptions,  sore  eyes,  fluxes,  &c.  July.§ 
0.  Fls.  ochroleucous. — y.  Fls.  larger,  white. 

4.   MECONOPSIS.     Viguier. 
Gr.  prjKUv,  a  poppy;  ot//tf,  resemblance. 

Sepals  2 ;  petals  4 ;  stamens  00 ;  style  distinct ;  stigmas  4 — 6, 
radiating,  convex,  free  ;  capsule  obovate,  1 -celled,  opening  by  4  valves 
at  apex. — ^Herbs  with  a  yellow  juice. 

M.  DIPHYLLA.  DC.  (Chelidonium.  Michx.  Stylophorum.  Nutt.) 
las.  pinnately  divided,  glaucous  beneath,  segments  5 — 7,  ovate-oblong, 
sinuate,  cauline  2,  opposite,  petiolate  ;  ped.  aggregated,  terminal ;  caps.  4-valved, 
echinate-setose.— Woods,  Western  States  !  Plant  12— 18'  high.  Leaves  large, 
8'  by  6',  on  petioles  about  the  same  length  ;  terminal  segments  somewhat  con- 
fluent. Peduncle  about  3'  long.  Petals  deep  yellow.  May. 


XII.  FUMARIACE^E.  157 

5.   PAPAVER. 

Celtic,  papa ,  pap ;  a  soporific  food  for  children,  composed  of  poppy-seeds,  &c: 

Sepals  2,  caducous  ;  petals  4  ;  stamens  00  ;  capsule  1  -celled,  open- 
ing by  pores  under  the  broad,  persistent  stigma. — Exotic  herbs,  mostly 
(D,  with  white  juice  abounding  in  opium. 

1.  P.    SOMNIFERTJM.       Opium,  Poppy. 

Glabrous  and  glaucous ;  Ivs.  clasping,  incised  and  dentate;  sep.  glabrous; 
cap.  globose. — A  plant  with  large,  brilliantly  white  flowers,  double  in  cultiva- 
tion. Stem  1 1 — 3f  high.  Leaves  4 — 8' by  2 — 3',  with  rather  obtuse  dentures. 
Every  part,  but  especially  the  capsule,  abounds  with  a  white  juice  powerfully 
narcotic,  and  which  when  hardened  in  the  sun,  forms  the  opium  of  the  shops. 
For  this  drug,  it  is  extensively  cultivated  in  Europe  and  southern  Asia.  Jn. 

ji.n 

2.  P.  DUBIUM.     Dubious  Poppy. 

Caulescent ;  st.  hispid  with  spreading  hairs ;  Ivs.  pinnately  parted,  seg- 
ments incised ;  ped.  clothed  with  appressed  hairs ;  sep.  hairy ;  caps,  obovoid- 
oblong,  glabrous. — Sparingly  naturalized  in  cultivated  grounds,  Penn.  Stem 
about  2f  high.  Flowers  light  red  or  scarlet.  Jn.  Jl.  $ 

3.  P.  RH^EAS.     Common  Red  Poppy. — St.  many-flowered,  hairy:  Ivs.  incisely 
pinnatifid ;  capsules  smooth,  nearly  globose. — Distinguished  from  the  last  spe- 
cies chiefly  by  its  more  finely  divided  leaves  and  its  globular  capsule.     About 
2  f  high.     Flowers  very  large  and  showy,  of  a  deep  scarlet  red.     Varieties  are 
produced  with  various  shades  of  red  and  particolored  flowers,  more  or  less  dou- 
ble.   Jn.  Jl.f 

4.  P.    ORIENTALS.     Oriental  Poppy. — St.   1-flowered,  rough;    Ivs.  scabrous, 
pinnate,    serrate  ;    capsules   smooth.  —  Native   of   Levant.      Stem   3  f  high. 
Flowers  very  large,  and  of  a  rich  scarlet  color,  too  brilliant  to  be  looked  upon 
in  the  sun.    Jn.  f 

6.   ESCHSCHOLTZIA. 

Named  for  Eschscholtz,  a  German  botanist,  well  known  for  his  researches  in  California. 

Sepals  2,  cohering  by  their  edge,  caducous ;  petals  4  ;  stamens  00, 
adhering  to  the  claws  of  the  petals  ;>  stigmas  4 — 7,  sessile,  2 — 3  of 
them  abortive  ;  capsule  pod-shaped,  cylindric,  10-striate,  many- 
seeded. — CD  Leaves  pinnatifid,  glaucous.  The  juice,  which  is  colorless, 
exhales  the  odor  of  hydrochloric  acid. 

1.  E.  DOUGLASII.     Hook.     (Chryseis  Califoraica,  of  Lindl.  and  of  1st  edit.) — 
St.  branching,  leafy ;  torus  obconic  ;  cal.  ovoid,  with  a  very  short,  abrupt  acu- 
mination;  pet.  bright  yellow,  with  an  orange  spot  at  base. — A  very  showy 
annual,  common  in  our  gardens.    Native  of  California,  Oregon,  &c.     The 
foliage  is  smooth,  abundant  and  rich,  dividing  in  a  twice  or  thrice  pinnatifid 
manner  into  linear  segments.    Flowers  2'  broad,  f 

2.  E.  CALIFORNIA.     Hook.     (Chryseis  crocea,  Lindl.  and  of  1st  edit.') — St. 
branching,  leafy ;  torus  funnel-form,  with  a  much  dilated  limb ;  cal.  obconic, 
with  a  long  acumination;  fls.  orange-yellow.— From  California.    Leaves  and 
color  of  flowers  as  in  the  preceding,  except  the  latter  are  more  of  a  reddish- 
orange  hue.  f 


ORDER  XII.     FUMARIACEJE.— -FUMEWORTS. 

Plants  herbaceous,  with  brittle  stems  and  a  watery  juice. 

Lvs.  usually  alternate,  multifid,  often  furnished  with  tendrils. 

Fls.  irregular,  purple,  white  or  yellow.    Sep.  2,  deciduous. 

Cor.— Petals  4,  hypogynous,  parallel,  one  or  both  of  the  outer  saccate,  2  inner  cohering.at  apex. 

Sta.  6,  diadelphous  ;  Jil.  dilated  ;  anth.  adnate,  extrorse,  2  outer  l-celled,  middle  2-celled. 

Ova.  superior,  l-celled  ;  sty.  filiform  ;  stig.  with  one  or  more  points. 

Fr.  either  an  indehiscent  nut  l— 2-seeded,  or  a  pod-shaped  capsule  many-seeded. 

Sds.  shining,  ariled.    Albumen  fleshy. 

Genera  15,  species  110,-some  of  them  beautiful  and  delicate,  inhabiting  thickets  in  the  temperate 
regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere.    They  possess  no  remarkable  action  upon  the  animal  economy. 


158  XII.  FUMARIACEJS.  CORYDALIS. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

$  Fruit  a  pod-shaped  capsule.  .       .  Corydalis.  3 

$  only  1  of  the  outer,  sace.  or  spurred.  (Fruit  a  subglobose  nut.  .       .       .  Fumaria.   4 

£  distinct,  ( 2  outer  equally  saccate  or  spurred Dielytra.    1 

Petals  (  united,  base  bigibbous,  apex  4-lobed.    Climbing  herbs.           Adlumia.   2 

1.   DIELYTRA.    Borkhausen. 

Gr.  Sis,  double ;  e\vrpov,  wing-case ;  in  allusion  to  the  two  spurs. 

Sepals  2,  small ;  petals  4,  the  2  outer  equally  spurred  or  gibbous 
at  the  base  ;  stamens  united  in  2  sets  of  3  in  each  j  pod  2-valved, 
many-seeded. — %. 

1.  D.  CUCTJLLARIA.    DC.     (Corydalis  Cucullaria.    Pm.)     Dutchman's 
Breeches. 

Rt.  bulbiferous ;  rac.  4 — 10-flowered,  secund ;  spurs  divergent,  elongated, 
acute,  straight. — Woods,  Can.  to  Ky.  A  smooth,  handsome  plant.  Rhizoma 
bearing  triangular,  small,  pale-red  bulbs  under  ground.  Leaves  radical,  mul- 
tifid,  somewhat  triternate,  smooth,  with  oblong-linear  segments,  the  petioles 
rather  shorter  than  the  scape.  Scape  slender,  6 — 10'  high.  Flowers  scentless, 
nodding,  whitish,  at  summit  yellow.  Pedicels  short,  axillary  to  a  bract,  and 
with  2  minute  bracteoles  near  the  flower.  Spurs  about  as  long  as  the  corolla. 
April,  May. 

2.  D.  CANADENSIS.    DC.     (D.  eximia.    Beck.     Corydalis  Canadensis. 
Goldie.}     Squirrel  Corn.     Dutchman's  Breeches. 

St.  subterranean,  tuberiferous ;  tubers  globose ;  rac.  simple,  secund,  4 — 6- 
flowered ;  spurs  short,  rounded,  obtuse,  slightly  incurved. — A  smooth,  pretty 
plant,  common  in  rocky  woods,  Can.  to  Ky.  The  rhizoma  bears  a  number  of 
roundish  tubers  about  the  size  of  peas,  and  of  a  bright-yellow  color.  Leaves 
radical,  subglaucous,  biternatc,  the  leaflets  deeply  pinnatifid,  segments  linear- 
oblong,  obtuse,  5 — 8"  long.  Scape  6 — 8'  high,  bearing  a  few  odd-looking 
flowers.  Corolla  white,  tipped  with  yellow,  5"  long.  Calyx  minute.  Sta- 
mens 3  on  each  lip.  May,  Jn. 

3.  D.  EXIMIA.    DC.    (Corydalis  formosa.  Ph.}     Choice  Dielytra. 
Rhizoma scaly-bulbiferous ;  Ivs.  numerous;  rac.  compound,  the  branches 

cymose ;  spurs  very  short,  obtuse,  incurved ;  stigma  2-horned  at  apex. — A  fine 
species,  on  rocks,  &c.,  found  by  Dr.  Sartwcll,  in  Yates  Co.,  N.  Y.  (S.  to  N. 
Car.}  Leaves  radical,  10 — 15'  high,  somewhat  triternate,  with  incisely  pin- 
natifid segments,  but  quite  variable.  Scape  8 — 12'  high,  with  several  (4 — 8) 
cymes,  each  with  6 — 10  purplish,  nodding  flowers.  Corolla  8 — 10"  long,  oroad 
at  base.  Bracts  purplish,  at  base  of  pedicels.  Jn. — Sept.  f 

2.   ADLUMIA.    Raf. 

Named  for  John  Adlum,  Washington,  D.  C.,  a  cultivator  of  the  vine. 

Sepals  2,  minute  ;  petals  4,  united  into  a  fungous,  monopetalous 
corolla,  persistent,  bigibbous  at  base,  4-lobed  at  apex ;  stamens  united 
in  2  equal  sets ;  pod  2-valved,  many-seeded. — (D  Climbing. 

A  CIRRHOSA.   Raf.    (Fumaria  fungosa.  Willd.  Corydalis.  Pers.)  Moun- 
tain Fringe. 

A  delicate  climbing  vine,  native  of  rocky  hills,  Can.  to  N.  Car.  Stem  stri- 
ate,  many  feet  in  length.  Leaves  decompound,  divided  in  a  pinnate  manner, 
ultimate  divisions  3-lobed,  smooth,  their  foot-stalks  serving  for  tendrils. 
Flowers  very  numerous,  in  axillary,  pendulous,  cymose  clusters,  pale-pink. 
Calyx  minute.  Corolla  slightly  cordate  at  base,  of  4  petals  united  into  a 
spongy  mass,  cylindric,  compressed,  tapering  upwards,  2-lipped.  Fine  for 
arbors.  Jn. — Aug.j- 

3.   CORYDALIS.     DC. 

Greek  name  of  the  Fumitory,  from  which  genus  this  was  taken. 

Sepals  2,  small ;  petals  4,  one  of  which  is  spurred  at  the  base ; 


XIII.  CRUCIFER^E.  159 

stamens  6,  diadelphous  ;  filaments  united  into  2  equal  sets  by  their 
broad  bases  which  sheath  the  ovary ;  pod  2-valved,  compressed,  many- 
seeded. — Lvs.  cauline.  Pedicels  racemose,  bractless. 

1.  C.  GLAUCA.     Ph.     (Fumaria  glauca.  Curtis.')     Glaucous  Corydalis. 
St.  erect,  branched ;  Ivs.  glaucous,  bipinnate,  segments  cuneate-obovate,  3- 

lobed ;  pods  linear,  as  long  as  the  pedicels. — (g).  A  smooth,  delicate  plant,  in 
mountainous  woods,  Can.  to  N.  Car.,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom.  Root 
fusiform.  Stem  1 — 4f  high.  Leaflets  nearly  1'  long  and  f  wide,  cut  into  3 
obtuse  lobes.  Flowers  terminal,  on  the  subpaniculate  branches.  Calyx  of  2, 
ovate,  acuminate  sepals,  between  which,  placed  crosswise,  is  balanced  the 
cylindrical,  ringent  corolla,  beautifully  colored  with  alternating  shades  of  red 
and  yellow.  May — Aug. 

2.  C.  AUREA.    Willd.    (Fumaria  aurea.  Muhl.)     Golden  Corydalis. 

££.  branching,  diffuse;  Ivs.  glaucous,  bipinnate,  lobed,  the  lobes  oblong- 
linear,  acute  ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  dentate,  3  times  as  long  as  the  peduncle  ; 
roc.  secund,  opposite  the  leaves  and  terminal ;  pod  terete,  torulose. — 0  In  rocky 
shades,  Can.  to  Mo.  S.  to  Ga.  Stem  8 — 12'  high,  with  finely  divided  leaves. 
Flowers  bright  yellow,  about  half  as  long  as  the  torulose  pods  which  succeed 
them.  May — Aug. 

4.   FUMARIA. 

Lat.  fumus,  smoke ;  from  its  disagreeable  smell. 

Sepals  2,  caducous ;  petals  4,  unequal,  one  of  them  spurred  at  the 
base,  filaments  in  2  sets  each  with  3  anthers  ;  nut  ovoid  or  globose, 
1 -seeded  and  valveless. — Lvs.  cauline,  finely  dissected. 

F.  OFFICINALIS.     Fumitory. 

St.  suberect,  branched,  and  spreading ;  Ivs.  bipinnate ;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  cut 
into  linear  segments ;  roc.  loose ;  sep.  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  about  as  long  as 
the  globose,  retuse  nut. — A  small,  handsome  plant,  in  sandy  fields  and  about 
gardens,  introduced  from  Europe.  Stem  10 — 15'  high,  smooth  as  well  as  the 
leaves.  Leaflets  cut  into  segments  dilated  upwards.  Flowers  small,  rose- 
colored,  nodding,  the  pedicels  becoming  erect  in  fruit,  and  twice  as  long  as  the 
bracts.  July,  Aug.  § 


ORDER  XIII.     CRUCLFER^.— CRUCIFERS. 

Plants  herbaceous,  very  rarely  suffruticose,  with  alternate  leaves. 

Fls.  yellow  or  white,  rarely  purple,  without  bracts,  generally  in  racemes. 

Cal.— Sepals  4,  deciduous.  [a  cross. 

Cor.  of  4  regular  petals,  their  claws  inserted  into  the  receptacle,  and  their  limbs  spreading  in  the  formol 

Sta.  6,  2  of  them  upon  opposite  sides,  shorter  than  the  other  4.  [sepiment,— stiff,  two. 

Ova.  cpmposed  of  two  united  carpels,  with  two  parietal  placentas  united  by  a  membranous  ialse  dis- 

Fr.  a  silique  or  silicle  usually  2-celled. 

Sds.  attached  in  a  single  row  to  each  side  of  the  placentas : — -albumen  0. 

Embryo,  with  the  two  cotyledons  variously  folded  on  the  radicle. 

Genera  173,  species  1600.— This  is  a  very  natural  order,  larger  than  any  of  the  preceding.  The  greater 
part  of  the  species  are  found  in  the  temperate  zones.  About  100  are  peculiar  to  this  continent. 

Proper  tics.—  The  Cruciferae  as  a  class  are  of  much  importance  to  man.  They  furnish  several  alimen- 
tary articles  which  are  very  nutricious,  as  the  turnip,  cabbage,  cauliflower;  several  others  are  used  as 
C9ndiments  ;  as  mustard,  radish,  cochlearia,  &c.  They  all  possess  a  peculiar  acrid,  volatile  principle, 
dispersed  through  every  part,  often  accompanied  by  an  etherial  oil  abounding  in  sulphur.  They  are  also 
remarkable  for  containing  more  nitrogen  than  other  vegetables,  for  which  reason  ammonia  is  generally 
evolved  in  their  putrefaction.  In  medicine  they  are  eminently  stimulant  and  antiscorbutic.  ISone  are 
really  poisonous,  although  very  acrid.  The  root  of  Isatis  tinctoria  affords  a  blue  coloring  matter. 

14* 


160 


XIII.  CRUCIFER^. 


FIG.  40.—  1.  A  flower  of  Sinapis  nigra.  2.  The  stamens  (4  long  and  2  short)  and  pistil.  3.  Plan  of  the 
flower,  —  stamens  in  2  rows,  outer  row  half  wanting.  4.  A  silique,  —  5,  partly  open,  showing  the  septum 
with  seeds  attached.  e.Cross  section  of  aseed,  cotyledons  conduplicate  (0>».  7.  Flower  (enlarged)  and  leaf 


of  Capsella.    8.  A  silicle,—  9,  open,  showing  the  narrow  septum  with  seeds.    10.  Cross  section  of  a  seed, 
cotyledons  incumbent  (0  ti).  11.  Section  of  a  winged  seed  of  Arabis  Canadensis,  cotyledons  acc 


umbent  0  li. 


Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 
*  Ornamental  exotics  not  culinary.' 


f  Silicle     \  Some  of  the  stamens  toothed.         .       .    Alyssum.         8 

<  2-celled  .  (  Stamens  all  toothless  Lunaria.          9 

<  Petals  eaual.      f  Silicle  1-celled,  1-seeded.                                         .    Isatis.              li 

Fruit  siliculose  ;  1  Petals  unequal,  the  2  outer  ones  larger  Iberia.             10 

C  Sti(Tmn  panitntp                                                                                       C'.'h  pirn  nth  tut     91 

{  Seeds  flat(0  —  )  \  Stigmas  cornute                                                            Matthiolft.       22 

Fruit  siliq 

ii/yap  •     /  Stppria  nvniH  ^Oi!>     Hnlvv  fnrrnwp.fi  nt,  bflSfi.                                                              JJwnp.r-J.t              1ft 

**  Plants  native  or  naturalized,  and  culinary  exotics. 

<  4—  00-seeded.      .           Thlasvi.            \ 

f  ovate  and      $  emarginate,  (.  2-seeded. 

Lepidiutn.        3 

1  compressed,  {  entire  at  the  apex. 

Draba.               4 

•<  ovoid  or         <,  Leaves  cauline. 

Cochlearia.      5 

(  Silicle           j  globose.          £  Leaves  radical. 

Subularia.       6 

Fruit         <jointless,      I  triangular,  cuneate  at  base  

Capsella.          2 

siliculose.  (  Silicle  with  2  joints,  upper  joint  ovate  or  ensiform. 

Cakile.            25 

(  Sds.  not    ^0=>.    . 

Cardamine.    16 

<  bordered,  (  OH.    . 

Sisymbrium.  19 

f  Seeds  in  a      ^  Pods  linear.  *  Seeds  bordered. 

Cheiranthus.  21 

)  single  row.     I  Pods  lanceolate.    Leaves  few. 

Dentaria.        17 

("Valves          |  Seeds  in  a      $  wingless  

Nasturtium.    12 

Flowers 

i  veinless.    .   I  double  row,   £  winged  on  the  margin.     . 
Fruit         j  Valves  with  one  central  vein,  flat,  linear  

Turritis.          14 
Arabis.             15 

cyanic. 

.siliquose.  1  Valves  0.    Silique  indehiscent,  transversely  celled. 
£  Pods  dehiscent. 

Raphanus.      £6 
Brassica.          £4 

(  globose.        (  Pods  indehiscent. 

Kaphamis.       26 

(  Seeds  in  a    <  oblong  (0-).    Leaves  lyrate. 

Barbarea.         13 

f  Calyx  erect  <  single  row,    (  oblong  (OH).    Leaves  undivided. 
1  or  closed.      (  Seeds  in  a  double  row  

Erysimum.      20 
Turritis.          14 

'Fruit          )                                              (  Seeds  ovoid  or  oblong  (Oil). 

Sisymbrium.   19 

siliquose.  1  Calyx  spreading.    •       .     ?  Seeds  globose     (0»).    , 

Sinapis.           23 

Flowers 
yellow. 

$  oblong  or  somewhat  terete  
L  Fruit  siliculose,    .     .     £  obovoid  or  subglobose  

Nasturtium.    12 
Camelina.         7 

SECTION  I.    SILICTJLOSJE.    (^  80,  note.) 

1.    THLASPI.     Dill. 
Gr.  $A<zw,  to  compress ;  on  account  of  the  compressed  or  flattened  silicles. 

Calyx   equal  at  base  ;  petals  equal ;  silicle  short,  flat,  emarginate 
at   the    apex,  many-seeded ;    valves   carinate,  often  winged   on   the 
back;   cotyledons  accumbent  (0^). — Lvs.  undivided.     Fls.  white. 
1.  T.  ARVENSE.     Penny  Cress. 

L/os.  oblong,  coarsely  dentate,  smooth;  si'Zicferoundish-obovate,  shorter  than 
the  pedicel ;  stig.  subsessile. — In  cultivated,  stony  fields,Can.  and  Northern  Stales. 
The  whole  plant  smooth,  8 — 12'  high,  branched.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  \  as  wide, 
the  cauline  slightly  arrow-shaped  with  small  obtuse  auricles,  wavy  and  toothed 


LEPIDIUM.  XIII.  CRUCIFER^E.  161 

at  margin.    Flowers  small,  in  terminal  racemes.    Silicles  large,  flat,  with 
dilated  wings.    The  plant  has  a  disagreeable  flavor  of  garlic.     June.§ 

2.  T.    ALLIACEUM. 

Lvs.  oblong,  obtuse,  somewhat  dentate,  upper  ones  sagittate-amplexicaul, 
with  acute  auricles;  silicles  ovate-ventricose ;  stig.  subsessile. — In  cultivated 
fields,  Western  States,  not  common.  Stems  6 — 10'  high.  Lower  leaves  petio- 
late.  Flowers  smaller  than  in  T.  arvense,  in  terminal  racemes.  This  also 
savors  of  garlic.  May — Jl.  § 

3.  T.    TUBEROSUM.       Nutt. 

Rt.  tuberiferous  and  fibrous ;  st.  pubescent,  simple,  short ;  Ivs.  rhomboid- 
ovate,  obscurely  dentate,  smooth  and  sessile,  radical  ones  petiolate ;  'silicle  sub- 
orbicular. — Tj.  Penn.  Stem  not  more  than  4 — 5'  high.  Flowers  rather  large, 
rose-colored.  Apr.  May. 

2.  CAPSELLA.    Vent. 

Diminutive  from  capsa,  a  chest  or  box ;  alluding  to  the  fruit. 

Calyx  equal  at  base  ;  silicles  triangular-cuneiform,  obcordate,  com 
pressed  laterally  :  valves  carinate,  not  winged  on  the  back  ;  septum 
sublinear;  style  short;  seeds  00;  oblong,  small,  0||. — (D  Fls.  white, 
A.  troublesome  weed. 

C.  BURSA-PASTORIS.  Maench.  (Thlaspi  Bursa-pastoris.  Linn.")  Shepherd's 

purse. 

Found  everywhere,  in  fields,  pastures,  and  roadsides.  Stem  6 — 8 — 12'  high, 
nearly  smooth  in  the  upper  part,  hirsute  below,  striate,  branching.  Root-leaves 
rosulate,  2 — 5—8'  long,  j  as  wide,  cut-lobed,  on  margined  petioles ;  segments 
about  13.  These  leaves  are  sometimes  wanting,  (when  the  weed  is  crowded,)  or 
only  demate.  Stem-leaves  much  smaller,  very  narrow,  with  two  small,  acute 
auricles  at  base,  half  clasping  the  stem.  Flowers  small,  in  racemes,  which  are 
finally  3 — 12'  long  Silicle  smooth,  triangular,  emarginate  at  the  end,  and  tipped 
with  the  style.  April — Sept.  § 

3.  LEPIDIUM.    R.Br. 

Gr.  Ae-Trif,  a  scale;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  silicle. 

Sepals  ovate ;  petals  ovate,  entire  ;v  silicles  oval-orbicular,  emar- 
ginate ;  septum  very  narrow,  crossing  the  greater  diameter  ;  valves 
carinate,  dehiscent ;  cells  1 -seeded,  0||  or  0=. — Fls.  white. 

1.  L.  VIRGINICUM.     Wild  Pepper-grass. 

Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  incisely  serrate,  smooth ;  st.  paniculately  branched 
above;  sta.  2 — 4;  silicles  orbicular,  emarginate;  seeds  0=. — ®  In  dry  fields 
and  road-sides,  U.  S.  Stem  rigid,  round,  smooth,  If  high.  Leaves  1 — 2' 
by  1 — 3"  ,  acute,  tapering  at  base  into  a  petiole,  upper  ones  sessile,  lower  pinna- 
tifidly  cut.  Flowers  and  silicles  very  numerous,  in  a  panicle  of  racemes.  Ms. 
very  small,  mostly  diandrous ;  silicjes  lens-shaped,  1£"  diam.,  with  a  notch  at  the 
end.  Taste  pungent,  like  that  of  the  garden  pepper-grass.  Jn. — Oct. 

2.  L.  CAMPESTRE,  R.  Br.    (Thlaspi  campestris.  Linn.')     Yellow  Seed. 

Cauline  Ivs.  sagittate,  denticulate ;  silicles  ovate,  winged,  emarginate,  scaly- 
punctate. — (D  In  waste  places  and  dry  fields,  especially  among  flax.  Stem 
strictly  erect,  round,  minutely  downy,  6 — 10'  high,  branching.  Leaves  1'  long, 
i  as  wide,  acute,  with  2  lobes  at  base,  upper  one  clasping  the  stem,  all  minutely 
velvety.  Flowers  small.  Silicles  1|"  long,  numerous,  in  long  racemes.  Jn.  Jl.$ 

3.  L.    RUDERALE. 

Lvs.  cauline,  incised,  those  of  the  branches  linear,  entire ;  fls.  apetalous, 
and  with  but  2  stamens ;  silicles  broadly  oval  or  suborbicular,  emarginate,  wing- 
less ;  cotyl.  0 II . — Dry  fields,  Mich.,  la.,  Mo.  Stem  10 — 15'  high.  Racemes 
many.  Flowers  remarkable  for  wanting  the  petals,  which  are  always  present 
in  our  other  species. 

4.  L.  SATIVUM.  Peppergrass. — Lvs.  variously  divided  and  cut ;  branches  with- 
out spines ;  silicles  orbicular,  winged. — (D  Native  of  the  East.  Stems  1— 3f 


162  XIII.  CRUCIFER./E.  DRABA, 

high,  very  branching.    Silicles  2 — 3"  broad,  very  numerous.    A  well  known 
garden  salad.    July.  ^  § 

4.   DRABA. 

Cfr.  (Jpa/?»j,  acrid,  biting ;  from  the  taste  of  the  plant. 

Calyx  equal  at  base  ;  petals  equal ;  filaments  without  teeth ;  siliele 
Dval-oblong,  entire,  the  valves  flat  or  convex ;  cells  2,  many-seeded ; 
seeds  not  margined. 

1.  D.  VERNA.     (Eriophila  vulgaris.  DC.)     Whitlow  Grass. 

Scape  naked ;  Ivs.  oblong,  acute,  subserrate,  hairy ;  pet.  bifid ;  stig.  sessile ; 
siliele  oval,  flat,  shorter  than  the  pedicel. — (p  A  little  early-flowering  plant  in 
grassy  fields,  Can.  to  Va.  Leaves  all  radical,  lanceolate,  \ — 1^'  long,  £  as 
wide,  with  a  few  teeth  towards  the  end.  Scape  a  few  inches  high,  with  a 
raceme  of  5 — 15  small,  white  flowers.  Calyx  spreading.  Petals  cleft  half 
way  down.  Silicles  about  a  line  wide  and  3— 4"  long,  with  deciduous  valves. 
Apr.  May. 

2.  D.  ARABlsANs.    Michx.    (Arabis.  PA.) 

St.  leafy,  somewhat  branched  and  pubescent ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acutely  den- 
tate ;  siliele  oblong-lanceolate,  smooth,  longer  than  the  pedicel ;  sty.  very  short. — 
Lake  shores,  among  rocks,  Vt.,  N.  Y.,  Mich.  Stems  several  from  the  same 
root,  6 — 8'  high.  Radical  leaves  I'  or  more  in  length,  attenuate  at  base,  with 
a  few  slender,  spreading  teeth ;  cauline  leaves  somewhat  clasping.  Flowers 
white,  in  a  short  raceme.  Siliele  elongated  (!£'  long),  acuminate,  contorted, 
and  might  be  called  a  silique.  May. 

3.  D.  CAROLINIANA.    Walt.    (D.  hispidula.     Michx.} 

St.  leafy  at  base,  hispid,  naked  and  smooth  at  the  top ;  Ivs.  ovate-roundish, 
entire,  hispid ;  silicles  linear,  smooth,  longer  than  the  pedicels,  corymbose. — (§) 
Sandy  fields,  Conn.,  Dr.  Rabbins,  R.  L,  Mr.  G.  Hunt,  S.  to  Ga.  Stem  1 — 3'  high, 
very  hairy.  Leaves  clustered  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem,  very  hairy. 
Petals  white,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals.  Siliele  £'  long,  lance-linear,  many- 
seeded.  Stigma  subsessile.  Apr.  Jn. 

4.  D.  RAMOSISSIMA.     Desv.    (Alyssum  dentatum.  Nutt.) 

Minutely  pubescent ;  sts.  numerous ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  with  remote  and 
slender  teeth,  upper  ones  entire ;  roc.  corymbosely  paniculate ;  siliele  lanceo- 
late, about  the  length  of  the  pedicel,  and  tipped  with  the  style  \  as  long. — %  On 
rocks,  Harper's  Ferry,  Va.,  west  to  Ky.  Stems  slender,  4 — 10'  long,  with 
tufted  leaves  at  top.  Leaves  about  1'  long,  with  1  or  2  teeth  on  each  side. 
Flowers  white.  Silicles  3 — 5"  in  length,  ascending.  Apr.  May. 

5.  D.  NEMORALIS.     Ehrh. 

St.  pubescent,  branched ;  Ivs.  oval,  hirsute,  cauline  lanceolate,  toothed ; 
pet.  emarginate  ;  silicles  oblong-elliptical,  the  length  of  the  pedicels  ;  sds.  nearly 
30.— %  Mich.  Mo.  Plant  slender,  8—10'  high.  Stem  with  few  branches. 
Leaves  mostly  radical.  Racemes  much  elongated  in  fruit,  with  very  long 
pedicels.  Flowers  minute,  yellowish  white.  May. 

6.  D.    CUNEIFOLIA.       Nutt. 

Hirsute-pubescent ;  st.  branching  and  leafy  below ;  Ivs.  sparingly  toothed, 
radical  spatulate-oblong,  cauline  few,  oblong,  ovate,  somewhat  attenuate  at 
base;  rac.  rather  elongated  in  fruit;  silicles  oblong-lanceolate,  minutely  hispid, 
twice  as  long  as  the  pedicels ;  pet.  emarginate.  T.  $•  G. — Ij.  Grassy  places 
about  St.  Louis,  &c.,  Nuttall.  Plant  3 — 8'  high.  Flowers  much  larger  than 
in  the  preceding.  Petals  white,  nearly  thrice  longer  than  the  sepals.  Silicles 
about  J'  long  and  30-seeded.  March,  Apr. 

7.  D.    BRACHYCARPA.       Nutt. 

Minutely  pubescent ;  radical  Ivs.  roundish-ovate,  petiolate  ;  cauline  oblong 
or  linear,  slightly  dentate  or  entire  ;  rac.  many  flowered,  straight,  elongated  in 
fruit ;  pet.  obovate,  entire ;  siliele  oval,  glabrous,  about  as  long  as  the  pedicels, 
10— 12-seeded. — 7J.  Grassy  places  near  St.  Louis.  Stem  much  branched  and 
leafy.  Silicles  2—3"  long,  March,  Apr. 


ALYSSUM.  XI11.  CRUCIFER^.  163 

5.  COCHLEARIA.    Tourn. 
Lat.  cochlear,  a  spoon ;  refering  to  the  concave  leaves. 

Calyx  equal  at  base,  spreading;  petals  entire;  stamens  without 
teeth  ;  silicle  sessile,  oblong  or  ovoid-globose,  with  ventricose  valves ; 
seeds  many,  not  margined  ;  0=. — Fls.  white. 

1.  C.  ARMORACIA.     Horse  Radish. — Radical  ITS.  oblong,  crenate ;  caulinelong, 
lanceolate,  dentate  or  incised,  sessile ;  silicle  elliptic. — 1\.  A  common  garden 
herb,  native  of  Europe.    Root  fleshy,  large,  white,  very  acrid.    Stem  2 — 3f 
high,  angular,  smooth,  branching.    Radical  leaves  near  a  foot  long,  £  as  wide, 
on  long,  channeled  petioles.     Lower  stem-leaves  often  cut  in  a  pinnatifid 
manner,  upper  toothed  or  entire.    Flowers  small,  in  corymbose  racemes.    The 
root  is  a  well  known  condiment  for  roast  beef  and  other  viands.    Jn. 

/?.  aquatica.  (C.  aquatica.  Eaton  and  1st  edit.}  Las.  all  pinnatifid,  the 
lower  ones  doubly  and  finely  so.  Wet  places,  often  submerged.^ 

2.  C.  OFFICINALIS.      Scurvy   Grass. — Radical  Ivs.  cordate,  petiolate,  caulinc 
ovate,  angular  or  dentate ;  silides  oval-globose,  half  as  long  as  the  pedicel. — 
%  Native  of  Europe  and  of  Arctic  Am.     Stem  8 — 12'  high.    Root  leaves  4 — 18' 
long,  |  as  wide.    Flowers  racemed.     Occasionally  cultivated  for  its  powerful 
antiscorbutic  properties.    Jn. 

6.   SUBULARIA. 

Named  in  reference  to  the  linear-subulate  leaves. 

Silicle  oval,  valves  turgid,  cells  many-seeded ;  stigma  sessile ;  coty- 
ledons linear,  curved. — ©  Aquatic,  acaulescent  herbs. 

S.  AQUATICA.     Awlwort. 

A  small  plant  growing  on  the  muddy  shores  of  ponds  in  Maine,  Nutt., 
and  near  the  White  Mts.,  Pickering.  Leaves  all  radical,  entire,  subulate,  an 
inch  in  length.  Scape  2 — 3'  high,  racemose,  with  a  few  minute,  white  flowers, 
on  slender  pedicels  only  2"  in  length.  Jl. 

7.   CAMELINA.    Crantz, 

Gr,  %ap.ai)  dwarf;  \ivov,  flax. 

Calyx  equal  at  base  ;  petals  entire  ;  isilicle  obovate  or  subglobose, 
with  ventricose  valves  and  many-seeded  cells  ;  styles  filiform,  persis- 
tent ;  seeds  oblong,  striate,  not  margined,  0  j| . 

C.  SATIVA.    Crantz.     (Myagrum.  Linn.}    Gold-of -pleasure.    False  Flax. 

Lvs.  lanceolate,  sagittate  at  base,  subentire ;  silicle  obovate-pyriform,  mar- 
gined, tipped  with  the  pointed  style.— ©  In  cultivated  fields.  Stem  1£ — 2j  f. 
high,  straight,  erect,  branching.  Leaves  roughish,  1 — 2'  long,  clasping  the 
stem  with  their  acute,  arrow-shaped  lobes.  Flowers  small,  yellow,  in  panicu- 
lated  racemes.  Silicles  2 — 3"  long,  on  pedicels  2 — 3  times  as  long. — Said  to 
be  cultivated  in  Germany  for  the  oil  which  is  expressed  from  the  seeds.  Jn.§ 

8.   ALYSSUM. 
Gr.  a.  privative  ;  Autro-a,  rage  ;  suppo««d  by  the  ancients  to  allay  anger. 

Calyx  equal  at  base ;  petals  entire ;  some  of  the  stamens  with 
teeth ;  silicle  orbicular  or  oval,  with  valves  flat  or  convex  in  the  cen- 
tre ;  seeds  1 — 4  in  each  cell. 

1.  A.  SAXATILE.    Rock  Alyssum.    Madwort. — St.  suffruticose  at  base,  subco- 
rymbose;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  entire,  downy;  silicle  ovate- orbicular,  2-seeded;  sds. 
margined. — An  early-flowering  garden  perennial,  native  of  Candia.    Stem  If 
high,  with  numerous  yellow  flowers  in  close  corymbose  bunches.    Apr.  May.-f 

2.  A.  MARITIMUM.    Lam.     Sweet  Alyssum. — St.  suffruticose  and  procumbent 
at  base  ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  somewhat  hoary ;  pods  oval,  smooth. — 
1J.  A  sweet-scented  garden  plant,  with  fine  leaves  and  small  white  flowers. 
Stem  a  foot  in  length.    Flowers  from  Jn.  to  Oct. — All  the  species  of  Alyssum 
are  of  easy  culture  in  common  loamy  soils,  f 


164  XIII.  CRUCIFER^E.  NASTURTIUM. 

9.   LUNARIA. 

Lat.  luna,  the  moon ;  from  the  broad,  round  sihcles. 

Sepals  somewhat  Msaccate  at  base  ;  petals  nearly  entire ;  stamens 
without  teeth  ;  silicle  pedicellate,  elliptical  or  lanceolate,  with  flat 
valves  j  funiculus  adhering  to  the  dissepiment. 

1.  L.  REDivlVA.     Perennial  Satin  Flower  or  Honesty. — St.  erect,  branching ; 
Ivs.  ovate,  cordate,  petiolate,  mucronately  serrate ;  silicles  lanceolate,  narrowed 
at  each  end. — 1}.  From  Germany.   Stem  2 — 3f  high.   Flowers  light  purple.  Jn.  f 

2.  L.  BIENNIS.  DC.     Honesty. — St.  erect;  Ivs.  with  obtuse  teeth ;  silicles  oval, 
obtuse  at  both  ends. — @  These  are  large,  hairy  plants,  native  of  Germany. 
Stems  3 — 4f  high.      Leaves  cordate.      Flowers   lilac-colored.      The   broad, 
round,  silvery  silicles  are  the  most  remarkable  feature  of  the  plants.  May,  Jn.  f 

10.  IBERIS. 

Most  of  the  species  are  native  of  Iberia,  now  Spain. 

The  2  outside  petals  larger  than  the  2  inner ;  silicles  compressed, 
truncate,  emarginate,  the  cells  1 -seeded. — None  of  the  species  are  N. 
American. 

1.  I.  UMBELLATA.     Purple  Candy-tuft. — Herbaceous,  smooth ;  Ivs.  linear-lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  lower  ones  serrate,  upper  ones  entire ;  siiides  umbellate, 
acutely  2-lobed. — This  and  the  following  species  are  very  popular  garden 
annuals,  very  pretty  in  borders,  and  of  very  easy  culture.     I.  umbellata  is  from 
S.  Europe.     Stem  If  high.     Flowers  purple,  terminal,  in  simple  umbels,  and 
like  the  rest  of  the  genus  remarkable  lor  having  the  2  outer  petals  larger  than 
the  2  inner  ones.    Jn.  Jl.  f 

2.  I.  AMARA.     Bitter  Candy-tuft. — Herbaceous;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute,  some- 
what toothed ;  fls.  corymbed,  becoming  racemed ;  silicles  obcordate,  narrowly 
emarginate. — ®  Native  of  England.     Stem  If  high.    Flowers  white.     Jn.  Jl.j- 

3.  1.   PINNATA.     Winged-leaved   Candy-tuft. — Herbaceous,  smooth ;    Ivs.  pin- 
natifid ;  roc.  corymbose,  but  little  elongated  after  flowering. — ®  From  S.  Eu- 
rope.  Plant  If  high.    Flowers  white.    Jn.— Aug.  f 

4.  I.  SAXATILIS.     Rock   Candy-tuft. — Shrubby;  Ivs,  linear,  entire,  somewhat 
fleshy,  rather  acute,  smooth  or  ciliate ;  fls.  in  corymbs. — ®  From  S.  Europe. 
Nearly  If  high.     Flowers  white.     Apr. — Jn.  f 

Obs.—  Twenty-four  species  of  the  Iberis  have  been  described,  others  of  which  are  equally  ornamen- 
tal with  those  above  mentioned. 

11.  ISATIS. 

Gr.  io-<z£co,  to  make  equal ;  supposed  to  remove  roughness  from  the  skin. 

Silicle  elliptical,  flat,  1 -celled  (dissepiment  obliterated),  1 -seeded, 
with  carinate,  navicular  valves,  which  are  scarcely  dehiscent. — None  of 
the  species  are  N.  American. 

I.  TINCTORIA.  Woad. — Silicles  cuneate,  acuminate  at  base,  somewhat  spatu- 
late  at  the  end,  very  obtuse,  3  times  as  long  as  broad. — ©  The  Woad  is  native 
of  England.  It  is  occasionally  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  its  leaves,  which 
yield  a  dye  that  may  be  substituted  for  indigo.  The  plant  grows  about  4  f. 
high,  with  large  leaves  clasping  the  stem  with  their  broad  bases.  Flowers 
yellow,  large,  in  terminal  racemes.  May — Jl.  £ 

SECTIONS.   SILIQ,UOSJ3.   (§  80,  note.) 
12.   NASTURTIUM.    R.  Br. 

Lat.  nasus  tortus ;  from  the  effect  of  these  acrimonious  plants  upon  the  nose. 

Sepals  equal  at  base,  spreading ;  silique  subterete,  mostly  curved 
upwards,  sometimes  short  so  as  to  resemble  a  silicle ;  valves  veinless ; 
seeds  in  a  double  row,  0=. — Aquatic  herbs. 


TURRITIS.  XIII.  CRUCIFEILE.  165 

1.  N.  OFFICINALE.  R.  Br.  (Sisymbrium  Nast.  Linn.}  English  Water  Cress. 
Lais,  pinnate;  Ifts.  ovate,  subcordate,  repand;  pet.  white,  longer  than  the 

calyx.— Tj.  Brooks  and  ponds.  Stems  decumbent.  If  long,  thick,  with  axillary 
branches.  Leaves  of  3—7  leaflets ;  leaflets  broad,  often  cordate,  rather  acute, 
obtusely  toothed,  terminal  one  largest.  Flowers  corymbed.  Siliques  less  than 
1'  long.  Jn. — It  is  beginning  to  be  cultivated  in  the  vicinity  of  our  cities  as  a 
salad.  $£ 

2.  N.  AMPHIBIUM.  R.  Br.     (Sisymbrium.  Linn.}  Amphibious  Water  Cress. 
Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  pinnatifid  or  serrate ;  rt.  fibrous ;  pet.  longer  than 

the  calyx ;  silique  elliptical,  acute  at  base,  tipped  with  the  mucronate  style.— 
^  Banks  of  the  Mohawk,  Dr.  Bobbins.  Rare.  Stem  1— 2f  high,  furrowed. 
Leaves  variable,  immersed  ones  pinnatifid  or  pectinate,  upper  ones  serrate. 
Flowers  yellow,  minute,  in  a  long,  dense  raceme.  Silique  half  as  long  as  the 
spreading  or  reflexed  peduncle,  pointed  with  the  short  style.  Jn.  Jl. 

3.  N.  PALUSTRE.  DC.     Marsh  Water  Cress. 

Lvs.  pinnately  lobed,  amplexicaul,  lobes  confluent,  dentate,  smooth ;  rt. 
fusiform ;  pet.  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  silique  spreading,  turgid,  obtuse  at  each 
end. — Tj.  In  wet  places.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  erect,  branched  above.  Leaves  2 — 3' 
long,  all  more  or  less  pinnatifid,  smooth,  except  a  few  ciliae  at  base.  Flowers 
numerous,  minute,  yellow.  Silique  3 — 4"  long,  on  pedicels  of  equal  length. 
Jn.— Aug. 

4.  N.  HispiDUM.  DC.     (Sisymbrium.    Poiret.}    Hispid  Water  Cress. 

St.  villous  ;  Ivs.  somewhat  villous,  runcinate-pinnatifid,  lobes  rather  ob- 
tusely dentate;  siliques  (rather  silicles)  ovate,  tumid,  pointed  with  the  style, 
scarcely  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  pedicels;  pet.  scarcely  as  long  as  the 
calyx. — %  Banks  of  streams,  Walpole,  N.  H.,  Conn,  to  Penn.  Stem  angular, 
branched,  1 — 3f  high,  with  many  paniculate  racemes  above.  Leaves  3 — 6' 
long.  Flowers  minute,  yellow.  Silicles  1"  long,  on  pedicels  2 — 3"  long  and 
somewhat  spreading. 

5.  N.  NATANS.  DC.    0.  Americanum.  Gray.     Floating  Water  Cress. 
Emersed  ITS.  serrate,  oblong-linear,  undivided,  immersed  ones  doubly 

pinnatifid,  with  capillary  segments ;  pet.  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  siliques 
obovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  style. — 1\.  In  water,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  long, 
submerged.  Flowers  white,  middle  size.  Jl. 

6.  JN".  SYLVESTRE.     (Sisymbrium  vulgare.  Pers.}     Creeping  Water  Cress. 
Lvs.  pinnately  divided,  segments  lanceolate,  incisely  serrate ;  pet.  longer 

than  the  calyx ;  siliques  oblong,  torulose ;  sty.  very  short. — Banks  of  the  Dela- 
ware near  Philadelphia.  Nuttall.  $ 

13.  BARB  A  RE  A.    R.  Br. 

In  honor  of  St  Barbara,  who  discovered  (what  no  one  has  since  perceived)  its  medicinal  virtues. 

Sepals  erect,  subequal  at  base  ;  silique  columnar,  2 — 4-cornered  : 
valves  concave-carinate ;  seeds  in  a  single  series  ;  0=. — Lvs.  lyrately 
pinnatifid.  Fls.  yellow. 

B.  VULGARIS.  R.  Br.    (Erysimum  Barbarea.   Linn.}     Winter  Cress. 

Lower  Ivs.  lyrate,  the  terminal  lobe  roundish,  upper  ones  obovate,  pin- 
natifid at  base,  crenate  or  repand-dentate ;  siliques  obscurely  4-cornered. — 1\.  In 
old  fields,  also  brook-sides,  Northern  States,  W.  to  Oregon,  common.  Whole 
plant  glabrous.  Stem  furrowed,  1— 2f  high,  branching  above.  Leaves  1 — 3 — 4' 
long,  dark  green,  shining,  on  clasping  petioles,  the  terminal  lobe  1 — 1|'  diam., 
upper  ones  sessile,  all  with  obtuse  teeth.  Flowers  on  pedicels  %'  long,  in  ter- 
minal racemes.  Siliques  slender,  f '  long,  curved  upwards.  May,  Jn. 

14.  TURRlTIS.    Dillon. 

Lat.  tvrritis,  turreted ;  from  the  pyramidal  form  of  the  plant. 

Sepals  erect,  converging ;  petals  erect ;  silique  long,  linear,  2-edged  ; 
valves  plane ;  seeds  in  a  double  series,  0=. — Fls.  cyanic. 


166  XHI.  CRUCIFER^.  ARABIS. 

1 .  T.  GLABRA.     Smooth  Toiver  Mustard. 

St.  erect;  radical  Ivs.  petiolate,  dentate,  with  ramose  hairs,  cauline  ones 
broad-lanceolate,  sagittate,  hall-clasping,  glaucous,  smooth;  siliques  erect. — 
Shores  of  Lake  Superior,  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mts.  Naturalized  about  New 
Haven.  Eaton.  Stem  round,  simple,  l^fhigh.  Leaves  1 — 2' long.  Siliques 
2 — 3'  long,  very  narrow.  Flowers  pale  sulphur-yellow.  May. 

/?  1    T.  &  G.    Lvs.  all  linear-lanceolate  and  glabrous,  radical  ones  remotely 
repand-denticulate,  cauline  entire. — Watertown,  N.  Y.,  on  rocks.  Torrey  fy  Gray. 

2.  T.  BRACHYCARPA.    Torr.  &  Gray. 

Glabrous  and  glaucous ;  radical  Ivs.  spatulate,  dentate,  cauline  ones  linear- 
lanceolate,  sagittate  and  subamplexicaul ;  siliques  short,  linear-oblong ;  pedicels 
pendulous  in  flower,  spreading  in  fruit. — (g)  Lake  shores,  Mich.  Stem  1 — 2f 
high,  often  purplish,  as  well  as  the  ibliage.  Flowers  rather  large,  pale  purple. 
Siliques  1'  long,  spreading. 

15.   ARABIS. 

Said  to  derive  its  name  from  Arabia,  its  native  country. 

Sepals  erect ;  petals  unguiculate,  entire ;  silique  linear,  compressed ; 
valves  1 -veined  in  the  middle;  seeds  in  a  single  row  in  each  cell. — 
Fls.  white. 

1.  A.  CANADENSIS.     (A.  falcata.  Michx.)    Sickle  Pod. 

Cauline  Ivs.  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  narrow  at  base,  pubescent;  pedi- 
cels pubescent,  reflexed  in  the  fruit ;  silique  subfalcate,  veined,  pendulous ;  sds. 
winged. — 1|-  On  rocky  hills,  Can.  to  Ga.  W.  to  Ark.  A  plant  remarkable  for 
its  long,  drooping  pods,  which  resemble  a  sickle  blade,  or  rather  a  curved 
sword  blade.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  slender,  round,  smooth.  Leaves  1 — 3'  long,  \ 
as  wide ;  the  lowest  early  marescent,  middle  and  upper  ones  sessile  or  clasping, 
with  narrow  bases,  remotely  denticulate.  Flowers  small,  white.  Pods  slen- 
der, flattened,  nearly  3'  long.  Jn. 

2.  A.  LYRATA.     (Sisymbrium  arabidoides.  Darl.} 

St.  and  upper  Ivs.  smooth  and  glaucous  ;  radical  Ivs.  lyrately  pinnatifid, 
often  pilose ;  st.  branched  at  base ;  pedicels  spreading ;  siliques  erect. — (g)  On 
rocky  hills,  Can.  to  Va.  Stems  often  many,  united  at  base,  6 — 12'  high.  Root- 
leaves  numerous,  rosulate,  1 — 3X  long,  i  as  wide,  petiolate,  lower  stem-leaves 
pinnatifid  or  sinuate-dentate,  upper  ones  sublinear  and  subentire.  Flowers 
middle  size.  Siliques  when  mature  1J— 2'  long,  less  than  1"  wide.  Apr.  May. 

3.  A.  LJEVIGATA.  DC.    (Turritis  laevigata.  Muld.) 

Smooth  and  glaucous ;  radical  Ivs.  obovate  and  oblong,  tapering  to  a  pe- 
tiole, dentate,  stem  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  amplexicaul,  obtuse,  upper  ones  entire ; 
pedicels  about  as  long  as  the  calyx,  erect ;  siliques  very  long,  linear,  at  length 
spreading  and  pendulous ;  sds.  wmged. — %  In  rocky  woods  and  low  grounds, 
Can.  to  Ark.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  round,  smooth,  simple  or  branched  above. 
Root-leaves  often  purplish,  | — !£'  long,  £  as  wide,  with  acute  teeth.  Stem- 
leaves  2 — 5'  long,  ^  as  wide,  upper  ones  entire.  Flowers  in  long  racemes. 
Siliques  2 — 3'  long,  scarcely  I"  wide.  May. 

4.  A.  HIRSUTA.  Scop.     (Turritis.  Linn.) 

Erect,  branching ;  Ivs.  mostly  dentate,  hirsute,  radical  ones  oblong-ovate, 
tapering  to  a  petiole,  cauline  ones  oval  or  lanceolate,  sagittate ;  siliques  straight, 
erect.—®  Found  in  low,  rocky  grounds,  Can.  to  Va.  W.  to  Oregon.  Stems  2 
or  more  from  the  same  root,  round,  hairy  at  base,  near  a  foot  high,  dividing 
into  very  slender  and  parallel  branches.  Leaves  scarcely  dentate,  sessile,  with 
heart-shaped  or  arrow-shaped  bases,  upper  ones  acute.  Flowers  greenish- 
white.  Siliques  straight,  1 — 2'  long.  Jn. 

5.  A.    HETEROPHYLLA.       Nutt. 

Nearly  smooth ;  radical  Ivs.  spatulate,  toothed,  upper  ones  linear,  sessile, 
entire;  silique  long  and  spreading;^,  linear-oblong,  exceeding  the  calyx. — 
Near  Paris,  Me.,  and  the  White  Mts.,  N.  H.  Radical  leaves  somewhat  pilose 
with  simple  hairs,  upper  ones  linear,  about  2'  long,  and  1 — 2"  wide.  Siliques 
about  3'  long.  Nultall. 


DENTARIA.  XIII.  CRUCIFER./E.  167 

6.  A.  DENTATA.    Torr.  &  Gray. 

Plant  somewhat  scabrous ;  radical  fas.  obovate,  petiolate,  unequally  and 
sharply  dentate ;  cauline  ones  oblong,  amplexicaul ;  pet.  minute,  spatulate,  as 
long  as  the  sepals ;  stig.  subsessile ;  silique  short. — (D  River  banks,  Western 
States !  Stem  slender,  ascending,  1 — 2f  high.  Petals  white,  with  a  purplish 
tinge.  Siliques  1'  in  length.  Apr. 

16.   CARDAMINE. 

Gr.  KapSia,  heart,  iapaa),  to  strengthen ;  from  its  stomachic  properties. 

Calyx  a  little  spreading  •  silique  linear,  with  flat,  veinless  valves, 
narrower  than  the  dissepiment,  and  often  opening  elastically ;  stigma 
entire  ;  seeds  not  margined,  with  a  slender  funiculus,  0=. — Mostly  ^. 
Fls  white. 

1.  C.  HIRSUTA.     (C.  Pennsylvanica.  Muhl.)    Pennsylvania^  Cardamine. 
Lvs.  pinnate  or  lyrately  pinnatifid ;  Ifts.  entire,  or  sparingly  repand-den- 

ticulate,  those  of  the  radical  leaves  oval-oblong,  of  the  cauline  linear-oblong, 
the  terminal  one  longest,  about  3-lobed ;  pet.  oblong-cuneate ;  siliques  erect, 
with  a  very  short  style.—®  or  7J.  A  variable  plant  common  in  wet  places 
throughout  the  U.  S.  Stem  8 — 16'  high,  mostly  smooth.  Leaflets  2 — 5  pairs, 
4 — 12"  long,  smoothish.  Fls.  small.  Siliques  about  1'  long,  12 — 18  seeded.  Jn. 

2.  C.  VIRGINICA.     (C.  hirsuta.  /?.  Hook.)     Virginian  Cardamine. 

Lvs.  lyrately  pinnate ;  Ifts.  with  a  single  tooth  on  one  or  both  sides ;  pet. 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  roc.  strictly  erect ;  stig.  sessile  ;  silique  long, 
incurved,  erect. — @  A  small  and  delicate  species,  much  resembling  the  last, 
but  probably  distinct.  Found  on  dry  hill-sides,  Vt.  Ct.  to  Ky.  and  Mo.  Stem 
4 — 8'  high,  slender,  leafy.  Leaflets  2 — 4  pairs  with  a  trilobate  odd  one,  oval, 
1 — 2"  in  length,  those  of  the  upper  leaves  3 — 5"  long,  but  very  narrow.  Petals 
small.  Siliques  filiform,  1'  long.  Jn. 

3.  C.  PRATENSIS.     Field  Cardamine. 

St.  erect  or  decumbent,  simple  ;  Ivs.  pinnately  7— 15-foliate  ;  Ifts.  petio- 
late, subentire,  lower  ones  suborbicular,  upper  linear-lanceolate ;  sty.  distinct. — 
91  Swamps,  N.  Y.  to  Arctic  Am.  Whole  plant  smooth.  Stem  round,  striate, 
10—16'  high.  Leaves  few,  If— 2'  long  including  the  petiole.  Leaflets  of  the 
root-leaves  1— 3"  diam.,  of  the  cauline  3 — 6"  by  f ".  Flowers  large,  few,  in  a 
terminal  raceme.  Petals  white  or  rose-color.  Siliques  nearly  1'  in  length, 
erect.  Apr.  May. 

4.  C.  ROTUNDIFOLIA.  Michx.  (C.  rhomboidea.  DC.  Arabis.  Pers.  Nutt.} 
Glabrous  or  somewhat  hairy ;  Irs.  entire  or  repand-toothed,  radical  ones 

orbicular-ovate,  on  long  petioles,  cauline  oval  or  oblong-lanceolate,  petiolate 
below,  sessile  above,  dentate. — 1\.  Another  variable  species  with  rather  large, 
white  or  reddish  flowers.  Stems  6— 12'  high,  angular  or  striate,  mostly  erect. 
Leaves  of  root  10 — 18"  diam.,  on  petioles  2 — 4'  long.  Racemes  about  3'  long, 
12— 20-flowered.  Petals  2 — 4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Siliques  spreading, 
6—12"  long.  Apr.  May. 

a.  T.  &G.  Rt.  mostly  tuberiferous  ;  st.  erect;  lower  stem  Ivs.  rhomboid-  oval ; 
pet.  large. — Wet  meadows,  Conn.  Vt.  Dr.  Robbins. 

/?.  T.  &.  G.     Rt.  mostly  fibrous ;  st.  decumbent,  branching ;  Ivs.  all  petio- 
late; pet.  smaller,  purplish. — Shaded  springs  and  rivulets,  N.  Y. 
4.  C.  BELLIDIFOLIA.     (C.  rotundifolia.  Bw.  not  Michx.} 
Lvs.  smooth,  radical  ones  orbicular-ovate,  nearly  entire,  petiolate ;  cau- 
line ones  entire  or  3-lobed ;  siliques  erect. — A  minute  species  on  the  summits  of 
the  White  Mts.  Abel  Starrs!  &c.,  also  Arc.  Am.  to  Calif.     Stem  !£— 3'  high. 
Leaves  mostly  radical,  broadly  oval  or  ovate,  \'  long,  on  petioles  as  long  as 
the  stems.     Fascicles  corymbose,  each  of  3  or  4  white  flowers.     Petals  oval, 
obtuse,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.    Jl. 

17.   DENTARIA. 

Lat  dens,  a  tooth  ;  from  the  tooth-like  projections  of  the  rhizoma. 

Sepals  converging ;  silique  lanceolate,  with  flat,  veinless,  revolute 


168  XIII.  CRUCIFERjE.  SISYMBRIUM. 

valves,  opening  elastically  ;  placentae  not  winged ;  seeds  in  a  single 
row,  ovate,  not  bordered ;  funiculus  slender,  0=. — Rhizoma  %.  Lvs. 
divided,  often  but  2  or  3.  Fls.  white  or  purplish. 

1.  D.  DIPHYLLA.     Pepper  Root. 

St.  2-leaved ;  Ifts.  ternate,  subovate,  unequally  and  incisely  dentate ; 
rfiiz.  dentate. — In  woods  and  wet  meadows,  Can.  to  Car.  and  to  the  Miss.  Stem 
about  If  high,  round,  smooth,  with  2,  nearly  opposite,  ternate  leaves  above  the 
middle.  Leaflets  on  very  short  stalks,  the  lateral  ones  oblique,  all  with  rounded, 
mucronate,  unequal  teeth.  Flowers  racemed,  large,  white ;  the  petals  much 
larger  than  the  calyx.  The  rootstock  is  long  and  large  in  proportion  to  the 
plant,  beset  with  teeth,  with  a  pungent,  aromatic  taste.  May. 

2.  D.  LACINIATA.  Muhl.    (D.  concatenata.  Michx,} 

Rhiz.  moniliform ;  cauline  Ivs.  3,  3-parted,  the  divisions  lanceolate  or 
linear-oblong,  incisely  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  lateral  ones  lobed. — In  woods,  Can. 
and  U.  S.  The  rootstock  consists  of  several  tubers  of  a  pungent  taste.  Stem 
If  high,  smooth,  simple.  Leaves  usually  in  a  whorl  about  half-way  up,  the 
segments  with  very  irregular,  mucronate  teeth,  rarely  subentire,  lateral  ones 
cut  nearly  to  the  base,  rendering  the  leaf  almost  quinate.  Root-leaves  some- 
times 0.  Flowers  racemed,  purplish.  Apr.  May. 

3.  D.  MAXIMA.  Nutt. 

St.  tall ;  Ivs.  alternate,  5 — 7,  remote,  the  margin  a  little  roughened ;  Ifts. 
somewhat  oval,  incisely  and  acutely  dentate,  lateral  ones  lobed. — Western 
N.  Y.  and  Penn.  Tubers  of  the  rhizoma  concatenate.  Stem  often  nearly  2f 
high.  Flowers  pale  purple. 

4.  D.   HETEROPHYLLA.    Nutt. 

Rhiz.  moniliform,  with  oblong  tubers ;  radical  Ivs.  on  long  petioles, 
deeply  and  obtusely  lobed,  lobes  crenate-dentate  with  abruptly  mucronate  teeth, 
cauline  Ivs.  2,  rarely  3,  alternate,  petiolate,  ternately  divided,  segments  linear- 
lanceolate,  entire  or  rarely  toothed,  rough-edged. — Woods,  Penn.  to  Ky.  Stem 
8—12'  high.  Cauline  leaflets  1—2'  long,  2— 3"  wide.  Corymb  with  about  9 
pale  purple  flowers.  Jn. 

18.   HESPfiRIS. 

Gr.  iairspis,  evening;  when  the  flower  is  most  fragrant. 

Calyx  closed,  furrowed  at  base,  shorter  than  the  claws  of  the  petals ; 
petals  bent  obliquely,  linear  or  obovate  ;  silique  4-sided,  2-edged  or 
subterete  )  seeds  not  margined  ;  stigmas  forked,  with  the  apices  con- 
verging. 

1.    H.    MATRONALIS.      Roclcet. 

St.  simple,  erect;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  ovate,  denticulate;  pet.  emarginate, 
mucronate  ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx.— A  fine  garden  perennial,  said  to  be 
found  native  about  Lake  Huron.  Stem  3 — 4f  high.  Flowers  purple,  often 
double,  and  white  in  /?.  Jwrtensis.  f 

2.  H.  AFRICA.  Siberian  Rocket. — St.  erect,  simple,  pubescent;  Ivs.  oblong, 
obtuse,  entire,  ciliate- hispid ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx. — 7J.  From  Siberia. 
Stem  a  foot  high.  Flowers  purple.  May.  Jn.  f 

19.    SISYMBRIUM.     Allioni. 

Calyx  mostly  spreading,  equal  at  base  ;  petals  unguicuiate,  entire  ; 
silique  subterete  ;  valves  concave ;  style  very  short ;  seeds  in  a  sin- 
gle series,  ovoid;  cotyledons  0||,  sometimes  oblique. 

1.  S.  OFFTCINALE.  Scop.     (Erysimum.  Linn.')     Hedge  Mustard. 

Lvs.  runcinate  ;  rac.  slender,  virgate  ;  siliques  subulate,  erect,  closely  ap- 
pressed  to  the  rachis. — ®  A  common  and  troublesome  weed,  in  fields,  road- 
sides, rubbish,  &c.,  Can.  and  TJ.  S.  Stem  1 — 3f  high,  round,  more  or  less  hairy, 
with  spreading  branches.  Lower  leaves  3 — 8'  by  1 — 3',  the  lower  segments 
placed  at  right  angles  to  the  midvein,  or  pointing  backwards,  the  terminal  seg- 


CHEIRANTHUS.  XIII.  CRUCIFER^.  169 

ment  largest.  Upper  leaves  in  3  lanceolate  segments  placed  at  right  angles. 
Flowers  small,  yellow,  terminating  the  raceme,  which  becomes  1 — 2f  long  and 
environed  by  the  appressed,  sessile  pods.  Jn. — Sept.  Medicinal.  § 

2.  S.  THALIANA,  Gay.     (Arabis.  Linn.')     Thalian  Hedge  Mustard. 
Lvs.  subdentate  and  pilose,  radical  ones  numerous  and  petiolate,  oblong, 

cauline  ones  lanceolate  ;  col.  much  shorter  than  the  pedicels ;  siliques  ascending, 
twice  longer  than  the  pedicels.— -®  Rocks  and  sandy  fields,  Vt.  to  Ga.  W.  to 
Ky.  Stem  4 — 12'  high,  erect,  with  slender,  erect  branches,  striate,  pilose,  often 
purple  at  base.  Root  leaves  rosulate,  1 — 2'  long ;  cauline  denticulate,  ciliate, 
sessile,  6—12"  by  1— 3".  Pedicels  spreading,  3—5"  long.  Flowers  small, 
white.  Siliques  slender,  straight,  7 — 10"  long.  Styles  scarcely  any.  May. 

3.  S.  TERES.  T.  &  G.     (Cardamine.  Michx.} 

St.  erect,  branched ;  Ivs.  all  somewhat  lyrately  pinnatifid ;  siliques  short, 
linear,  acuminate,  on  very  short  peduncles ;  0  II. — 0  Shores  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  Vt.  Plant  about  8'  high,  slightly  scabrous  with  very  short  hairs.  Sili- 
ques erect,  terete,  4"  in  length,  beaked  with  the  short,  slender  style.  Seeds  00. 

4.  S.    CANESCENS.       Nutt. 

Lvs.  bipinnately  divided,  canescent,  lobes  oblong  or  lanceolate,  subden- 
tate or  obtuse ;  pet.  about  equaling  the  calyx ;  siliques  oblong-linear,  shorter 
than  the  pedicels. — ©  Arctic  Sea  to  Flor.  Plant  1 — 2f  high,  often  nearly 
smooth.  Leaves  about  3'  long,  sessile,  segments  5 — 7  pairs,  finely  divided. 
Fls.  very  small.  Siliques  often  erect,  on  spreading  pedicels.  Variable. 

20.   ERYSIMUM. 

Gl'.  cpvw,  to  cure  ;  from  its  salutary  medicinal  properties. 

Calyx  closed ;  siliques  columnar,  4-sided ;  stigma  capitate ;  seeds 
in  a  single  series ;  cotyledons  oblong,  Ojj. 

1.  E.    CHEIRANTHOlDES. 

Pubescence  minute,  appressed,  branched ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  denticulate  or 
entire ;  silique  erect,  spreading,  twice  longer  than  the  pedicels ;  stig.  small, 
nearly  sessile. — ®  By  streams  and  in  wet  grounds,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  not  com- 
mon. Stem  erect,  1 — 2f  high,  often  branched,  and,  with  the  leaves,  scabrous. 
Leaves  acute  at  each  end,  1 — 2'  long,  £  as,  wide.  Flowers  small,  yellow,  in 
long  racemes.  Siliques  £'  to  near  1'  in  length,  linear,  and  somewhat  spread- 
ing. Jl. 

2.  E.  ARKANSANUM.  Nutt.     Yellow  Phlox.    False  Wall-Flower. 

Scabrous,  with  an  appressed  pubescence ;  st.  simple ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceo- 
late, remotely  dentate,  sessile,  lower  ones  runcinate-toothed ;  inflorescence  race- 
mose, corymbed  at  summit;  siliques  long,  4-angled,  suberect;  stig.  capitate. — 
(§)  A  fine  plant  with  large,  showy  flowers,  resembling  the  wall-flower.  Banks 
of  Scioto,  SuUivant.  Arkansas,  Nuttall.  Bluffs  of  the  Wabash !  Wood.  111. 
Mead!  Stem  1— 3f  high,  slender.  Leaves  2— 3' by  3— 6".  Sepals  straw-color. 
Petals  large,  bright  orange-yellow.  Siliques  3'  long.  Jn.  Jl. 

21.   CHEIRANTHUS. 

Arabic  kheyry,  the  name  of  a  certain  plant,  and  Gr.  avSos,  flower. 

Calyx  closed,  2  of  the  sepals  gibbous  at  base  ;  petals  dilated ; 
silique  terete  or  compressed  ;  stigma  2-lobed  or  capitate  ;  seeds  flat, 
in  a  single  series,  often  margined,  0=. 

1.  C.  HESPERioolDES.  T.  &  G.  (Hesperis  pinnatifida.  Michx.} 
Glabrous ;  lower  Ivs.  lyrate-pinnatifid,  upper  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base, 
unequally  and  sharply  serrate-dentate,  acuminate ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx ; 
pet.  obovate-spatulate,  obtuse;  silique  terete;  stig.  capitate;  sds.  margined. — 
7J.  Penn.  to  111. !  S.  to  Ark.  Stem  slender,  furrowed,  2— 3f  high.  Leaves  thin, 
3 — 5'  long,  £  as  wide,  those  of  the  stem  scarcely  petiolate.  Racemes  terminal 
and  axillary.  Calyx  shorter  than  the  claws  of  the  violet-colored  petals.  Siliques 
torulose,  15 — 20"  long ;  seeds  oblong,  plano-convex,  with  a  narrow  border. 
May,  Jn. 


170  XIII.  CRUCIFERJE.  SINAPIS. 

2.  C.  CHEIRI. —  Watt-Flower. — St.  somewhat  shrubby  and  decumbent  at  base ; 
Ivs.  entire  or  slightly  dentate,  lanceolate,  acute,  smooth ;  branches  angular ;  pet. 
obovate;  siliques  erect,  acuminate.— %  From  S.  Europe.  A  popular  garden 
flower,  admired  for  its  agreeable  odor  and  its  handsome  corymbose  clusters  of 
orange  or  yellow  flowers.  Plant  1 — 2f  high.  Jn. 

22.   MATTHlOLA.    R.  Br. 
In  honor  of  P.  A.  Matthioli,  physician  to  Ferdinand  of  Austria,  and  botanic  author. 

Calyx  closed,  2  of  the  sepals  gibbous  at  base ;  petals  dilated ; 
siliques  terete ;  stigmas  connivent,  thickened  or  cornute  at  the  back. — 
Herbaceous  or  shrubby,  oriental  plants,  clothed  with  a  hoary,  stellate 
pubescence. 

1.  M.  ANNUUS.    R.  Br.    (Cheiranthus.  Linn.}     Ten-weeks  Stock.— St.  herba- 
ceous, erect,  branched ;  Ivs.  hoary-canescent,   lanceolate,  obtuse,  subdentate ; 
silique  subcylindrical,  without  glands. — ®  A  fine  garden  flower  from  S.  Europe. 
Stem  2f  high,  and,  with  the  leaves,  covered  with  a  soft,  stellate  pubescence. 
Flowers  variegated.    Jn.  j- 

2.  M.  INCANUS.   R.  Br.     (Cheiranthus.    Linn.}     Purple  July  Flower. — St. 
shrubby   at   base,    erect,  branched;    Ivs.  lanceolate,  entire,  hoary-canescent; 
siliques  subcylindrical,  truncate  and  compressed  at  apex,  without  glands. — (g) 
One  of  the  most  popular  flowers  of  the  genus,  native  of  England,  &c.     Stem 
2f  high.     Flowers  purple. — Several  varieties  are  enumerated,  as  the  Double- 
flowered,  Brompton  Stock,  and  Brompton  Queen.    Jn.  f 

3.  M.  FENESTRALIS.  R.  Br.     (Cheiranthus.    Linn.}     Window  July  Flower. — 
St.  sufiruticose,  erect,  simple ;  Ivs.  crowded,  recurved,  undulate,  downy ;  siliques 
downy,  without  glands,  broadest  at  base. — From  S.  Europe.     Plant  If  high. 
Flowers  numerous,  large,  purple.    Jl.  Aug.  -f 

4.  M.  GRJECUS.   R.  Br.     (Cheiranthus.   Linn.}     Grecian  Stock. — St.  herba- 
ceous, erect,  branched ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  glabrous ;  siliques  somewhat  compressed, 
without  glands. — (§)  From  Greece.     Plant  about  If  high,  distinguished  from 
the  remainder  of  the  genus  by  its  smooth  foliage.    Flowers  white,  appearing 
all  summer,  j- 

23.   SINAPIS. 

Sepals  equal  at  base,  spreading  ;  petals  ovate,  with  straight  claws  ; 
siliques  subterete ;  valves  veined  ;  style  short  and  subulate,  or  ensi- 
form  ;  seeds  in  a  single  series,  subglobose,  0  ». — Fls.  always  yellow. 

1.  S.  NIGRA.     Black  Mustard. 

Lower  Ivs.  lyrate,  upper  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  smooth ;  silique  smooth, 
somewhat  4-angled,  appressed  to  the  rachis  of  the  raceme.—®  In  cultivated 
grounds  and  waste  places.  Stem  3 — 6f  high,  round,  smooth,  striate,  branching. 
Leaves  all  petiolate,  lower  ones  variously  lobed  and  dentate,  upper  ones  pen- 
dulous and  entire.  Sepals  and  petals  sulphur-yellow.  Pods  very  numerous, 
nearly  1'  long,  beaked  with  the  4-sided  styles.  Seeds  00,  small,  globose,  nearly 
black,  well  known  as  a  condiment.  Jn.  Jl.  ^ 

2.  S.  ARVENSIS.     Field  Mustard. 

St.  and  Ivs.  hairy ;  silique  smooth,  many-angled,  torose,  about  3  times 
longer  than  the  slender,  ancipital  style. — ©  Naturalized  in  N.  Y.,  T.  fy  G., 
and  in  Vt.,  Dr.  Robbins.  Lower  leaves  large,  sublyrate-pinnatifid,  upper  ones 
oblong-ovate,  all  repand-toothed.  Silique  somewhat  spreading,  1|'  long.  Seeds 
large  and  black.  Jn. — Aug.  § 

3.  S.  ALBA.  White  Mustard. — Lvs.  lyrate,  smoothish ;  siliques  hispid,  torose, 
shorter  than  the  ensiform  beak ;  sds.  large,  pale  yellow. — ©  Native  of  Europe. 
Stem  2 — 5f  high,  thinly  hirsute.  Leaves  all  lyrately  pinnate,  dentate,  petiolate. 
Siliques  spreading,  about  4-seeded.  The  seeds  are  used  for  about  the  same 
purposes  as  those  of  S.  nigra,  much  esteemed  in  medicine.  Jn.  Jl.  £ 


RAPHANUS.  XIII.  CRUCIFER^.  171 

24.   BRASSlCA. 

Celtic,  bresic,  the  cabbage. 

Sepals  equal  at  base,  (mostly)  erect ;  petals  obovate ;  filaments 
without  teeth  ;  silique  subcompressed,  valves  concave,  with  a  central 
vein ;  style  short,  subterete,  obtuse ;  seeds  globose,  in  a  single  (often 
double)  row;  0». — Fls.  yellow. 
1.  B.  CAMPESTRIS.     Cole. 

Las.  somewhat  fleshy  and  glaucous,  the  lower  lyrate-dentate,  subciliate, 
upper  ones  cordate-amplexicaul,  acuminate. — (J)  Native  of  Sweden,  naturalized 
in  cultivated  fields  and  waste  places.  Stem  1 J — 3f  high,  round,  smooth  above, 
with  a  few  scattered,  reversed  hairs  below.  Lower  leaves  3 — T  long,  |  as 
wide,  the  terminal  lobe  greatly  exceeding  the  lateral  ones ;  upper  smaller,  en- 
tire, with  rounded,  clasping  lobes  at  base,  tapering  to  an  obtuse  point.  Racemes 
1 — 2f  long.  Sepals  erect,  spreading.  Corolla  yellow,  4 — 5"  diam.  Siliques 
1 V  long,  with  the  style  £'.  Seeds  small,  dark  brown.  Jn.  Jl.  § 

0.  Rutabaga.  (Swedish  Turnip.')— Rt.  tumid,  napifbrm,  subglobose,  yellow- 
ish.— Cultivated  like  the  common  turnip ;  but  after  a  thorough  experiment  it  is 
conceded  by  farmers  to  be  inferior  in  value  to  that  root,  although  it  grows  to 
an  enormous  size.  £ 

2.  B.  RAPA. — Radical  Ivs.  lyrate,  rough,  not  glaucous,  cauline  ones  incised, 
upper  entire,  smooth.  % 

0.  depressa.  (Common  Turnip.} — Rt.  depressed-globose  or  napiform,  con- 
tracted below  into  a  slender  radicle. — (g)  Long  cultivated  for  the  table,  &c.,  in 
gardens  and  fields.  Stem  2 — 4f  high,  and,  with  the  leaves,  deep  green.  Upper 
leaves  amplexicaul.  Pods  t'  long.  Seeds  small,  reddish-brown.  Jn.  £ 

3.  B.  OLERACEA.    (Cabbage?) — L/vs.  very  smooth  and  glaucous,  fleshy,  repand- 
toothed  or  lobed. — (g)  Native  of  Europe,  where  it  grows  on  rocky  shores  and 
cliffs,  with  no  appearance  of  a  head,  forming  a  surprising  contrast  with  the  cul- 
tivated varieties.    The  excellence  of  the  cabbage  as  a  pot-herb  needs  no  en- 
comium. £ 

0.  bullata.  (Savoy  Cabbage.'} — Dos.  curled,  subcapitate  when  young,  finally 
expanding. 

y.  botrytis-cauliflora.  (  Cauliflower.') — St.  low ;  kds.  thick,  compact,  terminal ; 
fls.  abortive,  on  short,  fleshy  peduncles.  £ 

J.  botrytis-asparagoides.  (Broccoli.} — >Stf.  taller;  kds.  subramose ;  branches  fleshy 
at  the  summit,  consisting  of  clusters  of  abortive  flower-buds.  £ 

e.  capitata.  (Head  Cabbage.  York  Cabbage.} — St.  short ;  Ivs.  concave,  packed 
in  a  dense  head  before  flowering ;  roc.  paniculate.  % 

SECTION  3.— L.OMENTACEJB. 

25.  CAKILE. 

Silicle  2-jointed,  the  upper  part  ovate  or  ensiform ;  seed  in  the  up- 
per cell  erect,  in  the  lower  pendulous,  sometimes  abortive. — (D  Mari- 
time herbs. 

C.  MARITIMA.  Scop.  (Bunias  edentula.  Bw.}  Sea  Rocket. 
Upper  joint  of  the  silicle  ensiform  or  ovate-ensiform. — Native  of  the  sea- 
coast  !  and  of  the  lake  shores  of  N.  Y.  A  smooth,  succulent  plant,  branching 
and  procumbent,  6 — 12'  long.  Leaves  sinuate-dentate,  oblong-ensiform,  cadu- 
cous. Flowers  on  short,  fleshy  peduncles,  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes,  co- 
rymbosely  arranged.  Petals  purple,  obtuse  at  end.  Silicle  smooth,  roundish, 
lower  joint  clavate- obovate  upper  with  one  elevated  line  on  each  side.  Jl.  Aug. 

26.  RAPHANUS. 

Gr.  pa,  quickly,  (fat  i/w,  to  appear  from  its  rapid  growth 

Calyx  erect ;  petals  obovate,  unguiculate ;  siliques  terete,  torose, 
not  opening  by  valves,  transversely  jointed  or  divided  into  cells; 
seeds  large,  subglobose,  in  a  single  series,  0  ». 
15* 


172  XIV.  CAPPARIDACE^E.  POLANISIA. 

1.  R.  RAPHANISTRUM.     Wild  Radish. 

Lvs.  lyrate;  silique  terete,  jointed,  smooth,  becoming  in  maturity  1-celled, 
longer  than  the  style. — ®  Naturalized  in  cultivated  fields  and  by  road-sides, 
but  rare.  Stem  glaucous,  branching,  1 — 2f  high,  bristly.  Leaves  rough,  den- 
tate, petiolate  or  sessile.  Calyx  bristly.  Pods  yellow,  blanching  as  they  de- 
cay. Jn.  Jl.  § 

2.  R.  SATIVA.  Garden  Radish. — Lower  Ivs.  lyrate,  petiolate;  silique  torose, 
terete,  acuminate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  pedicels. — 0  A  well-known  salad 
root,  from  China.  Stem  2— 4f  high,  very  branching.  Lower  leaves  6 — 10'  long. 
Flowers  white  or  tinged  with  purple.  Pods  1 — 2'  long,  thick  and  fleshy.  The 
principal  varieties  are  the  turnip  radish,  root  subglobose ;  common  radish^  root 
oblong,  terete ;  black  Spanish  radish,  root  black  outside.  Jn.  Aug.  $ 


ORDER  XIY.     CAPPARIDACE^E.— CAPPARIDS. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  even  trees,  destitute  of  true  stipules. 

Lvs.  alternate,  petiolate,  either  undivided  or  palmately  divided. 

Fls.  solitary  or  racemose.    Sep.  4. 

Cor. — Petals  4,  cruciate,  unguiculate,  hypogynous,  more  or  less  unequal. 

Sta.  6—12,  or  some  multiple  of  four,  almost  perigynous. 

Toms  small,  often  elongated,  bearing  a  single  gland. 

Ova.  often  stipitate,  of  2  united  carpels.    Sty.  united  into  one.    Stig.  discoid. 

Fr.  either  pod-shaped,  and  dehiscent,  or  fleshy  and  indehiscent.    Placenta  usually  2. 

Sets,  many,  reniform.    Albumen  0.    Embryo  curved.    Cotyl.  foliaceous. 

Genera  28,  species  340,— chiefly  tropical  plants.  They  are  more  acrid  in  their  properties  than  the  Cru- 
ciferae,  but  otherwise  much  resemble  them.  One  species  of  Polanisia  is  used  as  a  vermifuge. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

$  Stamens  6 Cleome.  2. 

Torus  minute  ( Stamens  8—32 Polanisia.         3. 

Torus  linear  and  elongated  like  a  stipe.    Stamens  6 Gynandropsis.  1. 

1.   GYNANDROPSIS.     DC. 

Gynandria,  a  Linnean  class,  DI//IJ,  appearance. 

Sepals  distinct,  spreading ;  petals  4 ;  stamens  6,  the  filaments  ad- 
nate  below  to  the  linear,  elongated  torus  its  whole  length  ;  pod  linear- 
oblong,  raised  on  a  long  stipe,  which  rises  from  the  top  of  the  torus. 
— <D  Lvs.  digitate.  Fls.  racemed. 

G.  PENTAPHYLLA.    DC.     (Cleome.  Linn.} 

Middle  Ivs.  petiolate,  5-foliate,  floral  and  lower  ones  3-foliate ;  Ifts.  ooo- 
vate,  entire  or  denticulate. — In  cultivated  grounds,  Penn.,  &c.  Stem  simple, 
2 — 3f  high.  Flowers  of  a  very  singular  structure.  Pedicels  about  1'  long, 
slender.  Calyx  small.  Petals  white,  £  as  long  as  their  filiform  claws.  Sta- 
mens 1'  long,  spreading,  apparently  arising  from  the  midst  of  the  long  styloid 
torus.  Pod  2'  long.  § 

2.  CLEOME. 

Sepals  sometimes  united  at  base ;  petals  4  ;  torus  minute  or  round- 
ish ;  stamens  6 — 4  ;  pod  subsessile  or  stipitate. — Herbs  or  shrubs.  Lvs. 
simple,  or  digitate.  Fls.  racemed  or  solitary. 

C.  PUNGENS.  Spider-wort. — Glandular-pubescent;  st.  simple,  and  with  the  peti- 
oles, aculeate;  Ivs.  5 — 9-foliate,  on  long  petioles;  Ifts. elliptic-lanceolate,  acute 
at  each  end,  obscurely  denticulate  ;  bracts  simple ;  fls.  racemed ;  sep.  distinct ; 
pet.  on  filiform  claws ;  sta.  6,  twice  longer  than  the  petals. — A  common  gar- 
den plant,  with  curious  purple  flowers.  Stem  3 — 4f  high.  Jl.  Aug.  f 

3.  POLANISIA.    Raf. 

Sepals  distinct,  spreading  ;  petals  4,  unequal ;  stamens  8 — 32  ;  fila- 
ments filiform  or  dilated  at  the  summit,  torus  minute  ;  pods  linear. — 
CD  Strong-scented  herbs. 


POLYGALA.  XVI.  POLYGALACE^.  173 

P.  GRAVESLENS.  Raf.  (Cleome  dodecandria.  Michx.) 
Viscid-pubescent ;  Ivs.  ternate  ;  Ifts.  elliptic-oblong ;  fls.  axillary,  solitary ; 
sta.  8 — 12 ;  capsule  oblong,  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base.— A  strong-scented  plant, 
found  on  gravely  shores !  Vt.  to  Ark.  Stem  If  high,  branching,  striate.  Leaf- 
lets 1 — l£'  long,  £  as  wide,  nearly  entire  and  sessile ;  common  petiole  1'  long. 
Flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Petals  yellowish- white,  narrowed  below  into 
long  claws.  Filaments  slender,  exserted.  Pods  2'  long,  glandular-pubescent, 
siliquose,  viscid  like  every  other  part  of  the  plant.  Jl. 

ORDER  XV.     RESEDACEJE.— MIGNIONETTES. 

Herbs  with  alternate,  entire  or  pinnate  leaves.    Slip,  minute,  gland-like. 

Fls.  in  racemes  or  spikes,  small  and  often  fragrant. 

CaL— Sepals  somewhat  united  at  base,  unequal,  green. 

Cor.— Petals  lacerated,  unequal. 

Sta.  8 — '20.  inserted  on  the  disk.     Torus  hypogynous,  one-sided,  glandular. 

Ova.  sessile,  3-lobed,  1-celled,  many-seeded.    Placenta  3,  parietal. 

Fr.  a  capsule,  l-celled,  opening  between  the  stigmas  before  maturity. 

Genera  6,  species  41,  inhabiting  the  countries  around  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  having  no  very  remarkable 
properties.  Reseda  Luteola  contains  a  yellow  coloring  matter,  and  other  species  are  very  fragrant. 

RESEDA. 

Lat.  reseda,  to  calm ;  the  plants  are  said  to  relieve  pain. 

Sepals  many,  petals  of  an  equal  number,  each  bearing  one  or  more 
stamens  ;  torus  large,  fleshy,  bearing  the  ovary,  with  several  stamens 
and  styles. 

1.  R.  LUTEOLA.     Dyer's  Weed. 

Lvs.  lanceolate,  entire,  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  at  base ;  col.  4-cleft. — ® 
Nearly  naturalized  in  Western  N.  Y.  Stem  about  2f  high.  The  flowers  are 
without  petals,  arranged  in  a  long  spike,  which,  as  Linnaeus  observes,  follows 
the  course  of  the  sun,  inclining  east,  south  and  west  by  day,  and  north  by 
night. — It  affords  a  useful  yellow  dye,  also  the  paint  called  Dutch-pink.  § 

2.  R.  ODORATA.  Mignionette. — Lvs.  entire,  3-lobed ;  sep.  shorter  than  the  pe- 
tals.— A  well  known  and  universal  favorite  of  the  garden,  native  of  Egypt. 
The  flowers  are  highly  fragrant  and  no  boquet  should  be  considered  complete 
without  them.  The  variety  frutescens  is  by  a  peculiar  training  raised  to  the 
height  of  2  feet  with  the  form  of  a  tree.  The  species  phyteuma,  native  of  Pales- 
tine, has  a  calyx  longer  than  the  petals. 

ORDER  XVI.     POLYG-ALACEJE.— MILKWORTS. 

Plants  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  sometimes  twining. 

Lvs.  alternate,  or  rarely  opposite,  mostly  simple,  always  without  stipules. 

Fls.  perfect,  unsymrnetrical.    Pedicels  with  3  bracts. 

CaL — Sepals  5,  very  irregular,  3  exterior,  2  interior  (wings)  larger  and  petaloid. 

Cor.— Petals  3,  hypogynous,  the  anterior  (keel)  larger  than  the  others.  [the  claws  of  the  petals. 

Sta.— 6— 8.    Fil.  combined  in  a  tube  which  is  split  on  the  upper  side,  and  coherent  to  some  extent  with 

Ova.  superior,  compressed,  2-celled,  one  cell  often  abortive.    Sty.  curved  and  often  cucullate. 

Fr.  loculicidal  or  iridehiscent.    Sds.  pendulous. 

Genera  19,  species  495,  very  equally  distributed,  each  division  of  the  globe  having  two  or  three  genera 
peculiar  to  it.  The  properties  of  the  Polygalaceee  have  not  been  well  determined.  Some  of  the  genera 
possess  a  bitter  matter  and  a  milky  juice  which  is  emetic,  expectorant  and  diuretic.  Polygala  is  the  only 
northern  genus. 

POLYGALA.     Tourn. 

Gr.  TToXv,  much,  yaXa,  milk,  said  to  favor  the  lacteal  secretions  of  animals. 

Sepals  5,  persistent,  2  of  them  wing-shaped  and  petaloid ;  petals 
3,  cohering  by  their  claws  to  the  filaments,  lower  one  carinate ;  cap- 
sule obcordate,  2-celled,  2-valved,  2-seeded;  seeds  carunculate. —  The 
N.  American  species  herbaceous.  Lower  petal  (keel]  mostly  tipped  with 
a  crest. 

*  Spikes  ovate,  globose  or  oblong,  dense,  obtuse. 
1.  P.  SANGUINEA.     (P.  purpurea.     Nutt.'}     Caducous  Polygala. 
St.  branching  at  top ;  Ivs.  linear,  alternate ;  fls.  beardless,  in  alternate,  ob- 


174  XVI.  POLYGALACE^E.  POLYGALA, 

long  spikes ;  calydne  wings  obovate. — (D  An  erect  plant,  6 — 12'  high,  found  in 
meadows  and  wet  grounds,  Mass,  to  La.,  and  known  at  once  by  its  short,  red- 
dish, cylindric  spike  of  flowers.  Stem  angular,  with  fastigiate  branches,  each 
ending  in  a  smaller  spike  than  that  of  the  main  stem,  but  rising  above  it  in 
height.  Flowers  purple,  caducous.  Jl. — Oct. 

2.  P.  NUTTALLII.    T.  &  G.     (P.  sanguinea.  Nutt.)    NuttaWs  Polygala. 

St.  erect,  somewhat  fastigiate ;  Ivs.  linear ;  spikes  rather  loose,  ovoid-glo- 
bose ;  calydne  wings  elliptic-obovate,  attenuate  at  base,  twice  longer  than  the 
fruit;  crest  minute. — ©Martha's  Vineyard,  Oakes.  R.  I.  Olney!  to  La.  Stem 
6— 10'  high.  Leaves  6— 8"  by  1—2",  acute.  Spikes  5— 10"  long,  4—6"  diam. 
Wings  of  the  calyx  rose-red.  Seeds  black.  Aug. 

3.  P.  CRUCIATA.     Cross-leaved  Polygala. 

St.  erect,  somewhat  fastigiate,  winged  at  the  angles ;  Ivs.  verticillate  in 
4s,  linear-oblong,  punctate,  spikes  ovate,  dense,  obtuse,  sessile  or  nearly  so ; 
crest  minute. — (f)  In  sphagnous  swamps  and  other  low  grounds.  Stem  3—12' 
high,  very  slender,  smooth,  slightly  winged  at  the  4  angles.  Leaves  2 — 10"  or 
more  long,  1 — 2"  wide  (upper  ones  the  largest),  obtuse,  tapering  to  the  base, 
with  small,  resinous  dots.  Spikes  capitate,  about  the  size  of  the  last.  Wings 
of  calyx  greenish-purple,  much  dilated  at  apex.  Aug. 

4.  P.  LTJTEA.     Yellow  Polygala. 

St.  simple  or  branching ;  root  Ivs.  spatulate,  obtuse,  attenuate  at  base, 
cauline  ones  lanceolate,  acute ;  rac.  ovate,  obtuse,  dense ;  fls.  pedicellate ;  wings 
ovate,  mucronate ;  keel  with  a  minute  crest. — (g)  Sandy  plains,  N.  J.  to  Flor. 
Stem  8 — 12'  high,  generally  with  a  few  long  spreading  branches.  Flowers 
bright  yellow,  longer  than  the  bracts.  Style  dilated  in  the  middle  and  with  a 
stipitate  gland.  Jn. — Oct. 

5.  P.  INCARNATA.     Flesh-colored  Milkwort. 

Glaucous;  st.  erect,  slender,  mostly  simple;  Ivs.  few,  scattered,  linear- 
subulate;  spike  oblong,  terminal ;  wings  lanceolate,  cuspidate ;  claws  of  the  petals 
united  into  a  long,  cleft  tube. — @)  Dry  soils  N.  J.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ark.  Stem 
1 — 2fhigh.  Leaves  4 — 6"  long,  remote.  Spikes  1 — lj'  long.  F]owers  pale 
rose-color  or  flesh-color.  The  slender  corolla  tube  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the 
wings,  the  keel  with  a  conspicuous  crest.  Jn.  Jl. 

*  *  Spikes  elongated  or  racemose. 

6.  P.  VERTICILLATA.     Whorl-leaved  Polygala. 

St.  branched,  erect ;  Ivs.  linear,  verticillate ;  spikes  linear,  stalked ;  fls. 
alternate,  crested ;  calydne  wings  roundish. — 0  Found  on  dry  hills,  U.  S.  and 
Can.  Stem  very  slender,  square,  6 — 8'  high.  Leaves  in  whorls  ol  5  or  6, 
4 — 10"  long,  V  wide,  alternate  on  the  branches.  Flowers  small,  greenish- 
white,  in  very  slender  racemes  5 — 10"  long,  which  are  higher  upon  the  branches 
than  upon  the  main  stem.  Jl. — Oct. 

7.  P.  AMBIGUA.  Nutt.     Dubious  Polygala. 

St.  erect,  with  virgate  branches ;  Ivs.  linear,  lower  ones  verticillate,  upper 
alternate ;  spikes  dense,  on  long  peduncles ;  calydne  wings  roundish. — (J)  Dry 
fields  and  woods,  Mass,  to  Va.  Stem  9 — 15'  high,  angular,  smooth,  much 
branched.  Leaves  sessile,  tapering  to  the  base,  4 — 10"  by  1".  Racemes  spicate, 
acute,  about  1'  long,  20 — 30-flowered,  on  peduncles  1£ — 2£'  long.  Flowers 
small,  greenish-white,  tinged  with  purple.  Jl. — Nearly  allied  to  P.  verticillata. 

8.  P.  SENEGA.     Seneca  Snake-root. 

St.  erect,  smooth,  simple,  leafy ;  Ivs.  alternate,  lanceolate,  tapering  at 
each  end ;  fls.  slightly  crested,  in  a  terminal,  spike-lbrm,  slender  raceme. — % 
Woods,  Western  States,  rare  in  Eastern.  Root  ligneous,  branched,  contorted, 
about  J'  thick,  ash-colored.  Stems  8 — 14'  high,  several  from  the  same  root. 
Leaves  1 — 3'  long,  £  as  wide,  numerous,  scattered.  Flowers  white,  in  a  filiform 
spike  1 — 3'  long.  Sepals  obtuse,  larger  than  the  petals.  The  root  has  a  sweet- 
ish, nauseous  taste,  soon  becoming  pungent  and  hot.  Jl. — A  valuable  stimu- 
lating expectorant. 

9.  P.  POLYGAMA.  Walt.     (P.  rubella.   WUld.}     Bitter  Polygala. 

Ste.  simple,  numerous;  Ivs.  linear,  oblong,  mucronate,  alternate  below; 


VIOLA.  XVII.  VIOLACE^E.  175 

roc.  terminal  and  lateral ;  fls.  sessile,  those  of  the  stem  winged,  those  of  the  root 
apterous. — %  Fields  and  pastures,  Can.  to  Flor.  and  La.  Stems  crowded, 
many  from  the  same  root,  angular,  smooth.  Leaves  smooth,  lower  obovate, 
upper  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  sessile.  Flowers,  crested,  purple,  smaller  than 
the  last.  Wings  of  the  calyx  obtuse.  Anthers  8,  in  2  equal  parcels.  Bracts 
small,  subulate,  caducous.  Terminal  racemes  with  perfect  flowers,  radical 
racemes  prostrate  or  subterraneous,  wingless  and  nearly  apetalous.  Jn.  Jl. — 
Bitter  and  tonic. 

*  *  *  Flowers  large,  few. 

10.  P.  PAUCIFOLIA.     Fringed  Polygala. 

St.  simple,  -erect,  naked  below ;  Ivs.  ovate,  acute,  smooth ;  terminal  fls. 
large,  crested,  radical  ones  apterous. — 1\.  A  small,  handsome  plant,  with  a  few 
rather  large  purple  flowers.  Woods  and  swamps,  Brit.  Am.  to  Ga.  Stems 
3 — 4'  high,  with  its  acute  leaves  mostly  near  the  top,  2 — 4  flowers  above  them. 
Calyx  of  5  leaves,  the  upper  one  gibbous  at  base.  Corolla  mostly  purple,  with 
a  purplish  crest  on  its  middle  lobe.  The  radical  flowers  are  either  close  to  the 
ground  or  subterraneous,  smaller,  greenish,  wanting  the  wings  of  the  calyx.  May. 


ORDER  XVII.     VIOLACE^E.— VIOLETS. 

Plants  herbaceous  or  shrubby. 

Lvs.  simple,  alternate,  sometimes  opposite,  stipulate,  involute  in  vernation. 

Cal—  Sepals  5,  persistent,  slightly  united,  elongated  at  base,  the  2  lateral  interior. 

Cor. — Petals  5,  commonly  unequal,  the  inferior  usually  spurred  at  base. 

Sta.  5,  usually  inserted  on  the  hyposynous  disk.    Fil.  dilated,  prolonged  beyond  the  anth. 

Ova.  of  3  united  carpels,  with  3  parietal  placentae.    Sty.  1,  declinate.    Stig.  cucuilate. 

Fr.  a  3-valved  capsule.    Srf-s.  many,  with  a  crustaceous  testa  and  distinct  chalaza. 

Genera  11,  species  300,  mostly  inhabitants  of  the  Northern  Temperate  Zone.  The  roots  of  almost  all 
the  Violacece  possess  emetic  properties,  and  some  are  valued  in  medicine.  The  Ipecac  of  the  shops  is 
partly  the  product  of  certain  Brazilian  species  of  lonidium.  Several  species  of  the  violet  are  cultivated 
for  the  beauty  of  their  flowers.  Of  the  4  genera  found  in  North  America,  only  2  are  found  in  the  Northern 
States. 

Genera. 

Sepals  unequal,  more  or  less  auricled  at  base Viola.  \ 

Sepals  nearly  equal,  not  auricled  at  base.  Solea.  2 

i.  VIOLA: 

Sepals  5,  oblong,  acute,  equal,  auricular  at  base  ;  petals  5,  irregular, 
the  upper  one  (lower  by  resupination)  broadest,  spurred  at  base,  the 
2  lateral  equal,  opposite ;  stamens  approximate ;  anthers  connate,  the 
lobes  diverging  at  base;  capsule  1 -celled,  3-valved,  seeds  attached  to 
the  valves. — %•  Low  herbaceous  plants,  acaulescent  or  caulescent.  Pe- 
duncles angular ',  solitary,  1  -flowered,  recurved  at  the,  summit  so  as  to  bear 
thejlowers  in  a  resupinate  position. 

*  A.caulescent.     Flowers  blue. 

1.  V.  SELKIRKH.  Goldie.     Selkirk'^  Violet. 

Dvs.  cordate,  crenately  serrate,  minutely  hirsute  above,  smooth  beneath ; 
the  sinus  deep  and  nearly  closed ;  stig.  triangular,  margined,  distinctly  beaked ; 
spur  nearly  as  long  as  the  lamina,  thick,  very  obtuse. — Grows  on  woody  hills 
and  mountains,  Mass:,  N.  Y.,  Can.  A  small,  stemless  violet,  with  small  pale 
blue  flowers  conspicuously  spurred.  The  radical,  heart-shaped  leaves  are 
rather  numerous  and  longer  than  the  peduncles.  The  lateral  petals  bearded, 
and  with  the  upper  one  striate  with  deep  blue. 

2.  V.  CUCULLATA.  Ait.     (V.  aflinis.  Le  Conte.} .  Hood-leaved  Violet. 
Smooth,  sometimes  more  or  less  pubescent;  Ivs.  cordate,  cucuilate  at 

base,  crenate ;  stip.  linear ;  inferior  and  lateral  petals  bearded. — This  is  one  of 
the  more  common  kinds  of  violet,  fourfd  in  low,  grassy  woods,  from  Arctic  Am. 
to  Flor.  Leaves  on  long  petioles,  heart-shaped,  remarkably  rolled  at  the  base 
into  a  hooded  form.  The  late  leaves  are  crenate-reniform.  Flowers  light  blue 
or  purple,  with  scapes  somewhat  4-sided,  longer  than  the  leaves.  Petals  twisted^ 


176  XVII.  VIOLACE^E.  VIOLA. 

veiny,  entire,  white  at  the  base,  the  lateral  and  upper  ones  marked  with  a  few 
blue  striae.  Very  variable  in  respect  to  pubescence.  May. 

3.  sororia.  T.  &  G.  (V.  sororia.  Willd.}  Nearly  smooth;  Ivs.  exactly  cor- 
date ;  fls.  small. 

y.  reniformis.    Pubescent ;  Ivs.  broadly  reniiorm. 

3.  alba.  T.  &  G.    Nearly  smooth  ;  fls.  white. — R.  I.  Olney  I 

3.  V.  SAGITTATA.  Ait.     Arrow-leaved  Violet. 

L/vs.  oblong-lanceolate,  sagittate-cordate,  subacute,  often  incisely  dentate 
at  base,  serrate-crenate,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent ;  ped.  longer  than  the 
leaves ;  lower  and  lateral  pet.  densely  bearded. — On  dry  hills,  Can.  to  Flor.  W. 
to  Ark.  Leaves  varying  from  oblong-sagittate  to  triangular-hastate,  on  mar- 
gined petioles,  acute  or  not.  Scapes  3-  5'  long.  Sepals  lanceolate,  acute. 
Petals  entire,  veiny,  purplish-blue,  white  at  base.  Stigma  rostrate,  margined. 
Apr. — Jn. 

4.  V.  OVATA.  Nutt.     Ovate-leaved  Violet. 

Lvs.  ovate,  crenate,  ciliate,  abruptly  decurrent  on  the  short  petiole,  pu- 
bescent; lateral  pet.  bearded;  stig.  a  little  rostrate. — On  dry  hills,  N.  J.  Leaves 
many,  mostly  hairy  on  both  sides,  sometimes  nearly  smooth,  f  as  wide  as  long, 
acute  or  not,  upper  ones  often  laciniate-dentate  at  base.  Sepals  ciliate,  oblong- 
ovate,  deeply  emarginate  behind.  Petals  entire,  veiny,  pale-purple,  obovate, 
the  lateral  ones  with  dense  white  beard.  Spur  broad.  Apr.  May. 

5.  V.  PALMATA.     Palmate  A  Violet. 

Pubescent ;  Ivs.  cordate,  lobed  in  a  hastate  or  palmate  manner,  the  lobes 
crenate  and  toothed,  the  middle  one  much  the  largest ;  lateral  pet.  bearded. — In 
upland  pastures,  Can  to  Ark.  Stem  3 — G'  high.  Root-stock  scaly.  Petioles 
hairy.  The  early  leaves  are  ovate,  entire,  the  later  and  perfect  are  often  purple 
beneath,  variously  lobed  and  cleft,  the  middle  lobe  always  the  largest  and 
longest,  with  2  or  3  each  side.  Peduncle  sub-4-angled,  3 — 6'  long.  Stipules 
lanceolate.  Petals  purple,  entire,  veiny,  white  at  the  base,  upper  ones  smaller, 
lateral  ones  densely  bearded,  and  marked  with  blue  striae.  May. 

6.-V.  PEDATA.     Pedate  Violet. 

Nearly  glabrous ;  rt.  premorse  ;  Ivs.  pedate,  5 — 9-parted,  segments  linear- 
lanceolate,  mostly  entire ;  stig.  large,  obliquely  truncate  ;  beak  obscure. — Dry 
woods  and  pastures,  Can.  to  111.  and  to  Flor.  Rhizoma  fleshy,  ending  abruptly 
as  if  cut  or  bitten  off.  Leaves  thick,  divided  into  about  7  obtuse,  narrow  seg- 
ments. Petioles  with  long,  ciliate  stipules  at  base.  Peduncles  sub-4-angled, 
much  longer  than  the  leaves.  Petals  pale  blue,  white  at  base,  all  of  them 
beardless  and  entire.  Apr.  May. 

7.  V.  DELPHINIPOLIA.  Nutt.     Larkspur-leaved  Violet. 

Nearly  glabrous ;  Ivs.  pedate,  7 — 9-parted,  with  linear  2 — 3-cleft  segments; 
stig.  thick,  distinctly  beaked;  2  upper  petals  pubescent,  3  lower  emarginate; 
spur,  saccate,  short. — 1|.  Prairies  and  bottoms^  111. !  and  Mo.  Root  thick.  Leaves 
often  finely  divided  with  many  dissected  segments.  Stipules  acuminate,  sub- 
entire.  Peduncles  a  little  longer  than  the  leaves.  Flowers  rather  smaller  than 
in  the  last,  of  a  rich  blue.  Mar.  Ap. 

8.  V.  PALUSTRIS.     Mountain  Violet. 

Lvs.  reniform-cordate ;  stip.  broadly  ovate,  acuminate ;  stig.  margined ; 
sepals  ovate,  obtuse ;  caps,  oblong-triangular;  sds.  ovate,  dark  green. — Summits 
of  the  White  Mts.  About  3'  high,  pubescent.  Leaves  crenate,  1'  by  |'. 
Flowers  small,  pale  blue,  on  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves  and  bibracteate 
near  the  middle.  Rhizoma  creeping,  scaly.  Jn. 

9.  V.  ODORATA.  Sweet  or  English  Violet. — Stolons  creeping;  Ivs.  cordate, 
crenate,  nearly  smooth ;  sep.  obtuse  ;  lateral  pet.  with  a  hairy  line. — Native  of 
England.  It  is  well  characterized  by  its  long,  trailing,  leafy  runners.  The 
leaves  are  truly  heart-shaped.  Stipules  lanceolate,  toothed.  Peduncles  longer 
than  the  leaves,  bracted.  Flowers  small,  fragrant. — Several  garden  varieties 
are  known,  distinguished  by  the  form  and  color  of  the  flowers ;  viz.  the  purple, 
white,  and  blue  flowered,  the  double  white,  double  purple,  and  double  blue 
flowered,  and  the  Neapolitan  with  pale  blue  flowers.  Apr.  May.  f 


VIOLA.  XVII.  VIOL  ACE  jE.  177 

*  *  Acaulescent.    Flowers  white, 

10.  V.  BLANDA.  Willd.    (V.  clandestina.  Ph.    V.  amoena.   Le  Conte.) 
Bland  or  Sweet-scented  Violet. 

Las.  cordate,  slightly  pubescent ;  petiole  pubescent ;  fls.  white. — Found  in 
meadows,  Can.  to  Penn.  The  rhizoma  is  slender  and  creeping.  Leaves  close 
to  the  earth,  nearly  round,  cordate  or  ovate,  and  sometimes  with  a  rounded 
sinus  so  as  to  appear  reniform.  Petioles  half  round.  Peduncles  sub-4-sided, 
longer  than  the  leaves.  Petals  white,  greenish  at  base,  upper  and  lateral  ones 
marked  with  a  few  blue  lines,  generally  beardless.  Fls.  small,  fragrant.  May. 

11.  V.  LANCEOLATA.     Lance-leaved  Violet. 

L/vs.  smooth,  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  base  into  the  petiole,  obtusish,  sub- 
crenate.  Found  in  wet  meadows,  Can.  to  Tex.  Rhizoma  creeping.  Leaves 
very  narrow,  and,  with  the  stalk,  3 — 5'  long.  Petioles  half  round.  Peduncles 
sub-4-sided.  Petals  white,  greenish  at  base,  upper  and  lateral  ones  marked 
with  blue  lines,  generally  beardless.  Flowers  small.  May. 

12.  V.  PRIMULJEFOLIA.     Primrose  Violet. 

Lvs.  lance-ovate,  abruptly  decurrent  at  base;  bracts  lance-linear;  ^e£. 
acute,  nearly  equal,  beardless. — Found  in  damp  soils,  Mass,  to  Ky.  Rhizoma 
creeping.  Leaves  sometimes  subcordate,  rather  obtuse,  mostly  smooth,  longer 
than  their  stalks.  Petals  obovate,  acute,  flat,  marked  with  purple  lines  at  base, 
generally  beardless,  as  long  as  the  bracts.  Flowers  small,  white,  on  sub-4-sided 
stalks.  May,  in  N.  Eng. 

0.  acuta.  T.  &  G.  (V.  acuta.  Bw.}— Smooth ;  Ivs.  ovate;  pet.  acute,  lateral 
ones  nearly  beardless.  Mass. 

*  *  *  Acaulescent.     Flou-ers  yellow. 

13.  V.  ROTUNDIFOLIA.  Michx.     Round-leaved  Violet. 

L/cs.  orbicular-ovate,  cordate,  slightly  serrate,  nearly  smooth,  with  the 
sinus  closed ;  petiole  pubescent ;  cal.  obtuse.  -A  small  yellow  violet,  found  in 
woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Tenn.  Leaves  nearly  round,  with  a  deep,  narrow  sinus  at 
base,  obscurely  and  remotety  serrated.  Veins  and  petioles  pubescent.  Pedun- 
cles as  long  as  the  claws/  sub-4-sided,  bracted  in  the  middle.  Petals  yellow, 
marked  at  base  with  brown  lines.  Flowers  small. 
****  Caulescent. 

14.  V.  CANADENSIS.     Canadian  Violet. 

Smooth ;  Ivs.  cordate,  acuminate,  serrate ;  ped.  shorter  than  the  leaves ; 
slip,  short,  entire. — A  large  species,  found  in  woods,  British  Am.  to  Car.,  often 
a  foot  in  height.  Stem  subsimple,  terete,  with  lance-ovate,  membranaceous 
stipules.  Leaves  alternate,  the  lower  on  very  long  petioles,  acute  or  obtuse. 
Peduncles  sub-4-sided,  terminal,  with  minute  bracts.  Flowers  large,  nearly 
regular.  Petals  white  or  light  blue,  yellowish  at  base,  the  upper  ones  purple 
without  and  marked  with  blue  lines,  lateral  ones  bearded.  Flowering  all 
summer. 

15.  V.  PUBESCENS.     Ait.     Common  Yellow  Violet. 
Villous-pubescent ;  st.  erect,  naked  below;  Ivs.  broad-cordate,  toothed; 

slip,  ovate,  subdentate.- — A  large  yellow  violet,  found  in  dry,  stony  woods,  Can. 
to  Ga.  and  Mo.  Root  fibrous.  Stem  simple,  more  or  less  pubescent,  somewhat 
triangular  and  fleshy,  bearing  a  few  leaves  at  the  top,  leafless  below.  Leaves 
broad-ovate,  cordate,  or  deltoid  ;  obscurely  dentate,  obtuse,  on  short  stalks.  Sti- 
pules large,  ovate,  wavy.  Flower-stalks  rather  shorter  than  leaves,  downy,  ax- 
illary, solitary,  with  2  subulate  bracts.  Petals  yellow,  lateral  ones  bearded,  and 
with  the  upper  one  marked  with  a  few  brown  lines.  The  plant  varies  in  pu- 
bescence, sometimes  even  glabrous.  Height  very  variable,  5 — 20'.  May — Jn. 

(3.  eriocarpa.     Nutt.     (V.  eriocarpa.     Schw.)    Capsule  densely  villose. 

y.  scabriuscula.  T.  &  G.  (V.  scabriuscula.  Schw.)  St.  decumbent,  branch- 
ing from  the  root,  and  with  the  smaller  leaves  somewhat  scabrous. 

16.  V.  HASTATA.    Michx. 

Smooth,  simple,  erect,  leafy  above;  Ivs.  deltoid-lanceolate,  hastate  or 
broadly  ovate-acuminate,  dentate ;  stip.  ovate,  minute,  ciliate,  dentate ;  lower 
pet.  dilated,  obscurely  3-lobed,  lateral  ones  lightly  bearded ;  sep.  lanceolate,  with 


178  XVII.  VIOLACE^l.  SOLEA. 

a  very  short  spur. — Pine  woods,  Perm,  to  Flor.  Stem  6 — 10'  high.  Peduncles 
shorter  than  the  leaves.  Flowers  yellow.  May. 

17.  V.  MUHLENBERGII.    Torr.     MuMenberg's  Violet. 

St.  weak,  assurgent;  Ivs.  reniform-cordate,  upper  ones  crenate,  rather 
acuminate ;  slip,  lanceolate,  serrate,  ciliate. — A  spreading,  slender  species,  in 
swamps,  &c.,  U.  S.,  N.  to  Lab.  Stems  branched  below,  6 — 8'  long,  with  large 
stipules  cut  into  fringe-like  serratures.  Leaves  6  -10"diam.,  younger  ones  in- 
volute at  .base.  Petioles  longer  than  the  leaves,  and  shorter  than  the  axillary 
peduncles.  Bracts  linear,  alternate,  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stalk.  Petals  en- 
tire, pael  purple,  the  lateral  ones  bearded.  Spur  porrected,  very  obtuse.  Stig- 
ma rostrate.  May. 

18.  V.  ROSTRATA.     Beaked  Violet. 

Smooth;  st.  terete,  diffuse,  erect;  Ivs.  cordate,  roundish,  serrate,  upper 
ones  acute ;  stip.  lanceolate,  deeply  fringed ;  pet.  beardless ;  spur  longer  than 
the  corolla. — A  common  violet  in  moist  woods,  Can.  to  Ky.,  well  characterized 
by  its  long,  straight,  linear,  obtuse  nectary,  which  renders  the  large  flowers 
similar  to  those  of  the  larkspur.  Stem  6 — 8'  high,  branching  below.  Petioles 
much  longer  than  the  leaves.  Stipules  almost  pinnatifid.  Peduncles  slender, 
very  long,  axillary.  Flowers  pale  blue.  May. 

19.  V.  STRIATA.     Ait.     (V.  ochroleuca.     Schw.)     Striped  Violet. 

Smooth ;  st.  branching,  nearly  erect ;  Ivs.  roundish-ovate,  cordate,  the  up- 
per ones  somewhat  acuminate,  crenate-serrate ;  stip.  large,  ciliate-dentate,  ob- 
long-lanceolate ;  spur  somewhat  porrected. — Wet  grounds,  U.  S.  and  Can. 
Stem  6 — 12'  high,  half  round.  Leaves  1 — H'  wide,  on  petioles  1 — 2'  long. 
Stipules  conspicuous,  laciniate.  Peduncles  axillary,  often  much  longer  than 
the  leaves.  Corolla  large,  yellowish- white  or  ochroleucous,  lateral  petals  dense- 
ly bearded,  lower  one  striate  with  dark  purple.  Stigma  tubular.  Jn. 

20.  V.  ARVENSIS.  Ell.     (V.  tenella.  -MM.    V.  bicolor.  Ph.    V.  tricolor. 
/?.  arvensis.     DC.} 

St.  3-angled,  erect ;  Ivs.  orbicular-spatulate,  smooth,  subdentate,  upper 
ones  ovate-spatulate ;  stip.  foliaceous,  pinnatifid,  very  large ;  pet.  longer  than 
the  calyx,  bluish- white. — (I)  A  rare  species,  though  widely  dispersed  from  N.  Y. 
South  to  Ga.,  and  W.  to  Mo.,  on  dry  hills.  Stem  pubescent  on  the  angles,  2 — 4' 
high.  Leaves  3 — 5"  diam.,  shorter  than  the  petioles,  with  about  5  obtuse  teeth 
or  angles ;  cauline  ones  more  narrow,  sometimes  entire.  Stipular  segments 
linear-oblong,  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Peduncles  4-angled,  twice  longer  than 
the  leaves.  Petals  twice  longer  (scarcely  longer  T.  $>  G.)  than  sepals,  lateral 
ones  bearded,  lowest  with  5  striae.  May. 

i  21.  V.  TRICOLOR.  Tricolored  Violet.  Pansey.  Heart1  s-ease. — St.  angular,  dif- 
fuse ;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  lower  ones  ovate-cordate,  deeply  crenate ;  stip.  runci- 
nately  pinnatifid  or  lyrate,  the  terminal  segment  as  large  as  the  leaves ;  spur 
short,  thick. — Gardens,  where  its  pretty  flowers  are  earliest  in  spring,  and  latest 
in  autumn.  Flowers  variable  in  size,  the  2  upper  (lower)  petals  purple,  the  2 
lateral  white  and  with  the  lower,  striate,  all  yellow  at  base,  f 

22.  V.  GRANDIFLORA.  Great  Purple  Violet. — St.  3-cornered,  simple,  procum- 
bent; Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  crenate,  shorter  than  the  peduncles ;  stip.  lyrate-pinnati- 
fid ;  fls.  large. — Native  of  Switzerland.  A  large  and  beautiful  species,  with 
dark  purple  flowers,  1 — 2'  diam.  Whole  plant  smooth,  6—12'  long.  Stipules 
J — 1'  long.  Flowering  all  seasons  but  winter,  f 

2.  SOLEA.     Gingins. 

Sepals  nearly  equal,  not  auriculate ;  petals  unequal,  the  lowest  2- 
lobed  and  gibbous  at  base,  the  rest  emarginate ;  stamens  cohering, 
the  lowest  2  bearing  a  gland  above  the  middle ;  capsule  surrounded 
at  base  by  the  concave  torus  ;  seeds  6 — 8,  very  large. — n\.  Lvs.  cau- 
line,  alternate. 

S.  CONCOLOR.     Gingins.    (Viola  concolor.    Ph.)     Green  Violet. 

A  strictly  erect  plant,  in  woods,  Western  N.  Y.  to  Mo.,  S.  to  Car.    Stem 


DROSEFU.  XVIII.  DROSERACE^E.  179 

1— 2f  high,  simple,  and,  with  the  leaves,  somewhat  hairy.  Leaves  4—6'  by 
1  j— 2J',  lanceolate,  acuminate,  subentire,  tapering  to  short  petioles.  Peduncles 
very  short,  1 — 5-flowered,  axillary.  Flowers  small,  greenish  white.  Calyx 
about  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Lower  petal  twice  larger  than  the  others.  Cap- 
sule nearly  I'  in  length.  Apr.  May. 


ORDER  XVIII.     DEOSERACE^E.— SUNDEWS. 

Plants  herbaceous,  delicate,  often  covered  with  glands. 

Lvs.  alternate,  with  stipulary  fringes,  circinate  in  vernation.  _ 

Fed.  when  young,  circinate.    Sep.  5,  persistent,  equal,  imbricate  in  aestivation. 

Cor.— Petals  5,  hypogynous,  marescent. 

Sta.  distinct,  marescent  usually  equal  in  number  to  the  petals. 

Ova.  single.    Sty.  3—5,  either  wholly  distinct  or  slightly  united,  bind  or  branched. 

Fr.  a  capsule,  i— 3-celled,  usually  many-seeded.    Sds.  sometimes  ariled. 

Genera  7,  species  90,  scattered  over  the  whole  globe,  wherever  marshes  are  found.  Their  leaves  are 
usually  furnished  with  glandular  hairs,  and  are  entire,  alternate  or  crowded.  Attached  to  this  order  is 
the  genus  Parnassia,  regarded  by  some  as  forming  a  separate  order.  It  is  variously  located  by  different 
botanists.  We  follow  Torrey  and  Gray,  after  De  Candolle,  in  placing  it  here.  Some  peculiarity  exists 
in  the  arrangement  and  structure  of  the  stamens  in  this  genus,  which  will  be  mentioned  farther  on. 

No  remarkable  properties  have  been  discovered  belonging  to  plants  of  this  order. 
Conspectus  of  tli/e  Genera. 

( 5  in  number.    Styles  3—5 Drosera.      I 

$  hypogynous,  all  perfect  and  (.  10—15  in  number.    Style  1 Dioneza.       2 

Stamens  {  perigynous,  inner  row  5  perfect  ones,  outer  row  5  groups  of  imperfect  ones.      .    Parnassia.  3 

1.   DROSfiRA. 

Gr,  fyoaos,  dew;  from  the  dew-like  secretion. 

Sepals  5,  united  at  base,  persistent ;  petals  5  ;  stamens  5,  with  ad- 
nate  anthers ;  styles  3 — 5,  each  2-parted ;  capsule  3 — 5-valved,  1- 
celled,  many-seeded. — Small  aquatic  herbs. 

1.  D.  ROTUNDIFOLIA.     Round-leaved  Sundew. 

Lvs.  radical,  nearly  round,  depressed ;  petioles  hairy ;  scapes  erect,  bear- 
ing a  simple  raceme. — (i|_  This  curious  little  plant  is  not  uncommon  in  bogs 
and  muddy  shores  of  ponds  and  rivers.  It  is  at  once  distinguished  by  the  red- 
dish glandular  hairs  with  which  the  leaves  are  beset,  and  which  are  usually 
tipped  with  a  small  drop  of  a  clammy  fluid,  appearing  like  dew  glistening  in 
the  sun.  Leaves  small,  lying  flat  on  the  ground,  narrowed  into  the  elongated 
petiole.  Scape  5 — 8'  high,  at  first  coiled  inward.  Flowers  arranged  on  one 
side,  very  small,  white.  Aug. 

2.  LONGIFOLIA.     Long-leaved  Sundew. 

Lvs.  radical,  spatulate  and  obovate,  tapering  at  base  into  a  long,  smooth 
petiole  ;  scape  bearing  a  simple  raceme. — Tj.  A  more  slender  and  delicate  spe- 
cies, in  similar  situations  with  the  last.  Leaves  slender,  ascending,  cuneiform, 
oblong,  crenate,  beset  with  numerous  hairs  tipped  with  dew-like  drops, — length 
including  the  petiole  1 — 3'.  Scape  ascending  at  base,  bearing  a  cluster  of 
small,  yellowish-white  flowers,  and  arising  3 — 8'.  Jn. — Aug. 

3.  D.  FILIFORMIS.     Thread-leaved  Sundew. 

Lvs.  filiform,  very  long ;  scape  nearly  simple,  longer  than  the  leaves, 
many-flowered ;  pet.  obovate,  erosely  denticulate,  longer  than  the  glandular 
calyx ;  sty.  2-parted  to  the  base. — 7J.  Grows  in  wet  sandy  places,  much  larger 
than  the  preceding  species.  The  leaves  are  destitute  of  a  lamina,  are  suberect, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  scape,  beset  with  glandular  hairs  except  near  the  base. 
Scape  about  a  foot  high,  with  large,  purple  flowers.  Aug.  Sept. 

4.  D.  LINEARIS.  Goldie.     Linear-leaved  Sundew. 

Lvs.  linear,  obtuse ;  petioles  elongated,  naked,  erect ;  scapes  few-flowered, 
about  the  length  of  the  leaves ;  col.  glabrous,  much  shorter  than  the  oval  cap- 
sule ;  sds.  oval,  shining,  smooth.— (I)  Borders  of  lakes,  Can.,  Mich,  to  the  Rocky 
Mts.  Hooker.  T.  fy  G.  Scape  3 — 6'  high,  with  about  3  small  flowers.  Leaves 
about  2"  wide,  clothed  with  glandular  hairs,  which  are  wanting  on  the  petiole. 
Jl.  Aug. 

16 


180  XIX.  CISTACE^E.  LECHEA. 

2.   DION^EA.    Ellis. 
Dionaea  is  one  of  the  names  of  Venus. 

Sepals  5,  ovate,  oblong,  spreading ;  petals  5,  obovate,  with  pellucid 
veins  ;  stamens  10 — 15  ;  style  1  ;  stigmas  5,  connivent,  many-cleft ; 
capsules  indehiscent,  breaking  irregularly,  1 -celled,  many-seeded. — 
^  glabrous.  JLvs.  radical,  sensitive,  closing  convulsively  when  touched. 
Scape  umbellate. 

D.  MUSCIPULA.  Ell.  Venus'  Fly-trap. — Native  of  the  Southern  States.  Some- 
times cultivated  in  a  pot  of  bog  earth  placed  in  a  pan  of  water.  Leaves  rosu- 
late,  lamina  roundish,  spinulose  on  the  margins  .  and  upper  surface,  instantly 
closing  upon  insects  and  other  objects  which  light  upon  it.  (See  Part  1.  §  248.) 
Scape  6 — 12'  high,  with  an  umbel  of  8 — 10  white  flowers.  Apr.  May.  j- 

3.   PARNASSIA.    Tourn. 

Named  for  Mount  Parnassus,  the  abode  of  the  Muses,  Graces,  &c. 

Sepals  5,  united  at  base,  persistent;  petals  5,  persistent,  nearly 
perigynous ;  stamens  perigynous,  in  2  series,  the  outer  indefinite  in 
number,  united  in  5 -groups,  sterile,  the  inner  5  perfect;  capsule  1- 
celled.  4-valved  ;  seeds  very  numerous,  with  a  winged  testa. — %  herbs 
with  radical  Ivs.  and  \-flowered  scapes. 

1.  P.  CAROLINIANA.     Grass  of  Parnassus. 

Sterile  filaments  in  5  clusters,  3  in  each,  distinct  to  near  the  base,  sur- 
mounted with  little  spherical  heads ;  pet.  much  exceeding  the  calyx,  marked 
with  green  veins ;  Ivs.  radical  or  sessile  on  the  scape,  broad-oval,  with  no  sinus 
at  the  base. — An  exceedingly  elegant  and  interesting  plant,  growing  in  wet 
meadows  and  borders  of  streams,  U.  S.  to  Can.  Root  fibrous.  Leaves  about 
7-veined,  broad-oval  or  ovate,  smooth,  leathery,  radical  ones  long-stalked,  cau- 
line  ones  sessile,  clasping,  a  few  inches  above  the  root.  Scapes  about  If  high, 
with  a  handsome  regular  flower  about  V  diam.  Jl.  Aug. 

2.  P.  PALUSTRIS. 

Lvs.  all  cordate,  the  cauline  one  (if  any)  sessile ;  scales  (bundles  of  sterile 
stamens)  smooth,  with  numerous  slender,  pellucid  setae. — Bogs  and  lake  shores, 
Mich,  to  Lab.  and  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mts.  Scapes  about  6'  high,  naked  or  with 
a  single  clasping  leaf  near  the  base.  Flowers  white.  Sepals  oblong-lanceo- 
late. Petals  marked  with  3 — 5  green  or  purple  veins.  Each  scale  is  distin- 
guished by  10 — 15  whitish  hair-like  bristles. 


ORDER  XIX.     CISTACEJE.— ROCK  ROSES. 

Plants  herbaceous  or  shrubby.    Branches  often  viscid. 
Lvs.  entire,  opposite  or  alternate,  usually  feather-veined. 
F/s.  white,  yellow,  or  red,  very  fugacious,  in  one-sided  racemes. 
Cal.—  Sepals  5,  unequal,  the  3  inner  with  a  twisted  aestivation. 
Cor.— Petals  5,  hypogynous,  crumpled  in  aestivation. 
Sta.  indefinite,  hypogynous,  distinct.    Anth.  innate. 

Ova.  distinct,  or  many-celled.    Sty.  single.    Stig.  simple.  [ceeding  from  the  middle  of  the  valves. 

Fr.  capsular,  either  l-celled  with  parietal  placentas,  or  imperfectly  3— 5-celled,  with  dissepiments  pro- 
Genera  7,  species  1S5,  found  most  abundant  in  the  north  of  Africa  or  south  of  Europe.    They  possess 
no  interest  on  account  of  their  properties. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

$  large  and  showy,  or  wanting HeHanthetnum.  2 

Petals  5,  ?  minute.    Delicate  shrubs Htidsonia.  3 

Petals  3,  linear-lanceolate Lechea.  1 

1.  LECHEA. 

In  memory  of  John  Leche,  a  Swedish  botanist. 

Sepals  5,  the  2  outer  minute  ;  petals  3,  lanceolate,  small ;  stamens 
3 — 12;  stigmas  3,  scarcely  distinct ;  capsule  3-celled,  3-valved ;  pla- 
centae nearly  as  broad  as  the  valves,  roundish,  each  1 — 2-seeded. — % 

Suffruticose^  branching  plants.     Stipules  0. 


HUDSONIA.  XIX.  CISTACE^E.  181 

1.  L.  MAJOR.   Michx.  (L.  villosa.  Ell.  L.  minor.  Linn.)  Larger  Pinweed. 

Erect,  hairy ;  branches  villous,  radical  ones  prostrate ;  cauline  Ivs.  ellipti- 
cal, mucronate,  those  of  the  radical  branches  roundish,  minute ;  fls.  small,  nu- 
merous, in  fasciculate  racemes,  somewhat  1-sided. — In  dry  woods^  U.  S.  and 
Can.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  rigid,  brittle,  hairy,  purple,  paniculately  branched. 
Leaves  of  the  stem  about  1'  long,  alternate,  opposite,  or  even  verticillate  on 
the  prostrate  branches,  crowded.  Flowers  brownish-purple,  inconspicuous. 
Capsule  roundish,  about  the  size  of  a  large  pin-head.  Jl.  Aug. 

2.  L.  MINOR.     Lam.     Smaller  Pinweed. 

Erect,  smoothish,  branched ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute ;  panicle  leafy, 
its  branches  elongated ;  fls.  in  nearly  simple  racemes ;  caps,  rather  large.— Grows 
in  dry,  sandy  grounds,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  8 — 12'  high,  often  decumbent  at 
base.  Stem  leaves,  6—10"  by  2 — 3",  alternate,  sparingly  ciliate  and  revolute 
at  the  margin,  those  of  the  long  slender  branches  minute.  Flowers  nearly 
twice  as  large  as  in  L.  major.  Petals  brownish  purple,  cohering  at  apex.  Cap- 
sule also  rather  larger  than  in  L.  major.  Jn. — Sept. 

3.  L.  THYMIPOLIA.     Ph.     Thyme-leaved  Pinweed. 

Frutescent ;  sts.  decumbent  at  base,  hoary  with  appressed  hairs,  very 
branching  and  leafy ;  root  Ivs.  on  the  short  radical  branches,  imbricate,  ellipti- 
cal, very  small ;  cauline  Ivs.  linear  or  oblanceolate,  often  whorled.  Sea-coasts, 
Mass. !  to  N.  J.  Stem  about  If  high,  rigid  and  very  bushy.  Upper  leaves  about 
1'  long,  erect  and  crowded.  Flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary  clusters,  on  very 
short  pedicels.  Petals  brown.  Capsules  globose.  Jl. — Sep. 

2.  HELIANTHEMUM. 

Gr.  lyXtof,  the  sun,  avSos .  a  flower. 

Sepals  5,  the  2  outer  smaller ;  petals  5,  or  rarely  3,  sometimes 
abortive ;  stamens  00  ;  stigmas  3,  scarcely  distinct ;  capsule  triangu- 
lar, 3-valved,  opening  at  top  ;  seeds  angular. — Fls.  yellow. 

1.  H.  CANADENSE.  Michx.  (Cistus  Canad.  Willd.}  F^rost  Plant.  Rock  Rose. 
St.  ascending ;  branches  erect,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  alternate,  without  stipules, 

lanceolate,  acute,  hairy;  petaliferous  fls.  few,  large,  terminal,  apetalous  ones  late- 
ral, solitary  or  racemose. — In  dry  fields  and  woods,  Can.  to  Flor.  Stem  about 
If  high,  at  length  shrubby  at  base.  Leaves  8 — 12"  long,  i  as  wide,  entire,  sub- 
sessile.  Flowers  with  large  bright  yellow  petals,  in  a  terminal  corymb.  The 
axillary  flowers  later,  very  small,  with  very  small  petals,  or  apetalous.  Sta- 
mens decimate.  Capsule  smooth,  shining,  those  of  the  apet.  fls.  not  larger  than 
a  pin's  head.  Seeds  few,  brown.  Jn. — Sep. 

2.  H.  CORYMBOSUM.     Michx.    (Heteromeris  cymosa.     Spach.) 

St.  branching,  canescent,  erect ;  Ivs.  lance-oblong,  canescently  tomentose 
beneath ;  fls.  in  crowded,  fastigiate  cymes,  the  primary  ones  on  elongated,  filiform 
pedicels,  and  with  petals  twice  longer  than  the  calyx;  sep.  villous-canescent, 
outer  ones  linear,  obtuse,  inner  ovate,  acute. — Sterile  sands,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  Plant 
somewhat  shrubby,  very  tomentose  when  young,  at  length  diffusely  branched, 
about  If  high.  Primary  flowers  about  1'  diam.  Secondary  ones  small,  apeta- 
lous. Jn. — Aug. 

3.  HUDSONIA. 

In  honor  of  Wm.  Hudson,  author  of  "  Flora  Anglica." 

Sepals  3,  united  at  base,  subtended  by  2  minute  ones  at  dase ;  pe- 
tals 5  ;  Stamens  9 — 30  ;  style  filiform,  straight ;  capsule  1 -celled,  3- 
valved,  many-seeded. — Low  shrubs  with  very  numerous  branches,  and 
minute  exstipulate  Ivs. 

1.  H.  TOMENTOSA.     Nutt.     Doicny  Hudsonia. 

Hoary-tomentose  ;  Ivs.  ovate,  imbricate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  intervals 
of  the  stem  ;  fls.  subsessile ;  pet.  obtuse. — Shores  of  the  ocean  and  lakes,  N.  J. 
to  N.  H. !  and  Wise.,  &c.  Plant  consisting  of  numerous  slender,  ascending 


182  XX.  HYPERICACE^E.  HYPERICUM. 

stems  from  the  same  root,  and  a  multitude  of  tufted  branches,  all  covered  with 
whitish  down.  Leaves  about  1 — 2"  in  length,  closely  appressed  to  the  stem. 
Flower  small,  yellow,  on  pedicels  not  longer  than  the  leaves.  May. 

2.  H.  ERicolDES.     Heath-like  Hudsonia. 

Hoary-pubescent ;  Ivs.  acerose-subulate ;  ped.  longer  than  the  leaves,  fili- 
form, hairy ;  sep.  acutish. — A  very  delicate  shrub,  found  in  pine  barrens,  Mass, 
to  Va.  Stem  £f  high,  erect,  with  numerous  short,  compound,  procumbent 
branches.  Leaves  needle-like,  scattered,  2 — 4"  long.  Flowers  yellow,  shorter 
than  the  peduncles.  Capsule  oblong,  pubescent.  May. 


ORDER  XX.     HYPERICACEJE.— ST.  JOHN'S-WORTS. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  a  resinous  juice,  and  often  with  angular  branches. 

Lvs.  opposite,  entire,  mostly  punctate  with  pellucid  dots,  and  black  glands.    Slip.  0. 

Fls.  perfect,  mostly  yellow,  with  cymose  inflorescence. 

Cal. — Sepals  4 — 5,  distinct  or  cohering,  persistent,  unequal,  dotted. 

Cor. — Petals  4—5,  hypogynous,  aestivation  twisted,  veins  oblique,  dotted. 

Sta.  hypogynous,  indefinite,  in  3  or  more  parcels.    Anthers  versatile. 

Ova.  single,  superior.    Style  slender.    Stigma  simple. 

Fr.  a  capsule  or  berry,  many-celled.    Seeds  indefinite,  minute. 

Genera  13,  species  276,  very  generally  distributed,  presenting  a  very  great  variety  in  habit,  and  flourish- 
ing in  all  kinds  of  localities.    The  juice  of  many  species  is  considered  purgative  and  febrifugal. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

$  o Hypericwm.  2. 

$5.  Hypogynous  glands  (3 Elodea.         3. 

Petals  and  sepals  ( 4.  Hypogynous  glands  0 Ascyrum.      1. 

1.  ASCYRUM. 

Gr.   a,  privative,  axvpos,  roughness;  i.  e.,  a  smooth  plant. 

Sepals  4,  the  2  outer  usually  larger ;  petals  4  ;  filaments  slightly 
united  at  base  into  several  parcels ;  styles  2 — 4,  mostly  distinct ;  cap- 
sule 1 -celled. — Plants  suffruticose.  Lvs.  punctate  with  black  dots, 
Fls.  yellow,  1 — 3,  terminal  on  each  branch.  Pedicels  bibracteolate. 

1.  A.  CRUX- ANDREW.     (A.  multicaule,     Michx.}     St.  Peters-wort. 

St.  much  branched  at  base ;  branches  suberect,  ancipital  above  ;  Ivs.  obo- 
vate  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse ;  inner  sep.  minute,  roundish ;  pet.  linear-oblong ; 
sty.  1 — 2. — Sandy  woods,  N.  J.  to  La.  Stem  about  l&high,  thickly  clothed 
with  leaves  which  are  £ — If'  long,  of  very  variable  width.  Flowers  pale-yel- 
low, on  very  short  pedicels,  with  2  bracteoles  close  to  the  calyx.  Petals  ex- 
ceeding the  sepals  and  stamens.  July. 

2.  A.  STANS.     Michx.     (A.  hypericoides.     Linn.) 

St.  straight,  erect,  ancipital  or  winged,  branched  above ;  Ivs.  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, sessile ;  outer  sep.  cordate,  orbicular,  longer  than  the  2  lanceolate,  interior 
ones;  sty.  3. — Swamps  in  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  La.  Stem  1 — 2f  high.  Leaves 
1 — 1J'  long,  J  as  wide,  somewhat  glaucous.  Flowers  usually  3  ^together,  much 
larger  than  in  the  preceding.  Yellow.  Jl.  Aug. 

2.  HYPERlCUM. 

Sepals  5,  connected  at  base,  subequal,  leaf-like  ;  petals  5,  oblique ; 
Stamens  00  (sometimes  few)  united  at  base  into  3 — 5  parcels,  with 
no  glands  between  them ;  styles  3 — 5,  distinct  or  united  at  base,  per- 
sistent.— Herbaceous  or  shrubby  plants.  Lvs.  punctate,  with  pellucid 
dots,  opposite,  entire.  Fls.  solitary,  or  in  cymose  panicles,  yellow. 

*  Stamens  20 — 100,  polyadelphous.     Herbs. 

1.  H.  PYRAMIDATUM.     Ait.     (H.  ascyroides.     Willd.)    Giant  Hypcricum. 
St.  branching,  somewhat  quadrangular;  Ivs.  sessile,  oblong-ovate,  acute, 
smooth;  sty.  as  long  as  the  stamens. — 7J.  A  large  flowering  species,  found  on 
dry  hills,  also  on  river  banks,  Ohio  and  Penn.  to  Car.    Stem  3— 5f  high,  scarce- 
ly angular,  smooth,  rigid,  herbaceous.    Branches  corymbose  and  erect,  or  late- 


HYPERICUM.  XX.  HYPERICACE^E.  183 

ral,  axillary,  opposite.  Leaves  acute,  not  acuminate,  those  of  the  stem  2J — 5' 
long,  $  as  wide,  of  the  branches  about  half  these  dimensions.  Flowers  !£'  diam. 
Petals  obovate,  £ — £'  wide.  Stamens  capillary,  100  or  more.  Capsules  1'  long, 
ovoid-conical,  tipped  with  the  5  styles.  Seeds  00.  Jl.  Aug. 

2.  H.  PERFORATUM.     Common  St.  John's-wort. 

St.  2-edged,  branched ;  Ivs.  elliptical,  with  pellucid  dots ;  sep.  lanceolate, 
half  as  long  as  the  petals. — Tj.  A  hardy  plant,  prevailing  in  pastures  and  dry 
soils,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  much  to  the  annoyance  of  farmers.  Stem  1 — 21  high, 
brachiate,  erect,  round,  with  2  opposite,  elevated  lines  extending  between  the 
nodes.  Leaves  6 — 10"  long,  {  as  wide,  ramial  ones  much  sm?ller,  all  obtuse,  the 
dots  as  well  as  veins  best  seen  by  transmitted  light.  Flowers  numerous,  deep 
yellow,  in  terminal  panicles.  Petals  and  sepals  bordered  with  fine  dark  color- 
ed glands.  Jn.  Jl.  § 

3.  H.  CORYMBOSUM.   Muhl.    (H.  punctatum.   Beck.)    Spotted  St.  John's. 
St.  erect,  round,  smooth,  branching ;  Ivs.  clasping,  oblong-oval,  obtuse, 

covered  with  black  dots ;  cymes  terminal,  brachiate,  dense-flowered,  corymbose ; 
sep.  ovate,  acute. — Tj.  In  wet  meadows  and  damp  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Ark.  Stem 
1  £ — 2f  high.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  nearly  J  as  wide,  with  pellucid  punctures  be- 
sides the  black  dots.  Flowers  small,  numerous,  pale-yellow,  petals  nearly  3 
times  as  long  as  the  sepals,  with  oblong  black  dots.  Stigmas  orange -red,  on 
distinct  styles.  Jn.  Jl. 

4.  H.  ANGULOSUM.     Michx. 

St.  simple  below,  corymbosely  branched,  above,  sharply  4-angled ;  Ivs. 
somewhat  ovate,  closely  sessile,  scarcely  punctate ;  cymes  leafless,  compound ; 
fls.  alternate,  solitary  on  the  ultimate  branches ;  sep.  lanceolate,  acute,  half  as 
long  as  the  petals. — Tj.  Cedar  swamps,  N.  J.  to  Flor.  Stem  nearly  2f  high. 
Leaves  nearly  1'  long,  '-  as  wide,  rather  distant.  Petals  obovate,  brownish-red, 
with  a  single  lateral  tooth  near  the  apex.  Jn. — Aug. 

5.  H.  ELLIPTICUM.     Hook.    (H  sphaerocarpon.     Bart.) 


Penn.  Stem  8—16'  high,  slender,  colored  at  base.  Leaves  8—13"  by  2—4", 
somewhat  erect,  about  as  long  as  the  internodes.  Cymes  of  about  a  dozen 
flowers,  generally  1 — 2'  above  the  highest  pair  of  leaves.  Central  flowers  sub- 
sessile.  Petals  acutish,  orange-yellow,  2 — 3"  long ;  sepals  shorter.  Stigmas 
minute.  July. 

*  *  Stamens  20 — 100,  polyadelphous.     Shrubs. 

6.  H.  KALMIANUM.     Kalm's  St.  Johrfs-vJart. 

St.  corymbosely  branched ;  branches  somewhat  4-sided,  two  of  the  angles 
slightly  winged ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  very  numerous,  obtuse,  attenuate  at 
base ;  cymes  3 — 7-flowered,  fastigiate ;  sep.  half  as  long  as  petals. — Rocks  below 
Niagara  Falls !  &c.  A  shrubby  species  a  foot  or  more  in  height.  Leaves  an 
inch  in  length,  slightly  revolute  on  the  margin,  1-veined,  minutely  and  thickly 
punctate,  sessile.  Branches  slender  and  delicate.  Flowers  yellow.  Stamens 
very  numerous.  Aug. 

7.  H.  PROLIFICUM. 

Branching ;  branches  ancipital;  smooth ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse, 
narrowed  at  base,  crenulately  waved  at  edge  ;  cymes  compound,  leafy ;  sep.  un- 
equal, leafy,  ovate,  cuspidate;  pet.  obovate.  a  little  larger  than  sepals;  sty.  at 
length  distinct. — A  highly  ornamental  shrub,  2 — 4f  high,  prairies  and  creek 
shores,  Mid.  and  West.  States  !  Leaves  2 — 2£'  long,  4— -6"  wide.  Flowers  f 
diam.,  orange-yellow,  in  an  elongated  inflorescence.  Stamens  00.  Jl.  Aug.  -f 
0.  T.  &  G.  Lvs.  much  smaller ;  capsule  attenuate  at  summit. 

8.  H.  ADPRESSUM.     Barton. 

St.  shrubby  at  base,  2- winged  above ;  Ivs.  oblong-linear,  sessile,  with 
pellucid  punctures  ;  fls.  15 — 20,  in  a  leafless  cyme ;  sep.  unequal,  half  as  long 
as  the  oblong-obovate  petals;  sty.  united:  caps.  3-celled. — Swamps,  R.  I.! Pa. 
16* 


184  XX.  HYPERICACE^E.  ELODEA. 

to  Ark.  About  2f  high.  Leaves  1 — 2'  by  2 — 4",  often  somewhat  lance-shaped. 
Flowers  about  6"  diam.,  with  very  numerous  stamens.  Aug.  Sept. 

9.  H.  AUREUM.  Bertram.     (H.  amoenum.  Ph.)     Golden  Hypericum. 
Branches  spreading,  ancipital ;  Ivs.  oblong,  obtuse,  attenuate   at  base, 

glaucous  beneath ;  fls.  few  together,  subsessile ;  pet.  coriaceous,  reflexed ;  sty.  3, 
connate,  persistent  on  the  ovoid- conic  capsule. — A  beautiful  shrub,  2 — 4f  high, 
native  of  S.  Car.  and  Ga.  Flowers  large,  orange-yellow.  Stamens  100  or 
more.  Capsule  red.  Jn. — Aug. 

10.  H.  NUDIFLORUM.  Michx. 

St.  shrubby  at  base ;  branches  winged ;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  sessile,  obtuse ; 
cymes  leafless,  pedunculate;  central Jis.  shortly  pedicellate;  pet.  obovate,  longer 
than  the  linear  sepals  ;  sty.  united. — Wet  grounds,  Penn.  to  La.  Plant  1 — 2f 
high,  with  numerous  4-sided  branches.  Leaves  thin,  about  2'  long,  with  minute 
reddish  dots.  Flowers  small  and  rather  loose  in  the  cyme.  Aug.  j- 
*  *  *  Stamens  5 — 20,  distinct. 

11.  H.  MUTiLUM.     (H.  quinquenervium.   Walt.}  .  Small  St.  Johnjs-wort. 
St.  erect,  usually  much  branched,  often  subsimple,  quadrangular ;  Ivs. 

obtuse,  ovate-oblong,  clasping,  5-veined,  minutely  punctate ;  cymes  leafy ;  pet. 
shorter  than  the  sepals ;  sta  6—12. — ©  Damp,  sandy  soils,  Can.  to  Ga.  W.  to 
la  !  Stem  3 — 6 — 9'  high.  Leaves  closely  sessile,  apparently  connate,  4 — 8"  by 
2 — 5",  outer  veins  obscure.  Flowers  minute.  Jl.  Aug. 

12.  H.  CANADENSE.     Canadian  St.  John's-wort. 

St.  quadrangular,  branched ;  Ivs.  linear,  attenuated  to  the  base,  with  pel- 
lucid and  also  with  black  dots,  rather  obtuse ;  sep.  lanceolate,  acute,  longer 
than  the  petals ;  sta.  5—10.—©  Wet,  sandy  soils,  Can.  to  Ga.  Stem  8—15' 
high,  slightly  4- winged.  Lower  branches  opposite,  upper  pair  forked.  Leaves 
about  1'  by  1 — 2",  sometimes  linear-lanceolate,  radical  ones  obovate,  short. 
Flowers  small,  orange-colored.  Ovary  longer  than  the  styles.  Capsule  red, 
longer  than  the  sepals.  Jl.  Aug. 

13.  H.  SAROTHRA.  Michx.    (Sarothra  gentianoides.  Linn.} 

St.  and  branches  filiform,  quadrangular ;  Ivs,  very  minute,  subulate ;  Jis. 
sessile. — Dry  fields  and  roadsides,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  4 — 8'  high,  branched 
above  into  numerous,  very  slender,  upright,  parallel  branches,  apparently  leaf- 
less, from  the  minuteness  of  the  leaves.  Flowers  very  small,  yellow,  succeeded 
by  a  conical,  brown  capsule  which  is  twice  the  length  of  the  sep.  Jl.  Aug. 

14.  H.  DRUMMONDII.  Torr.  &  Gray.     (Sarothra.  Grev.  fy  Hook.) 
Branches  alternate,  square  above ;  Ivs.  linear,  very  narrow,  acute,  longer 

than  the  in  tern  odes ; /s.  pedicellate;  sta.  10 — 20;  sep.  lanceolate,  shorter  than 
the  petals,  but  longer  than  the  ovate  capsule. — Near  St.  Louis,  &c.  Plant 
more  robust  than  the  last,  nearly  If  high,  very  branching.  Leaves  \'  long. 
Flowers  about  4"  diam. 

3.   ELODEA.    Adans. 

Gr.  eXwdrjs,  marshy;  from  the  habitat  of  the  plants. 

Sepals  5,  equal,  somewhat  united  at  base ;  petals  5,  deciduous, 
equilateral ;  stamens  triadelphous,  the  parcels  alternating  with  3  hy- 
pogynous  glands  ;  styles  3,  distinct ;  capsule  3-celled. — %  Herbs  with 
peUiucid-punctate  leaves,  the  axils  leafless. 

1.  E.  VIRGINICA.  Nutt.     (E.  campanulata.  Ph.    Hypericum.  Linn.) 
St.  erect,  somewhat  compressed,  branching ;  Ivs.  oblong,  amplexicaul ; 

sta.  united  below  the  middle,  with  3  in  each  set. — Swamps  and  ditches,  U.  S. 
and  Can.  Whole  plant  usually  of  a  purplish  hue,  9 — 20'  high.  Leaves  1£— 2£' 
long,  £  as  wide,  upper  ones  lanceolate,  lower  oblong-ovate,  all  very  obtuse, 
glaucous  beneath.  Cymes  terminal  and  axillary.  Flowers  5"  diam.,  orange- 
yellow.  Petals  about  twice  longer  than  the  calyx.  Glands  ovoid,  orange- 
colored.  Capsules  ovoid-oblong,  acutish.  Jl.  Sept. 

2.  E.  PETIOLATA.  Pursh.     (Hypericum.   Walt.) 

Lts.  oblong,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  petiole ;  fls.  mostly  in  3s,  axillary, 


SPERGULA.  XXII.  ILLECEBRACE^E.  185 

nearly  sessile ;  JU.  united  above  the  middle ;  capsules  oblong,  much  longer  than 
the  sepals.— Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Ky.  Stem  about  2f  high.  Leaves  1—3'  long, 
rounded-obtuse.  Flowers  smaller  than  in  the  last,  of  a  dull  orange-color. 
Aug.  Sept. 


ORDER  XXII.     ILLECEBRACE^E. — KNOTWORTS. 

Plants  herbaceous  or  auffruticose,  branching. 

Lvs.  sessile,  entire.    Stipules  and  bracts  scarious.    Fls.  minute. 

Cat.— Sepals  5,  distinct  or  coherent  at  base,  persistent. 

Cor.— Petals  minute,  inserted  between  the  sepals,  often  wanting, 

Sta.  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals  (sometimes  less  or  more)  inserted  into  the  pengynous  disk. 

Ova.  superior,  l-relled.    Sty.  2—5,  either  partially  or  wholly  combined. 

Fr.  a  utricle,  sd.  solitary,  attached  to  base  of  cell;  or  a  many-seeded  capsule. 

Genera  24,  species  100,  found  mostly  around  the  Mediterranean.    Seven  of  the  genera  have  been  found 
in  N.  America.    A  slight  astringency  is  their  only  known  property. 
Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

1          (or  sterile  filaments  none Anycfna.       1 

^minute,  resembling  sterile  filaments Paronychia.  2 

Petals  (  conspicuous,  white  or  rose-colored Spergula.     3 

1.   ANYCHIA.     Michx. 
Gr.  ovv^j  the  finger  nail ;  a  supposed  remedy  for  the  maladies  of  that  organ. 

Calyx  of  5,  ovate-oblong,  connivent  sepals,  callous,  subsaccate  at  the 
apex  ;  corolla  0  ;  filaments  2 — 5,  distinct ;  stigma  subcapitate  ;  utri- 
cle enclosed  in  the  sepals. — CD  Small  herbs,  with  dichotomous  branches. 
Lvs.  stipulate. 

A.  DICHOTOMA.  Michx.  (dueria  Canadensis.  Linn.}  Forked  Chickweed. 
St.  at  length  much  branched,  erect ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  cauline  ones  oppo- 
site, ramial  ones  alternate ;  fls.  about  as  long  as  the  stipules,  terminal  ones 
subfasciculate. — Dry  woods  and  hills,  Can.  and  N.  Eng.  to  Ark.  Stem  4 — 10' 
high,  round,  slender,  pubescent  above,  with  dichotomous,  filiform  branches. 
Leaves  2 — 8"  by  £ — 2",  acute  or  obtuse,  with  ovate-acuminate,  scarious  stipules 
at  base  situated  at  each  fork  of  the  stem.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  or  in  ter- 
minal clusters  of  3  or  more,  very  small,  white.  Jn. — Aug. 

/?.  capittacea.  Torr. — Smooth ;  branches  capillary ;  Ivs.  oblong,  obtuse,  cunei- 
form at  base.  la. !  111. ! 

2.   PARONYCHIA.    Tourn. 

Etymology  similar  to  the  foregoing. 

Sepals  united  at  base,  acuminate-cuspidate  at  apex,  the  lining 
membrane  colored  and  cucullate  or  saccate  at  summit ;  petals  (sterile 
fil.  ?)  very  narrow  and  scale-like ;  stamens  5 ;  styles  more  or  less 
united ;  stigmas  2 ;  utricle  1-seeded  included  in  the  calyx. 

1.  P.  JAMES ii.  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Caespitose,  much  branched;  Ivs.  linear-subulate,  scabrous •  fls.  few,  in 
small,  dense,  dichotomous  cymes,  the  central  ones  sessile ;  pet.  (or  setae)  alter- 
nate with  the  fertile  filaments;  sep.  linear,  with  a  minute  cusp. — Prairies, 
Mason  Co.,  111.  Mead.  R.  Mts.  James.  Nutt.  Stems  about  £f  long.  Flowers 
small. 

2.  P.  DICHOTOMA.  Nutt.     (Achyranthes.  Linn.} 

Caespitose,  densely  branching ;  Ivs.  acerose-mucronate,  glabrous,  2-grooved 
each  side ;  cymes  compound,  diffuse,  without  central  fls. ;  setce  much  shorter 
than  the  stamens. — Rocks,  Harper's  Ferry.  Stems  6 — 12'  high.  Leaves  1'  by 
i",  crowded.  Style  bifid  i  its  length.  Jl.— Nov. 

3.   SPERGULA. 

Lat.  spergo,  to  scatter ;  from  the  dispersion  of  the  seeds. 

Sepals  5,  nearly  distinct;  petals  5,  entire  ;  stamens  5 — 10;  styles 
3 — 5  ;  capsules  superior,  ovate,  3 — 5-valved,  many-seeded. — CD  Herbs 
with  flowers  in  loose  cymes.  Lvs.  stipulate. 


186 


XXIII.  CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 


1.  S.  ARVENSIS.     Corn  Spurry. 

Lvs.  verticillate,  linear-subulate ;  sta.  10  ;  sty.  5 ;  ped.  reflexed  in  fruit ; 
sds.  reniform,  angular,  rough. — A  common  weed  in  cultivated  grounds,  Can.  to 
Ga.  Root  small.  Stem  round,  branched,  with  swelling  joints,  beset  with 
copious  whorled  leaves,  somewhat  downy  and  viscid.  Two  minute  stipules 
under  each  whorl.  Cyme  forked,  the  terminal  (central)  peduncles  bending 
down  as  the  fruit  ripens.  Petals  white,  longer  than  the  calyx,  capsule  twice 
as  long.  Seeds  many,  with  a  membranous  margin.  May — Aug.  $ 

2.  S.  RUBRA.  T.  &  G.    (Arenaria  rubra.  Linn.) 

St.  decumbent,  much  branched ;  Ivs.  linear,  slightly  mucronate  ;  stipules 
ovate,  membranous,  cleft ;  sep.  lanceolate,  with  scarious  margins ;  pet.  red  or 
rose-color ;  sty.  3 ;  sds.  compressed,  angular,  roughish. — A  common  and  varia- 
ble species,  found  in  sandy  fields !  Can.  to  Flor.  &c.  Stems  a  few  inches  in 
length,  slender,  smooth,  spreading  on  the  ground,  with  small,  narrow  leaves 
and  dry,  sheathing  stipules.  Flowers  small,  on  hairy  stalks.  May — Oct. 


ORDER  XXIII.     CARYOPHYLLACE^l.— CLOVEWORTS. 


Herbs,  with  the  stems  swelling  at  the  nodes. 

Lvs.  opposite,  entire,  destitute  of  stipules.    FIs.  regular. 

Cal.—  Sepals  4—5,  distinct,  or  cohering  in  a  tube,  persistent. 

Cor.— Petals  4—5,  (sometimes  none)  either  unguiculate  and  inserted  upon  the  pedicel  of  the  ovary,  or 

without  claws  and  inserted  on  the  outside  of  a  fleshy  disk. 
Sta.  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  rarely  equal  or  few ;  anthers  introrse. 
Ova.  often  stipitate.    Styles  stigmatose  the  whole  length  of  their  inner  surface. 
Fr.  a  l-celled  capsule  or  imperfectly  2— 5-celled,  opening  at  the  apex  by  twice  as  many  teeth  as  there  are 

stigmas.    Seeds  numerous. 

Genera  53,  species  1055.  Eleven  of  the  genera  are  North  American,  the  remainder  are  found  in  the 
temperate  and  frigid  climates  of  the  Eastern  Continent.  Properties  unimportant.  The  order  is  noticeable 
chiefly  for  the  beauty  of  a  few  of  the  cultivated  species. 


FIG.  41.— 1.  Lychnis  diurna.  2.  Vertical  section,  exposing  the  5  styles,  the  placenta  and  seeds  of  the 
l-celled  capsule.  3.  A  petal,  with  its  long  claw,  its  bind  lamina,  and  its  2-toothed  crown.  4.  Cross  sec- 
tion of  the  flower,  showing  the  arrangement  of  its  parts.  5.  Arenaria  stricta,  showing  the  spreading 
cyme.  6.  A  flower  enlarged— calyx  not  tubular. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 


Calyx 


fnot 
tubular. 

'  Styles  3. 
Styles  4. 
,  Styles  5. 

[  Styles  2. 

<>  Sepals  partly  united. 
<  entire.  I  Sepals  entirely  distinct. 
<  Petals  5  ,\  bifid.          ..... 
J  Petals  0  
Petals  4—5  or  0,  entire  
Petals  5,  bifid  
<  Calyx  calyculate  with  2—4  scales  at  base. 
(  Calyx  without  scales  at  the  base 

.  Adenarinm.  4 
.  Arenaria.  3 
.  Stellaria.  l 
,  Mollugo.  6 
.  Sagina.  5 
.  Cerastium.  2 
.  Dianthus.  10 
.  Saponaria.  9 

Styles  3. 

.  Silene.  7 

.tubular. 

Styles  5. 

.  Lvchnis.  8 

CERASTIUM.  XXIII.  CARYOPHYLLACE^E.  187 

TRIBE  1.— ALSINEJ3. 

Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so.     Petals  without  daws  inserted  on  the  outside  of  the 
disk.     Stainens  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  disk. 

1.   STELLARIA. 

Lat.  Stella,  a  star :— from  the  stellate  or  star  like  flowers. 

Sepals  5,  connected  at  base  ;  petals  5. 2-parted ;  stamens  10,  rarely 
fewer;  styles  3,  sometimes  4;  capsule  superior,  1-celled,  3-valved, 
many-seeded. — Small  grass-like  herbs^  in  moist,  shady  places.  Fls.  in 
forked  cymes. 

1.  S.  MEDIA.  Smith.     (Alsine.  Linn.}     ChicTcweed. 

Lvs.  ovate ;  st.  procumbent,  with  an  alternate,  lateral,  hairy  line ;  sla. 
3 — 5  or  10. — A  common  weed  in  almost  every  situation  N.  of  Mex.,  flowering 
from  the  beginning  of  spring  to  the  end  of  autumn.  Stems  prostrate,  branched, 
brittle,  round,  jointed,  leafy,  and  remarkably  distinguished  by  the  hairy  ridge 
extending  from  joint  to  joint,  in  an  alternate  manner.  Flowers  small,  white. 
The  seeds  are  eaten  by  poultry  and  the  birds.  § 

2.  S.  LONGIFOLIA.  Muhl.     (S.  graminea.  Bto.) 

Lvs.  linear,  entire;  cyme  terminal,  spreading,  with  lanceolate,  scarious 
bracts;  col.  3-veined,  about  "equal  to  the  petals. — U.  S.,  N.  to  Arc.  Circ.  The 
stems  are  of  considerable  length,  very  slender  and  brittle,  supported  on  other 
plants  and  bushes.  Leaves  alternate  at  base.  Flowers  in  a  divaricate,  naked 
cyme,  very  elegant,  white,  appearing  in  10  segments  like  the  other  species. 
Three  acute,  green  veins  singularly  distinguish  the  sepals.  Jn.  Jl. 

3.  S.  PUBERA.  Michx. 

St.  decumbent,  pubescent  in  one  lateral  or  two  ppposite  lines ;  Ivs.  ob- 
long-oval, acute,  sessile,  somewhat  ciliate ;  fls.  on  short,  filiform,  recurved  pedi- 
cels.— 7J.  In  rocky  places,  Penn.  and  Ky.  to  Ga.  Stem  6 — 12'  long,  often  dif- 
fusely spreading.  Leaves  1 — 2f'  by  4 — 10",  with  minute,  scattered  hairs. 
Flowers  £'  diam.,  axillary  and  terminal,  large,  with  10  stamens  and  3  styles. 
Apr. — Jn. 

4.  S.    LONGIPES.    Goldie.     (S.  palustris.   Rich.      Micropetalon.   Pm.) 
Smooth  and   shining;    st.   more   or  less   decumbent,   with   ascending 

branches  ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  broadest  at  base,  acute ;  peduncles  and  pedicels 
filiform,  cymose,  with  ovate,  membranous  bracts  at  base ;  sep.  with  membran- 
ous margins,  obscurely  3-veined,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  petals. — Ij.  Lake 
shores,  N.  Y.  !  and  Mich.  Petals  white,  2-parted.  Flowers  in  loose  cymes,  the 
terminal  peduncle,  or  the  middle  one,  the  longest.  Jn. — Aug. 

5.  S.  BOREALIS.    Bigelow.   (S.  lanceolata.    Torr.    Micropetalon.    Pers.) 
St.  weak,  smooth ;  Ivs.  veinless,  broad-lanceolate,  acute ;  pe'd.  at  length 

axillary,  elongated,  1-flowered ;  pet.  2-parted  (sometimes  wanting),  about  equal 
to  the  veinless  sepals. — (J)  Wet  places.  N.  H.,  N.  Y.,  N.  to  Artie  Am.  A  spread- 
ing flaccid  plant.  Stem  6 — 12 — 15'  long,  with  diffuse  cymes  both  terminal  and 
axillary.  Leaves  8 — 15"  long,  1-veined.  Petals  when  present  white,  small,  at 
length  about  as  long  as  the  lanceolate,  acute  sepals.  Capsules  longer  than  the 
calyx.  Jn.  Jl. 

6.  S.  AauATiCA.    Pollich.     (S.  borealis.     Darl.} 

Nearly  glabrous;  st.  slender,  decumbent;  Ivs. .oblong,  acute,  with  mani- 
fest veinlets ;  sep.  lanceolate,  very  acute,  3-veined,  rather  longer  than  the  bifid 
petals ;  caps,  ovoid,  about  equaling  the  calyx ;  sty.  3. — Tj.  Swampy  springs,  Penn. 
Dr.  Darlington.  Md.  Dr.  Robbins.  Also  Rocky  Mts.  A  very  slender  plant, 
6 — 12'  long,  with  inconspicuous  flowers.  Leaves  6"  by  2 — 3".  May. 

2.  GERASTIUM.     Linn. 
Gr.  Kepas,  a  horn ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  capsules  of  some  of  the  species. 

Calyx  of  5,  ovate,  acute  sepals ;  corolla  of  5  bifid  petals  ;  stamens 


188  XXIII.  CARYOPHYLLACE^E.  ARENAHIA. 

10,  sometimes  5  or  4,  the  alternate  ones  shorter;  styles  5;   capsule 
superior,  cylindrical  or  roundish,  10-toothed;  seeds  numerous. 
*  Petals  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. 

1.  C.  VULGATUM.     Mouse-ear  Chickweed. 

Hairy,  pale  green,  csespitose;  Ivs.  attenuated  at  the  base,  ovate,  or  obo- 
vate-obtuse ;  fls.  in  subcapitate  clusters ;  sep.  when  young,  longer  than  the  pedi- 
cels.— (D  Fields  and  waste  grounds,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  flowering  all  summer. 
Stems  6 — 127  long,  ascending,  mostly  forked.  Leaves  5 — 8"  by  3 — 5",  mostly 
very  obtuse,  lower  ones  tapering  to  the  base.  Flowers  in  dense,  terminal  clus- 
ters, the  terminal  (central)  one  solitary,  always  the  oldest.  Sepals  mostly  green, 
a  little  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Petals  white,  appearing  in  10  segments. 

2.  C.  VISCOSUM.    (and  C.  semidecandrum.    Linn.*)     Sticky  Chickweed. 
Hairy,  viscid,  spreading;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  acute;  fls.   in 

loose  cymes ;  sep.  scarious  and  white  on  the  margin  and  apex,  shorter  than  the 
pedicels. — 1\.  Fields  and  waste  grounds,  U.  S.  and  Can.     Plant  more  deeply 
green  than  the  last.     Stems  many,  assurgent,  dichotomously-cymose.     Leaves 
5 — 9"  long,  i — §  as  wide,  radical  ones  subspatulate.     Flowers  white,  in  diffuse 
cymes.     Petals  hardly  as  long  as  the  sepals,  obovate,  bifid.  Jn. — Aug. 
0.  semidecandrum.    T.  &  G.     Stamens  5. — Mass,  to  la. ! 
**  Petals  much  longer  than  the  calyx. 

3.  C.  ARVENSE.     (C.  tenuifolium.     Ph.)     Field  Chickweed. 
Pubescent,  somewhat  caespitose ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  often  longer 

than  the  intern  odes ;  cyme  on  a  long,  terminal  peduncle,  few  flowered ;  pet. 
more  than  twice  longer  than  the  calyx ;  cap.  scarcely  exceeding  the  sepals. — 
Rocky  hills.  Stems  4 — 10'  high,  decumbent  at  base.  Leaves  9 — 15"  long,  1— 
2"  wide.  Flowers  white,  rather  large.  Capsule  usually  a  little  longer  than 
the  calyx.  May — Aug. 

4.  C.  OBLONGIFOLIUM.     Torr.    (C.  villosum.     Muhl.} 

Villose,  viscid  above ;  st.  erect  or  declined ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  most- 
ly obtuse,  and  shorter  than  the  internodes ;  fls.  numerous,  in  a  spreading  cyme  ; 
pet.  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals;  cap.  about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. — 1\. 
Rocky  places.  Stems  6 — 10'  high,  thick.  Leaves  9 — 12"  by  3— 5",  tapering 
from  base  to  an  acute  or  obtuse  apex.  Flowers  larger  than  either  of  the  fore- 
going, white,  in  two  or  three-forked  cymes.  Apr. — Jn. 

5.  C.  NUTANS.     Raf. 

Viscid  and  pubescent ;  st.  weak,  striate-sulcate,  erect ;  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
narrow,  shorter  than  the  internodes ;  fls.  many,  diffusely  cymose,  on  long, 
filiform,  nodding  pedicels ;  pet.  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. — (D  Low 
grounds,  Vt.  to  111. !  and  La.  Pale  green  and  very  clammy.  Stems  8 — 15'  high, 
branched  from  the  base.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  %  as  wide.  Flowers  white.  Cap- 
sules a  little  curved,  nearly  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx.  May. 

3.  ARENARIA. 

Lat.  arena,  sand ;  in  which  most  species  grow. 

Sepals  5,  spreading;  petals  5,  entire;  stamens  10,  rarely  fewer; 
styles  3  ;  capsule  3-valved,  1 -celled,  many-seeded. — Fls.  terminal. 
Sty.  rarely  2  or  4. 

1.  A.  SQARROSA.    Michx. 

Caespitose ;  si.  few-flowered ;  lower  Ivs.  squarrose-imbricate,  crowded, 
upper  ones  few,  all  subulate,  channeled,  smooth;  pet.  obovate,  three  times  longer 
than  the  obtuse,  veinless  sepals. — 1|_  In  sandy  barrens,  N.  Y.  Bobbins,  to  Ga. 
Stems  6 — 10'  high,  pubescent,  much  divided  at  base  into  simple  branches. 
Leaves  about  J'  long,  obtuse,  sessile.  Flowers  white,  in  small  terminal  cymes. 
Sepals  green.  Capsules  obtuse.  Apr. — Sept. 

2.  A.  STRICTA.     Michx.     Straight  Sandwort. 

Glabrous,  diffuse ;  st.  branched  from  the  base ;  Ivs.  subulate-linear,  erect ; 
pet.  much  longer  than  the  calyx ;  sep.  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  3- veined ;  cymes 


SAGINA.  XXIII.  CARYOPHYLLACE^.  189 

few-flowered,  with  spreading  branches. — QJ.  Sterile  grounds,  Arc.  Am.  to  Car. 
Stem  8—10'  high.  Leaves  5 — 8"  long,  very  narrow  and  acute,  rigid,  sessile, 
1-veined,  much  fasicled  in  the  axils.  Petals  obovate-oblong,  twice  as  long  as 
the  sepals,  white.  May,  Jn. 

3.  A.  GREENLANDICA.  Spreng.     (A.  Glabra.  Bw.}     Greenland  Sandwort. 
Glabrous ;  sts.  numerous,  low,  filiform,  suberect ;  Ivs.  linear-subulate, 

flat,  spreading;  pedicels  1-flowered,  elongated,  divaricate;  sep.  veinless,  ovate, 
obtuse,  membrane-margined,  much  shorter  than  the  petals. — 7J-  Summits  of  high 
mountains,  N.  H !  N.  Y.,  N.  to  Greenland.  It  grows  in  tufted  masses,  con- 
sisting of  exceedingly  numerous  stems  about  3'  high,  and  sprinkled  over  with 
large  (8"  diam.)  white  flowers  with  yellow  stamens.  Aug. 

4.  A.  SERPYLLIFOLIA.     Thyme-leaved  Sandwort. 

St.  dichotomous,  spreading ;  Ivs.  ovate,  acute,  subciliate ;  cal.  acute,  sub- 
striate  ;  pet.  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  caps,  ovate,  6-toothed. — ®  By  roadsides, 
and  in  sandy  fields,  Ms.  to  Ga.  Stems  numerous,  downy,  with  reflexed  hairs, 
a  few  inches  in  length.  Leaves  2 — 3"  long,  J  as  wide.  Flowers  on  axillary 
and  terminal  peduncles.  Petals  white,  oval,  mostly  much  shorter  than  the  3— 
5-veined,  acuminate,  hairy  sepals.  Jn. 

5.  A.  LATERIFLORA.     Side-flowering  Sandwort. 

Erect.,  slightly  pubescent ;  Ivs.  oval,  obtuse  ;  ped.  lateral,  2 — 3-flowered. 
— Tj.  A  slender,  upright  species,  found  in  damp,  shady  grounds,  N.  States,  and 
Brit.  Am.  Stem  6 — 10'  high,  nearly  simple.  Leaves  elliptical,  rounded  at 
each  end,  6 — 10"  long,  £  as  wide,  on  very  short  petioles.  Peduncles  terminal 
and  lateral,  2—3'  long,  dividing  into  2  or  more  filiform  pedicels,  one  of  them 
with  2  bracteoles  in  the  middle.  Flowers  4"  diam.,  white.  Petals  more  than 
twice  as  long  as  sepals.  Jn. 

3.  ADENARIUM.    Raf. 

Sepals  5,  united  at  base ;  petals  5,  unguiculate^  entire ;  stamens 
10,  inserted  into  a  glandular  disk  ;  styles  3 — 5  ;  capsule  3 — 5-valved, 
many-seeded. — (D  Herbs  of  the  sea-coast^  with  fleshy  leaves. 

A.  PEFLolDEs.     DC.     (Arenaria.     Linn.     Honckenya.    Ekrk.   and  1st. 

edit.}  Sea  Chickweed. — Very  fleshy ;  st.  creeping,  with  erect,  subsimple 
branches ;  Ivs.  ovate,  obtuse,  veinless,  exceeding  the  petals. — Abundant  on  the 
Atlantic  coast !  N.  J.  to  Lab.  Upright  stems  a  foot  high.  Leaves  5 — 7 — 10" 
long,  £  as  wide,  abruptly  pointed,  clasping  at  base,  shorter  than  the  internodes. 
Flowers  small,  white,  axillary,  on  short  pedicels.  Jl. 

5.  SAGlNA. 

Lat.  sagina,  any  kind  of  food  or  nourishment, 

Sepals  4 — 5,  united  at  base ;  petals  entire,  4  or  5,  or  0  ;  stamens 
4 — 10  ;  styles  4 — 5  ;  capsule  4 — 5-valved,  many-seeded. — Fls.  solitary. 

1.  S.  PROCUMBENS.     Creeping  Pearlwort. 

St.  procumbent ;  glabrous ;  pet.  very  short ;  sta.,  sep.  and  pet.  4  or  5.— <g) 
A  small  weed,  with  slender,  creeping  stems  3  or  4'  long,  found  in  damp  places, 
R.  I. !  N.  Y.  to  S.  Car.,  W.  to  Oregon.  Leaves  very  small,  linear,  mucronate- 
pointed,  connate  or  opposite.  Flowers  white  and  green,  axillary,  on  peduncles 
longer  than  the  leaves.  Jn. 

2.  S.  DECUMBENS.     T.  &  G.     (Spergula  saginoides.  Linn.)     Pearlwort. 
St.  decumbent,  ascending,  mostly  glabrous ;  Ivs.  linear-subulate,  very 

acute ;  ped.  much  longer  than  the  leaves ;  pet.  and  sep.  5 ;  sta.  10. — (I)  Sandy 
fields,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  2 — 3'  long.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal.  Pe- 
tals white,  hardly  as  large  as  the  sepals.  Jl.  Apparently  a  variety  of  S.  pro- 
cumbens.  <)  ? 

3.  S.  APETALA. 

Erect  and  pubescent ;  Ivs.  linear-subulate ;  ped.  elongated,  ascending  in 
fruit ;  sep.  and  sta.  4 ;  pet.  very  minute  or  0.—®  Sandy  fields,  N.  J.,  Penn. 


190  XXIII.  CARYOPHYLLACE2E.  SILENE. 

Stems  numerous,  filiform,  2 — 4A  high.  Sepals  acute,  shorter  than  the  capsule. 
May  Jn. 

6.  M  O  L  L  ft  G  O. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals,  inferior,  united  at  base,  colored  inside ;  corolla 
0;  stamens  5,  sometimes  3  or  10;  filaments  setaceous,  shorter  than, 
and  opposite  to  the  sepals ;  anthers  simple  ;  capsule  3-celled,  3-valved, 
many-seeded  ;  seeds  reniform. — Lvs.  at  length  apparently  verticillate, 
each  whorl  consisting  of  1  or  2  large,  substipulate  leaves^  with  several 
axillary ',  smaller  ones. 

M.      VERTICILLATA.     Carpet-weed. 

Lvs.  cuneiform,  acute ;  st.  depressed,  branched ;  pedicels  1-flowered,  sub- 
umbellate  ;  sta.  mostly  but  3. — (p  A  small,  prostrate  plant,  in  dry  places  through- 
out N.  Am.  Stems  slender,  jointed,  branched,  lying  flat  upon  the  ground.  At 
every  joint  stands  a  whorl  of  wedge-shaped  or  spatulate  leaves  of  unequal  size, 
usually  five  in  number,  and  a  few  flowers,  each  on  a  solitary  stalk  which  is 
very  slender  and  shorter  than  the  petioles.  Flowers  small,  white.  Jl, — Sep. 

TRIBE  2.— SILEXEJE. 

Sepals  united  into  a  cylindrical  tube.    Petals  clawed,  inserted  with  the  stamens 
upon  the  stipe  of  the  ovary. 

7.  SILENE. 

Silenus  was  a  drunken  divinity  of  the  Greeks,  covered  with  slaver,  as  these  plants  are  with  a  viscid  secretion. 

Calyx  tubular,  swelling,  without  scales  at  base,  5-toothed  ;  petals  5, 
unguiculate,  often  crowned  with  scales  at  the  mouth,  2-cleft ;  stamens 
10  ;  styles  3  ;  capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded. 

*  Calyx  vesicular,  inflated ;  petals  scarcely  crowned. 

1.  S.  ACAULIS.     Stemless  Campion. 

Low  and  densely  csespitose ;  Ivs.  linear,  ciliate  at  base ;  ped.  solitary, 
short,  1-flowered;  cal.  campanulate,  slightly  inflated;  pet.  obcordate,  crowned. 
— %  A  little  turfy  plant,  1 — 3'  high,  on  the  White  Mts.,  N.  H.,  and  throughout 
Arctic  Am.  Stems  scarcely  any.  Leaves  numerous,  £'  long.  Flowers  purple. 

2.  S.  STELLATA.     Ait.     (Cucubalus  stellatus.     Linn.)     Stellate  Campion. 
Erect,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  in  whorls  of  4s,  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  cal. 

loose  and  inflated ;  pet.  fimbriate. — 7J.  An  elegant  plant,  woods  and  prairies, 
Can.  to  Car.,  W.  to  111. !  and  Ark.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  paniculately  cymose.  Leaves 
2 — 3'  long,  £  as  wide,  tapering  to  a  long  point,  sessile.  Calyx  pale-green,  with 
more  deeply  colored  veins.  Petals  white,  lacerately  fringed,  claws  webbed 
at  base.  Jl. 

3.  S.  NIVEA.     DC.     (Cucubalus  niveus.     Nutt.~)     Snowy  Campion. 

Minutely  puberulent,  erect,  simple  or  dichotomous  above  ;  Ivs.  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate ;  fls.  few,  terminal ;  cal.  inflated,  with  short  and  obtuse 
teeth ;  pet.  2-cleft,  with  a  small  bifid  crown ;  caps,  stiped. — 1\.  in  moist  places, 
Penn.,  Ohio,  near  Cincinnati,  (Clark  !)  111.  Stem  slender,  leafy.  If— 3f  high, 
generally  forked  near  the  top.  Leaves  2 — 3'  by  4— f ',  tapering  to  a  very  slender 
point,  floral  ones  lance-ovate.  Flowers  1 — 3.  Calyx  reticulated.  Petals  white. 

4.  S.  INFLATA.     Smith.     (Cucubalus  Behen.     Linn.}    Bladder  Campion. 
Glabrous  and  glaucous ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate ;  fls.  in  cymose  panicles, 

drooping ;  cal.  ovoid-globular,  reticulated  with  veins. — %.  in  pastures  about 
fences,  Charlestown,  Ms. !  &c.  Stem  erect,  about  2f  high.  Leaves  1£ — 3'  long, 
i  as  wide,  rather  acuminate.  Petals  white,  cleft  half-way  down.  Calyx  re- 
markably inflated,  and  reticulated  with  pale  purple  veins.  Jl. — The  young 
shoots  and  leaves  may  be  used  as  a  substitute  for  asparagus. 
**  Calyx  not  inflated.  Petals  crowned. 

5.  S.  ANTIRRHINA.     Snap-dragon  Catch-fly. 

Nearly  smooth ;  st.  erect ;  Ztw.  lanceolate,  acnte,  sub-ciliate ;  ped.  trifid, 


LYCHNIS.  XXIII.  CARYOPHYLLACE^l.  191 

3-flowered ;  pet.  emarginate ;  col.  ovate. — 1\.  Road-sides  and  dry  soils.  Can.  and 
U.  S.  Stem  slender,  branching,  with  opposite  leaves,  about  a  foot  in  height. 
Leaves  about  2'  long,  the  upper  ones  very  narrow,  all  sessile  and  scabrous  on 
the  margin.  A  few  of  the  upper  internodes  are  viscidly  pubescent  above  their 
middle.  Flowers  small,  red,  in  loose,  erect  cymes.  Jl. 

6.  S.  NOCTURNA.     Nocturnal  Catch-fly. 

St.  branching,  hairy  below ;  Ivs.  pubescent,  with  long  ciliae  at  base,  low- 
er ones  spatulate,  upper  lance-linear ;  fls.  appressed  to  the  stem,  in  a  dense  one- 
sided spike ;  col.  cylindrical,  almost  glabrous,  reticulated  between  the  veins ; 
pet.  narrow,  2-parted. — (p  Near  New  Haven,  Ct.,  Bobbins,  to  Penn.  Va.  Flowers 
white,  greenish  beneath.  Jl.  §  f 

7.  S.  NOCTIFLORA.     Night-flowering  Catch-fly. 

Viscid-pubescent;  st.  erect,  branching ;  lower  Ivs.  spatulate, upper  linear; 
cal.  cylindrical,  ventricose,  the  alternate  veins  veinleted ;  teeth  subulate,  very 
long ;  pet.  2-parted. — From  Europe,  introduced  into  our  cultivated  grounds ! 
Flowers  rather  large,  white,  expanding  only  in  the  evening,  and  in  cloudy 
weather.  §  f 

8.  S.  PENNSYLVANIA.     Michx.     Pennsylvanian  Catch-fly. 
Viscid-pubescent ;  sis.  numerous ;  Ivs.  from  the  root  spatulate  or  cuneate, 

of  the  stem  lanceolate ;  cyme  few-flowered ;  pet.  slightly  emarginate,  sub-crenate. 
— %.  Dry,  sandy  soils,  N.  Eng. !  to  Ky.  and  Ga.  Stem  decumbent  at  base,  near- 
ly If  high,  with  long,  lanceolate  leaves,  and  terminal,  upright  bunches  of  flow- 
ers. Calyx  long,  tubular,  very  glutinous  and  hairy.  Petals  wedge-shaped, 
red  or  purplish.  Jn. 

9.  S.  VIRGINICA.     Virginian  Catch-fly. 

Viscid-pubescent ;  st.  procumbent  or  erect,  branching ;  fls.  large,  cymose ; 
cal.  large,  clavate ;  pet.  bifid,  broad,  crowned. — 'Ij.  Gardens  and  fields,  Penn.  to 
to  Ga.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  often  procumbent  at  base.  Leaves  oblong,  a  little 
rough  at  the  margin.  Cymes  dichotomous.  Stamens  and  pistils  exserted. 
Petals  red,  large.  Jn.  f 

10.  S.  REGIA.     Sims.     Splendid  Catch-fly. 

Scabrous,  somewhat  viscid ;  st.  rigid,  erect ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate ;  cyme 
paniculate ;  pet.  oblanceolate,  entire,  erose  at  the  end ;  sta.  and  stig.  exserted. — 
%  A  large  species,  beautiful  in  cultivation,  native  Ohio,  Sullivant!  to  La. 
Stems  3 — 4f  high.  Leaves  2 — 3',  by  8 — 15".  Flowers  very  large,  numerous. 
Calyx  tubular,  10-striate,  I'  long.  Petals  bright-scarlet,  crowned.  Jn.  Jl.f 

11.  S.  ARMERIA.     Garden  Catch-fly. 

Very  smooth,  glaucous ;  st.  branching,  glutinous  below  each  node ;  Ivs. 
ovate-lanceolate ;  fls.  in  corymbose  cymes  ;  pet.  obcordate,  crowned ;  cal.  cla- 
vate, 10-striate.— (T)  Introduced  from  Europe.  A  popular  garden  flower.  Stem 
1 — i£f  high,  many-flowered.  Leaves  1J — 2£'  long,  £  as  wide;  internodes  elon- 
gated. Calyx  f  long,  a  little  enlarged  above.  Petals  purple,  laminae  half  as 
long  as  calyx.  Jl. — Sept.  $f 

8.  LYCHNIS. 

Gr.  Ao^vos,  a  lamp :  some  cottony  species  having  been  used  as  lamp-wicks. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  ovoid  or  cylindrical ;  scales  0  ;  petals  5, 
unguiculate,  limb  slightly  cleft;  stamens  10;  pistils  5;  capsule  1- 
celled,  or  5-celled  at  the  base,  with  a  5-toothed  dehiscence. —  Corolla 
sometimes  crowned. 

1.  L.  GITHAGO.    Lam.    (Agrostemma  Githago.    Linn.)     Corn  Cockle. 

Hairy ;  st.  dichotomous ;  ped.  elongated ;  Ivs.  linear ;  cal.  longer  than 
the  corolla  ;  pet.  entire,  without  the  corona. — ®  A  well  known  handsome  weed, 
growing  in  fields  of  wheat,  or  other  grains,  and  of  a  pale  green  color.  Stem 
2 — 3f  high.  Leaves  3 — 5'  by  j — £',  fringed  with  long  hairs.  Flowers  few, 
large,  of  a  dull  purple,  on  long,  naked  stalks.  Seeds  roundish,  angular,  purplish- 
black.  Jl.fi 

17 


192  XXIII.  CARYOPHYLLACE^E.  DIANTHUS. 

2.  L.  CHALCEDONICA.   Scarlet  Dychnis  or  Sweet  William. — Smoothish ;  fls.  fas- 
ciculate ;  col.  cylindric,  clavate,  ribbed ;  pet.  2-lobed. — fl\^A  fine  garden-flower, 
native  of  Russia.     Stem  1 — 2f  high,  with  dark-green,  ovate-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate leaves,  and  large,  terminal,  convex,  dense  fascicles  of  deep-scarlet  flowers. 
It  has  varieties  with  while  flowers,  and  also  with  double.    Jn.  Jl.  f 

3.  L.  FLOSCUCULI.     Ragged  Robbin. — Smoothish ;  st.  ascending,  dichotomous 
at  summit ;  fls.  fascicled ;  cal.  campanulate,  10-ribbed ;  pet.  in  4  deep,  linear 
segments. — 1\.  Native  of  Europe.   Stem  1- — 2f  high,  rough-angled,  viscid  above. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  smooth.    Flowers  pink,  very  beautiful,  with  a  brown,  angu- 
lar, smooth  calyx.     Capsule  roundish,  1-celled.    Jl. — Sept.  f 

4.  L.  CORONATA.    Chinese  Dychnis. — Smooth ;  fls.  terminal  and  axillary,  1 — 3 ; 
cal.  rounded,  clavate,  ribbed ;  pet.  laciniate. — Native  of  China.    Stem  1 — 2f 
high.    Petals  of  lively  red,  remarkable  for  their  large  size.    There  are  varieties 
with  double  red,  and  double  white  flowers,  f 

5.  L.  DIURNA. — St.  dichotomous-paniculate ;  fis.  tf  9  ;  pet.  half-bifid,  lobes 
narrow,  diverging ;  caps,  ovoid-globose. — Native  of  Britain,  almost  naturalized ! 
Stems  about  2f  high,   pubescent.    Leaves   1 — 3'  long,   elliptic-ovate,   acute. 
Flowers  light-purple,  middle  size.    Jl. — Sep.  I 

6.  L.   CORONARIA.    DC.     (Agrostemma  coronaria.    Linn.)    Mullein  Pink. 
Rose  Campion. — Villose ;  st.  dichotomous ;  ped.  long,  1-flowered ;  cal.  campanu- 
late, veined. — %  Native  of  Italy.    Whole  plant  covered  with  dense  wool.  Stem 
2f  high.    Flowers  purple,  large.     Varieties  are  white-flowered,  red-double-flow- 
ered,  &c.  •(• 

Obs.— Other  species  rarely  found  in  collections  are  L.  fulg&ns  with  scarlet  flowers ;  L.  Viscaria,  with 
pink  flowers  ;  L.  alpina,  low,  with  pink  flowers,  &c. 

9.  SAPONARIA. 

Lat.  sapo,  soap  ;  the  mucilaginous  juice  is  said  to  make  soap. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  without  scales ;  petals  5,  unguiculate  ;  sta- 
mens 10  ;  styles  2  ;  capsule  oblong,  1-celled.  Petals  often  crowned. 

1.  S.  OFFICINALIS.     Common  Soap-wort. 

L/vs.  lanceolote,  inclining  to  elliptical ;  fls.  in  paniculate  fasicles ;  cal. 
cylindrical ;  crown  of  the  petals  Linear. — 1L  By  roadsides,  New  Eng.  to  Ga.  A 
hardy,  smooth,  succulent  plant,  with  handsome,  pink-like  flowers.  Stem  1 — 2f 
high.  Leaves  2 — 3'  long,  i  or  more  as  wide,  very  acute.  Flowers  many,  flesh- 
colored,  often  double.  The  plant  has  a  bitter  taste,  with  a  saponaceous  juice. 
Jl.  Aug.  \ 

2.  S.  VACCARIA.    Fly-trap. 

Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile;  fls.  in  paniculate  cymes;  cal.  pyramidal, 
5-angled,  smooth ;  bracts  membranaceous,  acute. — ®  Gardens  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Whole  plant  smooth,  a  foot  or  more  high.  Leaves  broadest  at  base, 
1 — 2'  long,  |  as  wide,  tapering  to  an  acute  apex.  Flowers  on  long  stalks,  pale- 
red.  Capsule  4-toothed.  Seeds  globose,  black.  Jl.  Aug.  §  -f 

10.  DIANTHUS. 

Gr.   Atos  avSos,  the  flower  of  Jove,  alluding  to  its  preeminent  beauty  and  fragrance. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  tubular,  striate,  with  2  or  more  pairs  of  opposite, 
imbricated  scales  at  base ;  petals  5,  with  long  claws,  limb  unequally 
notched;  stamens  10;  styles  2,  tapering,  with  tapering,  revolute 
stigmas ;  capsule  cylindric,  1-celled. 

1.  D.  ARMERIA.     Wild  Pink. 

L/vs.  linear-subulate,  hairy ;  fls.  aggregate,  fascicled ;  scales  of  the  calyx 
lanceolate,  subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube. — ®  Our  only  native  species  of  the 
pink,  found  in  fields  and  pine  woods,  Mass,  to  N.  J. !  Stem  erect,  1 — 2f  high, 
branching.  Leaves  erect,  1 — 2'  long,  1 — 3"  wide  at  the  clasping  base,  taper- 
ing to  a  subulate  point.  Flowers  inodorous,  in  dense  fascicles  of  3  or  more. 


PORTULACA.  XXIV.  PORTULACACE^E.  193 

Calyx  and  its  scales  f '  long.    Petals  small,  pink-colored,  sprinkled  with -white, 
crenate.    Aug. 

2.  D.  BARBATUS.     Sweet  William  or  Bunch  Pink. — Lvs.  lanceolate ;  fls.  aggre- 
gate, fascicled ;  scales  of  the  calyx  ovate-subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube.— TJ.  An 
ornamental  flower  slilf  valued  as  in  the  times  of  old  Gerarde,  "  for  its  beauty 
to  deck  up  the  bosoms  of  the  beautiful,  and  garlands  and  crowns  for  pleasure." 
Stems  Ijf  high,  thick.    Leaves  3 — 5'  by  £ — I7,  narrowed  to  the  clasping  base. 
Flowers  in  fastigiate  cymes,  red  or  whitish,  often  greatly  variegated.  May. — Jl.  -f 

3.  D.   CHINENSIS.     China  Pink. — St.  branched ;   Ivs.  linear-lanceolate ;  Jl. 
solitary;  scales  linear,  leafy,  spreading,  as  long  as  the  tube. — (g)  Native  of 
China.    An  elegant  species,  well  characterized  by  its  leafy,  spreading  scales, 
and  its  large,  toothed  or  crenate,  red  petals.    The  foliage,  like  the  other  spe- 
cies, is  evergreen,  being  as  abundant  and  vivid  in  winter  as  in  summer,  f 

4.  D.  PLUMARIUS.      Single  Pink.     Pheasant' s-eye. — Glaucous;  st.  2 — 3-flow- 
ered;  fls.  solitary;  calyx  teeth  obtuse;   scales  ovate,  very  acute;    Ivs.  linear; 
rough  at  the  edge;  pet.  many-cleft,  hairy  at  the  throat. — 1|.  Native  of  Europe. 
From  this  species  probably  originated  those  bea'utiful  pinks  called  pheasant's 
eye,  of  which  there  are  enumerated  in  Scotland  no  less  than  300  varieties. 
Flowers  white  and  purple.    Jn. — Aug.  •{• 

5.  D.   CARYOPHYLLUS.      Carnation.      Bizarres,  Picotees,   Flakes,    fyc. — Lvs. 
linear-subulate,  channeled,  glaucous ;  fls.  solitary;  scafes  very  short,  ovate;  pet. 
very  broad,  beardless,  crenate. — Stem  2 — 3f  high,  branched.    Flowers  white 
and  crimson ;  petals  crenate.     This  species  is  supposed  to  be  the  parent  of  all 
the  splendid  varieties  of  the  carnation.     Over  400  sorts  are  now  enumerated 
by  florists,  distinguished  mostly  by  some  peculiarity  in  color,  which  is  crimson, 
white,  red,  purple,  scarlet,  yellow,  and  arranged  in  every  possible  order  of 
stripes,  dots,  flakes,  and  angles. 

6.  D.  SUPERBUS.     Superb  Pink. — Dvs.  linear-subulate;  fls.  fastigiate;  scales 
short,  ovate,  mucronate ;  pet.  pinnate. — 1\.  A  singularly  beautiful  pink,  native 
of  Europe.     Stem  2f  high,  branching,  with  many  flowers.    Petals  white,  gashed 
in  a  pinnate  manner  beyond  the  middle,  and  hairy  at  the  mouth.    Jl. — Sept. 

Obs. — Other  species  of  this  admirable  genus  are  occasionally  cultivated,  but  the  varieties  of  Nos.  4  and 
5  are  by  far  the  most  common.  The  "  Monthly  Pink,"  common  in  house  cultivation,  with  bright  green, 
channeled,  linear  leaves,  short,  csespitose  stems,  pink-red,  double  flowers,  appears  to  be  a  variety  of  D. 
Carthusianorum. 

ORDER  XXIV.     PORTULACACEJE.— PURSLANES. 

Herbs  succulent  or  fleshy,  with  entire  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

Cal. — Sepals  2,  united  at  base. 

Cor. — Petals  5,  sometimes  more  or  lesst  imbricated  in  aestivation. 

Sta.  variabje  in  number.    Yilcurnents  distinct.    Anthers  versatile  or  introtse. 

Oca.  superior  l-celled.    Sty.  several,  stigmatose  along  the  inner  surface. 

Fr.  a  pyxis,  dehiscing  by  a  lid  or  capsule,  loculicidal,  with  as  many  valves  as  stigmas. 

Genera  12,  species  184,  inhabiting  dry  places  in  every  quarter  of  the  world.  They  possess  no  remarka- 
ble properties. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

$  Capsule  3-vftlved.    .  ........  Talinum.  3 

<  8—20.  I  Pyxis  dehiscing  transversely PortuleuM.  I 

Stamens  £  5,  opposite  the  petals Claytonia.  2 

1.   PORTULACA.    Tourn. 

Sepals  2,  the  upper  portion  deciduous ;  petals  5  (4 — 6),  equal  ; 
stamens  8 — 20  ;  styles  3 — 6-cleft  or  parted  ;  pyxis  subglobose,  dehis- 
cing near  the  middle,  many-seeded.— Low,  herbaceous,  fleshy.  Fls. 
expanding  only  in  sunshine. 

1.  P.  OLERACEA.     Purslane. 

Lvs.  cuneate ;  fls.  sessile. — (J)  A  prostrate,  fleshy  weed,  more  common 
in  our  gardens  than  desirable.  Stem  thick  and  succulent,  much  branched,  and 
spreading,  smooth.  Leaves  fleshy,  sessile,  rounded  at  the  end.  Flowers  yellow. 
The  herbage  of  the  plant  is  of  a  reddish-green  color.  .  Sometimes  used  as  a  pot- 
herb. Jn.— Aug.  § 


194  XXV.  ELATINACE^E. 

2.  P.  PILOSA,  /?.  Scarlet-flowered  Purslane. — Sts.  ascending,  much  branched ; 
branches  suberect,  enlarged  upwards;  Ivs.  linear,  obtuse,  the  axils  villose  with 
long,  woolly  hairs;  fls.  terminal,  sessile,  1  or  few  together,  surrounded  by  an 
irregular  circle  of  leaves  and  dense  tufts  of  wool ;  pet.  obovate  ;  sta.  about  15. — 
A  very  delicate  plant,  with  purple  stems,  and  large,  bright  purple  flowers. — 
P.  australis,  with  broader  leaves  and  scarlet  fls.  is  also  popular  in  house  cul- 
tivation. The  species  are  mostly  "natives  of  S.  Africa,  j- 

2.   CLAYTONIA. 

In  memory  of  John  Clayton,  a  botanist  of  Virginia. 

Sepals  2,  ovate  or  roundish ;  petals  5,  emarginate  or  obtuse ;  sta- 
mens 5,  inserted  on  the  claws  of  the  petals  ;  stigmas  3-cleft ;  capsule 
3-valved,  2 — 5-seeded. — Small,  fleshy,  delicate,  early-flowering  plants. 

1.  C.  CAROLINIANA.     Michx.     Spring  Beauty. 

Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate ;  sep.  and  pet.  obtuse  ;  rt.  tuberous. — 1\.  A  delicate 
little  plant,  flowering  in  April;  common  in  woods  and  rocky  hills,  Can.  to  N. 
Car.  W.  to  the  Miss.  Root  a  compressed,  brown  tubercle,  buried  at  a  depth  in 
the  ground,  equal  to  the  height  of  the  plant.  Root-leaves  very  few,  if  any, 
spatulate.  Stem  weak,  2 — 3'  high,  with  a  pair  of  opposite  leaves  half-way  up, 
which  are  1 — 2'  by  i — f ',  entire,  tapering  at  base  into  the  petiole.  Flowers  in 
a  terminal  cluster,  white,  with  a  slight  tinge  of  red,  and  beautifully  penciled 
with  purple  lines.  Apr.  May. 

2.  C.  VIRGINICA.     Virginian  Spring  Beauty. 

Lvs.  linear,  or  lance-linear;  sep.  rather  acute;  pet.  obovate,  mostly 
emarginate  or  retuse  ;  ped.  slender,  nodding. — 1\.  In  low,  moist  grounds,  Mid. 
and  S.  States.  W.  to  Mo.,  Everett!  rare  in  N.  Eng.  Tubercle  or  cormus  as 
large  as  a  hazelnut,  deep  in  the  ground.  Stem  6 — 10'  long,  weak,  with  a  pair 
of  opposite,  very  narrow  leaves  3 — 5'  long.  Flowers  5 — 10,  rose-colored,  with 
deeper  colored  veins,  in  a  terminal  cluster.  Sepals  acute  or  obtuse.  Petals 
often  elliptical,  subacute.  Apr.  May. 

3.  TALI  NUM.    Adans. 

Sepals  2,  ovate,  concave,  deciduous;  petals  5,  sessile;  stamens  10 
— 20,  inserted  with  the  petals  into  the  torus  ;  style  trifid  ;  capsule 
subglobose,  3-valved,  many-seeded. 

1.    T.    TERETIFOLIUM. 

St.  simple  or  branched,  short  and  thick ;  Ivs.  terete,  subulate,  crowded  at 
the  summit  of  the  stem,  on  short  branches ;  ped,  elongated ;  fls.  in  a  dichoto- 
mous  cyme;  pet.  purple. — 7J.  An  interesting  little  plant,  on  rocks,  Penn.  Dr. 
Darlington !  to  Ark.  Rhizoma  or  perennial  stem  firm  and  fleshy,  with  fibrous 
roots.  Branches  1 — 3'  long.  Leaves  I — 2'  long,  incurved,  fleshy.  Bracts  ovate- 
lanceolate,  minute.  Peduncles  5 — 8'  high.  Flowers  small,  ephemeral.  Sta- 
mens about  20.  Jn. — Aug. 

2.  T.  PATENS. — Spreading-flmvered  Talinum. — St.  erect  or  decumbent  at  base, 
slender;  Ivs.  ovate,  flat,  fleshy;  panicle  terminal,  with  spreading,  dichotomous 
peduncles. — 7J.  Native  in  S.  America.  A  handsome  plant,  sometimes  cultivat- 
ed. Stem  1 — 2f  high,  round,  purple,  terminating  in  a  naked,  spreading  pani- 
cle of  small  purple  flowers.  Leaves  2 — 3'  long,  tapering  to  the  base.  Aug. — Oct. 


ORDER  XXV.     ELATINACEJE.— WATER  PEPPERS. 

Herbs  small,  annual,  with  opposite  leaves  and  membranaceous  stipules.    Fls.  minute,  axillary. 

CaL— Sepals  2—6.  distinct  or  slightly  coherent  at  base,  persistent. 

Cor.— Petals  hyposynous,  as  many  as  the  sepals. 

Sta.  equal  in  number  to,  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.    Anth.  introrse. 

Ova.  2— 6-celled.    Stigmas  *-5,  capitate  ;  placentas  in  the  axis. 

Fr.  capsular.    Seeds  numerous. 

Genera  6,  species  22,  found  in  every  part  of  the  globe,  growing  in  marshes.    The  following  is  the  only 
northern  genus : 


LINUM.  XXVI.  LINAGES.  195 

ELATINE. 

Gr.  eAar/;,  fir;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  slender  leaves  of  some  species. 

Stigmas  sessile,  minute. 

E.  AMERICANA.  Arn.     (Crypta  minima.  Nutt.    Peplys  Americana.  PA.) 
Mud  Purslane. — St.  diffuse,  procumbent,  striate,  rooting  from  the  joints, 

with  assurgent  branches;  Ivs.  cuneate-oval  or  obovate,  obtuse,  entire;  sty.  0; 

sep., pet.,  sta.  and  stig.  2 — 3,  as  well  as  the  cells  and  valves  of  the  capsule;  stip. 

very  minute. — A  small  mud  plant,  on  the  borders  of  ponds  and  rivers !  U.  S. 

Flowers  axillary,  sessile,  solitary.     Corolla  minute,  closed.    Jl. — Sep. 


ORDER  XXYI.     LINAGES.— FLAXWORTS. 

Plants  herbaceous  or  suffrutescent. 

Lvs.  entire,  sessile,  alternate  sometimes  nearly  opposite,  without  stipules. 

Fls.  terminal,  usually  in  corymbs  or  panicles,  regular  and  symmetrical. 

Cal.~ Sepals  3,  4  or  5,  distinct,  or  more  or  less  united ;  aestivation  strongly  imbricated. 

Cor. -Petals  equal  in  number  to  sepals,  hypogynous,  unguiculate  ;  aestivation  twisted. 

Sta.  3,  4  or  5,  united  at  base  into  a  hypogynous  ring,  which  is  often  toothed,  opposite  the  petals. 

Ova.  of  as  many  cells  as  sepals  or  styles.    Stig.  capitate. 

Sds.  solitary  in  each  cell,  compressed,  suspended.    Albumen  0. 

Genera  3,  species  90.  A  very  important  order  in  the  arts.  The  Linum  has  a  very  tenacious  fibre  in 
its  bark,  which  is  wrought  into  thread  and  cloth,  forming  the  linen  of  commerce.  Some  species  are 
cathartic,  and  yield  from  their  seeds  a  fine  mucilage.  Only  one  genus  need  be  mentioned  here,  viz.  : 

LINUM. 

Celtic  llin,  a  thread ;  hence  \ivov,  Eng.  K«gn,flax. 

Sepals,  petals,  stamens  and  styles  5,  the  latter  rarely  3  ;  capsules 
5-celled;  cells  nearly  divided  by  a  false  dissepiment.  (Fig.  11.,  No.  4.) 

1.  L.  RIGIDUM.     Stiff-leaved  Flax. 

St.  angular,  branching ;  Ivs.  alternate,  rigid,  linear,  acute ;  fls.  panicled ; 
sep.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  and  with  the  bracts,  glandularly  fimbriate- 
serrate  on  the  margins ;  caps,  globose,  shorter  than  the  calyx. — 0  Near  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  Robbins!  R.  I.,  found  by  the  Prov.  Bot.  Assoc.  Stem  10 — 16' 
high,  erect,  with  many  suberect  branches  abov.e.  Leaves  4 — 7"  by  \ — I",  sca- 
brous on  the  margin.  Sepals  3-veined.  Flpwers  6 — 8"  diam.,  sulphur-yellow. 

2.  L.  VIRGINIANUM.     Virginian  Flax. 

St.  branching  above,  erect ;  Ivs.  alternate,  linear-lanceolate,  those  of  the 
root  oblong,  upper  ones  acute ;  panicles  corymbose,  terminal,  with  the  flowers 
racemose  on  the  branches ;  sep.  broad-ovate,  mucronate  ;  caps,  depressed,  scarce- 
ly longer  than  the  calyx. — ®  Woods,  hills,  &c.,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  about 
2f  high,  slender,  leafy,  terete,  glabrous.  Leaves  6 — 10"  by  1 — 2",  with  one 
distinct  vein.  Flowers  4 — 6"  diam.,  yellow,  on  short  pedicels.  Sepals  1- 
veined.  Jl. 

/?.?  diffusum.  Wood. — St.  angular,  diffusely  branched ;  branches  and  lanceolate 
Irs.  spreading ;  fls.  very  small  (scarcely  2"  diam.) — Wet  prairies,  la. !  duite 
different  in  habit  and  may  prove  a  new  species. 

3.  L.  USITATISSIMUM.     Common  Flax. 

St.  branching  above ;  Ivs.  alternate,  linear-lanceolate,  acute ;  panicle 
corymbose ;  sep.  ovate,  acute,  3-veined  at  the  base,  membranaceous  on  the  mar- 
gin ;  pet.  crenate. — (J)  Introduced  and  somewhat  naturalized  in  fields.  Stem  1 — 2f 
liigh,  with  3-veined  leaves,  and  many  large,  handsome,  blue  flowers.  Jn.  Jl. — 
This  important  plant  has  been  cultivated  from  remote  antiquity,  (see  Gen.  xli. 
42  )  for  the  strong  fibres  of  the  bark,  which  are  manufactured  into  linen.  The 
seeds  yield  linseed  oil,  so  extensively  used  in  mixing  paint,  printers'  ink,  &c. 
They  are  also  medicinal.  §  £ 

4.  L.  PERENNE.  Perennial  Flax. — Glabrous,  with  virgate  branches ;  Ivs.  linear, 
acute,  scattered ;  fls.  supra-axillary  and  terminal ;  sepals  oval,  margins  mem- 
branaceous, shorter  than  the  globose  capsule  ;  petals  retuse,  blue,  3  or  4  times 
the  length  of  the  sepals. — 1\.  Native  West  of  the  Miss,  (perhaps  not  within  the 
17* 


196  XXVII.  GERANIACE^E.  GERANIUM. 

limits  of  this  Flora),  also  of  Europe  and  Asia.    Not  uncommon  in  gardens. 
Flowers  large,  blue,  f 


ORDER  XXVII.     GERANIACB^l.— GERANIA. 

Stems  herbaceous  or  siiffrutegcent,  tumid  and  separable  at  the  nodes. 

Lvs.  opposite,  (at  least  the  lower  ones,)  mostly  stipulate,  petiolate,  palmately  veined. 

Fls.— Peduncles  terminal  or  opposite  the  leaves,  sometimes  axillary. 

Cal. — Sepals  5,  persistent,  veined,  one  sometimes  saccate  or  spurred  at  base. 

Cor.— -Petals  5,  hypogynous  or  perigynous,  unguiculate  ;  aestivation  twisted. 

Sta.  usually  monadelphous,  hypogynous,  twice  91  thrice  as  many  as  the  petals. 

Ova.  ^  of  3  united  carpels,  2-ovuled,  alternate  with  sepals,  upon  an  elongated  axis,  from  which  they  sepa- 

Fr.—  I  rate  in  fruit,  curving  upwards  on  the  persistent  style. 

Genera  4,  species  500.    The  Cape  of  Good  Hope  is  the  favorite  habitation  of  some  of  the  most  impor- 
tant genera.    Most  species  of  the  beautiful  Pelargonia  are  native  of  that  region  alone. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

fall  perfect. Geranium.       1 

<  5  perfect,  with  5  shorter  and  imperfect Erodium.        2 

Stamens  10,  (  7  perfect ;  corolla  irregular Pelargonium.  3 

1.    GERANIUM. 

Gr.  ycpai/os,  a  crane;  the  beaked  fruit  resembles  a  crane's  bill. 

Sepals  and  petals  5,  regular;  stamens  10,  all  perfect,  the  5  alter- 
nate ones  longer,  and  each  with  a  nectariferous  gland  at  its  base  ; 
fruit  rostrate,  at  length  separating  into  5  long-styled,  1 -seeded  car- 
pels ;  styles  smooth  inside,  at  length  recurved  from  the  base  upwards 
and  adhering  by  the  point  to  the  summit  of  the  axis. — Herbaceous, 
rarely  shrubby  at  base.  Peduncles  1,  2  or  3-flowered. 

1.  G.  MACULATUM.     Spotted  Geranium. 

St.  erect,  angular,  dichotomous,  retrorsely  pubescent ;  Ivs.  3— 5-parted, 
lobes  cuneiform  and  entire  at  base,  incisely  serrate  above,  radical  ones  on  long 
petioles,  upper  ones  opposite,  on  short  petioles;  pet.  entire;  sep.  mucronate- 
awned. — Woods,  &c.,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  but  rare  in  N.  Eng.  A  fine  species, 
worthy  a  place  among  the  parlor  "  geraniums."  Stem  1 — 2f  high.  Leaves 
2 — 3'  diam.,  cleft  f  way  down,  2  at  each  fork.  Flowers  mostly  in  pairs,  on 
unequal  pedicels,  often  somewhat  umbeled  on  the  ends  of  the  long  peduncles. 
Root  powerfully  astringent.  Apr. — Jn. 

2.  G.  ROBERTIANUM.     Herb  Robert. 

St.  diffuse,  hairy ;  Ivs.  3 — 5-parted  to  the  base,  the  segments  pinnatifid, 
and  the  pinnae  incisely  toothed ;  sep.  mucronate-awned,  half  the  length  of  the 
entire  petals. — 7J.  Smaller  and  less  interesting  than  the  preceding,  in  dry,  rocky 
places,  Can.  to  Va.  and  Ky.  It  has  a  reddish  stem,  with  long,  diffuse,  weak 
branches.  Leaves  on  long  petioles,  somewhat  hairy,  outline  1J — 3'  diam,  with 
pinnatifid  segments.  Flowers  small,  pale  purple,.  Capsules  small,  rugose, 
keeled.  Seeds  smooth.  The  plant  has  a  strong  disagreeable  smell.  May. — Sept. 

3.  G.  PUSILLUM.     Weak  Crane's-bill. 

St.  procumbent ;  Ivs.  reniform  or  roundish,  deeply  5 — 7-parted,  lobes 
3-cleft,  linear;  sep.  hairy,  acuminate,  about  as  long  as  the  emarginate  petals. — 
(T)  A  delicate,  spreading  species,  growing  in  waste  grounds,  pastures,  &c.,  L.  I. 
and  Western  N.  Y.  Torr.  Stem  weak,  If  long,  branching,  covered  with  short, 
deflected  hairs.  Leaves  opposite,  divided  almost  to  the  base  into  5  or  7  lobes, 
these  again  variously  cut.  Peduncles  axillary,  forked,  bearing  2  purplish-red 
flowers  in  Jn.  and  Jl. 

4.  G.  CAROLINIANUM.     Carolinian  Crane's-bill. 

St.  diffusely  branched ;  Ivs.  deeply  5-parted,  lobes  incisely  toothed ;  ped. 
rather  short  and  clustered  on  the  ends  of  the  branches;  sep.  mucronate-awned, 
as  long  as  the  emarginate  petals. — (!)  Fields  and  hills  throughout  Can.  and 
U.  S.  Stems  pubescent,  diffuse,  8 — 15'  long,  swelling  at  the  joints.  Leaves 
I — H'  diam.,  hairy.  Flowers  small,  rose-colored,  in  pairs,  and  somewhat  fas- 
ciculate. Seeds  minutely  reticulated,  reddish  brown,  1  in  each  hairy,  beaked 
carpel.  Jl.— Perhaps  too  near  the  following  species. 


PELARGONIUM.  XXVII.    GERANIACE^E.  197 

5.  G.  DISSECTUM.  Willd.     Wood  Crane's-bill. 

St.  diffuse,  pubescent;  Ivs.  deeply  5-parted, lobes  3-cleft, incisely dentate; 
ped.  dichotpmous ;  pedicels  hairy ;  sep.  mucronately  awned,  scarcely  as  long  as 
the  emarginate  petals ;  beak  hairy ;  carp,  rugose. — (I)  rocky  places,  N.  Sts. ! 
A  small  spreading  plant,  8 — 12'  long.  Leaves  pentagonal  in  outline,  l£ — 2' 
diam.,  divisions  and  their  segments  oblong-linear,  submucronate.  Peduncles 
6 — 10"  long,  with  4  bracts  at  the  fork.  Pedicels  6 — 10"  long.  Sepals  3-veined. 
Petals  purplish,  deeply  notched,  a  little  longer  than  the  sepals.  Jn.  Jl. 

6.  G.  SANGUINEUM.  Bloody  Geranium,. — St.  erect,  diffusely  branched;  ped. 
longer  than  the  petioles ;  Ivs.  opposite,  5-parted,  orbicular  in  outline,  lobes  trifid, 
with  linear  segments;  carpels  bristly  at  top.— A  beautiful  species  native  of 
Europe,  deemed  worthy  of  culture  by  many  a  florist.  Grows  about  a  foot  high. 
Leaves  orbicular,  deeply  divided  into  5  or  7,  3-fid  lobes.  Flowers  large,  round, 
of  a  deep  red  or  blood-color,  f 

2.   ERODIUM.    L'Her. 
Gr.  tpudtos,  a  heron ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  beaked  fruit  to  the  heron's  bill. 

Calyx  5-leaved ;  petals  5  ;  scales  5,  alternate  with  the  filaments 
and  nectariferous  glands  at  the  base  of  the  stamens;  filaments  10, 
the  5  alternate  ones  abortive  ;  fruit  rostrate,  of  5  aggregate  capsules, 
each  tipped  with  the  long,  spiral  style,  bearded  inside. 

1.  E.  MOSCHATUM.  L'Heritier.    (Geranium  moschatum.  Linn.)    Musk  Gera- 
nium.— St.  procumbent ;  Ivs.  pinnated  with  stalked,  ovate,  unequally  serrated 
segments ;  ped.  downy,  glandular ;  pet.  equaling  the  calyx.—®  Native  of  Eng- 
land.    Sometimes  cultivated  for  the  strong,  musky  scent  of  its  herbage.   A  foot 
high.    Leaves  large.    Flowers  small,  purple.    May — Jl. 

2.  E.  CICONIUM.  L'Her.     (G.  ciconium.  Linn.)    Heron's-bUl  Geranium. — St. 
ascending ;  Ivs.  pinnate ;  Ifts.  pinnatifid,  toothed ;  ped.  many-flowered ;  pet.  ob- 
long, obtuse. — (I)  From  S.  Europe.    Stem  about  If  high.    Flowers  purple. 

3.   PELARGONIUM.    L'Her. 

Gr.  TT£\apyfo$,  a  stork;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  beaked  fruit  to  the  stork's  bill. 

Sepals  5,  the  upper  one  ending  in  a  nectariferous  tube  extending 
down  the  peduncle  with  which  it  is  connected ;  pet.  5,  irregular, 
longer  than  the  sepals;  filaments  10,  3  of  them  sterile. — A  large 
genus  of  shrubby  or  herbaceous  plants,  embracing  more  than  300  species 
and  innumerable  varieties,  nearly  all  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
Lower  Ivs.  (in  plants  raised  from  the  seed)  opposite,  upper  ones  alternate. 
*  Stem  scarcely  any.  Root  tuberous. 

1.  P.  FLAvrjM.     Carrol-leaved  Geranium. — St.  very  simple;  Ivs.  decompound, 
faciniate,  hairy,  segments  linear;  umbel  many-flowered. — Flowers  brownish- 
yellow.     From  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  as  well  as  the  other  species. 

2.  P.  TRISTE.     Mourning  Geranium. — Lvs.  hairy,  pinnate ;  Ifts.  bipinnatifid, 
divisions  linear,  acute.    A  foot  high.    Flowers  dark  green,  in  simple  umbels. 

*  *  Stem  elongated,  herbaceous  or  suffruticose. 

3.  P.    ODORATISSIMUM.     Nutmeg-scented    Geranium. — St.   short,    fleshy;    Ivs. 
roundish,  cordate,  very  soft ;  branches  herbaceous,  long,  diffuse. — Valued  chiefly 
for  the  powerful,  aromatic  smell  of  the  leaves,  the  flowers  being  small,  whitish. 

4.  P.  ALCHEMILLOIDES.     Lady 's-mantte  Geranium. — St.  villous;  Ivs.  cordate, 
villous,  5-lobed,  palmate ;  ped.  few-flowered ;  stig.  sessile. — Stem  6'  high,  dif- 
fuse, very  hairy,  with  deflexed  bristles.     Flowers  pink-colored. 

5.  P.  TRICOLOR.     Three-colored  Geranium.— St.  suffruticose,  erect ;  Ivs.  lance- 
olate, villous,  cut-dentate,  trifid;  upper  pet.  glandular  at  base. — Stem  IJf  high. 
This  species  is  distinguished  for  its  beautifully  variegated  flowers.     Petals 
roundish  and  nearly  uniform  in  shape,  but  very  different  in  color ;  the  3  lower 


198  XXVII.    GERANIACE^E.  PELARGONIUM. 

ones  are  white,  slightly  veined,  the  2  upper  of  a  rich  purple,  almost  black  at 
base. 

6.  P.  CORIANDRIFOLIUM.     Coriander-leaved  Geranium. — St.  herbaceous,  bien- 
nial, somewhat  downy;  Ivs.  bipinnate,  smooth,  lobes  linear,  subpinnatifid. — 
Stem  diffuse,  If  high.     Distinguished  by  the  finely  divided  leaves  and  large 
flowers.     The  2  upper  petals  much  the  largest,  obovate,  veined  with  purple ; 
the  3  lower,  of  which  the  middle  one  is  often  wanting,  are  narrow  and  of  a 
pure  white. 

*  *  *  Leaves  neither  divided  nor  angular;  stem  fruticose. 

7.  P.    GLAUCUM.     Glaucous-leaved  Geranium. — Very  smooth  and  glaucous; 
Ivs.  lanceolate,  entire,  acuminate ;  ped.  1 — 2-flowered. — Stems  3f  high,  shrubby 
and  branched.    The  plant  is  remarkably  distinguished  by  its  leaves.    Pedun- 
cles axillary,  with  1  or  2  elegant  flowers.    Petals  obovate,  of  a  delicate  blush- 
color,  with  red  veins. 

8.  P.  BETULlNUM.    Birch-leaved   Geranium. — Lvs.  ovate,  unequally  serrate, 
smoothish;  stip.  ovate-lanceolate;  ped.  2— 4-flowered. — Stem  shrubby,  3f  high. 
The  plant  is  well  named  for  its  leaves.   Flowers  pale-pink,  with  deep  red  veins. 

9.  P.  ACETOSUM.   Sorrel-leaved  Geranium. — Lvs.  very  smooth,  obovate,  crenate, 
somewhat  fleshy;  ped.   few-flowered;    pet.   linear. — Stem  shrubby,  3f  high. 
Named  for  the  acid  flavor  of  the  leaves.    Flowers  pink. 

*  *  *  *  Leaves  either  angular  or  palmately  lobed;  stem  fruticose. 

10.  P.   ZONALE.     Horse-shoe    Geranium. — Lvs.   cordate-orbicular,   obsoletely 
lobed,  toothed,  marked  with  a  concentric  zone. — Stem  thick,  shrubby,  2 — 3f 
high.     One  of  the  most  popular  of  all  the  species.     Leaves  always  marked 
with  a  dark  concentric  stripe  of  various  shades.    The  flowers  are  of  a  bright 
scarlet,  umbeled,  on  long  peduncles.    It  has  many  varieties,  of  which  the  most 
remarkable  is — 

/?.  marginale;  silver-edged,  the  leaves  of  which  are  bordered  with  white. 

11.  P.  iNQuiNANS.    Scarlet  Geranium. — Lvs.  round-reniform,  scarcely  divided, 
crenate,  viscid ;  umbels  many-flowered ;  pet.  obovate,  cuneate. — Justly  admired 
for  the  vivid  scarlet  of  its  numerous  flowers.     The  name  alludes  to  the  reddish, 
clammy  moisture  which  stains  the  fingers  in  handling  the  soft,  downy  branches. 

12.  P.  PELTATUM.    Ivy-leaved  Geranium. — Lvs.  5-lobed,  entire,  fleshy,  smooth, 
more  or  less  peltate  ;  umbels  few-flowered. — Stem  climbing,  several  feet  in 
length.    Whole  plant  very  smooth.    A  beautiful  species,  with  umbels  of  very 
handsome  purplish  flowers. 

13.  P.  TETRAGONUM.     Square-stalked  Geranium. — Branches  4-cornered,  fleshy ; 
Ivs.  cordate,  bluntly  lobed,  somewhat  toothed ;  pet.  4,  the  upper  ones  pale-pink, 
with  crimson  veins,  the  2  lower  small,  white. — Leaves  small,  rounded,  notched, 
with  scattered  hairs. 

14.  P.  GRANDIFLORUM.     Large-lowered    Geranium. — Smooth,  glaucous ;   Ivs. 
5-lobed,  palmated,  cordate  at  base,  the  lobes  dentate  towards  the  end ;  pet.  three 
times  as  long  as  the  calyx. — Distinguished  for  the  size  and  beauty  of  the 
flowers',  which  are  white,  the  2  upper  ones  elegantly  veined,  and  tinged  with 
red,  larger  than  the  rest. 

15.  P.  GRAVEOLENS.     Rose-scented  Geranium. — Lvs.  palmately  7-lobed,  lobes 
oblong,  bluntly  toothed,  re  volute,  and  very  rough  at  the  edge ;  umbels  many- 
flowered,  capitate. — Nectary  about  half  as  long  as  calyx.    Leaves  very  fra- 
grant.   Flowers  purple. 

_  16.  P.  RADULA.  Rasp-leaved  Geranium. — Lvs.  palmate,  rough ;  lobes  narrow, 
pinnatifid,  revolute  at  edge,  with  linear  segments ;  umbels  few-flowered ;  nec- 
tary nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx. — Distinguished  for  its  large  rough  leaves 
deeply  divided.into  linear  segments,  and  with  a  mint-like  fragrance.  Flowers 
purple. 

17.  P.  QUERCIFOLIUM.  Oak-leaved  Geranium. — Lvs.  cordate,  pinnatifid,  with 
rounded  recesses,  lobes  obtusely  crenate ;  branches  and  petioles  hispid. — Leaves 
rough,  often  spotted.  Flowers  purplish. 


XXIX.   TROPJEOLACEM.  199 

Obs.— The  above  are  among  the  more  distinguished  and  popular  species  of  this  vast  and  favorite  genus. 
Innumerable  varieties  produced  from  seeds  and  propagated  by  cuttings  are  equally  common  and  often  of 
superior  beauty.  No  genus  seems  to  be  regarded  with  such  universal  favor  for  green-house  plants  aa 
•this.  The  species  and  their  multitudes  of  hybrid  creations,  produced  by  modern  ingenuity,  are  cultivated 
with  assiduous  attention  by  nearly  every  family  which  makes  the  least  pretensions  to  taste  through- 
out the  civilized  world. 


ORDER  XXVIII.     B  ALSAMIN  AC  E.E.— JEWEL  WEEDS. 

Herbs  annual,  with  succulent  stems  and  a  watery  juice- 

Lvs.  simple,  without  stipules.    Fls.  very  irregtdar  and  unsymmetrical. 

Cal.— Sepals  5,  deciduous,  the  2  upper  connate,  the  lowest  spurred  or  gibbous. 

Cor.— Petals  4,  hypogynous,  united  by  pairs,  or  rarely  5,  distinct 

Sta.  5,  hypogynous.    Filaments  subulate.    Anthers  2-celled. 

Ova.  5-celled,  compound.    Stigmas  sessile. 

Fr.  capsular,  5-celled,  bursting  elastically  by  5  valves.    Sds.  several  in  each  cell.    Embryo  straight. 

Genera  2,  species  110.  With  regard  to  its  properties  and  uses,  this  order  is  of  no  importance,  but  some 
of  its  species  are  highly  ornamental. 

1.  IMPATIENS. 

Impatient,  with  respect  to  the  irritable  capsules. 

Sepals  colored,  apparently  but  4,  the  2  upper  being  united,  the 
lowest  gibbous  and  spurred ;  petals  apparently  2,  each  of  the  lower 
being  united  to  the  2  lateral  ones ;  anthers  cohering  at  the  apex ; 
capsule  often  \  -celled  by  the  obliteration  of  the  dissepiments,  5- 
valved,  bursting  elastically. — Stems  smooth,  succulent,  tender,  sub-pellu- 
cid, with  tumid  joints. 

1.  I.  PALLIDA.    Nutt.     (I.  noli-tangere.    Michx.}     Touch-me-not. 

Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  coarsely  and  obtusely  serrate,  teeth  mucronate; 
ped.  2 — 4-flowered,  elongated ;  lower  gibbous  sep.  dilated-conical,  broader  than 
long,  with  a  very  short,  recurved  spur ;  fls.  pale  yellow,  sparingly  maculate. — 
(T)  Wet,  shady  places,  U.  S. !  and  Can.  Stem  2 — 4f  high,  branched.  Leaves 
2 — 5'  long,  |  as  wide,  with  large,  obtuse  teeth,  each  tipped  with  a  very  short 
mucro.  Flowers  large,  mostly  in  pairs.  Two  outer  sepals  pale  green,  callous- 
pointed,  the  rest  pale  yellow,  the  lower  produced  into  a  conic  nectary,  ending 
in  a  spur  i'  long.  Capsules  oblong-cylindric,  1'  long,  bursting  at  the  slightest 
touch  when  mature,  and  scattering  the  seed.  Aug. 

2.  I.  FULVA.     Nutt.     (I.  noli-tangere.    0.  Michx.)    Jewelweed. 

Lvs.  rhombic-ovate,  obtusish,  coarsely  and  obtusely  serrate,  teeth  mucro- 
nate ;  ped.  2 — 4-flowered,  short ;  lower  gibbous  sep.  acutely  conical,  longer  than 
broad,  with  an  elongated,  recurved  spur  ;/s.  deep  orange,  maculate  with  many 
brown  spots. — 0  In  wet,  shady  grounds,  Can.  to  Ga.,  more  common  than  the 
last,  somewhat  glaucous. — Stem  1J — 3f  high.  Leaves  1 — 3'  long,  £  as  wide, 
having  like  the  last,  a  few  filiform  teeth  at  the  base.  Flowers  about  1'  in 
length,  the  recurved  spur  of  the  lower  sepal  £'  long.  Capsule  as  in  the  last.  Aug. 

3.  I.  BALSAMINA.  Garden  Balsamine. — Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  upper  ones 
alternate;  ped.  clustered;  spur  shorter  than  the  flower. — (I)  From  theE.  Indies. 
It  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  garden  annuals,  forming  a  showy  pyramid  of 
finely  variegated,  carnation-like  flowers.  The  prevailing  colors  of  the  petals 
are  red  and  white,  but  the  former  varies  in  every  possible  shade  c f  crimson, 
scarlet,  purple,  pink  and  flesh-color.  The  flowers  are  often  double. 


ORDER  XXIX.     TROP^OLACEJE.— TROPHYWORTS. 

Plants  herbaceous,  smooth,  climbing  or  twining,  with  a  pungent,  watery  juice. 

Lvs.  peltate  or  palmate.    Fls.  irregular. 

Cal.—  Sepals  5.  colored,  united,  the  lower  one  spurred. 

Cor.— Petals  5,  the  three  lower  ones  stalked,  the  2  upper  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

Sta.  8,  distinct,  unequal. 

Ova.  of  3  united  carpels.    Style  1.    Stigmas  3. 

Fr.  separating  into  3  indehiscent,  1-seeded  nuts.    Sds.  large.    Albumen  0. 

Genera  3,  species  40,  natives  of  S.  America.    They  possess  the  same  antiscorbutic  properties  as  the 
Crucifera.    The  fruit  of  the  following  species  is  pickfed  and  used  as  a  substitute  lor  capers. 


200  XXXI.    OXALIDACE^E.  OXALIS. 

TROP^OLUM. 

Lat.  trop&um,  a  trophy ;  the  leaf  resembles  a  shield,  the  flower  an  empty  helmet. 

Character  essentially  the  same  as  of  the  order. 

T.  MAJUS.  Nasturtion.  Indian  Cress. — Lvs.  peltate,  roundish,  repand  on  the 
margin,  with  the  long  petiole  inserted  a  little  one  side  of  the  centre ;  pet.  ob- 
tuse, the  two  upper  distant  from  the  3  lower,  which  are  fimbriate  at  base,  and 
contracted  into  long  claws. — ©  Native  of  Peru.  Stem  at  length  climbing  by 
means  of  its  long  petioles  several  feet.  Leaves  a  fine  example  of  the  peltate 
form,  about  2'  diam.  Flowers  large  and  showy,  orange-colored,  with  blotches 
of  deeper  shade.  They  are  eaten  for  salad.  June — Oct. 


ORDER  XXX.     LIMNANTHACE^). 

Herbs  annual,  with  an  acrid,  watery  juice.    Lvs.  alternate,  pinnatifid. 

Stipules  0.    Flou-ers  regular. 

Ca/.— Sepals  3—5,  united  at  base,  persistent,  valvate  in  aestivation. 

Cor— Petals  3—5,  marescent,  inserted  upon  an  hypogynous  disk. 

Sta.  twice  as  many  as  petals  and  inserted  with  them.    Filaments  opposite  the  sepals,  with  a  small  pro- 

Ova.  of  2— 5  distinct  carpels.    Sty.  united.    Stig.  simple.  [cess  outside  the  base. 

Fr  2—5  achenia,  rather  fleshy.    Seeds  solitary. 

Genera  2,  species  3,  mostly  natives  of  the  temperate  parts  of  North  America.    They  have  no  very 
remarkable  properties.    Floerkea  is  the  only  northern  genus. 

FLCERKEA.     Willd. 

Named  in  honor  of  Floerke,  a  German  botanist. 

Sepals  3,  longer  than  the  3  petals  ;  stamens  6  ;  ovaries  3,  tuber- 
culate,  style  2-cleft. — ©  small,  aquatic,  with  pinnately  divided  leaves. 

F.  FROSERPiNACoiDEs.  Lindl.     (F.  uliginosa.  Muhl.)    False  Mermaid. 

Grows  in  marshes  and  on  river  and  lake  shores,  Vt.  to  Penn.  W.  to  Mo. 
Stems  decumbent,  less  than  a  foot  in  length,  weak  and  slender.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, upper  ones,  or  those  above  the  water,  pinnately  5-parted,  lower  or  sub- 
mersed ones  mostly  3-parted,  all  on  slender  petioles  1 — 3'  in  length.  Flowers 
axillary,  pedunculate.  Petals  white,  small,  about  half  as  long  as  the  sepals. 
Achenia  large,  2  or  1,  roundish. 


ORDER  XXXI.     OXALIDACEJE.— WOOD  SORRELS. 

St.  low,  herbaceous,  with  an  acid  juice,  and  alternate,  compound  leaves. 

Slip,  rarely  present.    Fls.  regular  and  symmetrical. 

CaL—  Sepals  5,  persistent,  equal,  sometimes  slightly  cohering  at  the  base. 

Cor.— Petals  5,  hypogynous,  equal,  unguiculate,  deciduous,  twisted  in  aestivation. 

Sta.  10,  hypogynous,  more  or  less  monadelphous,  those  opposite  the  petals  longest. 

Ova. — Carpets  5,  united,  opposite  the  petals. 

Fr.  capsular,  usually  membranous,  5-lobed  and  5-celled. 

Genera  6,  species  325,  inhabiting  hot  and  temperate  regions.    The  stem  and  leaves  generally  contain 
free  oxalic  acid.    The  order  is  represented  in  the  Northern  States  by  the  following  genus  only. 

OXlLIS. 

Gr.  ofu?,  sour;  from  the  acid  taste  of  most  species. 

Sepals  5.  distinct  or  united  at  base ;  petals  much  longer  than  the 
calyx ;  styles  5,  capitate ;  capsule  oblong  or  subglobose ;  carpels  5, 
1 — several-seeded. — Mostly  %  with  trifoliate  kaves. 

1.  O.  ACETOCELLA.     Common  Wood  Sorrel. 

Acaulescent ;  scape  longer  than  the  leaves,  1-flowered  ;  Ifts.  broad-obcor- 
date,  with  rounded  lobes ;  sty.  as  long  as  the  inner  stamens ;  rt.  dentate,  scaly. — 
Woods  and  shady  places,  Can.  and  Northern  States.  Leaves  palmately  3-foli- 
ate,  on  long,  weak  stalks,  purplish  beneath.  Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves, 
each  with  a  nodding  scentless  flower  whose  petals  are  white,  yellowish  at  the 
base,  delicately  veined  with  purple.  The  whole  plant  has  an  agreeable,  acid 
taste.  Jn. 


PTELEA.  XXXII.   ZANTHOXYLACE^E.  201 

2.  O.  viOLA(iEA.     Violet  Wood  Sorrel. 

Acaulescent,  smooth;  scape  umbelliferous;  pedicels  subpubescent ;  fls. 
nodding ;  tips  of  the  col.  fleshy ;  sty.  shorter  than  the  outer  stamens. — An  elegant 
species,  in  rocky  woods,  &c.,  throughout  the  U.  S.  Bulb  scaly.  Scape  nearly 
twice  taller  than  the  leaves,  5 — 8'  high.  Leaves  palmately  3-foliate,  sometimes 
none ;  leaflets  nearly  twice  as  wide  as  long,  with  a  very  shallow  sinus  at  the 
very  broad  apex.  Umbel  of  3— 9  drooping  flowers.  Petals  large,  violet-colored, 
striate.  May. 

3.  O.  STRICTA.     Yellow  Wood  Sorrel. 

Caulescent;  st.  branching,  erect ;  ped.  umbelliferous,  longer  than  petioles ; 
sty.  as  long  as  the  inner  stamens. — ©  Fields,  U.  S.  and  Can.  The  plant  varies 
in  height,  from  3 — 8'  or  more,  according  to  the  soil.  Stem  leafy,  round,  smooth, 
succulent.  Leaves  palmately  3-foliate,  numerous,  scattered  on  long  stalks. 
Umbels  on  long,  axillary  stalks,  about  the  length  of  the  petioles.  Flowers 
small,  yellow,  appearing  all  summer.  Capsules  sparingly  hirsute,  with  spread- 
ing hairs. 

4.  O.  CORNICULATA.    Ladies'  Wood  Sorrel. 

Caulescent ;  st.  creeping,  radicating,  diffusely  branching ;  Ifts.  pubescent ; 
ped.  2  or  more-flowered,  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  pet.  cuneiform,  erose  at  the 
apex;  sty.  long  as  the  inner  stamens. — Grows  in  cultivated  grounds,  U.  S.  and 
Can.  Resembles  the  last,  but  "  is  undoubtedly  distinct."  Bobbins.  Stems  leafy, 
prostrate,  a  foot  or  more  in  length.  Sepals  pubescent,  half  as  long  as  the  emar- 
ginate,  yellow  petals.  Capsules  densely  and  closely  pubescent.  May,  and  after. 


ORDER  XXXII.     ZANTHOXYLACEJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  without  stipules. 

Lvs.  alternate  or  opposite,  pinnate,  rarely  simple,  with  pellucid  dots. 

Fls.  regular,  polygamous,  gray,  green,  or  pink.    Sep.  3—9,  small,  cohering  at  the  base. 

Cor. — Petals  longer  than  the  sepals,  of  the  same  number  or  0. 

Sta.  alternate  with  petals,  of  the  same  number,  seldom  twice  as  many;  in  the  pistillate  flowers  either 

wanting  or  imperfect.    Anthe.rs  introrse. 

Ova.  usually  of  the  same  number  as  sepals,  stipitate,  distinct  or  united. 
Fr.  baccate,  membranaceous  or  drupaceous,  or  2-valved  capsules. 

Genera  20,  species  110,  chiefly  of  tropical  America,  only  2  genera  being  native  in  the  United  States. 

Properties.— Bitter,  aromatic  and  stimulant;  properties  residing  chiefly  in  the  bark. 
Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

Urees,  with  21— 41 -foliate  leaves Ailanthus.         3 

Unarmed  { shrubs,  with  3-foliate  leaves Ptelea.  2 

Prickly  shrubs Zanthoxylwn.  1 

1.  ZANTHOXYLUM; 

Gr.  $av$os,  yellow,  |vAov,  wood ;  from  the  color  of  the  wood. 

$  Calyx  inferior,  5-parted  ;  corolla  0  ;  stamens  3 — 6 ;  pistils  3 — 5  ; 
carpels  3—5,  1 -seeded;  9  like  the  £  but  wanting  the  stamens;  cT 
like  the  $  but  wanting  the  pistils. — Leaves  pinnately  3 — 5-foliate. 

Z.  AMERICANUM.  Miller.     (Z.  fraxineum.   Willd.}     Prickly  Ash. 

Prickly ;  Ifts.  ovate,  subentire,  sessile,  equal  at  the  base ;  umbels  axillary.— 
A  shrub  10  or  1 2f  high,  found  in  woods  in  most  parts  of  the  U.  S.  The  branches 
are  armed  with  strong,  conical,  brown  prickles  with  a  broad  base.  Leaflets 
about  5  pairs  with  an  odd  one,  smooth  abov  e,  downy  beneath ;  common  petioles 
with  or  without  prickles.  Flowers  in  sma.U  dense  umbels,  axillary,  greenish, 
appearing  before  the  leaves.  The  perfect  and  the  staminate  ones  grow  upon 
the  same  tree,  and  the  pistillate  upon  a  separate  tree.  The  bark  is  bitter,  aro- 
matic and  stimulant,  used  for  rheumatism  and  to  alleviate  the  tooth-ache. 
Apr.  May. 

2.  PTELEA. 

9  $  $  Sepals  3 — 6,  mostly  4?  much  shorter  than  the  spreading 
petals  ;  3  stamens  longer  than  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them, 
very  short  and  imperfect  in  9;  ovary  of  2  united  carpels;  styles 


202  XXXIII.   ANACARDIACE.E.  RHUS. 

united,  short  or  0  ;  stigmas  2 ;  fruit  2-celled,  2-seeded  samaras,  with 
a  broad,  orbicular  margin. — Shrubs  with  3 — 5-foliate  leaves.  Fls. 
cymose. 

P.  TRIFOLIATA.     Shrubby  Trefoil. 

Lvs.  3-foliate,  Ifts.  sessile,  ovate,  short-acuminate,  lateral  ones  inequila- 
teral, terminal  ones  cuneate  at  base ;  cymes  corymbose ;  sta.  mostly  4 ;  sty. 
short. — An  ornamental  shrub,  6 — 8f  high,  Western  States !  rare  in  Western 
N.  Y.  Leaflets  3 — 4j'  by  H — If,  the  peduncles  rather  longer.  Flowers  white, 
odorous,  nearly  J'  diam.  Samara  nearly  I'  diam. 

3.   AILANTHUS. 

9  $  c?  Sepals  5,  more  or  less  united  at  base  ;  petals  5  :  $  stamens 
2 — 3  ;  ovaries  3 — 5  ;  styles  lateral :  fruit  a  1 -celled,  1 -seeded  samara 
with  oblong  margins;  cT  stamens  10;  9  ovaries,  styles  and  samarse 
as  in  $. — Oriental.  Trees  and  shrubs  with  pinnate  leaves.  Fls.  in 
panicles. 

A.  GLANDULOSA.  Desf.  Tree  of  Heaven. — Lvs.  glabrous,  unequally  pinnate ; 
Ifts.  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  shortly  petiolulate,  with  one  or  two 
obtuse,  glandular  teeth  each  side  at  base,  terminal  one  long-petiolate. — A  tree 
of  large  dimensions,  and  with  extremely  rich  and  luxuriant  foliage,  native  of 
China  and  Japan.  Trunk  straight,  with  a  smooth,  brown  bark.  Leaves  3 — 5f 
in  length,  with  10 — 20  pairs  of  leaflets  and  an  odd  one.  Flowers  in  terminal 
panicles,  greenish,  perfecting  seed  in  our  climate. — The  tree  is  of  extremely 
rapid  growth,  and  is  becoming  common  in  our  streets  and  shrubberies,  f 


ORDER  XXXIII.     ANACARDIACEJE.— SUMACHS. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  a  resinous,  gummy,  caustic,  or  even  milky  juice. 

Lvs.  alternate,  simple  or  ternate  or  unequally  pinnate,  without  pellucid  dots. 

Fls.  terminal  or  axillary,  with  bracts,  commonly  dioecious. 

Cal. — Sepals  3 — 5,  united  at  base,  persistent. 

Cor.— Petals  same  number  as  sepals,  sometimes  0,  imbricate  in  aestivation. 

Sta.  as  many  as  petals,  alternate  with  them,  distinct,  on  the  base  of  the  calyx. 

Ova.  1-celled,  free.    Ovule  one.    Styles  3  or  0.    Stigmas  3. 

Fr.  a  berry  or  drupe,  usually  the  latter  and  1-seeded. 

Genera  41,  species  95,  chiefly  natives  of  tropical  regions,  represented  in  the  United  States  by  the  genus 
Rhus  only. 

Properties. — These  plants  abound  in  a  resinous  juice,  which  is  often  poisonous,  but  is  used  as  an  indeli- 
ble ink  in  marking  linen,  and  as  an  ingredient  in  varnish.  Even  the  exhalations  from  some  of  the  species 
are  deemed  poisonous.  The  Cashew  nut  is  the  product  of  a  small  tree  of  both  Indies.  When  fresh  the 
kernel  is  full  of  a  milky  juice,  and  has  a  most  delicious  taste,  but  the  coats  are  filled  witk  a  caustic  oil 
which  blisters  the  skin,  and  kills  warts. 

RHUS. 

Said  to  be  from  psat,  to  flow ;  because  used  in  haemorrhage. 

Calyx  of  3  sepals  united  at  base  ;  petals  and  stamens  5 ;  styles 
3,  stigmas  capitate  ;  fruit  a  small,  1-seeded,  subglobose,  dry  drupe. 
— Small  trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  mostly  compound.  Flowers 
often  by  abortion  9  cT  or  9  £  cf . 

*  Leaves  pinnate. 

1.  R.  GLABRA.     Smooth  Sumach. 

Lvs.  and  branches  glabrous;  Ifts.  6—15  pairs,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
acutely  serrate,  whitish  beneath ;  fr.  red,  with  crimson  hairs. — Thickets  and 
waste  grounds,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Shrub  6— 15f  high,  consisting  of  many  strag- 
gling branches,  smooth,  except  its  fruit.  Leaflets  about  3'  long,  j  as  wide, 
sessile  except  sometimes  the  terminal  odd  one.  Flowers  in  terminal,  thyrsoid, 
dense  panicles,  greenish-red,  9  (?•  Fertile  ovaries  clothed  with  grayish  down, 
which  in  the  fruit  becomes  crimson,  and  contains  malic  acid  (bi-malate  of 
lime,  Prof.  Rogers),  extremely  sour  to  the  taste.  Jn.  Jl. — The  bark  of  this 
and  other  species  may  be  used  in  tanning.  The  drupes  dye  -red.  Lands  long 
neglected  are  sometimes  overrun  by  this  shrub. 


RHUS.  XXXIIJ.   ANACARDIACEJE.  203 

2.  R.  TVPHlNA.     Stag-horn  Sumach. 

Branches  and  petioles  "densely  villous ;  Ifts.  6—15  pairs,  oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  pubescent  beneath;  fr.  red,  with  crimson  hairs. — 
A  larger  shrub  than  the  former,  attaining  the  height  of  20f,  in  rocky  or  low 
barren  places,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  with  straggling,  thick  branches.  Leaves 
at  length  2— 3f  long.  Leaflets  2 — 4'  long,  J  as  wide,  sessile,  except  the  termi- 
nal odd  one.  Flowers  in  terminal,  thyrsoid,  dense  panicles,  yellowish-green, 
often  9  $  or  Q  £  J* .  Drupes  compressed,  compact,  the  crimson  down  very 
acid.  Jn. — The  wood  is  aromatic,  of  a  sulphur-yellow,  and  used  in  dyeing. 

0.  laciniata. — Lfts.  very  irregularly  coherent  and  incised ;  'panicles  partly 
transformed  into  gashed  leaves.  Hanover,  N.  H.  Rickard. 

3.  R.  copALLlNA.     Mountain  Sumac. 

Branches  and  petioles  pubescent;  Ifts.  4 — 10  pairs,  oval-lanceolate,  mostly 
entire,  unequal  at  base,  common  petiole  winged;  fis.  in  dense  panicles;  drupes 
red,  hairy. — A  smaller  shrub,  not  half  the  height  of  the  last,  in  dry,  rocky  pla- 
ces, U.  S.  and  Can.  Common  petiole  about  6'  long,  expanding  into  a  leafy 
margin,  between  each  pair  of  leaflets.  Leaflets  1 — 3'  long,  near  £  as  wide, 
dark  green  and  shining  on  the  upper  surface.  Panicles  of  flowers  terminal, 
sessile,  thyrsoid,  9  cT>  greenish  Drupes  acid.  Jl.  . 
ft.  leaflets  coarsely  and  unequally  serrate.  N.  Y.  Barratt. 

4.  R.  VENENATA.     DC.     (R.  vernix.    Linn.')    Poison  Sumac.     Dog-wood. 
Very  glabrous ;  Ifts.  3 — 6  pairs,  oval,  abruptly  acuminate,  very  entire ; 

panicles  loose,  pedunculate ;  drupes  greenish-yellow,  smooth. — A  shrub  or  small 
tree  of  fine  appearance,  10 — 15f  high,  in  swamps,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Trunk  seve- 
ral inches  diam.,  with  spreading  branches  above.  Petioles  wingless,  red,  6 — 10' 
long.  Leaflets  about  3'  long,  nearly  £  as  wide,  sessile,  except  the  odd  one. 
Panicles  axillary,  9  <?,  those  of  the  barren  tree  more  diffuse.  Flowers  very 
small,  green.  Drupes  as  large  as  peas.  Jn.  The  whole  plant  is  very  poison- 
ous to  the  taste  or  touch,  and  even  taints  the  air  to  some  distance  around  with 
its  pernicious  effluvium. 

*  *  Leaves  ternate. 

5.  R.  TOXICODENDRON.     Poison  Oalc.     Poison  Ivy. 

Erect  or  decumbent ;  Ivs.  pubescent ;  Ifts.  broadly  oval,  acuminate,  entire 
or  sinuate-dentate ;  fls.  in  racemose,  axillary,  subsessile  panicles ;  drupes  smooth, 
roundish. — Can.  and  U.  S.  A  small  shrub,  1 — 3f  high,  nearly  smooth  in  all 
its  parts.  Leaflets  2 — 6'  long,  f  as  wide,  petiolate,  the  common  petiole  4—5' 
long.  Flowers  small,  9  c?-  Drupes  pale  brown.  Poisonous,  but  less  so  than 
the  last. 

0.  radicans.  Torr.  (R.  radicans.  Linn,  and  of  1st  edit.)  Poison  Ivy.  St. 
climbing  3 — 20  or  50f !  by  myriads  of  radicating  tendrils. — It  seems  now  gen- 
erally conceded  that  this  is  but  a  variety.  Certainly,  if  so,  it  is  a  very  remark- 
able one.  In  damp,  shady  places.  Poisonous. 

6.  R.  AROMATICA.     Ait.     Sweet  Sumac. 

Lfts.  sessile,  incisely  crenate,  pubescent  beneath,  lateral  ones  ovate,  ter- 
minal one  rhomboid;  fls.  in  close  aments,  preceding  the  leaves;  drupe  globose, 
villous. — A  small,  aromatic  shrub,  2 — 6f  high,  in  hedges  and  thickets,  Can.  and 
U.  S.  Leaflets  1  2'  long,  }  as  wide,  sessile,  the  common  petiole  an  inch  or 
two  in  length.  Flowers  yellowish,  with  a  5-lobed,  glandular  disk.  Drupes 
red,  acid.  May. 

*  *  *  Leaves  simple. 

7.  R.  CorlNus.    Venetian  Sumac. — Lvs.  obovate,  entire ;  fls.  mostly  abor- 
tive ;  pedicels  finally  elongated  and  clothed  with  long  hairs. — A  small  shrub,  6f 
high,  native  in  Ark.  according  to  Nuttall,  remarkable  chiefly  for  the  very  sin- 
gular  and   ornamental  appearance  of  its  long,   diffuse,  feathery  fruil-stalks, 
showing  in  the  distance  as  if  the  plant  were  enveloped  in  a  cloud  of  smoke. 
Flowers  small,  in  terminal,  compound  panicles.    Leaves  smooth,  entire,  much 
rounded  at  the  end.    In  Italy  the  plant  is  used  for  tanning.  + 

18 


204  XXXV.   AURANTIACEJE.  CITRUS. 

ORDER  XXXIV.     RUTACEJE.— KUEWORTS. 

Serbs,  or  generally  shrubs  and  trees,  with  punctate  Ivs.  and  no  stipules. 

Fls.  perfect.    Sep.  4—5.    Pet.  4—5,  rarely  o. 

Sta.  as  many,  or  twice  or  thrice  as  many  as  petals,  inserted  on  the  outside  of  a  cup-like  disk. 

Ova.  3 — 5-lobed,  3 — 5-celled ;  styles'united  or  distinct  only  at  base. 

Fr.  usually  separating  into  its  component,  few-seeded  carpels. 

Genera  47,  species  400,  usually  inhabiting  the  warmer  parts  of  the  temperate  zone  on  the  Eastern  con- 
tinent, and  the  equatorial  parts  of  S.  America.  They  are  characterized  by  a  powerful  odor  and  intense 
bitterness,  often  febrifugal  and  anthelmintic.  Dictamnus  abounds  in  a  volatile  oil,  diffusing  an  inflam- 
mable gas. 

Genera. 


Sepals  i 

1.  RUT  A. 

Calyx  of  4 — 5  sepals  united  at  base  ;  petals  4 — 5,  concave,  obo- 
vate,  distinct;  torus  surrounded  by  10  nectariferous  pores;  stamens 
10;  capsule  lobed. — 1\-  Herbaceous  or  shrubby,  mostly  European. 

R.  GRAVEOLENS.  Common  Rue. — Suffmticose,  nearly  glabrous ;  Ivs.  2  and  3- 
pinnately  divided,  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  terminal  ones  obovate-cuneate,  all 
entire  or  irregularly  cleft ;  fls.  terminal,  corymbose  ;  pet.  entire. — Native  of  S. 
Europe.  Stem  branched,  3 — 4f  high.  Leaflets  6 — 10"  by  2 — 4",  conspicuously 
dotted.  Corolla  yellow,  6"  diam.  Jn. — Sept.  £ 

2.  DICTAMNUS. 

Calyx  of  5  deciduous  sepals ;  petals  5,  unguiculate,  unequal ;  fila- 
ments declinate,  with  glandular  dots  ;  capsules  5,  slightly  united. — 1\. 
Herbs,  native  of  Germany. 

D.  ALBUS.  Willd.  (and  D.  Fraxinella.  Link.}  Fraxinella. — St.  simple; 
Ivs.  pinnate,  the  rachis  more  or  less  winged ;  fls.  in  a  large,  terminal,  erect  pan- 
icle.— In  gardens.  Stems  1 — 2f  high.  Flowers  showy,  white,  varying  to  rose- 
color  and  purple.  The  whole  plant  emits  a  lemon-scented,  aromatic,  volatile 
oil,  which  is  so  abundant  in  hot  weather  as  to  render  the  air  around  it  inflam- 
mable, f 

/?.  rubra.    Flowers  purple ;  rachis  of  the  leaves  winged,  f 

ORDER  XXXV.     AURANTIACE^S.— ORANGES. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  glabrous,  abounding  in  little  transparent  receptacles  of  volatile  oil. 

Lvs.  alternate,  articulated  with  the  petiole  which  is  frequently  winged. 

Cat.— Sepals  3—5,  united  into  a  short,  urceolate  or  campanulate  cup. 

Cor.— Petals  3—5. 

Sta.  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  some  multiple  of  their  number,  in  a  single  row,  hypogynous. 

Ova.  compounded  of  several  united  carpels.    Style  1. 

Fr.— A  berry  (orange),  many-celled,  pulpy,  covered  with  a  thick  rind. 

Sds.  attached  to  the  inner  angle  of  each  carpel.    Albumen  0. 

Genera  20,  species  95,  nearly  all  natives  of  tropical  Asia,  and  are  naturalized  throughout  all  tropical 
regions,  and  cultivated  in  all  civilized  countries  for  their  beauty  and  fragrance,  both  of  flowers  and  fruit. 

Properties.— These  fruits  contain  free  citric  and  malic  acid,  and  their  pulp  is  grateful  to  the  taste. 
The  rind  contains  an  aromatic,  volatile  oil,  which  is  tonic  and  stomachic.  The  rind  of  the  lime  yields 
the  oil  of  Bergamot,  and  the  flower  of  the  orange  the  oil  of  Neroli. 

CITRUS. 

Gr.  KiTpia,  the  citron ;  the  fruit  of  one  of  the  species. 

Sepals  and  petals  in  5s ;  anthers  20,  or  some  other  and  higher 
multiple  of  5,  versatile,  the  connectile  articulated  to  the  filament ; 
filaments  dilated  at  base,  polyadelphous  ;  berry  9 — 18-celled. — A  no- 
ble genus  of  trees  and  shrubs,  all  tropical,  combining  in  its  species,  beauty 
of  form,  with  shining,  ever-green  foliage,  odoriferous  flowers,  and  fragrant 
and  delicious  fruit. 

1.  C.  LIMONDM.  Lemon  Tree. — Petioles  somewhat  winged,  articulated  with 
the  lamina  (which  is  thus  shown  to  be  the  terminal  or  odd  leaflet  of  a  reduced 


CAMELLIA.  XXXVI.    TERNSTRCEMIACE^E.  205 

compound  leaf) ;  Ift.  oblong,  acute,  dentate ;  sta.  35 ;  fr.  oblong-spheroid,  with 
a  thin  rind  and  very  acid  pulp. — A  tree  about  15f  in  Height,  which,  when  laden 
with  its  golden  fruit,  suspended  among^  its  dark  green  leaves,  makes  a  most 
beautiful  appearance.  It  is  a  native  of  tropical  regions,  and  is  easily  cultivat- 
ed in  our  climate  if  protected  during  winter,  f 

2.  C.  LIMETA.     Lime  Tree. — Petioles  not  winged ;  leaf  (leaflet)  ovate-orbicu- 
lar, serrate ;  sta.  30 ;  fr.  globose,  with  a  sweet  pulp,  and  a  protuberance  at  top. 
This  like  most  other  species,  is  native  of  Asia.     Height  about  8f,  with  a  crook- 
ed trunk,  diffuse  branches  with  prickles.    Berry  1%'  diam.,  of  a  greenish-yellow, 
shining  surface,  f 

3.  C.  AURANTIUM.     Sweet  Orange  Tree. — Petiole  winged;  leaf  (leaflet)  oblong, 
acute,  crenulate ;  sta.  20 ;  fr.  globose,  with  a  thin  rind  and  sweet  pulp. — A  mid- 
dle-sized evergreen  tree,  with  a  greenish-brown  bark.     When  filled  with  its 
large,  round,  golden  fruit  (sometimes  to  the  number  of  20,000,  Lindley),  it  is 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  objects  in  nature.    It  is  easily  cultivated  in-  the  green 
house,  f 

4.  C.  MEDICA.    Citron  Tree. — Petioles  not  winged ;  leaf  (leaflet)  oblong,  acute ; 
sta.  40  ;  fr.  oblong-spheroid,  rugose,  with  an  acid  puip. — Commonly  about  8f 
high.     Fruit  &  in  length,  very  iragrant.  f 

5.  C.  DECUMANA,      Shaddock    Tree. — Petioles  winged;    leaf  (leaflet}   obtuse, 
emarginate ;  fr.  very  large,  with  a  thick  rind. — A  tree  15f  in  height.    Wings 
of  the  petioles  as  broad  as  the  leaves.     Fruit  grows  to  the  diameter  of  7 — 8', 
weighs  14  pounds,  and  is  of  a  yellowish-green  color,  f 

Qbs—  In  a  splendid  work  entitled  "The  Natural  History  of  Oranges,"  written  in  French  by  Risso  of 
Nice  in  1818,  there  are  described  169  varieties,  and  105  of  them  figured.  They  are  arranged  as  Sweet  Oran- 
ges, of  which  there  are  described  42  varieties ;  Bitter  and  Sour  Oranges,  32 ;  Bergamots,  5 ;  Limes  8 ;  Shad- 
docks, 6 ;  Lumes,  12 ;  Lemons,  46 ;  Citrons,  17.  The  most  successful  methods  of  cultivation  are  by 
cuttings. 

ORDER  XXXVI.     TERNSTROSMIACE^.— TEAWORTS. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate,  coriaceous,  exstipulate  leaves. 

Fls.  axillary  or  terminal,  white,  rarely  red  or  pink. 

Cal. — Sepals  5  or  7,  concave,  coriaceous,  deciduous,  the  inner  often  the  largest. 

Cor.— Petals  5,  6  or  9,  not  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals. 

Sia.  00,  hypogynpus.    Filaments  distinct,  or  united  into  one  or  more  sets. 

Ova.  superior,  with  several  cells.    Styles  3 — 7,  more  or  less  combined. 

Fr.  2— 7-celled,  capsular.    Sds.  large,  few,  attached  to  the  axis. 

Genera  33,  species  130.  Beautiful  flowering  plants,  60  or  70  of  them  natives  of  S.  America,  4  of  N. 
America,  the  remainder  of  China  and  E.  Indies.  Their  properties  are  in  general  little  known.  The  tea, 
so  extensively  used  as  a  beverage  in  the  civilized  world  is  the  leaf  of  2  or  3  species  of  Thea.  It  con- 
tains a  peculiar  extractive  matter  and  a  stimulating,  essential  oil,  which  becomes  narcotic  in  some  hot 
climates. 

Genera. 

<  5,  equal.    Trees. Gordonia.  1 

Sepals  { 5— 7,  unequal,  the  inner  ones  largest.    (Shrubs.) Cmnellia.'Z 

1.  GORDONIA. 

In  honor  of  James  Gordon,  a  distinguished  nurseryman  of  London. 

Sepals  5,  roundish,  strongly  imbricated ;  petals  5 ;  styles  united 
into  one ;  capsule  woody,  5-celled ;  cells  2-seeded  ;  seeds  winged. — 
Trees  with  large^  white  flowers. 

G.  PUBESCENS.  L'Her.  (Franklinia  Americana.  Marsh.)  Pranklinia. — Lvs. 
serrate,  deciduous,  oblong-cuneiform,  shining  above,  canescent  beneath ;  sep.  and 
pet.  silky  outside. — A  tree  30 — 50f  high  in  Ga.  and  Flor.,  or  an  ornamental 
shrub  in  cultivation  at  the  north,  admired  for  its  large,  white  flowers,  with  yel- 
low stamens  and  rich  fragrance.  May — Aug. 

2.  CAMELLIA. 

In  honor  of  G.  J.  Kamel,  a  Jesuit,  author  of  some  botanical  works. 

Sepals  imbricated,  the  inner  ones  larger :  petals  sometimes  adher- 
ing at  base,  filaments  00,  shorter  than  the  corolla,  united  at  base ; 
styles  united  ;  stigmas  3 — 5,  acute. — Ornamental  shrubs,  native  of 
China  and  Japan. 


206 


XXXVII.   MALVACEAE. 


MALVA. 


C.  JAPONICA.  Tea  Plant.  Japan  Rose. — Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  acutely  ser- 
rate, glabrous  and  shining  on  both  sides,  coriaceous  and  firm,  on  short  petioles; 
fls.  terminal  and  mostly  solitary ;  pet.  obovate,  of  a  firm  texture ;  sta.  about  50, 
mostly  changed  to  petals  in  cultivation ;  stig.  unequally  5-cleft.  A  lofty  tree  in 
Japan,  its  native  country,  a  splendid  flowering  shrub  with  us,  of  difficult  culti- 
vation, requiring  protection  in  our  climale.  Flowers  varying  from  white  to 
red,  resembling  the  rose  but  wanting  its  fragrance.  Over  300  varieties  are 
enumerated. 


ORDER  XXXVII.     MALY  ACE  ^.—MALLOWS. 

Herbs,  shrtibs  or  trees,  with  alternate,  stipulate,  divided  leaves.    Hairs  stellate  or  none. 

Fls.  axillary,  showy,  regular,  often  with  an  involucel  at  the  base. 

Cal. — Sepals  generally  5,  more  or  less  united  at  base,  valvate  in  aestivation. 

Cor. — Petals  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals,  hypogynous. 

Sta.  indefinite,  monadelphous.    Anthers  1-celled,  bursting  transversely. 

Ova.  of  several  carpels  arranged  in  one  or  more  rows  around  a  common  axis. 

Sty.  as  many  as  the  carpels,  either  united  or  distinct. 

Fr.  capsular  or  baccate  ;  carpels  one  or  more-seeded,  united  or  distinct. 

Sds.  sometimes  (as  in  Gossypium)  hairy.    Embryo  curved. 

Genera  37,  species  1000.  A  somewhat  important  class  of  plants,  forming  about  one-fiftieth  of  all  the 
flowering  plants  of  tropical  valleys.— But  few  are  natives  of  the  temperate,  and  none  of  the  frigid  zone. 
In  the  Northern  States  they  are  all  herbs.  The  most  important  product  of  the  order  is  cotton. 

Properties.— Generally  abounding  in  mucilage,  and  destitute  of  any  deleterious  qualities. 


FIG  41.— 1.  Hibiscus  Trionum.  2.  Cross  section  of  the  flower,  showing  the  arrangement  of  its  parts. 
3.  Cross  section  of  the  5-celled  capsule.  4.  Capsule  open  by  its  5  valves.  5.  Malva  sylyestris.  6.  It* 
fruit  consisting  of  10  carpels  arranged  in  a  circle.  7.  Section  of  one  of  the  carpels  showing  the  curved 
embryo. 


Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 


(of  3  oblong  bracteoles  which 
of  3  cordate  bracteoles. 


.  ire  nearly  distinct Malva.  \ 

are  united Lavatera.  3 

Capsule  3— 5-celled Gossypium.  2 

Carpels  00,  distinct Malope.  6 

<  $  united ,  Althaea.  4 

of  6— 15  bracteoles  which  are  {nearly  distinct Hibiscus.  6 

( Cells  3-6-seeded Abutilon.  7 

Involucel  V.  wanting.    Carpels  united.     (.  Cells  1-seeded Sida.  8 

1.   MALVA. 

Gr.  [ia\a^rj,  soft;  on  account  of  the  soft  mucilaginous  properties. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  the  involucel  mostly  3-leaved;  carpels  00.  1-celled, 
1-seeded,  indehiscent,  arranged  circularly. 

1.  M.    ROTUNDIFOLIA.      Low  Mallow. 

St.  prostrate ;  Ivs.  roundish,  cordate,  obtusely  5-lobed ;  ped.  in  fruit  re- 
flexed;  cor.  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. — 7J.  Common  in  cultivated  grounds. 
Root  fusiform.  Stems  numerous,  a  foot  or  more  long.  Leaves  of  a  fine,  deli- 
cate texture,  somewhat  reniform,  crenate,  with  5 — 7  shallow  lobes,  and  on  long, 
hairy  stalks.  Peduncles  axillary,  aggregate.  Petals  pale  pink,  deeply  notched. 
Fruit  depressed-globose,  composed  of  the  numerous  carpels  arranged  circularly. 
The  child  sportively  calls  them  cheeses,  a  name  which  their  form  very  naturally 
suggests.  Jn. — Oct.  § 

2.  M.  SYLVESTRIS.     High  Mallow.     (Fig.  41,  5.) 

St.  erect;  Ivs.  5 — 7-lobed,  lobes  rather  acute;  ped.  and  petioles  hairy. — 


ALTHJEA.  XXXVII.   MALVACEAE.  207 

1\.  Native  of  England.  A  popular  garden  flower  of  the  easiest  culture,  often 
springing  up  spontaneously  in  fields  and  roadsides,  Mid.  and  W.  States ! 
Height  3f.  Flowers  reddish  purple,  with  veins  of  a  darker  hue.  The  whole 
plant,  especially  the  root,  abounds  in  mucilage.  Jn. — Oct.  §  j- 

3.  M.  HOTJGHTONII.  Torr.  &  Gray.     Houghton's  Malva. 

St.  erect,  hirsute ;  Ivs.  strigose,  ovate,  truncate  at  the  base,  lower  ones 
cordate,  all  undivided,  coarsely  crenate ;  panicle  terminal,  diffuse,  many-flow- 
ered; pet.  purple;  carpels  10 — 15. — Prairies  and  bottoms,  111.  Mead!  &c.  A 
handsome  but  rather  rough  species,  2 — 3f  high.  Root  fusiform.  Leaves  2 — 3' 
by  1 — 2',  on  long,  hairy  petioles,  thick.  Flowers  nearly  as  large  (!£'  diam.) 
as  those  of  M.  sylvestris.  Jl.  Aug. 

4.  M.  MAURITIANA.     Ivy-leaved,  Mallow. — St.  erect ;  Ivs.  5-lobed,  obtuse ;  peti- 
oles and  pedicels  smoothish,  or  downy  on  the  upper  side. — (I)  From  S.  Europe. 
A  tall  species,  4 — 6f  high.   Stem  smooth.    Flowers  purple,  with  deeper  colored 
veins,  f 

5.  M.  MOSCHATA.     Musk  Mallow. — St.  erect;  radical  Ivs.  reniform,  incised, 
cauline  ones  many-parted,  the  segments  linear ;  ped.  and  col.  hairy. — Native  of 
Britain.     Stems  2f  high,  branched.     Flowers  large  and  handsome,  rose-colored. 
The  whole  herb  gives  out  a  musk-like  odor  in  favorable  weather.    Jl. 

6.  M.  CRISPA.    Curled  or  Crisped-leaved  Mallow. — St.  erect ;  Ivs.  angular-lobed, 
dentate,  crisped,  smooth ;  fls.  axillary,  sessile. — ®  A  tall,  straight,  simple,  erect 
plant  from  Syria.    Gardens,  almost  naturalized.     Stem  5 — 6f  high.    Leaves 
large,  roundish,  margins  abundantly  crisped  and  curled.    Flowers  white,  not 
conspicuous.    Jn. — Aug.  f 

2.   GOSSYPIUM. 

A  word  said  to  be  from  the  Arabic,  goz,  a  silky  substance. 

Calyx  obtusely  5-toothed,  surrounded  by  an  involucel  of  3  cordate 
leaves,  deeply  and  incisely  toothed  ;  capsule  3 — 5-celled ;  seeds  in- 
volved in  cotton. — Fls.  yellow. 

1.  G.  HERBACEUM.     Comvwn  Cotton  Plant. — Lvs.  5-lobed,  with  a  single  gland 
below,  lobes  mucronate ;  cotton  white. — (I)  This  is  the  species  commonly  culti- 
vated in  the  Southern  States.     It  is  an  herbaceous  plant,  about  5f  high.     The 
flowers  like  those  of  all  the  other  species  are  yellow.     Leaves  cut  half  way 
down  into  3  large  and  2  small,  lateral,  rounded,  pointed  lobes.     Gland  on  the 
midvein  at  its  back,  half  an  inch  from  the  base.    Jl.  f 

2.  G.  BARBADENSE.     Sea  Island  Cotton  Plant. — Lvs.  5-lobed  with  3  glands 
beneath,  upper  ones  3-lobed;  seeds  black;  cotton  white. — (g) -Native  and  culti- 
vated in  the  W.  Indies.    A  larger  plant  than  the  foregoing.     Sown  in  Sept. 
and  Oct.    An  acre  yields  an  average  product  of  270  pounds  of  this  cotton. — 
These  plants  are  ornamental  in  cultivation,  f 

3.  LAVATERA. 

Named  in  honor  of  the  two  Lavaters,  physicians  of  Zurich. 

Calyx  surrounded  at  base  with  a  3-cleft  involucel;  carpels  00,  1- 
celled,  1 -seeded,  indehiscent,  arranged  circularly. 

1.  L.  ARBOREA.     Tree  Mallow. — Lvs.  7-angled,  downy,  plicate;  pedicels  axil- 
lary, 1-flowered,  clustered,  much  shorter  than  the  petiole. — (g)  A  splendid  plant 
for  borders  or  shrubberies,  from  Europe.     Height  about  6f.    Flowers  purple. 
Sept.  Oct.  f 

2.  L.  THTJRINGIACA.     Gay  Mallow. — Lvs.  somewhat  downy ;  lower  ones  angu- 
lar, upper  ones  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  largest. — 7J.  From  Germany.     Height 
4f.    Flowers  light  blue.    Sept. 

4.   ALTHAEA. 

Ch".  aX-Scj,  to  cure  ;  the  mucilaginous  root  is -highly  esteemed  in  medicine. 

Calyx  surrounded  at  base  by  a  6 — 9-cleft  involucel ;  carpels  00,  1- 
seeded.  indehiscent.  arranged  circularly  around  the  axis. 

18* 


208  XXXVII.   MALVACEAE.  HIBISCUS. 

1.  A.  OFFICINALIS.     Marsh  Mallow. 

Lvs.  soft-downy  on  both  sides,  cordate-ovate,  dentate,  somewhat  3-lobed, 
all  entire ;  ped.  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  axillary,  many-flowered. — 7J.  A 
European  plant,  naturalized  on  the  borders  of  our  salt  marshes.  Stem  3f  high, 
erect,  firm,  covered  with  thick,  woolly  down,  with  alternate,  velvet-like  leaves. 
Flowers  large,  axillary  and  terminal,  pale  purple.  The  root,  as  well  as  the 
other  parts  of  the  plant,  abounds  in  mucilage,  and  in  medicine  is  often  used  as 
an  emollient  to  promote  suppuration.  Sept.  j. 

2.  A.  ROSEA.  Cav.     (Alcea  rosea.    Linn.}     Hollyhock. — St.  erect,  hairy ;  Ivs. 
cordate,  5 — 7-angled,  rugose ;  fls.  axillary,  sessile. — ®  Native  of  China  1   A  tall 
plant,  very  commonly  cultivated  in  gardens.     Numerous  varieties  have  been 
noticed,  with  single,  double,   and  semi-double  flowers,  of  various  shades  of 
coloring,  as  white,  rose-colored,  flesh-colored,  dark  red,  and  even  a  purplish 
black,  purple,  yellow,  straw-color,  &c.  f 

3.  A.  FICIFOLIA.  Cav.     (Alcea  ficifolia.   Linn.)     Fig-leaved  Hollyhock. — St. 
erect,  hairy ;  Ivs.  palmate,  7-lobed  beyond  the  middle,  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  an- 
gularly toothed. — Native  of  Levant.     Stem  tall  as  the  above.    Flowers  orange- 
colored,  f 

5.  HIBISCUS. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  surrounded  by  a  many-leaved  involucel  j  stigmas  5  ; 
capsule  5-celled  ;  cells  several-seeded. 

1.  H.  MOSCHEDTOS.     T.  &  G.     (H.  Moscheutos  and  palustris.    Linn.) 
Marsh  Hibiscus. 

Herbaceous,  simple,  erect;  Ivs.  ovate,  obtusely  dentate,  hoary-tomen- 
•tose  beneath;  ped.  long,  axillary,  or  connected  with  the  petiole. — Q\.  A  tall, 
showy  plant,  in  brackish  marshes  by  the  sea  or  near  salt  springs,  and  on  wet 
prairies,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  round,  downy,  4 — 6f  high.  Leaves  4 — 6'  by 
3 — 4/j  often  with  two  lateral  lobes.  Flowers  larger  than  those  of  the  holly- 
hock, rose-colored,  purple  in  the  centre.  Peduncles-  usually  distinct  from  the 
petiole,  often  some  of  them  united  with  it,  and  jointed  above  the  middle. 
Styles  1'  longer  than  the  stamens.  Aug. 

13.  (H.  incanus,  Wcndl  1)     Fls.  larger  ;  pet.  (4 — 5'  long)  of  a  light  sulphur- 
yellow  with  a  purple  base.     Marshes,  Indiana  ! 

2.  H.  ViRGiNicus.     Virginian  Hibiscus. 

Lvs.  acuminate,  cordate-ovate,  serrate-dentate,  upper  and  lower  ones  un- 
divided, middle  ones  3-lobed ;  ped,  axillary,  and  in  terminal  racemes ;  fls.  nod- 
ding ;  pistils  declinate. — 7J.  Marshes  near  the  sea,  L.  I.  to  Ga.  The  whole  plant 
scabrous-tomentose,  about  3f  high.  Leaves  2 — 2§'  by  !£',  some  of  them  some- 
what 3-lobed.  Flowers  2 — 3'  diam.,  red  or  rose-color.  Capsule  hispid,  acute- 
angled.  Aug. 

3.  H.  MILITARIS.     Cav.     Halbert-kaved  Hibiscus. 

Glabrous ;  Ivs.  hastately  3-lobed,  lobes  acuminate,  serrate ;  cor.  tubular- 
campanulate ;  caps,  smooth,  ovoid-acuminate. — Middle  and  Western  States. 
Stem  3 — 4f  high.  Leaves  cordate  at  base,  4  or  5'  long,  rendered  somewhat 
hastate  by  a  small  lobe  each  side  at  base.  Petals  flesh-color,  with  a  purplish 
base,  2 — 3'  long.  Peduncles  with  the  joint  above  the  middle.  Jl.  Aug. 

4.  H.  MANIHOT.     Hand-leaved  Hibiscus. 

Not  prickly ;  Ivs.  palmately  divided  into  5 — 7  linear,  acuminate,  coarse- 
ly dentate  lobes ;  ped.  and  involucel  hispid ;  bracts  of  the  involucel  5 — 7,  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  acutish,  persistent,  entire ;  cal.  split  on  one  side ;  capsule  densely 
hirsute,  acuminate. — 1\.  Western  States.  A  beautiful  herb,  4 — 5f  high.  Leaves 
cordate,  lobes  6 — 10'  long,  J — !£'  wide,  separated  to  near  the  base,  about  as  long 
as  the  petioles.  Teeth  largest  near  the  summit.  The  flowers  are  of  an  ex-- 
ceedingly  rich  sulphur-yellow ;  purple  in  the  centre.  Petals  3 — 4'  long.  Jl.  Aug. 
5.  H.  COCCINEUS.  Walt.  (H.  speciosus.  Ait.  and  1st.  edit.)  Scarlet  Hibis- 
cus.— Very  smooth;  Ivs.  palmate,  5-parted;  lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate, remote- 
ly serrate  above ;  cor.  expanding ;  cap.  smooth,  ovoid. — Tj.  A  splendid  flower, 
native  of  damp  soils,  in  Georgia,  &c.,  and  is  raised  from  seeds  in  our  gardens. 


SIDA.  XXXVII.   MALVACEAE.  209 

Root  perennial.  Stem  herbaceous,  5 — 9f  high.  Segments  of  the  leaves  6' 
long,  very  acuminate.  Flowers  of  a  bright  carmine  red.  Petals  slender  at  the 
base,  4 — 5'  long.  Column  still  longer,  slender  and  terete.  Jl. — Oct.  -j- 

6.  H.  GRANDTFLORUS.      Michx.      Great-flowering  Hibiscus. — Lvs.  cordate,  3- 
lobed,  coriaceous,  tomentose,  hoary  beneath  ;  cor.  expanding ;  caps,  tomentose, 
truncated.— %  Southern  States.     Stems  5 — 7f  high.     Leaves  and  flowers  very 
large,  the  latter,  when  expanded,  nearly  a  foot  in  diameter.    Petals  flesh-color- 
ed, red  at  the  base.     Jl.— Oct.  f 

7.  H.  SYRIACUS.     Syrian  Hibiscus. — Lvs.  cuneiform,  ovate,  3-lobed,  dentate ; 
pedicels  scarcely  longer  than  the  petiole ;  involucel  about  8-leaved. — A  beauti- 
ful, hardy,  free-flowering   shrub,  from  Syria,  5 — lOf  high.     Flowers  purple. 
There  are  varieties  with  white,  red  and  striped  flowers,  both  single  and  double,  f 

8.  H.  TRIONUM.     Mower  of  an  Hour. — Lvs.  dentate,  lower  undivided,  upper 
3-parted,  lobes  lanceolate,  middle  one  very  long ;  col.  inflated,  membranaceous, 
veined. — ®  From  Italy.     An  exceedingly  beautiful  flower,  branching,  1 — 2f 
high.     Flowers  large,  numerous,  but  soon  withering.     Petals  of  a  rich  chlorine 
yellow,  the  base  of  a  deep  brown,  f    (Fig.  41,  1.) 

9.  H.  ESCULENTUS.     Edible  Hibiscus  or  Okro. — Lvs.  cordate,  5-lobed,  obtuse, 
dentate ;  petiole  longer  than  the  flower ;  involucel  about  5-leaved,  caducous. — Na- 
tive of  W.  Indies.    Plant  herbaceous,  2 — 3f  high,  nearly  glabrous.    Petiole 
with  a  hairy  line  on  the  upper  side,  nearly  If  in  length.     Lamina  8 — 10'  broad. 
The  flowers  1 — 2'  long,  on  a  short  peduncle.    Petals  greenish-yellow.    The 
large,  mucilaginous  pods  are  used  for  pickles,  or  served  up  with  butter. 

6.  MALOPE. 

Calyx  surrounded  by  a  3-leaved  involucel ;  carpels  irregularly  ag- 
gregated, 1 -seeded. 

M.    MALAC01DES. 

"  Lvs.  ovate,  crenate;  slip,  oblong-linear;  ped.  axillary,  1 -flowered. — © 
Penn.  Muhl.  Stem  1 — lif  high,  sparingly  branched,  clothed  with  white  hairs 
above.  Leaves  hairy  on  the  veins  beneath,  nearly  glabrous  above.  Petioles 
1'  long.  Bracteoles  setaceous.  Carpels  hispid,  in  a  depressed,  globular  head. 
Petals  yellow."  Torrey  <$•  Gray  suppose  it  may  prove  a  species  of  Malva. 

7.  ABUTlLON.     Dill. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  without  an  involucel,  often  angular  ;  ovaries  5,  many- 
seeded  ;  styles  many-cleft ;  capsule  of  5  or  more  carpels,  arranged 
circularly,  each  I -celled,  1 — 3-seeded. 

A.  AVICENN^E.     (Sida  Abutilon.     Linn.")     Indian  Mallow. 

Lvs.  roundish-cordate,  acuminate,  dentate,  velvety-tomentose ;  ped.  shorter 
than  the  petiole,  solitary;  carpels  about  15,  3-seeded,  inflated,  truncate, 2-beaked. 
— (T)  Native  in  both  Indies  and  naturalized  in  most  of  the  states,  inhabiting 
waste  places,  &c.  Stem  branched,  3 — 4f  high.  Leaves  4 — 6'  diam.,  deeply 
cordate  at  base,  abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  very  soft  and  velvety  at  surface. 
Flowers  yellow,  near  1'  broad.  Jl.  § 

8.  SIDA. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  without  an  involucel,  ovary  5 — many-celled ;  cap- 
sule of  5  or  more  1 -seeded  carpels ;  radicle  superior. 

1.  S.    SPINOSA. 

St.  rigid,  branched,  minutely  pubescent;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate, 
with  a  spinose  tubercle  at  the  base  of  the  petiole ;  slip,  setaceous ;  fls.  axillary ; 
carpels  birostrate. — ©  Sandy  fields  and  roadsides,  Middle,  Southern  and  West- 
ern States  !  Plant  bushy,  8 — 16'  high.  Leaves  9 — 15"  long,  |  as  wide,  most- 
ly obtuse  at  each  end.  Petals  yellow,  obovate,  of  short  duration.  Jl.  Aug. 

2.  S.  NAPJEA.     Cav.     (Napgea  laevis.     Linn.) 

SL  slender,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  palmately  5-lobed,  nearly  glabrous,  lobes  ob- 
long-linear, acuminate,  coarsely  toothed;  ped.  many-flowered;  carpels  10,  acu- 


210  XXXVIII.   TILIACE^E.  TILIA. 

minate. — %  Shady  places,  Penn.  to  Ohio  !  Stems  angular,  3— 5f  high.  Leaves 
on  short  petioles,  cordate,  lobes  2 — 4'  long,  J — f '  wide,  floral  leaves  much  smal- 
ler. Peduncles  axillary  and  terminal,  long  and  slender,  somewhat  leafy,  the 
divisions  1 — 4-flowered.  Flowers  4 — 5"  diam.  Petals  white,  twice  as  long  as 
the  calyx.  Aug. 

3.  S.  DIOICA.     Cav.    (Napaea  dioica  and  scabra.    Linn.) 
Lvs.  palmately  7 — 9-lobed,  scabrous,  lobes  lanceolate,  incisely  dentate ; 
ped.  many-flowered,  bracteate,  somewhat    corymbose  ;  fls.  9  cf  5  carpels  8 — 10, 
pointless,  in  a  roundish,  depressed  head. — Tj.  Va.;  Penn.  Muhlenberg.    Flowers 
small,  white,  in  a  crowded  head.     Aug. 


ORDER  XXXVIII.     TILIACE^E. — LINDENBLOOMS. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  (very  rarely  herbs,)  with  simple,  stipulate,  alternate,  dentate  leaves. 

Fls.  axillary,  usually  perfect. 

Cal. — Sepals  4 — 5,  deciduous,  valvate  in  aestivation. 

Cor. — Petals  4 — 5,  hyixjgynous,  glands  4 — 5,  at  their  base. 

Sta.  00,  distinct,  hypogynous.    Anthers  versatile. 

Ova.—  Carpels  2—10,  united.    Style  1,  compound.    Stigmas  as  many  as  carpels. 

Fr.  capsular,  2—5  celled,  with  numerous  seeds.     Cotyledons  leafy. 

Genera  35,  species  350,  native  in  all  regions,  but  especially  within  the  tropics.  These  plants  abound  in 
a  wholesome,  mucilaginous  juice.  The  inner  bark  is  remarkable  for  toughness,  and  is  useful  for  various 
purposes,  as  fishing-lines,  nets,  rice-bags,  &c. 

TILIA. 

Calyx  of  5  united  sepals,  colored  ;  corolla  of  5  oblong,  obtuse  petals, 
crenate  at  apex ;  stamens  00,  somewhat  polyadelphous,  each  set  in 
the  N.  American  species  with  a  petaloid  scale  (nectary,  Linn.,  trans- 
formed stamen,  T.  fy  G.)  attached  at  base;  ovary  superior,  5-celled, 
cells  2-ovuled  ;  capsules  globose,  by  abortion  1-celled,  1 — 2-seeded. — 
Trees.  Lvs.  cordate.  Pis.  cymose,  with,  the  peduncle  adnate  to  the  mid- 
vein  of  a  large^  leaf-like  bract. 

1.  T.  AMERICANA.     Linden  or  Lime  Tree.     Bass-wood.     Pumpldn-wood. 
Lvs.  alternate,  diffuse,  broad-cordate,  abruptly  acuminate,  finely  serrate, 

coriaceous,  smooth ;  pet.  truncate  or  obtuse  at  apex. — A  common  forest  tree  in 
the  Northern  and  Middle  States.  It  often  grows  to  the  height  of  80f,  the  trunk 
straight  and  naked  more  than  half  this  height,  and  2 — 3f  diam.  Leaves  4 — 5' 
by  3— 4',  those  of  the  young  shoots  often  twice  these  dimensions.  Bract  yel- 
lowish, linear-oblong.  Petals  yellowish-white,  larger  than  the  scales  at  their 
base.  Fruit  woody,  greenish,  of  the  size  of  peas.  Jn. — The  inner  bark  is  very 
strong  and  is  manufactured  into  ropes.  The  wood  is  white,  soft  and  clear, 
much  used  in  cabinet  work  and  in  the  panneling  of  carriages. 

2.  T.  HETEROPHYLLA.  Vent.     Various-leaved  Linden. 

Lvs.  obliquely  subcordate,  very  white  and  velvety  beneath,  with  darker 
veins,  glabrous,  shining  and  dark  green  above,  coarsely  and  mucronately  ser- 
rate ;  pet.  obtuse,  crenulate ;  transformed  stamens  or  scales  spatulate ;  sty.  hairy 
at  base,  longer  than  the  petals. — Banks  of  the  Ohio  and  Miss.  Pursh.  Not 
common.  Tree  20 — SOfhigh.  Leaves  very  oblique  at  base,  5 — 8'  diam.,  well 
distinguished  by  the  white  surface  beneath,  contrasted  with  the  purplish  veins. 
Torr.  fy  Gray. 

3.  T.  ALBA.  Michx.     White  Lime  or  Linden. 

Lvs.  obliquely-cordate,  abruptly  acuminate,  whitish  and  thinly  pubescent 
beneath,  with  veins  of  the  same  hue,  glabrous  above,  acuminately  serrate ;  pet. 
emarginate ;  scales  spatulate ;  sty.  nearly  glabrous. — Woods,  Middle  and  West- 
ern States  !  Trunk  30 — 40f  high,  1 — Ij'f  diam.,  branches  with  a  smooth,  silvery 
bark.  Leaves  3 — 5'  diam.,  slightly  oblique,  and  with  reddish  hairs  in  the  axils 
of  the  veins  beneath.  Flowers  larger  and  whiter  than  in  the  other  species.  Jn. 
4.  T.  MICROPHYLI.A.  (T.  intermedia.  Hayne.)  European  Lime-tree. —Lvs. 
cordate,  scarcely  oblique,  acuminate,  glabrous  both  sides,  twice  as  long  as  the 
petioles;  axils  of  the  veins  bearded  beneath;  staminate  scale  0;  fr.  membrana- 


Vms.  XLI.   VITACE^E.  211 

ceous,  oblong,  unequal,  2-seeded. — Native  of  Northern  Europe.    Trunk  40f 
high,  with  a  pyramidal  head.    Jn. — Aug.  f 


ORDER  XLI.     VITACEJE. — GRAPE-VINES. 

Shrubs  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  tumid,  separable  joints. 

Lvs.  simple  .or  compound,  the  lower  opposite,  upper  alternate. 

Fis.  racemose,  often  polygamous  or  dioecious. 

Cal.  minute,  nearly  entire  or  5-toothed.  [and  caducous. 

Gw.— Petals  4—5,  inserted  on  the  outside  of  the  disk,  val  vate  and  inflexed  in  rest.,  often  cohering  above 

Sta.  4—5,  opposite  the  petals,  inserted  on  the  disk. 

Ova.  superior,  2-celled.    Style  l,  very  short.    Fruit  a  berry,  globose,  pulpy.    Seeds  bony. 

Genera  7,  species  260.  natives  of  the  warmer  parts  of  both  hemispheres.  The  grape  fruit  is  the  only 
important  production  of  this  order.  The  acid  of  the  grape  is  tartaric.  It  contains  a  sugar  which  diners 
from  the  common  sugar  in  containing  a  smaller  quantity  of  carbon. 

Genera, 

Torus  elevated  into  a  ring  surrounding  the  ovary.    Leaves  cordate,  &c Vitis.  I 

Torus  without  a  ring.    Leaves  digitately  5-foliate Ampelopsis.  2 

1.   VITIS. 

•     Celtic  gioyd,  a  tree  or  shrub. 

Petals  deciduous,  cohering  at  the  top,  or  distinct  and  spreading  ; 
ovary  partly  enclosed  within  the  torus,  2-celled ;  cells  2-ovuled ;  stigma 
sessile,  capitate  ;  berry  1 -celled,  1 — 4-seeded. — Fed.  often  changed 
into  tendrils. 

1.  V.  LABRUSCA. 

Lvs.  broad  cordate,  angular-lobed,  tomentose  beneath. — This  vine  is  na- 
tive through  the  U.  S.,  growing  in  woods  and  groves.  Like  most  of  the  N. 
American  species,  the  flowers  are  dioecious.  Stem  woody,  rough-barked, 
ascending  trees  often  to  a  great  height,  and  hanging  like  cables  suspended  from 
the  branches.  Leaves  very  large,  somewhat  3-lobed,  at  first  white-downy  be- 
neath. Flowers  small,  green,  in  panicles  with  a  leaf  opposite.  Fruit  large, 
purple,  often  green  or  red.  It  is  valued  in  cultivation  for  its  deep  shade  in 
summer  arbors,  and  its  fruit  which  is  pleasant  in  taste.  The  Isabella,  and 
other  sorts  known  in  gardens,  are  varieties  of  this  species.  ^ 

2.  V.  CORDIFOLIA.  MX.  (V.  vulpina.  Linn.)  Frost  Grape.   Winter  Grape. 
Lvs.  cordate,  acuminate,  somewhat   equally  toothed,  smooth  on  both 

sides ;  roc.  loose,  many-flowered ;  berries  small. — Grows  in  thickets,  by  rivers, 
&c.,  ascending  shrubs  and  trees  to  the  height  of  10 — 20f.  Leaves  large,  mem- 
branous, often  3-lobed,  with  pubescent  veins  when  young,  and  with  a  few 
mucronate  teeth.  Berries  nearly  black,  rather  small,  late,  acid,  but  well  fla- 
vored after  frosts  of  November.  Jn. 

3.  V.    .33STIVALIS. 

Lvs.  broadly  cordate,  3— 5-lobed  or  palmate-sinuate,  coarsely  dentate, 
with  scattered,  ferruginous  hairs  beneath ;  fertile  rac.  long,  panicled ;  berries 
small. — Grows  in  woods,  by  rivers,  &c.  Stem  very  long,  slender,  climbing, 
with  very  large  leaves,  which  are  sometimes  with  deep,  rounded  sinuses, 
clothed  beneath  when  young,  with  arachnoid,  rust-colored  pubescence.  Ten- 
drils from  the  peduncles  which  are  dense  flowered,  and  with  a  leaf  opposite. 
Petals  cohering  at  summit.  Berries  deep  blue,  well  flavored,  but  small,  ripe 
in  September.  Flowers  in  June. 

4.  V.  RIPARIA.     Michx.     Winter  Grape. 

Lvs.  incisely  dentate,  somewhat  3-lobed  ;.  the  petioles,  veins  and  margins 
pubescent ;  berries  small,  in  loose  racemes. — Grows  in  thickets,  on  river  banks, 
&c.,  Can.  to  Va.,  W.  to  Ark.  Vine  15 — 30f  long.  Leaves  large,  as  long  as 
wide,  with  coarse,  unequal,  acuminate  teeth.  Fruit  dark-purple. 

5.  V.  VINIFERA.  Common  Wine  Grape. — Lvs.  cordate,  sinuately  5-lobed, 
glabrous  or  tomentose ;  fls.  all  £  . — Naturalized  in  nearly  all  temperate  climates, 
but  supposed  not  to  be  indigenous  to  this  country.  No  plant  in  the  vegetable 
kingdom  possesses  more  interesting  attributes,  is  cultivated  with  greater  care, 
or,  let  me  add,  has  been  worse  perverted  or  abused  by  mankind,  than  the  com- 


212  XLI1.  ACERACE^E.  ACER. 

mon  vine.  By  cultivation  it  sports  into  endless  varieties,  differing  in  the  form, 
color,  size,  and  flavor  of  the  fruit,  and  in  respect  to  the  hardiness  of  its  consti- 
tution. In  N.  England  its  cultivation  is  chiefly  confined  to  the  garden  and  as  a 
dessert  fruit ;  but  there  are  extensive  vineyards  in  the  Middle  and  Western 
States,  for  the  production  of  wine.  The  vine  is  propagated  by  cuttings.  Va- 
rieties without  end  may  be  raised  from  the  seed,  which  will  bear  fruit  the  fourth 
or  fifth  year.  A  vineyard,  it  is  said,  will  continue  to  produce  fruit  for  200  years. 

2.  AMPELOPSIS.     Michx. 

GT.  a//7T£Xof,  a  vine,  oi//iff,  appearance;  from  its  resemblance. 

Calyx  entire ;  petals  5,  distinct,  spreading ;    ovary  2-celled,  cells 
2-ovuled  ;  style  very  short ;  berry  2-celled,  cells  1 — 2-seeded. 

A.    Q.UINQ.UEFOLIA. 

Lvs.  quinate,  digitate  ;  Ifts.  oblong,  acuminate,  petiolate,  dentate,  smooth. 
— A  vigorous  climber,  found  wild  in  woods  and  thickets.  It  has  long  been  cul- 
tivated as  a  covering  for  walls,  and  is  best  known  by  the  name  of  Woodbine. 
By  means  of  its  radicating  tendrils,  it  supports  itself  firmly  upon  trees,  ascend- 
ing to  the  height  of  50f.  In  the  same  manner  it  ascends  and  overspreads  walls 
and  buildings.  The  large,  quinate  leaves  constitute  a  luxuriant  foliage  of  dark, 
glossy  green.  Flowers  inconspicuous,  greenish,  in  dichotomous  clusters.  Ber- 
ries dark  blue,  smaller  than  peas,  acid.  Jl. 

ORDER  XLIL     ACEKACE^E,— MAPLES. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  opposite,  usually  simple  and  palmate-veined  leaves. 
Stipules  0.    Fls.  often  polygamous,  in  axillary  corymbs  or  racemes. 
Col. — Sepals  5,  rarely  4 — 9,  more  or  less  united,  colored,  imbricate  in  aestivation. 
Cor. — Petals  5,  rarely  4 — 9,  hypogynous  ;  sometimes  0. 
Sta.  hypogynous,  3—12,  usually  8.     Anthers  introrse  or  versatile. 
Ova.  2-lobed,  compounded  of  2  united  carpels. 

Fr.  a  double  samara  with  opposite  wings,  thickened  at  the  lower  edges. 
Genera  3,  species  60.    The  sap  of  several  species  of  the  Maple  yields  sugar  by  evaporation. 

Genera. 

Flowers  mostly  polygamous.    Leaves  simple Acer.         1 

Flowers  dioecious.    Leaves  compound,  pinnate. Negundo.  2 

1.  ACER.     Mcench. 
Lat  acer,  sharp,  vigorous  ;  the  wood  was  anciently  manufactured  into  weapons  of  war. 

Calyx  5-cieft ;  corolla  5-petaled  or  0  ;  stamens  8  ;  styles  2 ;  sama- 
rse  2,  winged,  united  at  base,  by  abortion  1 -seeded. — Lvs.  simple. 
§  Flowers  corymbose,  $c.     Trees. 

1.  A.  RUBRUM.     Red  Maple.     Swamp  Maple. 

Lvs.  palmately  5-lobed,  cordate  at  base,  unequally  and  incisely  toothed, 
the  sinuses  acute,  glaucous  beneath ;  fls.  aggregate,  about  5  together,  on  rather 
long  pedicels ;  ova.  smooth. — The  red  maple  is  a  common  tenant  of  low  woods 
and  swamps  throughout  the  Atlantic  States.  It  is  a  tree  somewhat  above  the 
middle  size.  The  trunk  is  covered  with  a  smooth  bark,  marked  with  large, 
white  spots,  becoming  dark  with  age.  In  spring,  the  appearance  of  the  tree  is 
remarkable  for  the  deep  crimson  flowers  with  which  it  is  thickly  clothed.  Each 
bud  produces  a  fascicle  of  about  5  flowers.  Stamens  much  exserted.  The  fer- 
tile flowers  are  succeeded  by  a  red  fruit,  furnished  with  a  pair  of  wings  resem- 
bling those  of  some  insect.  The  wood  is  hard  and  compact,  and  is  much  used 
in  cabinet  work,  particularly  that  well-known  and  handsome  variety  called 
curled  maple.  Mar.  Apr. 

2.  A.  DASYCARPUM.     Ehrh.     (A.  eriocarpum.     MX.*)     White  Maple. 
Lvs.  palmately  5-lobed,  truncated  at  base,  unequally  and  incisly  toothed, 

with  obtuse  sinuses,  white  and  smooth  beneath ;  fls.  in  crowded,  simple  umbels, 
with  short  pedicels  and  downy  ovaries. — This  species  much  resembles  the  last, 
but  its  leaves  are  larger,  and  the  winged  fruit  is  also  larger  than  that  of  the 
red  maple  or  of  any  of  the  following  species.  It  is  a  tall  tree,  50f  in  height,  not 
uncommon  in  the  N.  England  forests.  The  flowers  are  of  a  yellowish  green 


NEGUNDO.  XLII.    ACERACE^.  213 

color,  as  also  the  fruit.  The  wood  is  white,  softer  and  less  esteemed  than  that 
of  other  species.  The  sap  yields  sugar  in  smaller  proportion  than  the  sugar 
maple. 

3.  A.  sACCHARlNUM.     Sugar  Maple.    Rock  Maple. 

Lvs.  palmately  5-lobed,  subcordate  at  base,  acuminate,  remotely  toothed, 
with  rounded  and  shallow  sinuses,  glaucous  beneath ;  fls.  pedunculate,  pendu- 
lous.— This  fine  tree  is  found  throughout  U.  S.,  but  most  abundant  in  the  primi- 
tive soils  of  N.  England,  constituting  the  greater  part  of  some  of  its  forests. 
It  is  a  tree  of  lofty  proportions,  70f  in  height,  with  a  trunk  3f  diam.  The  bark 
is  of  a  light-gray'color,  rough  and  scaly.  The  branches  become  numerous  and 
finely  ramified  in  open  situations,  and  in  summer  are  clothed  with  a  foliage 
of  uncommon  luxuriance  and  beauty,  on  which  account  it  is  more  extensively 
cultivated  as  a  shade  tree  than  any  other,  not  even  excepting  the  majestic  and 
favorite  elm.  Maple  sugar,  perhaps  the  most  delicious  of  all  sweets,  is  mostly 
the  product  of  this  species.  An  ordinary  tree  will  yield  5 — 10  pounds  in  a  sea- 
son. The  wood  is  very  strong  and  compact,  and  makes  the  best  of  fuel.  It  is 
sometimes  curled  like  the  red  maple,  but  oftener  presents  that  beautiful  ar- 
rangement of  fibre,  called  bird's-eye  maple,  which  is  highly  esteemed  in  cabinet- 
work. The  flowers  are  exceedingly  abundant,  and,  suspended  on  long,  thread- 
like pedicels,  are  most  delicately  beautiful.  Apr. 

4.  A.  NIGRUM.     Mich.  f.     Black  Maple.     Sugar  Tree. 

Lrs.  palmately  5-lobed,  cordate,  with  the  sinus  closed,  lobes  divaricate, 
sinuate-dentate,  paler  beneath,  with  the  veins  beneath  and  petioles  pubescent ;  fls. 
corymbose,  on  long,  slender  pedicels ;  fr.  glabrous,  turgid  at  base,  the  wings 
diverging. — A  large  tree,  in  mountainous  situations,  Vt.  to  la. !  Resembles  the 
last,  but  is  distinct.  Bobbins.,  Tally.  Trunk  30— 50f  high,  with  a  shaggy 
bark.  Leaves  3 — 5'  diam.,  dark-green  above,  the  2  inferior  lobes  much  smaller. 
Flowers  pendulous,  on  long  peduncles,  yellowish.  Fruit  with  wings  ]/  in 
length,  pale-yellow,  and  more  diverging  than  in  A.  saccharinum.  The  sap, 
like  the  last  mentioned  tree,  yields  sugar  abundantly.  Apr. 

§  §  Flowers  in  racemes.     Mostly  shrubs. 

5.  A.  PENNSYLVANICUM.  (A.  striatum.  Lam.)  Striped  Maple.  Whistle-wood. 
Lvs.  with  3  acuminate  lobes,  rounded  at  base,  sharply  denticulate,  smooth ; 

rac.  simple,  pendulous. — A  small  tree  or  shrub  10— 15f  high,  Can.  to  Ga.,  and 
Ky.,  but  most  abundant  in  our  northern  woods.  The  bark  is  smooth,  and  beau- 
tifully striped  length-wise  with  green  and  black.  Flowers  large,  yellowish- 
green,  succeeded  by  long  clusters  of  fruit,  with  pale-green  wings.  The  smaller 
branches  are  straight  and  smooth,  easily  separated  from  the  bark  in  spring,  and 
are  often  manufactured  by  the  boys  into  certain  wind  instruments.  Hence  it 
is  called  whistle- wood.  In  Europe  it  is  prized  in  ornamental  gardening.  May. 

6.  A.  SPICATUM.  Lam.     Mountain  Maple  Bush. 

Lvs.  about  5-lobed,  acute,  dentate,  pubescent  beneath;  rac.  erect,  com- 
pound.— A  shrub  of  smaller  stature  than  the  last,  found  in  mountain  or  hilly 
woods  throughout  the  country.  The  bark  is  a  light  gray.  Leaves  small,  rough, 
divided  into  3  or  5  lobes,  which  are  somewhat  pointed,  with  large,  sharp  teeth, 
and  more  or  less  cordate  at  base.  Flowers  greenish,  numerous  and  minute,  in 
cylindric,  oblong,  close,  branched  clusters,  becoming  pendulous  with  the  winged 
fruit.  Jn. 

7.  A.  PSEUDO-PLATANTJS.  Sycamore. — Lvs.  cordate,  5-lobed,  glabrous  and 
glaucous  beneath,  segments  or  lobes  acute,  unequally  dentate ;  fls.  in  long, 
pendulous  racemes;  samara  glabrous. — Native  of  Northern  Europe.  An  orna- 
mental tree,  40 — 50f  high,  with  very  large,  dark  green  leaves.  A  beautiful 
variety  with  striped  leaves  is  also  cultivated.  Apr.  May.  f 

2.   NEGUNDO.    Moench. 

Flowers  9  cT ;  corolla  0 ;  9  flowers  racemed,  c?  fascicled ;  calyx, 
stamens  and  fruit  as  in  the  last  genus. — Leaves  compound,  pinnately 
3 — 5-foliate. 


214  XLIII.   HIPPOCASTANACEJE. 

N.  ACERolDEs.   Moench.     (Acer  Negundo.    Linn.}     Ash-kaved  Maple. 

Box  Elder. 

Lvs.  ternate  and  5-pinnate ;  Ifls.  ovate,  acuminate,  remotely  and  une- 
qually dentate  ;  9  racemes  long  and  pendulous,  barren  fls.  corymbose  ;  fr.  ob- 
long, with  large  wings  dilated  upwards. — A  handsome  tree,  20 — 30f  in  height, 
with  irregular,  spreading  branches,  growing  in  woods.  The  trunk  is  a  foot  or 
more  in  diameter,  and  when  young,  covered  with  a  smooth,  yellowish-green 
bark.  Leaflets  serrated  above  the  middle,  petiolate,  the  terminal  one  largest, 
all  slightly  pubescent.  Wings  of  the  samara  approximate,  broadest  towards 
the  end.  Apr. 


ORDER  XLIII.     HIPPOCASTANACEJE.—  BUCKEYES. 

Trees  or  shrubs.    Leaves  opposite,  rarely  alternate,  compound,  without  stipules. 

Fls.  showy,  with  the  pedicels  articulated. 

Cal.  campanulate,of5  united  sepals. 

Cor.—  Petals  5,  (one  of  them  sometimes  abortive,)  unequal,  hypogynous. 

Sta.  6  —  8,  distinct,  unequal,  inserted  upon  a  disk  with  the  petals. 

Ova.  roundish,  3-cornered,  3-celled,  crowned  with  a  single,  filiform,  conical  style. 

Fr.  roundish,  coriaceous,  with  1—3  large,  roundish,  smooth  seeds. 

Genera  3,  native  of  N.  America  and  Northern  India.  The  species  are  generally  ornamental  trees,  with 
astringent  properties  residing  in  the  bark.  The  seeds  contain  much  starch,  and  are  nutritive  but  bitter. 
Only  the  following  genus  is  found  in  the  Northern  States,  and  even  this  is  not  indigenous  in  N.  Eng. 


Calyx  campanulate  or  tubular,  5-lobed  ;  corolla  irregular,  4  —  5- 
petaled  ;  stamens,  ovary  and  fruit,  as  expressed  in  the  order.  —  TreeSj 
with  palmately  5  —  7  -foliate  haves.  Flowers  in  thyrse-like  panicles. 

1.  -33.  GLABRA.   Willd.     (Pavia  pallida.    Spach.     P.  Ohiensis.   Michx.} 
Ohio  Buckeye. 

lifts.  5,  oval  or  oblong,  acuminate,  serrate  or  serrulate  ;  fls.  in  lax,  thyr- 
soid  panicles  ;  cor.  4-petaled,  spreading,  with  the  claws  as  long  as  the  calyx  ; 
sta.  longer  than  the  corolla  ;  fr.  echinate.  —  A  small,  ill-scented  tree,  along  the 
banks  of  the  Ohio  and  its  tributaries.  Leaflets  3  —  6'  long,  £  as  wide,  subsessile, 
or  abruptly  contracted  at  base  to  short  stalks.  Flowers  yellowish-  white,  small, 
slightly  irregular.  Fruit  about  f  '  diam. 

2.  JE.  FLAVA.  Ait.     (Pavia  flava.  DC.}    Big  Buckeye.     Sweet  Buckeye. 
Lfts.  5  —  7,  oblong-ovate  or  elliptic-ovate,  acuminate,  serrulate,  pubescent 

beneath  ;  fls.  in  thyrsoid,  pubescent  panicles,  about  6  on  each  division  of  the 
peduncle  ;  cal.  campanulate,  not  half  the  length  of  the  corolla  ;  pet.  very  unequal,  *"" 
connivent,  longer  than  the  stamens  ;  fr.  unarmed.  —  A  large  tree,  30  —  70f  high, 
common  in  the  Western  and  Southern  States.  Leaflets  4—  7',  by  1  —  3'. 
Flowers  pale  yellow.  Fruit  globose,  uneven  on  the  surface,  but  not  prickly, 
2  —  2£'  diam,  with  1  or  2  large  brown  seeds.  Apr.  May. 

3.  j(E.  PAVIA.     (Pavia  rubra.   Lam.}     Small  Buckeye.  —  Lfts.  5,  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, cuneate  at  base,  abruptly  and  shortly  acuminate,  finely  serrate  ;  fls. 
very  irregular,  in  a  lax,  thyrsoid  raceme,  pet.  4,  erect,  as  long  as  the  stamens.— 
A  beautiful  shrub,  6  —  lOf  high,  native  of  the  Southern  States.    Flowers  large, 
red,  glabrous.     Apr.  May.  f 

4.  JE.  PARVIFLORA,  Walt.  (JE.  machrostachya.  Michx.}  native  at  the  South, 
a  beautiful  shrub,  with  numerous  small,  white  flowers,  in  a  long,  slender,  thyr- 
soid raceme,  is  rarely  cultivated. 

5.  JE.  HIPPOCASTANUM.     Horse  Chestnut.  —  Lvs.  digitate,  of  7  obovate  leaflets  ; 
pet.  5;  spreading  ;  fr.  prickly.  —  A  noble  tree,  justly  admired  for  its  majestic 
proportions,  and  for  the  beauty  of  its  foliage  and  flowers.     It  is  a  native  of  the 
north  of  Asia,  but  is  now  known  throughout  Europe  and  in  this  country,  and  is 
a  frequent  ornament  of  courts  and  avenues.    It  is  of  rapid  growth,  and  attains 
the  height  of  40  or  50f.     In  June  it  puts  forth  numerous  pyramidal  racemes  or 
thyrses  of  flowers,  of  pink  and  white,  finely  contrasting  with  the  dark  green  of 
its  massy  foliage.     The  leaves  are  digitate,  with  7  obovate,  acute,  serrate  leaf- 
lets.   The  fruit  is  large,  mahogany-  colored,  and  eaten  only  by  deer. 


CELASTRUS.  XLV.   CELASTRACE^E.  215 

ORDER  XLIY.     SAPINDACE^E.— SOAPWORTS. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs,  the  latter  furnished  with  tendrils. 

Lvs  alternate,  usually  compound  and  without  stipules. 

Fls.  small,  usually  polygamous.    Sep.  4—5,  distinct,  imbricated  in  aestivation. 

jCar  —Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  sometimes  l  less,  (or  rarely  wanting,)  inserted  outside  the  hypogy- 

Std'.  8  or  10 ;  Jil.  distinct ;  anth.  introrse.  [nous  disk  which  lies  at  the  bottom  of  the  calyx. 

Ova.  of  3  united  carpels ;  sty.  partly  or  completely  united. . 

Fr.  a  3-celled  capsule  or  samara,  or  often  fleshy  and  mdehiscent. 

Sds.  1—3  in  each  cell,  usually  arilled,  without  albumen. 

CARDIOSPERMUM. 

Gr.  KapSia,  heart,  o-rrcp/xa,  seed;  the  globose  seeds  marked  with  a  large,  cordate  hilum. 

Sepals  4,  the  2  outer  smallest ;  petals  4,  each  with  an  emarginate 
scale  above  the  base ;  the  2  lower  remote  from  the  stamens,  their 
scales  crested ;  glands  of  the  disk  2,  opposite  the  lower  petals ;  sta- 
mens 8,  unequal ;  style  trifid  ;  capsule  membranous,  inflated. —  Climb- 
ing herbs  with  biternate  leaves.  Lower  pair  of  pedicels  changed  to  tendrils. 

C.  HALIACABUM.     Heart-seed.    Balloon-vine. 

Plant  nearly  glabrous  ;  leaflets  ovate-lanceolate,  incisely  lobed  and  den- 
tate ;  fruit  pyriform-globose,  large,  bladder-like. — Native  on  the  Missouri  and 
its  branches.  Torr.  $•  Gr.  Naturalized  in  the  W.  States.  Mead.  A  curious 
vine,  4 — 6f  in  length,  with  remarkably  large,  inflated,  membranous  capsules.  Jl.  f 

ORDER  XLV.     CELASTRACEJE.— STAFF-TREES. 

Shrubs,  or  rarely  trees,  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves.    Fls.  not  always  perfect. 

Cal.— Sepals  4—5,  united  at  base,  imbricated.  [which  surrounds  the  ovary. 

Cor.— Petals  as  many  as  sepals,  inserted  by  a  broad  base  under  the  margin  of  the  flat,  expanded  disk 

Sta.  as  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  disk. 

Ova.  superior,  immersed  in  and  adhering  to  the  disk. 

Fr.  a  capsule  or  berry.    Seeds  either  with  or  without  an  arillus. 

Genera  27,  species  274,  chiefly  native  of  the  temperate  zone  of  both  hemispheres.    They  possess  acrid 
and  bitter  properties,  sometimes  emetic  and  stimulant. 

Genera. 

$  compound  (ternate) Staphylea.    1 

<  opposite,  ( simple Euonymus.  3 

Shrubs  with  leaves  fc  alternate,  simple Celastrtis.     Z 

TRIBE  1.     STAPHYL.EJE. 

Leaves  pinnate,  opposite.     Seeds  not  ariled.     Cotyledons  thick. 

1.  STAPHYLEA. 

A  Greek  word,  meaning  a  cluster  of  grapes  ;  from  the  form  of  the  fructification. 

Fls.  £  ;  calyx  of  5,  colored,  persistent  sepals :  petals  and  stamens 
5 ;  styles  3  ;  capsules  2 — 3,  membranous  and  inflated. 

S.  TRIFOLIA.     Bladder-nut. 

Lvs.  ternate ;  roc.  pendulous ;  pet.  ciliate  below ;  jr.  ovate. — A  handsome 
shrub,  6 — 8f  high,  in  moist  woods  and  thickets.  Can.  to  Car.  and  Tenn.  Leaf- 
lets oval-acuminate,  serrate,  pale  beneath,  with  scattered  hairs.  Flowers  white, 
in  a  short,  drooping  raceme.  The  most  remarkable  feature  of  the  plant  is  its 
large,  inflated  capsules,  which  are  3-sided,  3-parted  at  top,  3-celled,  containing 
several  hard,  small  nuts  or  seeds,  with  a  bony,  smooth  and  polished  testa.  May. 

TRIBE  2.     EUOXYME&J. 

Leaves  simple.     Seeds  usually  ariled.     Cotyledons  leafy. 

2.  CELASTRUS. 

Flowers  sometimes  polygamous ;  calyx  flat,  of  5  united  sepals  ;  co- 
rolla spreading,  of  5  sessile  petals  ;  capsule  subglobose,  or  3-angled, 
3-celled;  seeds  with  an  arillus,  1 — 2  in  each  cell.— Climbing  shrubs, 
with  deciduous  leaves^  and  minute,  deciduous  stipules. 

C.  SCANDENS.     Staff-tree. 

Unarmed;  st.  woody,  twining;  Ivs.  oblong,  acuminate,  serrate;  rac.  ter- 


216  XL  VI.   RHAMNACEJE.  RHAMNUS. 

minal;  fis.  dioecious. — A  climbing  shrub  in  woods  and  thickets,  the  stems 
twining  "about  other  trees  or  each  other,  ascending  to  a  great  height.  Leaves 
alternate,  stipulate,  petiolate,  smooth.  Flowers  in  small  racemes,  greenish- 
white.  Seeds  covered  with  a  scarlet  aril,  and  contained  in  a  3-valved  capsule,1 
continuing  upon  the  stem  through  the  winter.  Jn. 

3.  EUONYMUS. 

Calyx  flat,  of  5,  (sometimes  4  or  6)  united  sepals  ;  corolla  flat,  in- 
serted on  the  outer  margin  of  a  glandular  disk ;  stamens  5,  with 
short  filaments ;  capsule  colored,  5-angled,  5-celled,  5-valved ;  seeds 
ariled. — Shrubs,  erect  or  trailing^  with  opposite  leaves. 

1.  E.  ATROPURPUREUS.  Jacq.     Spindle  Tree.     Burning  Busk. 
Branches  smooth ;  Ivs.  elliptic-lanceolate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate,  puberulent 

beneath ;  fed.  compressed,  many-flowered ;  fls.  usually  pentamerous. — A 
smooth  shrub,  4 — lOf  high,  in  shady  woods,  U.  S.  E.  of  the  Miss.  Leaves  2 — 
5'  long,  |  as  wide,  mostly  acute  at  base,  on  petioles  J — 1'  long.  Peduncles  op- 
posite, slender,  1 — 2j'  long,  each  with  a  cyme  of  3 — 6  flowers.  Corolla  dark- 
purple,  about  2£"  diam.  Capsule  crimson,  smooth.  Seeds  covered  in  a  bright 
red  aril.  Jn. 

2.  E.  AMERICANUS.     Burning  Bush. 

Branches  smooth,  4-angled  ;  Ivs.  oval  and  elliptic-lanceolate,  subentire  at 
margin,  acuminate,  acute  or  obtuse  at  apex,  smooth ;  ped.  round,  about  3-flow- 
ered;  fls.  mostly  pentamerous. — Shrub  of  smaller  size  than  the  preceding,  with 
small  leaves,  in  moist  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Leaves  £ — 2'  long,  |  as  wide, 
coriaceous.  Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  2,  3,  or  4-flowered.  Flowers  a 
little  larger  than  in  No.  1,  yellow  and  pink,  the  parts  in  3s,  4s  or  5s.  Capsule 
dark  red,  warty.  Seeds  with  a  bright  red  aril.  Jn. 

3.  E.  EUROP^US. — Lws.  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  glabrous;  ped.  com- 
pressed, 3-flowered ;  fls.  usually  tetrandrous. — Native  of  Europe.  A  handsome 
shrub,  4 — 12f  high,  sometimes  found  in  shrubberies,  although  certainly  not  su- 
perior in  elegance  to  E.  Americanus.  May — Jl. 

ORDER  XL VI.     RHAMNACEJE.— BUCKTHORNS. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  often  spiny.    Leaves  simple,  alternate.    Stipules  minute  or  0. 

Fls,  small,  axillary  or  terminal,  greenish,  sometimes  dioecious. 

Cat. — Sepals  4  or  5,  united  at  base,  valvate  in  aestivation. 

Cor.— Petals  4  or  5,  distinct,  cucullate  or  convolute,  inserted  into  the  orifice  of  the  calyx,  sometimes  0. 

Sla.  opposite  the  petals,  4  or  5. 

Ova.  superior,  or  half  superior,  with  an  erect  ovale  in  each  cell. 

Fr.  a  capsule,  drupe  or  berry. 

Genera '42,  species  250,  distributed  throughout  all  countries,  except  those  in  the  frigid  zones.  Many 
are  native  of  the  U.  States.  Ceanothus  is  peculiar  to  N.  America. 

Poperties.—The  berries  of  many  species  of  Rhamnus  are  violent  purgatives.  The  Zizyphus  Jujuba, 
yields  the  well-known  jujube  paste  of  the  shops.  The  leaves  of  Ceanothus  have  been  used  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  tea. 

Genera. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary ;  petals  plane ;  flowers  minute Rhamnua.  i 

Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary  at  base ;  petals  unguiculate Ceanothus.  2 

1.  RHAMNUS. 

Calyx  urceolate,  4 — 5-cleft ;  petals  4 — 5,  emarginate,  inserted  upon 
the  calyx ;  ovary  free,  2 — 4-celled ;  styles  2 — 4,  more  or  less  united  ; 
fruit  drupaceous.  3 — 4-seeded. — Small  trees  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  mostly 
alternate.  Fls.  minute. 

1.  R.  CATiiARTicus.     BucTcthorn. 

Shrub  erect,  with  thorny  branches  ;  Lvs.  ovate,  doubly  serrate ;  fls.  tetran- 
drous, 9  $  cf  and  9  cT>  fasicled;  Jr.  subglobose,  4-seeded. — A  shrub,  10 — I5f 
high,  in  mountains  and  woods,  Mass,  and  N.  Y.,  rare.  Leaves  nearly  smooth, 
1 — 2'  long,  §  as  wide,  in  crowded  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  branchlets.  Flowers 
small,  numerous,  green.  Sepals  reflexed,  petals  entire.  Fruit  black,  globose, 
and  with  the  inner  bark,  powerfully  cathartic.  This  shrub  is  sometimes  used 
for  hedges.  £ 


XL VII.   LEGUMINOS^E.  217 

2.   R.  ALNIFOLIUS.    L'Her.     (R.    franguloides.     Michx.}     Alder-leaved 

Buckthorn. 

Shrub  erect,  with  unarmed  branches;  Ivs.  oval,  acuminate,  serrate,  pu- 
bescent on  the  veins  beneath  ;  ped.  aggregate,  1-flowered ;  fls.  mostly  pentan- 
drous  ;  cat.  acute;  sty.  3,  united,  very  short ;  fr.  turbinate,  black. — A  shrub  2 — 4f 
high,  common  in  rough  pastures  and  hills,  Penn.  to  Can.  Leaves  1 — 3'  long, 
J  as  wide,  acute  at  base.  Flowers  mostly  apetalous.  Berries  about  as  large 
as  currants,  black,  3-seeded.  May,  Jn. 

2.  CEANOTHUS. 

Calyx  tubular,  campanulate,  5-cleft.  separating  transversely  after 
flowering  ;  petals  5,  saccate-arched,  with  long  claws  ;  stamens  mostly 
exserted  ;  style  mostly  3-cleft ;  capsule  obtusely  triangular,  3-celled, 
3-seeded,  surrounded  at  base  by  the  persistent  tube  of  the  calyx. — • 
Shrubby  and  thornless. 

1.  C.  AMERICANTJS.     Jersey  Tea.     Red-root. 

L/vs.  oblong-ovate,  serrate,  3- veined;  panicles  axillary,  elongated. — A 
small  shrub,  with  a  profusion  of  white  blossoms,  found  in  woods  and  groves,  U. 
S.  Very  abundant  on  the  barrens  at  the  West.  Stems  2 — 4f  high,  slender, 
with  reddish,  round,  smooth  branches.  Leaves  thrice  as  long  as  broad,  very 
downy,  with  soft  hairs  beneath.  Flowers  minute,  white,  in  crowded  panicles 
from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Stamens  enclosed  in  the  curiously  vaulted 
corolla.  The  root,  which  is  large  and  red,  is  sometimes  used  for  coloring. 
The  leaves  have  been  used  as  a  substitute  for  tea.  Jn. 

2.  C.  OVALIS.  Bw.     Oval-leaved  Ceanothus. 

Lies,  oval-lanceolate,  with  glandular  serratures,  3-veined,  veins  pubescent 
beneath  ;  thyrse  corymbose,  abbreviated. — Burlington,  Vt,  Bobbins,  W.  to  Mich. 
Shrub  2— 3f  high.  Leaves  smooth  and  shining,  1 — 3'  long,  £ — £  as  wide,  most- 
ly acute  at  each  end,  crenately  serrate,  the  serratures  tipped  with  black,  glan- 
dular points.  Thyrse  short,  almost  hemispherical,  !£'  diam.  Flowers  white, 
larger  than  those  of  the  last.  May. 

ORDER  XL VII.     LEG-UMINOS.3E.— LEGUMINOUS  PLANTS. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees.    Lvs.  alternate,  usually  compound,  ^margins  entire. 
Stipules  2,  at  the  tumid  base  of  the  petiole.    Stipels  commonly  2. 
Cal.— Sepals  generally  5,  more  or  less  united,  often  unequal. 
Cor.— Petals  5,  either  papilionaceous  or  regular,  perigynous. 
Sta.  diadelphous,  monadelphous  or  distinct.    Anthers  versatile. 
Ova.  superior,  single  and  simple.    Style  and  stigma  simple. 

Fr.  a  legume,  either  continuous  (1-celled),  or  (a  lament)  jointed  into  1-seeded  cells. 
Sds.  solitary  or  several,  destitute  of  albumen. 

The  genera  and  species  of  this  vast  order  were  estimated  by  Mr.  Bentham,  in  1845,  as  follows 
Suborder  1.  Papilionaceae,  350  genera,  4800  species. 

2.  Cffisalpineae,      88      '  700      ' 

3.  Mimoseae,          29  1000     ' 

Total,      467       "         6500      " 

Geography.— The  Leeuminoseae  are  distributed  throughout  all  lands,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
unimportant  islands,  from  the  equator  to  either  of  the  frigid  zones.  Of  its  6500  species  now  known,  about 
350  are  natives  of  the  United  States  and  Territories. 

Properties. —No  family  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  possesses  a  higher  claim  to  the  attention  of  the 
naturalist  than  the  Leguminosae.  whether  we  regard  them  as  objects  of  ornament  or  utility.  Of  the 
former  we  might  mention  the  splendid  varieties  of  Cersis,  with  their  purple  flowers,  the  Acacias,  with 
their  airy  foliage  and  silky  stamens,  the  pride  of  India,  Colutea  and  Cassalpina,  with  a  host  of  others, 
which,  like  the  sweet  pea,  are  redolent  with  perfume.  Of  the  latter,  the  beans,  peas,  lentils,  clover  and 
lucerne,  are  too  well  known  to  require  particular  commendation.  Among  timber  trees  the  Rosewood  (a 
Brazilian  species  of  Mimosa),  the  Laburnum,  whose  wood  is  durable  and  of  an  olive -green  color,  and  the 
locust  (Robinia)  of  our  own  country,  are  pre-eminent. 

The  following  are  a  few  of  the  important  officinal  products  of  this  order.  In  medicine :  liquorice  is  the 
product  of  the  root  of  Glycyrrhiza  glabra  of  S.  Europe.  The  purgative  senna  consists  of  the  leaves  of 
Cassia  senna,  C.  acutifolia,  C.  JEthiopica  and  other  species  of  Egypt  and  Arabia.  C.  Marylandica  is  also 
a  cathartic,  but  more  mild  than  the  former.  The  sweet  pulp  tamarind,  is  the  product  of  a  large  and 
beautiful  tree  (Tamarindus  Indica)  of  the  E.  and  W.  Indies.  Resins  and  balsams :  Gum  Senegal  is 
yielded  by  Acacia  Verek  of  the  river  Senegal;  Gum  Arabic,  by  several  species  of  Acacia  of  Central 
Africa :  Gum  Tragacynth,  by  Astragalus  verus,  &c.,  of  Persia.  Balsam  Copaiva  is  the  product  of 
several  species  of  Copaifera,  natives  of  Brazil  and  W.  India  ;  Balsam  Tolu  of  Myospermum  toluiferum, 
of  Peru,  and  balsam  Peru  of  M.  peruiferum  of  the  same  country.  Dyes,  &c. :  Indigo,  the  most  valuable 
of  all,  (buta  violent  poison,)  is  the  product  of  several  southern  species  of  Indigofera,  as  I.  anil  of  the  W. 
Indies,  and  I.  argentea  of  Egypt.  Brazil-wood,  from  Csesalpina  Braziliensis.  Log-wood,  from  Haematoxy- 
ion  Campeachianum.of  Campeachy,  and  Red-sandal-woodfrom  Pterocarpus  santalinus  of  Egypt,  &c.,&c. 


218 


XLVII.  LEGUMINOSJ3. 


FIG.  43.— 1.  Lathyrus  odoratus.  2.  The  stamens,  the  upper  one  free,  and  with  the  style,  turned 
upwards.  3.  The  legume.  4.  A  seed,  showing  the  embryo  with  the  two  large  cotyledons.  5.  Hedysa- 
rum  boreale,  a  leaf  and  jointed  legumes  (loments).  6.  One  of  the  joints  open,  showing  the  seed. 
7.  Trifolium  pratense.  8.  The  legume  and  part  of  the  calyx.  9.  Section  of  the  seed.  10.  A  flower 
enlarged. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 
*  Corolla  papilionaceous. 

l-celled.       .    Phaca..  22 

(turgid,    .      sub-2-celled.  Astragalus.  21 

Stem  erect.      Tephrosia.  13 

C  00-seeded,  .   ( compr's'd.    St. twining.  Apios.  6 

( Stamens  5.       ...  Petalostemon.  17 

( Legumes ( l-seeded.  ..   {Stamens  10.     .        .        .  Dalea.  16 

(  Sta.  5  &  5.  .  JEschynomene.  25 

|                                $  Fls.  racemed.  .  .  (  Sta.  9  &  1.  .  Hedysarum.  26 

f  Herbs.  .   LLoment  2— 10-jnt.  (Flowers  umbellate.    .       .       .  Coronilla.  24 

(  Fls.  yellow.  Colutea.  12 

(  Erect.  .   .    ( Fls.  blue.    .  Amorpha.  15 

(  unarmed.  .  .  (  Twining.  Bracts  colored.  Wistaria.  7 

I  Shrubs  and  trees,  ..  (armed  with  stipular  spines.    .        .        .  Robinia.  11 

( Seeds  oval.  Vicia.  2 

(outside.  .    ( Sds.  globose.  Pisum.  4 

\                                      <  Style  villous ( inside,  next  the  free  sta.  Lathyrus.  1 

Leaves    I                     $  cirrhose.  ( Style  glabrous Ervum.  3 

pinnate  I  abruptly,  .  (not  cirrhose.    Stem  erect §  Vicia.  2 

( Calyx  bibracteolate.       .  Lespedeza.  28 

l-seeded,  indehiscent.    .    £  Calyx  naked.   .        .-      .  Psoralea.  14 

2-seeded.    None  of  the  flowers  apetalous.         .       .  MeUJotus.  19 

2-seeded  in  the  apetalous  flowers Amphicarpcea.  10 

(  Keel  and  sta.  circinate. 
i  Cal.5-tootb.ed  (  Keel  long-clawed,  . 

00-seeded.  ( Calyx  4-toothed 

i  2-jointed  and  one-seeded 

c  several-jointed,  several-seeded 

( Leg.  falcate  or  spiral. 

( Stamens  diadelph.  (9  <fc  1.)  £  Leg.  included  in  cal. 
( Stamens  10,  distinct,  equal.          .... 


f  unequally.  I  Shrubs  and  trees, 


( Legumes 
fpinnately.  (  Loment 


Leaves  (Herbs. 

3-foliate  Lpalmately.  (Trees. 

(  Herbs. 


Phaseolus. 

Clitoria. 

Galactia. 

Stylosanthes. 

Desmodium. 

Medicago. 

Trifolium. 

Baptisia. 

Laburnum. 

Crotalaria. 


<  Shrubs.      .  ....    Genista. 

Leaves  simple.  .  .  .  (  Trees Cercis. 

Leaves  palmately  5— 15-foliate Lupinw. 


LATHYRUS.  XL VII.   LEGUMINOS^E.  219 

*  *  Corolla  not  papilionaceous. 

$  Unarmed  and  glabrous Darlingtonia.  40 

( Corolla  regular.  \  Armed  with  uncinate  spines Schrankia.        39 

Herbs.  { Corolla  irregular. Cassia,  35 

Shrubs.    Corolla  regular Mimosa.  38 

(unarmed. Gymnocladus.  36 

Trees   £  armed  with  triple  spines Gleditschia.       37 

SUBORDER  1.    PAPIL.IONACEJE. 

Petals  papilionaceous,  imbricate  in  aestivation,  the  upper  one  exter- 
nal.    Stamens  mostly  10  and  diadelphous. 

1.  LATHYRUS. 

Calyx  campanulate,  the  2  upper  sepals  shortest ;  stamens  10,  dia- 
delphous (9  and  1) ;  style  flat,  dilated  above,  ascending,  bent  at  a 
right  angle  with  the  ovary,  pubescent  or  villous  along  the  inside  next 
the  free  stamen  ;  legume  oblong,  several-seeded. — Herbaceous,  mostly 
climbing.  Lvs  abruptly  pinnate,  of  1 — several  pairs  of  leaflets.  Petioles 
produced  into  tendrils.  Peds.  axillary. 

1.  L.  VENOSUS.     Muhl. 

St.  4-cornered,  naked ;  stips.  semi-sagittate,  lanceolate,  very  small ;  ped. 
8 — 16-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  Ifts.  5 — 7  pairs,  somewhat  alternate, 
obtusish,  mucronate. — %  In  shady  grounds,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  erect,  2 — 3f 
high,  mostly  smooth.  Leaflets  li — 2'  long.  Peduncles  axillary,  many-flow- 
ered, about  the  length  of  the  leaves.  Corolla  purple.  Legumes  flat  and  nar- 
row. Jn.  Jl. 

2.  L.  OCHROLEUCUS.  Hook.     (L.  glaucifolius.     Beck.} 

St.  slender ;  ped.  7 — 10-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  upper  segments 
of  the  calyx  truncate,  angular ;  Ifts.  about  3  pairs,  broadly  ovate ;  stip.  semi-cor- 
date.— Tj.  A  small,  delicate  species,  very  rare,  in  shady  places  and  on  river  banks, 
N.  J.  to  Wise. !  N.  to  the  Arctic  circle.  Stem  2 — 3f  long,  leaning  or  climbing 
on  other  plants.  Leaflets  1 — !£'  long,  f  as  wide,  larger  than  the  stipules.  Pe- 
duncles axillary,  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Corolla  yellowish-white  (ochroleu- 
cous.)  Jn.  Jl. 

3.  L.  PALUSTRIS.     Marsh  Lathyrus.  ^ 

St.  winged ;  stip.  semi-sagittate,  large,  ovate,  mucronate™  Z/fo.  in  2  pairs, 
oblong-ovate,  mucronate ;  ped.  3 — 5-flowered,  larger  than  the  leaves. — 7J.  A  slen- 
der climber,  found  in  wet  meadows  and  thickets,  N.  Eng.  to  Or.  Stem  slender, 
square,  broadly  winged  at  the  angles,  supported  by  the  tendrils.  Leaves  pin- 
nate-cirrhose,  leaflets  broad  or  narrow-ovate.  Flowers  drooping,  rather  large, 
variegated  with  blue  and  purple.  Jn.  Jl. 

4.  L.  MARITIMUS.  Bw.    (Pisum  maritimum.  Ph.}    Beach  Pea. 

St.  quadrangular,  compressed;  petioles  flat  above;  stip.  sagittate;  Ifts. 
numerous,  subalternate,  ovate ;  ped.  many-flowered. — A  pale  green,  creeping 
plant,  resembling  the  common  pea,  found  on  sandy  shores,  N.  Y.  to  Lab.,  W. 
to  Or.  Stem  rigid,  1 — 2f  in  length.  Stipules  connate.  Leaves  ending  in  a 
branching  tendril,  the  lower  pairs  of  leaflets  largest.  Flowers  large,  blue.  Pod 
hairy.  May — July. 

5.  L.   MYRTIFOLITJS.    Muhl. 

St.  quadrangular,  winged,  weak  andflexuous;  stip.  semi-sagittate,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate;  Ifts.  2  pairs,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  mucronate,  vein- 
less  ;  ped.  longer  than  the  leaves,  4 — 5-flowered. — 7J.  A  little  climber,  on  river 
banks,  Can.  to  Md.  Bobbins.  Stem  about  3f  long.  Leaflets  1—2'  long,  i  as 
wide.  Flowers  pale  purple.  Jl.  Aug. 

6.  L.  LATIFOLIUS.    Everlasting  Pea. — Ped.  many-flowered ;  Ifls.  2,  lanceolate ; 
joints  membranous,  winged. — 7).  A  very  showy  plant  for  gardens  and  arbors, 
native  of  England.     Stem  6f  long,  climbing,  winged  between  the  joints.    Flow- 
ers large,  pink,  clustered  on  a  peduncle  6 — 10'  in  length.    Jl.  Aug. 

7.  L.  ODORATUS.     Sweet  Pea.— Ped.  2-flo\vered;    Ifts.  2,  ovate-oblong;   leg. 

19* 


220  XL VII.  LEGUMINOSJE.  VICIA. 

Hirsute. — (J)  A  well  known  garden  flower,  native  of  Sicily.    The  flowers  ap- 
pear in  June,  are  large,  variegated  with  red  and  white.     Very  fragrant. 

8.  L.  sATlvus.  Chick  Pea. — Peduncles  1-flowered ;  Ifts.  2 — 4 ;  leg.  ovate, 
compressed,  with  2  winged  margins  at  the  back. — (J)  Native  of  S.  Europe, 
where  it  has  been  sometimes  cultivated  for  food ;  but  it  proves  to  be  a  slow  poison 
both  to  man  and  beast,  producing  ultimately  entire  helplessness,  by  rendering 
the  limbs  rigid,  but  without  pain. 

2.  VICIA. 

Celtic  gwig,  whence  Gr.  ffiKiov,  Lat.  vicia,  Fr.  vesce,  and  Eng.  vetch. 

Calyx  tubular,  with  the  3  inferior  segments  straight  and  longer 
than  the  2  above;  vexillmn  emarginate  ;  stamens  10,  diadelphous 
(9  and  1) ;  style  filiform,  bent  at  right  angles  with  the  ovary,  villous 
beneath  the  stigma  on  the  outside  (next  the  keel)  ;  legume  oblong, 
several-seeded. — Herbaceous,  mostly  climbing.  Leaves  abruptly  pin- 
nate, with  several  pairs  of  leaflets  and  a  branching  tendril.  Peduncles 
axillary. 

1.  V.  AMERICANA.  Muhl.     American  Vetch. 

Smooth  ;  ped.  4 — 8-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  slip,  semi-sagittate, 
deeply  dentate ;  Ifts.  10 — 14,  elliptic-lanceolate,  obtuse,  mucronate,  veined,  some- 
what alternate  ;  legumes  oblong-linear,  compressed,  reticulated. — N.  Y.  W.  to 
the  R.  Mts.  Stems  slender,  1 — 3f  long.  Leaflets  1'  by  5",  subsessile.  Flow- 
ers blue  or  purple.  Lower  calyx  teeth  broad-lanceolate,  much  longer  than  the 
2  upper.  Style  very  hairy  at  the  summit.  May. 

2.  V.  CAROLINIANA.   Walt.     Carolinian  Vetch. 

Ped.  many-flowered ;  fls.  distant ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  shorter  than  the  tube, 
the  two  upper  very  short ;  sty.  hairy  at  the  summit ;  Ifts.  8 — 12,  linear-oblong, 
smoothish ;  leg.  not  reticulated,  oblong. — Woods  and  river  banks.  A  slender 
climber,  4— 6f  long.  Leaflets  about  8"  by  2—3".  Flowers  pale-blue,  the  ban- 
ner tipped  with  deep  purple.  May. 

3.  V.  CRACCA.     Tufted  Vetch. 

Fls.  in  imbricated  spikes ;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  pubescent ;  slip,  semi-sagit- 
tate, linear- subulate,  entire. — A  slender  climber,  2 — 3f  long,  about  fences, 
hedges,  thickel^  &c.,  lat.  39°  to  Can.  Stem  square,  downy.  Leaves  of  many 
pairs  of  downy,  mucronate  leaflets,  with  a  branched  tendril  at  the  end  of  the 
principal  stalk.  Leaflets  6 — 8"  by  2 — 3",  petiolulate.  Flowers  blue  and  purple, 
in  a  long,  dense,  one-sided  raceme.  July. 

4.  V.  TETRASPERMA.  Loisel.     (V.  pusilla.    Muhl.  Ervum.  Linn.')  Slen- 
der Vetch. 

Ped.  about  2-flowered ;  calyx  teeth  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  tube  ;  leg. 
smooth,  4-seeded;  Ifts.  4 — 6,  small,  linear;  stip.  lanceolate,  semi-sagittate. — (p 
Slender  and  delicate  plants,  banks  of  streams,  &c.,  Can.  to  Penn.  Stems  al- 
most filiform,  1 — 2f  long.  Leaflets  5 — 10"  by  1",  acute  or  obtuse.  Flowers 
very  small,  bluish- white,  on  filiform  peduncles.  Legumes  4 — 6"  long,  4,  some- 
times 5-seeded.  Jl. 

5.  V.  SATIVA.     Common  Vetch.     Tares. 

Fls.  solitary  or  in  pairs,  subsessile ;  Ifts.  10 — 12,  oblong-obovate,  often 
linear,  retuse,  mucronate ;  stip.  semi-sagittate,  subdentate,  dotted ;  kg.  erect, 
roundish,  reticulated,  smooth. — (£)  A  slender,  climbing  plant,  found  in  cultivat- 
ed fields,  introduced  from  Europe.  Stem  decumbent  or  climbing,  2— 3f  long. 
Leaflets  8 — 12"  by  1 — 4",  lower  ones  near  the  base  of  the  petiole.  Flowers 
pale  purple,  half  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Legumes  1 — 2'  long.  Jn.  § 

6.  V.  FABA.  Willd.  (Faba  vulgaris.  Masnch.)  Coffee  Bean.  Windsor  Bean, 
fyc. — St.  rigidly  erect,  with  axillary,  many-flowered  racemes ;  Ifts.  2 — 4,  oval, 
entire,  mucronate  or  acute ;  tendrils  obsolete ;  stip.  semi-sagittate,  dentate  at 
base. — Native  of  Egypt.  This  species  is  frequently  found  in  gardens,  but  not 
so  much  admired  as 'formerly  for  the  table.  Stem  simple,  1 — 2f  high.  Flow— 


PHASEOLUS.  XLVII.   LEGUMINOS^E.  221 

white,  with  a  large  black  spot  on  each  of  the  alae.    Legume  torulose.    Seeds 
very  large,  with  the  large  hilum  at  one  end.    (See  Fig.  19,  1,  2.)  f 

3.  ERVUM. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  the  segments  acute,  linear,  and  nearly  equal, 
about  the  length  of  the  corolla  ;  stigma  capitate,  smooth ;  style  fili- 
form ;  legume  oblong,  2 — 4-seeded. — (D  Lvs.  abruptly  pinnate,  of  many 
leaflets  a?id  a  terminal  tendril. 

E.  HIRSUTUM.     Hairy  or  Creeping  Vetch. 

Lfls.  linear,  truncate,  mucronate;  stip.  semi-sagittate,  narrow;  ped. 
3 — 6-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  leg.  hirsute,  2-seeded. — A  creeping  weed 
in  cultivated  fields,  N.  Y.  to  S.  Car.  Stem  very  slender,  1 — 3f  long.  Leaflets 
8—20,  4 — 8"  long,  hardly  1"  wide,  broadest  above.  Peduncles  axillary,  3 — 6- 
flowered.  Calyx  segments  rather  shorter  than  the  bluish-white  corolla.  Le- 
gumes short,  with  roundish,  compressed  brown  seeds.  Jn.  §1 

4.  P  I S  U  M. 

Celtic  pis,  Lat.  pisum,  Eng.  pea,  FT.  pais. 

Calyx  segments  leafy,  the  upper  2  shortest ;  vexillum  large,  re- 
flexed  ;  stamens  10,  diadelphous  (9  and  1);  style  compressed,  cari- 
nate,  villous  on  the  upper  side  ;  legume  oblong,  tumid,  many-seeded  ; 
seeds  globose,  with  an  orbicular  hilum. — Herbaceous,  climbing.  Lvs. 
abruptly  pinnate,  ending  with  branching  tendrils. 

P.  sATlvuM.  Common  Garden  Pea. — Lfts.  ovate,  entire,  usually  4;  stip. 
ovate,  semi-cordate  at  base,  crenate ;  ped.  several-flowered. — (I)  One  of  the 
most  valuable  of  leguminous  plants,  smooth  and  glaucous.  Stem  2 — 5f  long, 
nearly  simple,  climbing  by  tendrils.  Leaflets  2 — 3'  long,  §  as  wide,  obtuse, 
mucronate.  Stipules  rather  larger  than  the  leaflets.  Flowers  2  or  more,  on  ax- 
illary peduncles,  large,  white.  This  plant  has  been  cultivated  from  time  im- 
memorial, so  that  its  native  country  is  unknown.  There  are  many  varieties. 
Jn.  £ 

5.  PHASEOLUS. 
Lat.  phaseltis,  a  little  boat ;  which  the  pods  may  be  said  to  resemble. 

Calyx  sub-bilabiate,  upper  lip  2-toothed,  lower  3-toothed  ;  keel  with 
the  stamens  and  style  spirally  twisted  ;  legume  compressed  and  fal- 
cate, or  cylindric,  many-seeded  ;  seeds  compressed,  reniform. — Her- 
baceous, twining  or  trailing.  Lvs.  pinnately  trifoliate.  Lfts.  stipellate. 

1.  P.  DIVERSIPOLIUS.  Pers. 

St.  prostrate,  diffuse,  scabrous  with  recurved  hairs ;  Ifts.  angular,  2 — 3- 
lobed  or  entire ;  ped.  longer  than  the  leaf,  few-flowered ;  lower  tooth  of  the  cal. 
longer  than  the  tube ;  leg.  pubescent,  broadly  linear,  cylindric. — 0  A  creeping 
or  climbing  plant,  3 — 5f  long,  on  sandy  shores  and  prairies,  Can.  and  U.  S. 
Leaflets  1 — 2'  long,  f  as  wide,  with  scattered  hairs  beneath,  often  variously 
and  very  obtusely  lobed.  Peduncles  2 — 8-flowered,  3 — 6'  long.  Corolla  pur- 
plish. Legumes  become  black  when  ripe,  5 — 7-seeded.  Aug. — Oct. 

2.  P.  HELVOLUS.  (and  P.  vexillatus.     Linn.) 

St.  slender,  twining ;  Ifts.  between  oblong-ovate  and  linear,  entire ;  ped. 
slender,  several  times  longer  than  the  leaves,  few-flowered;  leg.  straight,  cylin- 
dric, 8—  10-seeded.— 7J.  Sandy  fields,  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  and  La.  Stem  3 — 5f  long. 
Leaflets  1—2'  by  i — 1'.  Peduncles  4- -8'  long,  4 — 7-flowered.  Calyx  with  2 
bracts  at  base.  Corolla  purplish,  vexillum  large,  roundish.  Legume  2 — 3' 
long,  very  narrow,  subfalcate.  Aug.  Sept. 

3.  P.  PERENNIS.     Walt.     Wild  Bean  Vine. 

Twining,  pubescent;  rac.  paniculate,  mostly  in  pairs,  axillary;  Ifts. 
ovate,  acuminate,  3-veined ;  leg.  pendulous,  falcate,  broad-mucronate. — %  A 
slender,  twining  vine,  in  dry  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  common.  Stem  4 — 7f 
long,  somewhat  branching.  Leaflets  1£ — 3i'  long,  f — equal  width  ;  terminal 


222  XLVil.    LEGUMINOS.E.  WISTARIA. 

one  often  subcordate,  lateral  ones  unequally  enlarged  at  base  outside,  under 
surface  scabrous.  Racemes  1 — 3  together,  6 — 12'  long,  loose,  often  unfruitful. 
Corolla  purple  and  violet.  Legume  about  2'  long,  $'  wide,  with  compressed, 
renifcrm,  dark  purple  seeds.  July,  Aug. 

4.  P.  LEIOSPERMUS.    Torr.  &  Gray. 

St.  slender,  retrorsely  hirsute  ;  Ifts.  linear-oblong,  not  lobed,  as  long  as  the 
petiole,  hirsute  and  reticulated  on  both  surfaces ;  slip,  subulate  ;  ped.  much  lon- 
ger than  the  leaves ;  hds.  few-flowered ;  leg.  very  hirsute,  about  5-seeded.  T. 
dfG.dbr. — Prairies,  111.,  Mead.  Also  Ark.  and  La.  Stem  2 — 4f  long,  prostrate. 
Leaflets  1 — 2'  by  3 — 5".  Pods  about  1'  long,  \  as  wide.  Aug. 

5.  P.  VULGARIS.      Pole  Bean.     Kidney  Bean.     String  Bean. — St.  twining; 
Ifts.  ovate-acuminate ;  roc.  solitary,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  pedicels  in  pairs ;  cal. 
as  short  as  its  2  bracts  at  base  ;  leg.  pendulous,  long-mucronate ;  seed  reniform, 
variously,  often  brightly  colored. — (f)  Native  of  E.  Indies.     Universally  culti- 
vated in  gardens,  not  only  for  the  mature  fruit,  but  for  the  young  pods,  which 
constitute  that  favorite  dish  called  string  beans.     Stem  5 — 8f  long,  twining 
against  the  sun.    Flowers  mostly  white.    July. 

6.  P.  MULTIFLORUS.     Scarlet  Pole  Bean. — St.  twining ;  Ifts.  ovate-acute ;  roc. 
solitary,  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  pedicels  opposite ;  cal.  longer  than  the  2  appressed 
bracts  at  base;   leg.  pendulous;   seeds  reniform.—®  Native  of  S.America. 
Stem  6 — lOf  long,  twining  against  the  sun.    Flowers  scarlet,  numerous  and 
very  brilliant.    Fruit  not  so  generally  admired  as  the  last.    July. 

7.  P.  LUNATUS.    Lima  Bean. — St.  twining;  Ifts.  ovate,  deltoid,  acute;  roc. 
shorter  than  the  leaves ;  ped.  in  pairs ;  cal.  longer  than  its  2  bracts  at  base ;  leg. 
scimetar-shaped,  or  somewhat  lunate  ;  seeds  large,  much  compressed,  purplish- 
white. — Native  of  E.   Indies.     Stem  6 — 8f  long.     Flowers  small,  whitish. 
Much  valued  and  cultivated.    July. 

8.  P.  NANUS.     Dwarf  Kidney  Bean.     Bush  Bean.     Wliite  Field  Bean. — St. 
smooth,  very  branching,  erect ;  Ifts.  broad-ovate,  acute ;  cal.  shorter  than  its  2 
bracts  at  base ;  leg.  pendulous,  compressed,  rugose. — ®  Native  of  India.     Stem 
If  high.    Flowers  white.     Seeds  white,  small,  but  there  are  many  varieties. 
Much  cultivated.    June. 

6.   APIOS. 

Cr.  name  for  the  wild  pear,  which  the  root  resembles  in  form. 

Calyx  campanulate,  obscurely  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  of  2  very 
short,  rounded  teeth,  the  2  lateral  teeth  nearly  obsolete,  the  lower 
one  acute  and  elongated  ;  keel  falcate,  pushing  back  the  broad,  pli- 
cate vexillum  at  top  ;  ovary  sheathed  at  base. — %  Twining,  smooth. 
Root  bearing  edible  tubers.  Leaves  pinnately  5 — 1 -foliate. 

A.  TUBEROSA.  Ph.     (Glycine  Apios.  Linn.}     Ground  Nut. 

St.  twining ;  Ivs.  pinnate,  of  7  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets ;  roc.  shorter  than 
the  leaves. — Thickets  and  shady  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  twining  about  other 
plants.  Stem  round,  2 — 4f  in  length.  Leaves  rather  numerous,  each  consist- 
ing of  3  (rarely  2)  pairs  of  leaflets  and  an  odd,  terminal  one.  These  are  ovate, 
narrow,  more  or  less  pointed,  smooth,  on  short  pedicels.  Racemes  axillary, 
solitary,  1 — 3'  long,  crowded.  Flowers  dark  purple.  To  the  root  are  appended 
oval,  fleshy  tubers,  which  are  very  nutritious,  and  would  perhaps  be  cultivated 
had  we  not  the  potato.  Jl.,  Aug. 

7.  WISTARIA.    Nutt. 

In  memory  of  Caspar  Wistar,  M.  D.,  President  of  Am.  Phil.  Soc. 

Calyx  bilabiate,  upper  lip  emarginate,  the  lower  one  3  sub-equal 
teeth  ;  vexillum  with  2  callosities  ascending  the  claw  and  separating 
above  ;  wings  and  keel  falcate,  the  former  adhering  at  top  ;  legume 
torulose  :  seeds  many,  reniform. —  Twining,  shrubby  plants,  with  pin- 
nate leaves.  Rac.  large,  with  large,  colored  bracts.  Fls.  lilac-colored. 


AMPHICARPJEA.  XLVII.   LEGUMINOS^E.  223 

1.  W.  FRUTESCENS.  DC.  (W.  speciosa.  Nutt.  Glycine  frutescens.  Linn.} 
St.  pubescent  when  young,  at  length  glabrous ;  Ifts.  9 — 13,  ovate  or  el- 
liptic-lanceolate, acute,  sub-pubescent;  wings  with  2  auricles  at  base;  ova. 
glabrous.— An  ornamental,  vigorous  vine,  in  rich  alluvion,  Southern  and  West- 
ern States.  Stems  severaj  yards  long,  climbing  over  bushes,  &c.  Leaflets*! — 
2'  by  £ — 1'.  Flowers  nearly  as  large  as  those  of  the  sweet  pea,  numerous,  ii- 
racemes  3 — 6  or  8'  long,  sheathed  in  very  conspicuous  bracts.  Seeds  spotted 
Apr.  May.  f 

2.  W.  coNSEQtTANA.  Benth.  Chinese  Wistaria. — Lfts.  9 — 13,  ovate-lanceolate, 
silky-pubescent;  roc.  terminal,  nodding,  loosely  many-flowered. — A  splendid 
flowering  vine  from  China.  Stem  of  rapid  growth,  *  12f  or  more  in  length. 
Flowers  in  long,  pendulous  clusters.  May.  Jn.  f 

8,  GALACTIA. 

GT.  yaXa,  milk :  alluding  to  the  juice  of  some  of  the  species. 

Calyx  bibracteolate,  4-cleft,  the  segments  of  nearly  equal  length, 
upper  one  broadest ;  pet.  oblong :  vexillum  broadest  and  incumbent ; 
keel  petals  slightly  cohering  at  top. — Herbs  prostrate  or  twining,  some- 
times shrubby.  Lvs.  pinnately  trifoliate.  Rac.  axillary. 

1.    G.    GLABELLA.    Michx. 

St.  mostly  prostrate,  nearly  glabrous ;  Ifts.  elliptic-oblong,  emarginate  at 
each  end,  sub-coriaceous,  shining  above,  a  little  hairy  beneath ;  roc.  peduncu- 
late, about  the  length  of  the  leaves ;  fls.  pedicellate. — In  arid  soils,  N.  J.  to  Flor. 
Stem  2 — if  long.  Leaflets  10 — 20"  by  5—10",  varying  in  form  from  elliptic 
through  oblong  to  ovate.  Flowers  rather  large,  reddish-purple,  greenish  exter- 
nally. Aug.  Sept. 

2..  G.  MOLLIS.  Michx. 

St.  mostly  twining,  softly  pubescent;  Ifts.  oval,  obtuse,  nearly  smooth 
above,  softly  villose  and  whitish  beneath;  roc.  longer  than  the  leaves,  pedun- 
culate, fasciculate ;  fls.  on  very  short  pedicels ;  leg.  villose. — Dry  soils,  Md.  to 
Ga.  Stem  several  feet  long.  Leaflets  about  I'  long,  J  as  wide.  Flowers  about 
half  as  large  as  in  the  last.  Aug. 

9.  CLITORIA. 

Calyx  bibracteolate,  tubular,  5-toothed,  segments  acuminate  ;  vexil- 
lum large,  spreading,  roundish,  emarginate ;  keel  smaller  than  the 
wings,  acute,  on  long  claws ;  legume  linear-oblong,  torulose,  many- 
seeded. — Q  Mostly  twining.  Lvs.  pinnately  3 — 5-foliate.  Fls.  very 
large,  solitary  or  several  together. 

C.  MARIANA. 

Glabrous ;  st.  suberect  or  twining,  suffruticose ;  Ifts.  3,  oblong-ovate  or 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  lateral  ones  petiolulate  ;  ped.  short,  1— 3-flowered ;  bracteoles 
and  bracts  very  short ;  Ug.  torulose,  3 — 4-seeded. — Dry  soils,  N.  J. !  to  Flor. 
Stem  1 — 3f  long,  round,  slender,  branched.  Leaflets  rather  remote,  about  1'  by 
J'.  Corolla  pale  blue,  2 — 2j'  in  length,  calyx  f,  bracteoles  2".  Jl.  Aug. 

10.  AMPHICARPJEA.    Ell. 

Gr.  an<f>i:  around,  KCtprros,  fruit;  in  reference  to  the  ovary  sheathed  at  base. 

Calyx  tubular,  campanulate,  4-toothed  (or  5-toothed,  the  upper  2 
united)  with  nearly  equal  segments ;  petals  oblong ;  vexillum  with 
the  sides  appressed ;  stigma  capitate ;  ovary  on  a  sheathed  stipe ; 
legume  flat,  2 — 4-seeded. — (D  Slender,  twining.  Lvs.  pinnately  trifo- 
liate. The  upper  Jls.  complete,  but  usually  barren,  the  lower  apetalous 
and  fruitful. 

A.  MONOICA.  Nutt.     (Glycine  monoica.  Linn.')     Pea  Vine. 

St.  hairy ;  Ifts.  ovate,  acute,  smooth ;  roc.  of  the  stem  with  pendulous, 


224  XLVII.   LEGUMINOS^E.  TEPHROSIA. 

petaliferous,  barren  flowers ;  radical  ped.  with  apetalous,  fertile  flowers. — A 
very  slender  vine,  in  woods  and  thickets,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  twining,  rough 
backwards,  4 — 8f  in  length.  Leaflets  very  thin,  1 — 3'  long,  |  as  wide,  lateral 
ones  oblique  at  base.  Racemes  axillary,  few-flowered.  .Flowers  pale  purple. 
CcPuline  legumes  smoothish,  with  3 — 4  dark  purple  seeds.  Radical  legumes 
•often  subterraneous,  with  one  large,  compressed,  brown  seed.  Jl. — Sept. 

11.  ROBINIA. 

In  memory  of  John  Robin,  herbalist  to  Louis  XIV. 

Calyx  short,  campanulate,  5-cleft,  the  2  upper  segments  more  or 
less  coherent ;  vexillum  large ;  alee  obtuse ;  stamens  diadelphous 
(9  &  1 ) ;  style  bearded  inside  ;  legume  compressed,  elongated,  many- 
seeded. — Trees  and  shrubs  with  stipular  spines.  Lvs.  unequally  'pin- 
nate. Fls.  showy,  in  axillary  racemes. 

1.  R.  PSEUDACACIA.     Locust  Tree. 

Branches  armed  with  stipular  prickles;  Ifts.  ovate  and  oblong-ovate; 
roc.  pendulous,  smooth,  as  well  as  the  legumes. — Native  in  Penn.  and  the  more 
Southern  and  Western  States,  and  abundantly  naturalized  in  N.  Eng.  In  the 
durability,  hardness  and  lightness  of  its  timber,  and  the  beauty  of  its  foliage 
and  flowers,  it  is  exceeded  by  few  trees  of  the  American  forest.  West  of  the 
Alleghanies  it  sometimes  attains  the  height  of  80f  with  a  diameter  of  3  or  4. 
In  N.  England  it  seldom  exceeds  half  these  dimensions.  The  pinnate  leaves 
have  a  beautiful  symmetry  of  form,  each  composed  of  8 — 12  pairs  of  leaflets, 
with  one  at  the  end.  These  are  oval,  thin,  nearly  sessile,  and  very  smooth. 
Flowers  in  numerous,  pendulous  clusters,  diffusing  an  agreeable  fragrance. 
Pod  narrow,  flat,  with  5  or  6  small  brown  seeds.  When  young,  the  tree  is 
armed  with  thorns  which  disappear  in  its  maturity.  May. 

2.  R.  VISCOSA.  Vent.     Clammy  Locust. — Slipular  spines  very  short ;  branch- 
lets^  petioles  and  leg.  glandular- viscid;  Ifts.  ovate;  roc.  crowded. — This  beauti- 
ful tree  is  from  the  South,  where  it  attains  the  height  of  40f.     The  flowers 
numerous,  rose-colored,  in  erect,  axillary  clusters,  with  the  thick,  dark  green 
foliage,  "render  this  tree  one  of  the  most  brilliant  ornaments  of  the  park  or  the 
garden.    Apr. 

3.  R.  HISPIDA.    Rose  Acacia. — Stipular  spines  almost  wanting ;  shrub  mostly 
hispid ;  roc.  loose,  suberect. — A  beautiful  shrub,  native  of  the  Southern  States. 
It  is  cultivated  in  our  gardens  for  the  sake  of  its  numerous,  large,  red  flowers. 
Height  3— 5f.     May. 

8.  rosea  has  its  branches  nearly  smooth. 

12.  COLUTEA. 

Calyx  5-toothed  ;  vexillum  with  2  callosities,  expanded,  larger  than 
the  obtuse  carina ;  stigma  lateral,  under  the  hooked  summit  of  the 
style,  which  is  longitudinally  bearded  on  the  back  side ;  legume  in- 
flated, scarious. — Shrubs  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves. 

C.  ARBORESCENS.  Bladder  Senna. — Lfts.  elliptical,  retuse ;  vex.  shortly  gib- 
bous behind. — A  hardy,  free-flowering  shrub,  native  of  Italy,  &c.,  growing 
almost  alone  on  the  summits  of  Mt.  Vesuvius.  Stems  8 — 12f  high.  Leaflets 
about  9.  Flowers  large,  yellow,  with  a  broadly  expanded  banner.  In  medi- 
cine the  leaves  are  used  instead  of  senna.  Jn. — Aug.  -f 

13.   TEPHROSIA. 

Gr.  retypes,  ash-colored;  in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the  foliage. 

Calyx  with  5,  nearly  equal,  subulate  teeth  ;  bracteoles  0  ;  vexillum 
large,  orbicular ;  keel  obtuse,  cohering  with  the  wings  ;  stamens  dia- 
delphous (in  the  following  species)  or  monadelphous  ;  legume  linear, 
much  compressed,  many-seeded. — Herbs  and  shrubs,  with  unequally 
pinnate  haves. 


AMORPHA.  XL VII.   LEGUMINOSJ3.  225 

T.  VIRGINIANA.  Pers.    (Galega.  Linn.)     Goat's  Rue.     Catgut. 

Erect,  villous;  Ifts.  numerous,  oblong,  acuminate;  roc.  terminal,  subses- 
sile ;  Ug.  falcate,  villous. — Tj.  Plant  1 — 2f  high,  with  beautiful  white  and  pur- 
ple flowers,  found  in  dry  sandy  soils,  Can.,  la.,  111.,  S.  to  Flor.  Stem  simple. 
Leaflets  15—27,  10 — 13"  by  2 — 3",  mucronate,  straight-veined,  odd  one  oblong- 
obcordatc,  petiolules  1"  long.  Stipules  subulate,  \'  long,  deciduous.  Flowers 
large,  in  a  dense,  terminal  raceme.  Calyx  very  villous.  Banner  white,  keels 
rose-colored,  wings  red.  Jl. 

14.   PS  OR  ALE  A. 

Gr.  i//a>poAsoj,  leprous  or  scaly ;  alluding  to  the  glandular  dots. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  campanulate ,  segments  acuminate,  lower  one  longest ; 
stamens  diadelphous,  rarely  somewhat  monadelphous  ;  legume  as  long 
as  the  calyx,  1 -seeded,  indehiscent. — %  or  h  Often  glandular.  Lvs. 
various.  Stip.  cohering  with  the  base  of  the  petiole.  Fls.  cyanic. 

1.  P.    FLORIBUNDA.       Nutt. 

Canescent,  much  branched,  destitute  of  glands ;  Ivs.  palmately  3 — 5- 
foliate;  Ifts.  oblong-obovate,  varying  to  linear;  slip,  setaceous;  roc.  slender, 
40 — 50-flowered,  twice  longer  than  the  leaves;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  flowers 
and  longer  than  the  small,  ovate,  acuminate  bracts;  vex.  roundish;  leg.  smooth. 
—Alluvial  soil,  111.  Mead. !  and  Ark.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mts.  Stem  2— 4f  high, 
the  branches  spreading.  Leaflets  1 — 2'  by  2 — 4",  common  petiole  } — 1'  long. 
Flowers  bluish  purple,  nearly  as  large  (3"  long)  as  in  the  two  following.  Jn. 

2.  P.    ESCULENTA.       Ph. 

Hirsute,  erect,  branching ;  Ivs.  palmately  5-foliate,  Ifts.  lanceolate  ;  spikes 
axillary,  dense  ;  cal.  seg.  lanceolate,  a  little  shorter  than  the  corolla ;  leg.  ensi- 
form,  beaked ;  rt.  thick  and  fusiform. 

0.  (P.  ESCULENTA.  Nutt.)  Nearly  acaulescent;  Ifts.  oblong-obovate. — Mo. 
near  the  lead  mines.  Stem  a  few  inches  high.  Leaflets  1 — 2'  long,  nearly 
half  as  wide.  Flowers  pale  blue.  The  root  is  about  1'  diam.,  rather  insipid, 
but  is  eaten  by  the  Indians,  either  raw  or  boiled.  Jn.  Jl. 

3.  P.  EGLANDULOSA.  Ell.     (P.  melilotoides.  Mickx.} 

Si.  much  branched ;  Ifts.  oblong-lanceolate,  finely  dotted  with  glands ; 
spikes  oblong ;  bracts  broadly-ovate,  acuminate,  and  with  the  calyx  hairy ;  leg. 
roundish,  transversely  wrinkled. — Dry  soils,  la. !  to  Ark.  Slender,  2f  high, 
spreading.  Leaflets  2 — 2i'  long,  £  as  wide,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  petioles. 
Flowers  blue.  Pods  2"  diam.  Jn.  Jl. 

4.  P.  ONOBRYCHIS.  Nutt. 

Pubescent;  Ifts.  ovate,  acuminate;  roc.  elongated;  cal.  much  shorter 
than  corolla,  teeth  small,  obtuse,  equal ;  leg.  ovate,  transversely  wrinkled. — 
Low  grounds  and  thickets,  Western  States !  Stem  rigidly  erect,  nearly  simple, 
3 — 5f  high.  Leaflets  2 — 4'  long,  nearly  £  as  wide.  Flowers  small,  pedicellate, 
blue.  Pods  exceeding  the  calyx,  rostrate.  Jn.  Jl. 

15.   AMORPHA. 

Gr.  a,  privative,  popQri,  form;  alluding  to  the  deficiencies  of  the  corolla. 

Calyx  subcampanulate,  5-cleft ;  vexillum  concave,  unguiculate, 
erect ;  wings  and  keel  0  ;  stamens  exserted ;  legume  oblong,  some- 
what curved  at  the  point,  scabrous  with  glandular  points,  1 — 2-seeded. 
— Shrubs  or  half-shrubby  American  plants.  Lvs.  unequally  pinnate, 
punctate.  Pis.  bluish  white,  in  virgate  racemes. 

1.    A.    FRUTICOSA. 

Pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  shrubby  or  arborescent ;  Ifts.  9 — 13,  oval, 
petiolulate,  very  obtuse,  the  lower  pair  remote  from  the  stem ;  cal.  teeth  obtuse, 
short,  lower  one  acuminate  and  rather  the  longest ;  leg.  2-seeded. — A  shrub  or 
small  tree,  6 — 16f  higk,  Wis.  LapJiaml  to  La.  and  Flor.,  W.  to  Rocky  Mts. 
Leaves  3 — 5'  long,  leaflets  about  1'  by  £',  rather  remote  from  each  other  and 


226  XLVII.    LEGUMINOS.E.  TRIPOLIUM. 

from  the  stem,  petiolules  scarcely  2"  long.  Spicate  racemes  terminal,  solitary 
or  fascicled,  3—4'  long.  Vexillum  purple,  emarginate.  Jn. 

2.  A.  CANESCENS.  Nutt.     Lead  Plant. 

Suffruticose  and  canescently  villose  ;  Ifts.  small,  numerous,  and  crowded, 
ovate-elliptical,  subsessile,  mucronate ;  spikes  aggregate ;  fls.  subsessile ;  col. 
teeth  equal,  ovate,  acute ;  vex.  bright  blue ;  leg.  1-seeded. — A  beautiful  species, 
2 — 4f  high,  in  dry,  sandy  soils !  Wis.  to  La.  and  Rocky  Mts.,  and  is  supposed 
to  prefer  localities  of  lead  ore.  Leaves  2 — 3'  long.  Leaflets  coriaceous,  16 — 24 
pairs,  obtuse  at  base,  4—6"  by  1—2".  Spikes  2—3'  long.  Jl.  Aug. 

16.   DALE  A. 

In  honor  of  Thomas  Dale,  an  English  botanist  of  the  last  century. 

Calyx  subequally  cleft  or  toothed  ;  petals  unguiculate,  claws  of  the 
wings  and  keel  adnate  to  the  staminate  tube  half  way  up  5  vexillum 
free,  the  limb  cordate  ;  stamens  1 0,  united  into  a  cleft  tube  ;  ovary  2- 
ovuled  ;  legume  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  indehiscent,  1-seeded. — Mostly 
herbaceous  and  glandular-punctate.  Lvs.  odd-pinnate.  Stipels  0,  stipules- 
minute,  setaceous.  Spikes  mostly  dense. 

D.  ALOPECURolDEs.  Willd.  (D.  Linnsei.  Michx.  Petalostemon.  Ph.} 
Glabrous  and  much  branched ;  Ifts.  8 — 14  pairs,  linear-oval,  obtuse  or 
retuse,  mucronate,  punctate  beneath;  spikes  pedunculate,  oblong-cylindric,  ter- 
minal, silky ;  bracts  about  equaling  the  acuminate  segments  of  the  calyx. — ® 
Prairies  and  bottoms,  111. !  Mo.,  Car.  Plant  about  2f  high,  bushy  and  leafy  and 
pale  green.  Leaflets  not  more  than  4"  by  I7',  sessile,  and  nearly  in  mutual 
contact.  Spikes  1 — 2'  long.  Vexillum  white,  -wings  and  keel  pale  violet. 

17.   PETALOSTEMON.     Michx. 
Alluding  to  the  union  of  the  petals  and  stamens. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  nearly  equal ;  petals  5,  on  filiform  claws,  4  of 
them  nearly  equal,  alternate  with  the  stamens  and  united  with  the 
staminate  tube;  stamens  5,  monadelphous ;  tube  cleft;  legume  1- 
seeded,  indehiscent,  included  in  the  calyx. — 1\-  Lvs.  unequally  pinnate, 
ex-stipellate.  Fls.  in  dense,  pedunculate,  terminal  spikes  or  heads. 

1.  P.  CANDIDUM.  Michx.     ("Dalea.   Willd.} 

Glabrous,  erect;  Ifts.  7—9,  all  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  mucronate, 
glandular  beneath;  spikes  on  long  peduncles;  bracts  setaceous;  vex.  broadly 
cordate,  the  other  petals  ovate. — A  fine-looking  plant,  in  dry  prairies  Southern 
and  Western  States  !  Stem  2 — 4f  high,  sparingly  branched,  slender.  Leaflets 
9 — 18"  by  3 — 5",  terminal  one  largest.  Flowers  small,  white,  crowded  in  dense 
spikes  which  are  1 — 3'  long.  Jl. 

2.  P.  VIOLACEUM.  Michx.    (Dalea.   Willd.} 

Minutely  pubescent,  erect;  Ifts.  5,  linear,  glandular  beneath;  spikes 
pedunculate,  oblong  or  subglobose ;  vex.  cordate,  the  other  petals  oblong,  obtuse 
at  base. — A  beautiful  plant,  of  similar  habits  with  the  last.  Stem  slender,  stri- 
ate,  subsimple,  1£— 2f  high.  Leaflets  about  1'  by  1",  all  sessile.  Spikes  1—8, 
very  dense,  £ — !£'  long.  Petals  of  a  bright  violet  purple.  Jl.  Aug. 

18.   TRIFOL1UM.    Tourn. 

Gr.  TjOt^vXXoj/,  (three-leaved);  Lat.  trifolivm;  Fr.  trejle;  Eng.  trefoil. 

Calyx  tubular  or  campanulate,  5-toothed,  persistent ;  petals  more 
or  less  united  at  the  base,  withering  ;  vexillum  reflexed  ;  alse  oblong, 
shorter  than  the  vexillum ;  carina  shorter  than  the  alse  ;  stamens  10, 
diadelphous  (9  &  1) ;  legume  short,  membranous,  mostly  indehiscent, 
covered  by  and  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  2 — 4-seeded ;  seeds 
roundish. — Herbs.  Lvs.  palmately  trifoliate  ;  Ifts.  with  straight,  scai 
reticulated  veins.  Flowers  in  dense  heads  or  spikes. 


TRIFOLIUM.  XLVII.   LEGUMINOS^E.  227 

*  Heads  not  involucrate.     Flowers  pedicellate,  deflexed  when  old. 

1.  T.  REPENS.     Creeping  or  White  Clover  or  Trefoil.     Shamrock. 

St.  creeping,  diffuse;  l/ts.  obcordate,  denticulate;  stip.  narrow,  scarious; 
/ids.  subumbellate,  on  very  long,  axillary  peduncles ;  leg.  about  4-seeded ;  col. 
teeth,  shorter  than  the  tube. — 7J.  In  all  soils,  mountainous,  meadow  or  rocky, 
throughout  N.  Am.  Stems  several  from  the  same  root,  extending  6 — 12',  root- 
ing at  the  joints.  Peduncle  angular,  much  longer  than  the  leaves.  Flowers 
white.  May — Sep. — Highly  valued  for  pasturage. 

2.  T.  REFLEXUM.     Buffalo  Clover. 

Pubescent ;  ascending  or  procumbent ;  If  is.  obovate  or  oblong-obovate, 
serrulate,  some  of  them  emarginate;  stip.  leafy,  semi-cordate;  Ms.  many-flow- 
ered; leg.  about  4-seeded — Tj-l  Prairies  and  meadows,  Western!  and  Southern 
States.  Stem  8 — 16'  high.  Leaflets  subsessile,  7 — 8"  by  4 — 5";  petioles  1 — 2' 
long.  Heads  large  and  handsome.  Peduncles  1 — 3'  long.  Vexillum  rose- 
red.  Apr. — Jn. 

3.  T.  STOLONIFERUM.  Muhl.     Running  Buffalo  Clover. 

Glabrous,  creeping;  branches  axillary,  ascending,  short;  Ifts.  broadly 
obcordate,  denticulate ;  stip.  leafy,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  fls.  loose,  um- 
bellate-capitate ;  leg.  about  2-seeded. — 1\.  Fields  and  woods,  Western  States ! 
Stems  6 — 12'  long,  several  together.  Branches  3 — 4'  high,  generally  with  one 
head,  which  is  V  diam.  Leaflets  6 — 10"  by  5— 9".  Flowers  white,  erect,  but 
in  fruit  all  reflexed.  May,  Jn. 

*  *  Heads  not  involucrate.     Flowers  never  deflexed  twr  yellow. 

4.  T.  ARVENSE.     Hare's-foot  Trefoil. 

Hds.  cylindrical,  very  hairy ;  calyx  teeth  setaceous,  longer  than  the  corol- 
la ;  Ifts.  narrow-obovate, — (j)  A  low  plant,  abundant  in  dry,  sandy  fields.  Stems 
much  branched,  round,  hairy,  6 — 12'  high.  Leaves  hairy,  on  short  petioles, 
of  3  narrow  leaflets,  £ — 1'  long.  Stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  often  red. 
Heads  of  white  or  pale  red  flowers,  spiked,  g — !£'  long,  very  soft  and  downy, 
the  slender,  equal  calyx  teeth  being  densely  fringed  with  fine,  silky,  reddish 
hairs,  and  projecting  far  beyond  the  corolla.  Jl.  Aug.  Common  in  N.  Eng. 

5.  T.  PRATENSE.     Common  Red  Clover.     (Fig.  43,  7.) 

Spikes  dense  ;  sts.  ascending ;  cors.  unequal ;  lower  tooth  of  the  calyx  lon- 
ger than  the  four  others,  which  are  equal ;  Ifts.  oval,  entire.— (g)  This  is  the 
common  red  clover,  so  extensively  cultivated  in  grass  lands,  with  herds-grass 
(Phleum  pratense}  and  other  grasses,  and  often  alone.  Stems  several  from  the 
same  root,  hairy.  Leaves  ternate,  the  leaflets  ovate,  lighter  colored  in  the  cen- 
tre, entire  and  nearly  smooth.  Stipules  ovate,  mucronate.  Flowers  red,  in 
short,  ovate  spikes  or  heads,  sweet-scented.  Corollas  monopetalous.  Flowers 
all  summer.  § 

6.  T.  MEDIUM.     Zig-Zag  Clover. 

St.  suberect,  branching,  flexuous,  nearly  glabrous ;  Ifts.  oblong  or  ellipti- 
cal, subentire ;  stip.  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  hds.  of  fls.  ovoid-globose,  peduncu- 
late ;  col.  teeth  setaceous,  hairy. — 7J.  In  meadows,  Danvers,  Mass.  Oakes.  Heads 
of  flowers  larger  than  in  T.  pratense.  Corollas  deep  purple.  Leaves  of  a  uni- 
form green.  § 

7.  T.  INCARNATUM.     Fksh-colored  Clover. — St.  erect,  flexuous ;  Ifts.  ovate- 
orbicular,  obtuse  or  obcordate,  sessile,  crenate,  villous ;  spikes  dense,  oblong, 
obtuse,  leafless ;  cal.  teeth  setaceous,  villous. — (I)  A  fine  species  from  Italy,  oc- 
casionally cultivated  as  a  border  flower,  and  has  been  proposed  (Dr.  Dewey, 
Rep.  Herb.  PI.  Mass.)  for  cultivation  as  a  valuable  plant  for  hay. 

*  *  *  Heads  not  involucrate.     Flowers  never  deflexed,  yellow. 

8.  T.  PROCUMBENS.     Yellow  Clover  or  Trefoil. 

St.  procumbent  or  ascending ;  Ifts.  obovate-cuneate,  or  obovate-orbicular, 
obtuse  or  retuse,  denticulate,  terminal  one  petiolulate  ;  stip.  ovate-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, much  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  hds.  small,  subglobose,  on  shortish  pe- 
duncles ;  cor.  yellow ;  sty.  3  or  4  times  shorter  than  the  1-seeded  legumes.—® 
In  dry  soils,  N.  H. !  to  Va.  Stems  many  from  the  same  root,  slender,  more  or 
20 


228  XLVII.    LEGUMINOS^E.  MEDICAGO. 

less  pubescent,  striate,  3 — 10'  long,  often  suberect.  Leaflets  4 — 8"  long,  $ — 
equally  as  wide,  lateral  ones  placed  1 — 2"  below  the  terminal  one,  petiole  \ — 
1^'  long.  Heads  about  20-flowered,  2 — 3"  diam.,  on  slender  peduncles  J — !£' 
long.  Flowers  at  length  reflex ed.  Jn.  Jl.  § 

9.  T.  AGRARIUM.     Field  or  Hop  Trefoil.     Yellmo  Clover. 

St.  ascending  or  erect ;  Ifts.  obovate-oblong,  or  oblong-cuneate,  denticu- 
late, all  subsessile ;  stip.  linear-lanceolate,  cohering  with  and  longer  than  the 
petiole ;  hds.  ovoid-elliptic,  on  long  peduncles ;  2  upper  col.  segments  shorter ; 
cor.  yellow ;  sty.  about  equaling  the  1-seeded  legume. — (T)  Sandy  fields,  N.  Eng  ! 
Stems  6 — 15'  high,  branched,  minutely  pubescent.  Leaflets  5 — 10"  by  1—3". 
Common  petiole  3- — 10"  long,  the  upper  ones  shorter  than  their  stipules.  Heads 
of  flowers  twice  larger  than  in  the  last,  on  peduncles  £ — !£'  long.  Flowers  at 
length  reflexed.  Jl.  Aug.  $ 

19.  M  E  LI  L  0  T  U  S.    Tourn. 

Lat.  mel,  honey,  and  lotus ;  in  drying  it  exhales  a  sweet  odor. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  persistent ;  corolla  deciduous,  keel  pe- 
tals completely  united,  shorter  than  the  alse  or  vexillum  ;  stamens 
diadelphous  (9  and  1);  legume  rugose,  longer  than  calyx,  1 — few- 
seeded. —  Genus  taken  from  Trifolium.  Lvs.  pinnately  trifoliate,  veins 
of  the  leaflets  simple  or  forked.  Fls.  in  racemes. 

1.  M.  OFFICINALIS.  Willd.  (M.  vulgaris.  Ea.)     Yellow  Melilot. 

St.  erect,  with  spreading  branches  ;  Ifts.  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  dentate  ; 
rac.  spicate,  axillary,  paniculate,  loose;  cal.  half  as  long  as  the  yellow  corolla  ; 
leg.  2-seeded,  ovoid. — Alluvial  meadows.  Stem  sulcate,  about  3f  high.  Leaf- 
lets smooth,  with  remote,  mucronate  teeth.  Flowers  in  long,  1-sided,  slender 
racemes.  Petals  of  nearly  equal  length.  The  whole  plant  is  sweet-scented.  Jn.  § 

2.  M.  LEUCANTHA.  Koch.   (Trifolium  omcinale,  /?.  Linn.    M.  officinalis, 
13 .  alba,  Nutt.  and  of  1st.  edit.}     White  Melilot.     Sweet-scented  Clover. 

St.  erect,  branched;  Ifts.  ovate-oblong,  truncate  and  mucronate  at  the 
apex,  remotely  serrate ;  stip.  setaceous ;  cal.  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  white 
corolla;  leg.  2-seeded,  ovoid. — (g)  Alluvial  soils.  Stem  robust,  very  branching, 
sulcate,  4 — 6f  high.  Leaflets  1 — 2'  long,  more  obtuse  at  the  apex  than  at  base, 
mucronately  serrate.  Flowers  numerous,  the  racemes  more  loose  and  longer 
than  in  the  last.  Petals  unequal,  banner  longer  than  wings  or  keel.  Very  fra- 
grant when  dried.  Jl.  Aug.  $f 

20.  MEDICAGO. 

Name  derived  from  Medea,  its  native  country? 

Calyx  5-cleft,  subcylindric  ;  keel  of  the  corolla  deflexed  from  the 
vexillum  by  the  falcate  or  spirally  coiled  legume. — Herbs  with  pal- 
mately  trifoliate  leaves. 

1.  M.  LUPULINA.     None-such. 

Spikes  ovate ;  kg.  reniform,  1-seeded,  veiny,  rugose  ;  sts.  procumbent. — 
(1)  Common  in  fields  and  road-sides,  Can.  to  Flor.  Stems  angular,  leafy,  6 — 16' 
long.  Leaves  resembling  those  of  clover.  Leaflets  obovate,  serrulate,  mucro- 
nate. Spikes  small,  of  yellow  flowers.  Pods  somewhat  spiral,  a  form  which 
characterizes  the  genus.  May — Oct.  § 

2.  M.  SATIVA.     Lucerne  Medick. 

Ped.  racemed ;  leg.  smooth,  spirally  twisted ;  stip.  entire ;  Ifts.  oblong, 
toothed. — 1\.  A  deep-rooting  plant,  sending  up  numerous,  tall  and  slender  clover- 
like  shoots,  with  spikes  of  blue  or  violet  flowers.  Native  of  Europe,  where  it 
is  highly  valued  as  a  forage  plant.  It  has  been  naturalized  and  cultivated  to 
some  extent  with  us,  but  has  hitherto  proved  of  less  value  than  clover.  July.  §  $ 
3.  M.  INTERTEXTA.  Hedge-lwg. — Ped.  about  2-flowered ;  leg.  cochleate,  oval, 
with  downy,  setaceous,  pubescent,  reflexed,  appressed  prickles ;  Ifts.  rhomboidal, 
toothed. — (J)  Native  of  S.  Europe.  Cultivated  as  a  garden  flower  for  the  curi- 
osity of  its  pods.  About  a  foot  in  height.  Flowers  yellow.  Jn. — Aug.  f 


STYLOSANTHES.  XLV11.    LEGUMINOS.E.  229 

4.  M.  SCUTELLATA.  Snail. — Ped.  2-flowered;  leg.  unarmed,  cochleate,  or- 
bicular, convex  at  the  base,  flat  above,  with  concentric,  spiral  folds. — Q  Native 
of  S.  Europe.  Cultivated  among  flowers  for  the  curiosity  of  its  pods,  which 
much  resemble  snail  shells.  July,  f 

06s. — Several  other  species  are  equally  curious  with  the  above,  and  are  sometimes  found  in  our  gardens. 

2t.  ASTRAGALUS. 

Calyx  5-toothed  ;  keel  of  the  corolla  obtuse  ;  stamens  diadelphous 
(9  &  1 ) ;  legumes  2-celled  by  the  introflexion  of  the  lower  suture. — 
Herbaceous  or  suffruticose,  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves.  "  Hairs  often 
fixed  by  the  middle"  (T.  $  G.) 

1.  A.  CANADENSIS.     Canadian  Milk  Vetch. 

Canescent,  erect,  diffuse ;  stip.  broad-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  Ifts.  about 
10  pairs  with  an  odd  one,  elliptical,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  the  lowest  ovate-obtuse  ; 
ped.  about  as  long  as  the  leaves,  when  in  fruit  shorter ;  spikes  oblong ;  fls.  spread- 
ing, somewhat  reflexed ;  leg.  ovate-oblong,  terete,  suberect,  smooth,  2-celled, 
many-seeded,  abrupt  at  the  end  and  tipped  with  a  permanent  style. — 1[.  River 
banks,  &c.,  Can  to  Flor.  At  the  ferry,  Niagara  Falls !  Stem  bushy,  about  3f 
high,  very  leafy.  Flowers  greenish-yellow,  in  short,  dense  spikes.  Pods  £'  in 
length,  leathery.  Jl.  Aug. 

2.  A.    OBCORDATUS.       Ell.  1 

Nearly  smooth,  procumbent,  branched;  Ifts.  8 — 12  pairs,  obcordate  or 
oblong- obovate  ;  ped.  about  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  rac.  6 — 12  flowered,  round- 
ish; leg.  oblong,  triangular,  a  little  curved,  acute  at  each  end,  the  lower  suture 
sulcate. — Prairies  and  bottoms,  111.  Me^dl  N.  Car.  to  Flor.  Baldwin.  Plant 
but  4 — 6'  long,  branched  at  base.  Leaves  about  3'  in  length.  Leaflets  3 — 6"  by 
1 — 1  £",  lower  ones  roundish.  Flowers  blue,  4 — 5"  long,  fruit  about  1'. 

22.   PHACA. 

Gr.  <j>a.K}],  lentil,  derived  from  0<zyw,  to  eat. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  keel  obtuse  ;  stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1 )  j  legume 
continuous,  turgid,  1 -celled  ;  placenta  swelling,  several-seeded. — ^ 
Lvs.  unequally  pinnate.  Fls.  in  axillary •,  pedunculate  racemes. 

1.  P.  NEGLECTA.  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Erect,  branching, nearly  smooth;  Ifts.  elliptical,  8 — 13  pairs  (5 — 9,  T.  & 
G.);  stip.  minute  ;  rac.  many-flowered,  rather  loose;  leg. sessile,  smooth, round- 
ish-ovate, much  inflated,  with  a  deep  groove  at  the  ventral  suture. — By  streams 
and  lakes,  Western  N.  Y.  to  Wiscon.  Lapham!  Plant  resembling  Astragalus 
Canadensis,  but  more  slender  and  delicate.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  terete.  Leaflets 
9 — 15"  by  3 — 5",  minutely  puberulent  beneath.  Flowers  white,  10 — 20  in  a 
raceme.  Pods  about  f '  long,  with  many  small  seeds.  Jn.  Jl. 

2.  P.  ROBBINSJI.  Oakes. 

St.  erect,  simple,  striate  ;  Ifts.  5 — 11,  elliptical,  very  obtuse,  terminal  one 
largest;  stip.  triangular-ovate;  ped.  long,  erect,  each  with  a  short,  ovate  or  ob- 
long raceme;  cor.  horizontal,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;  keel  obtuse,  shorter 
than  the  other  petals ;  leg.  tipped  with  the  recurved,  persistent  style. — Ledges, 
banks  of  Onion  River,  Vt.  Robbins !  Plant  nearly  smooth.  Stem  slender, 
8 — 14'  high.  Leaves  remote,  2 — 4'  long.  Leaflets  4 — 8"  by  l£ — 3;/,  petiolulate. 
Racemes  surpassing  the  stem,  oh  peduncles  5 — 10'  long,  12 — 18-flowered. 
Corollas  white,  about  5"  long.  Pods  1'  long,  4 — 8-seeded.  May,  Jn. 

23.   STYLOSANTHES.     Swartz. 
Gr.  <rru\o$,  a  style,  avSos ,  a  flower,  i.  e.  a  flower  with  a  conspicuous  style: 

Flowers  of  two  kinds,  c?  Calyx  somewhat  bilabiate,  bibracteolate 
at  base,  the  tube  very  long  and  slender,  with  the  corolla  inserted  on 
its  throat;  vexillum  very  broad  ;  stamens  10,  monadelphous ;  ovary 
always  sterile,  with  a  very  long  style.  9  Calyx  and  corolla  0  ;  ovary 


230  XLVII.    LEGUMINOS^.  HEDTSAHDM. 

between  2  braeteoles ;  legume  1 — 2-jointed,  uncinate  with  tlie  short, 
persistent  style. — Lvs.  pinnately  trifoliate. 

S.  EL  ATI  OR.  Swartz.     (Tri  folium  biflorum.  Linn.')     Pencil  Flower. 

St.  pubescent  on  one  side;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  smooth,  acute  at  each  end; 
bracts  lanceolate,  ciliate;  spikes. 3 — 4-flowered ;  lament  1  -seeded  (lower  joint 
abortive). — 1|_  Dry,  gravelly  woods,  Long  Isl.  to  Flor.  and  Ark.  Stem  mostly 
erect,  branched,  If  in  height,  remarkable  for  being  densely  pubescent  on  that 
side  only  which  is  opposite  the  insertion  of  each  leaf,  while  the  other  side  is 
smooth.  Leaves  on  short  stalks,  leaflets  1'  or  more  in  length.  Bracts  fringed 
with  yellow  bristles.  Flowers  yellow.  Jl.  Aug. 

24.   CORONILLA. 

Lat.  corona,  a  crown;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  inflorescence. 

Calyx  bilabiate ;  petals  unguiculate ;  loment  somewhat  terete, 
jointed  ;  seeds  mostly  cylindrical. — Mostly  shrubs.  Lvs.  unequally 
pinnate.  Fls.  in  simple^  pedunculate  umbels. 

1.  C.  EMERUS.    Scorpion  Senna. — St.  woody,  angular  ;  ped.  about  3-flowered ; 
daivs  of  the  petals  about  thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx. — A  beautiful,  free-flowering 
shrub  from  France.    Stem  about  3f  high,  square,  with  opposite  branches.  Leaf- 
lets about  7,  broadly  obcordate.    Flowers  rose-colored,  collected  in  little  tufts 
on  the  ends  of  the  subaxillary  peduncles.     Apr. — Jn.  f 

2.  C.  VARIA.     Purple  Coronilla. — St.  herbaceous,  erect,  smooth,  branching; 
Ivs.  sessile,  smooth;  Ifts.  11 — 19,  all  subsessile,  oblong,   obtuse;    umbels  long- 
pedunculate,  10 — 15-flowered ;  fls.  pale  purple. — An  elegant  European  species, 
2 — 4f  high,  crowned  with  many  hemispherical  umbels  1'  diam.     Jl. — Sept.  f 

25.   ^ESCHYNOMfiNE. 

Gr.  aiff^vvojiai,  to  be  modest;  alluding  to  its  sensitive  property. 

Calyx  bilabiate,  bibracteolate  ;  upper  lip  bifid,  lower  trifid  ;  vexil- 
lum  roundish ;  keel  petals  boat-shaped,  distinct  at  base  ;  stamens 
diadelphous,  5  in  each  set ;  legume  exserted,  composed  of  several 
truncated,  separable,  1 -seeded  joints. — Lvs.  odd-pinnate.  Stip.  semi- 
sagittate.  Rac.  axillary. 

JE.  HISPIDA.  Willd.  (Hedysarum  Virginicum.  Linn.} 
St.  erect,  scabrous-pubescent,  as  well  as  the  petioles,  peduncles,  and 
legumes ;  Ifts.  very  smooth  and  numerous  (often  as  many  as  49,  Nutt.),  linear, 
obtuse  ;  stip.  ovate,  acuminate ;  roc.  3 — 5-flowered  ;  loment  compressed,  6 — 9- 
jointed. — ®  Marshes,  Penn.  to  Flor.  Stem  2 — 3f  high.  Leaflets  about  f  long. 
Racemes  usually  bearing  a  leaf.  Flowers  yellow,  reddish  outside.  Legume 
2'  long,  sinuate  on  one  side.  Aug. 

26.   HEDYSARUM. 

Gr.  TjSvs,  sweet,  apw^a,  smell;  some  of  the  species  are  fragrant. 

Calyx  cleft  into  5,  linear-subulate,  subequal  segments ;  keel  ob- 
liquely truncate,  longer  than  the  wings  ;  stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1 ), 
and  with  the  style  abruptly  bent  near  the  summit ;  legume  (loment) 
of  several  1 -seeded  joints  connected  by  their  middle. — ^  Mostly  herba- 
ceous. Lvs.  unequally  pinnate. 

H.  BOREALE.  Nutt.     Northern  Hedysarum. 

St.  erect;  Ivs.  subsessile,  of  6 — 10  pairs  of  oblong,  smoothish  leaflets; 
stip.  united,  sheathing,  with  subulate  points ;  rac.  spicate,  on  long  peduncles ; 
fls.  numerous,  deflexed;  cal.  teeth  short,  the  lowest  longest;  keel  longer  than 'the 
banner  or  wings ;  joints  of  the  legume  1 — 4,  flat,  suborbicular,  rugose-reticu- 
late.— On  the  precipitous  sides  of  Willoughby  Mt.  Westmore,  Vt.  500f  above 
the  lake  below !  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay.  Stem  rigid,  1 — 2f  high,  very  leafy.  Leaf- 
lets 5 — 8"  by  2 — 1",  obtuse-mucronulate.  Racemes  2 — 4'  long,  on  rigid  pedun- 
cles 3 — 5'.  Flowers  large  and  handsome,  violet-purple.  Jn.  Jl. 


DESMODIUM.  XLVIL   LEGUMINOS^E.  231 

27.  DESMODIUM.    DC. 

Gr.  Seafios,  a  bond  ;  in  reference  to  the  slightly  connected  joints  of  the  loment? 

Calyx  5-cleft,  bilabiate,  sometimes  bibracteolate  at  base  ;  vexillum 
roundish  ;  keel  obtuse ;  stamens  diadelphous  (9  <fe  1 ),  sometimes 
monadelphous ;  legume  (loment)  compressed,  composed  of  several 
1 -seeded,  separable  joints. —  Genus  taken  from  Hedysarum.  %  Her- 
baceous or  suffruticose.  Lvs.  pinnately  trifoliate. 

*  Stamens  all  connected.     Calyx  toothed  or  entire. 

1.  D.  NUDIFLORUM.     DC.     (Hedysarum.     Linn.) 

Lfts.  roundish-ovate,  acuminate,  slightly  glaucous  beneath;  scape  radical, 
panicled,  smooth ;  joints  of  the  lament  obtusely  triangular — Common  in  woods, 
U.  S.  and  Can.  It  is  remarkably  distinguished  by  having  its  leaves  and  flow- 
ers on  separate  stalks,  often  distant  from  each  other.  Stem  8 — 10'  high,  with 
several  ternate,  long-stalked,  smoothish,  terminal  leaves.  Scape  2 — 3f  long, 
slender,  smooth,  leafless,  panicled,  with  many  small,  purple  flowers.  Aug. 

2.  D.  ACUMINATUM.     DC.     (Hedysarum.     Linn.) 

Plant  erect,  simple,  pubescent,  leafy  at  top ;  Ifts.  ovate,  long-acuminate, 
the  odd  one  round-rhomboidal ;  panicle  terminal,  on  a  very  long  peduncle. — 
Common  in  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  8 — 12'  high,  ending  in  a  slender 
panicle  1  or  2f  long.  Leaves  at  the  top  of  the  stem  and  below  the  panicle. 
Terminal  leaflet  roundish,  3'  diam.,  lateral  leaflets  smaller,  all  of  them  covered 
with  scattered,  appressed  hairs  and  conspicuously  pointed.  Flowers  small, 
flesh-colored.  Pod  of  about  3  triangular  joints.  July.  Aug. 

3.  D.  PAUCIFLORUM.     DC.     (H.  pauciflorum.     Nutt.) 

St.  assurgent,  simple,  or  slightly  branched,  retrorsely  hairy;  Ifts.  meni- 
branaceous,  pale  beneath,  scabrous-pubescent  above,  terminal  one  rhomboidal, 
lateral  ones  inequilateral-ovate,  all  rather  acute,  or  subacuminate ;  roc.  termi- 
nal, few-flowered ;  fls.  in  pairs;  pet.  all  distinct!  spreading. — Woods,  Penn. 
to  111.  and  La.  Root  creeping,  tubercular.  Stems  often  clustered,  If  high. 
Petioles  2—3'  long.  Leaflets  1—3'  long,  f — f  as  wide.  Flowers  2 — 6,  white  or 
purplish.  Legume  of  2 — 3  obtusely  triangular  joints.  Jl.  Aug. 

*  *  Stamens  diadelphous  or  the  tenth  stamen  nearly  free. 

4.  D.  CANADENSE.    DC.   (Hedysarum  Canadense.   Linn.)   Bush  Trefoil. 

Lfts.  oblong-lanceolate,  nearly  smooth ;  slip,  filiform  ;  bracts,  ovate,  long- 
acuminate  ;  fls.  racemed ;  joints  of  the  loment  obtusely  triangular,  hispid. — Rath- 
er common  in  woods,  Can.  to  Penn.  and  la.  A  handsome  plant  about  3f  in 
height.  Stem  upright,  striate.  Leaflets  3'  long,  broadest  at  base,  pointed,  near- 
ly smooth.  Flowers  purple,  in  axillary  and  terminal  racemes  with  conspicuous 
bracts.  Pods  about  5-jointed.  Jl. 

5.  D.  CANESCENS.     DC.     (D.  Aikinianum.   Beck.    H.  canesc.    L.) 

St.  erect,  branched,  striate,  scabrous ;  Ifts.  ovate,  rather  obtuse,  scabrous 
on  the  upper  surface,  soft-villous  beneath  ;  slip,  large,  oblique,  acuminate ;  pan. 
terminal,  very  long,  densely  canescent,  naked ;  joints  of  the  lament  triangular ; 
upper  lip  of  the  calyx  nearly  entire. — Woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Flor.  An  upright, 
branching  plant,  with  very  long  panicles  of  flowers  greenish  externally,  purple 
within.  Stem  3f  high,  pubescent.  Pods  about  4-jointed.  Aug. 

6.  D.    DILLENII.    Darl.    (D.    Marilandicum.   DC.    H.  Maril.    Wittd.) 
Dillenius'  Dcsmodium. 

Plant  erect,  branching,  hairy ;  Ifts.  oblong,  villose  beneath ;  stip.  subu- 
late; roc.  panicled;  joints  of  the  loment "3,  rbomboidal,  reticulate,  a  little  hairy. 
— Moist  soils,  Northern  and  Western  States.  Stem  sulcate,  scabrous,  2 — 3f 
high.  Leaflets  2 — 3'  by  1 — 2',  smooth  above.  Panicle  large,  terminal,  naked. 
Flowers  purple.  Jl. 

7.  D.  CCJSPIDATUM.    T.  &  G.   (D.  bracteosum.     DC.  H.  bract.   MX.) 
Plant  erect,  smooth ;  Ifts.  oblong-oval  or  ovate,  acuminate ;  stip.  lanceo- 
late-subulate ;  rac.  paniculate,  terminal,  large,  with  scattered  flowers ;  bracts 
ovate,  acuminate,  striate,  smooth  ;  joints  of  the  loment  suboval. — A  larger  spc- 

20* 


232  XLVII.  LEGUMINOS^.  DESMODIUM. 

cies  than  either  of  the  preceding,  found  in  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  branch- 
ing, erect,  4 — 5f  high.  Leaflets  3'  long,  widest  at  base,  smooth,  entire,  pointed. 
Stipules  of  the  leaves  ovate,  long-acuminate,  of  the  leaflets  awl-shaped.  Flow- 
ers large,  purple,  with  conspicuous  bracts.  Pods  in  about  six  joints,  long,  pen- 
dulous, rough.  Aug. 

8.  D.  MARILANDICUM.  Boott.  (D.obtusum.  DC.  H.  Marilandicum.  Linn.') 
Plant  erect,  branching,  hairy ;  Ifts.  ovate,  obtuse,  subcordate  at  base ; 

stip.  subulate ;  panicle  terminal ;  joints  of  the  loment  roundish,  reticulate,  hispid. 
— Woods,  N.  States  to  Flor.  Stem  2 — 3f  high.  Leaflets  £ — 1'long,  f  as  wide. 
Flowers  violet-purple,  small.  Loment  1 — 3-jointed.  Aug. 

9.  D.  CILIARE.     DC.  (H.  ciliare.   Willd.)    Fringed  Desmodium. 

Plant  erect,  slender,  subpubescent ;  Ivs.  crowded,  on  short,  hairy  petioles ; 
Ifts.  small,  ovate,  short-stalked,  pubescent  beneath,  ciliate  on  the  margin  ;  slip. 
filiform,  caducous  ;  -panicle  terminal,  the  lower  branches  much  longer ;  joints 
of  the  loment  2  or  3,  half-orbicular,  hispid,  reticulate. — Woods,  N.  Eng.  to  La. 
Height  2f.  Flowers  purple.  Aug. 

10.  D.  RIGIDUM.  DC.     (H.  rigidum.  Ell.} 

Erect,  branching,  rough-pubescent ;  Ifts.  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  terminal 
one  the  longest;  petiole  short,  hairy;  stip.  acuminate,  ciliate,  caducous;  roc. 
paniculate,  very  long;  leg.  with  2 — 3  semi-oval  or  semi-obovate  joints. — Hills 
and  woods,  Mass,  to  La.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  often  with  numerous,  long,  erect, 
rigid  branches.  Leaflets  1 — 3'  long,  £  as  wide,  rather  coriaceous,  reticulately 
veined.  Flowers  violet-purple.  Aug. 

11.  D.  PANICULATUM.  DC.     (H.  paniculatum.  Linn.) 

Plant  erect,  smooth;  Ifts.  thin,  oblong-lanceolate;  stip.  subulate;  panicle 
terminal,  with  long  and  slender  pedicels ;  bracts  lanceolate  ;  joints  of  the  loment 
rhomboidal. — A  handsome  species,  near  3f  in  height,  found  in  woods,  U.  S.  and 
Can.  Stem  slender,  striate.  Leaves  of  3,  smooth,  narrow  leaflets,  broadest  at 
the  base,  tapering  to  an  obtuse  point,  about  3'  in  length,  with  subulate,  decidu- 
ous bracts.  Pods  4 — 5  jointed,  large.  Flowers  purple,  numerous.  Jl.  Aug. 

12.  D.  ROTUNDIFOLIUM.  DC.    (H.  rotundifolium.  Linn.) 

St.  prostrate,  hairy;  Ifts.  suborbicular,  hairy  on  both  sides;  bracts  broadly 
ovate,  acuminate ;  rac.  few-flowered ;  joints  of  the  loment  subrhomboidal. — A 
hairy,  prostrate  plant,  2 — 3f  in  length,  found  in  rocky  woods  throughout  the 
U.  S.  Leaves  of  3  roundish  leaflets,  pale  beneath,  1 — 2'  diam.,  on  hairy  stalks. 
Stipules  cordate,  reflexed,  hairy.  Flowers  purple,  in  axillary  and  terminal 
racemes.  Pods  about  6-jointed.  Aug. 

13.  D.  HUMIFUSUM.  Beck.  (H.  humifusum.  MM.}  Prostrate  Desmodium. 
St.  procumbent,  striate,  nearly  smooth ;  Ifts.  oval,  sub-pubescent ;  stip. 

persistent;  rac.  axillary  and  terminal;  leg.  of  2—4  obtusely  4-angled  joints. — 
Woods,  Waltham,  Mass.  Bigclow,  Penn.  Muhl.  A  species  much  resembling 
the  last,  but  the  whole  plant  is  much  smoother,  with  smaller  and  narrower 
bracts.  Stem  2 — 3f  long.  Leaflets  oval  or  ovate,  subacute.  Aug. 

14.  D.  VIRIDIFLORUM.  Beck.     (Hedys.  virid.  Linn.} 

St.  erect,  densely  pubescent  and  scabrous  above ;  Ifts.  ovate,  mostly  ob- 
tuse, scabrous  above,  softly  villous  beneath ;  stip.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
caducous  ;  panicle  very  long,  leafless ;  cal.  very  hairy,  upper  lip  bifid ;  leg.  of  3 — 4 
triangular  joints. — Alluvial  soils,  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  and  La.  Stem  3— -4f  high, 
rigid,  branched.  Leaflets  2—  3'  long.  Corolla  violet,  turning  green  in  withering. 
Legume  1 — 2'  long. 

15.  D.  L^VIGATUM  1  DC.    (H.  laevigatum.  Nutt.) 

Glabrous ;  st.  simple,  erect ;  Ivs.  on  long  petioles ;  Ifts.  ovate  or  oblong- 
ovate,  rather  obtuse;  stip.  subulate,  minute  and  deciduous;  panicle  terminal, 
nearly  simple  \  fls.  in  pairs,  on  elongated  pefficels ;  bracts  ovate,  very  small ; 


long,  f — If  wide.    Pedicels  5 — S"  long.    Flowers  purple.     Sept. — My  speci- 
mens, as  well  as  those  of  Nuttall.  are  without  fruit. 


LESPEDEZA.  XL VII.   LEGUMINOS.E.  233 

16.  D.  SESSILIFOLIUM.  TOTT.  &  Gray.    (H.  sessilifolium.  Tbrr.) 

St.  erect,  tomentose-pubescent ;  Ivs.  sessile  ;  Ifts.  linear  or  linear-oblong, 
obtuse  at  each  end,  scabrous  above,  softly  tomenfose  beneath ;  slip,  subulate ; 
panicle  of  spicate  roc.  very  long ;  bracts  minute ;  leg.  small,  hispid,  of  2 — 3  semi- 
orbicular  joints. — Woods,  Western  States  and  Texas.  Stem  2 — 3f  high.  Leaf- 
lets about  2'  by  £'.  Flowers  small,  numerous  and  crowded.  Aug. 

17.  D.  STRICTUM.  DC.    (H.  strictum.  Pursh.) 

Erect,  slender,  nearly  glabrous  and  simple ;  Ivs.  petiolate ;  Ifts  linear, 
elongated,  coriaceous  and  reticulately  veined,  mucronate ;  stip.  subulate ;  pani- 
cles slender,  few-flowered;  kg.  hispid,  incurved,  of  1 — 3  lunately  triangular 
joints  with  a  filiform  isthmus. — Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Flor.  and  La.  Stem 
about  3f  high.  Leaflets  2—3'  by  2—3",  longer  than  the  petioles.  Flowers 
small,  purple,  on  very  slender  pedicels.  Aug. 

28.   LESPEDEZA.    Michx. 

In  honor  of  Lespedcz,  governor  of  Florida,  who  protected  Michaux  in  his  travels  there. 

Calyx  5-parted,  bibracteolate,  segments  nearly  equal ;  keel  of  the 
corolla  very  obtuse,  on  slender  claws ;  legume  (loment)  lenticular, 
compressed^  small,  unarmed,    indehiscent,    1-seeded. —  Genus   taken 
from  Hedysarum.     'A-  Lvs.  palmately  trifoliate,  reticulate-veined. 
§  Flowers  all  complete  and  fertile,  in  dense  spikes.     Corolla  ochroleucous 

or  white,  with  a  purple  spot  on  the  vexillum,  scarcely  longer  than  tJie 

calyx. 

1.  L.  CAPITATA.  MX.  (L.  frutescens.  Ell.  Hedysarum  frutescens.  Willd.)Bush 
Clover. — Lifts,  elliptical,  obtuse,  silky-pubescent;  stip.  subulate ;  fascicles  of 

jls.  ovate,  subcapitate,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  axillary ;  loments  hairy,  shorter  than 
the  villous  calyx. — An  erect,  hairy,  half-shrubby  plant,  in  dry  soils,  Can.  to  Car. 
Stem  nearly  simple,  villous,  2 — 4f  high.  Leaves  numerous,  on  short  petioles, 
consisting  of  3  coriaceous  leaflets.  Leaflets  1— IV  by  3— 6",  nearly  smooth 
above,  covered  with  silky  pubescence  beneath.  Aug.  Sept. 
0.  angustifolia.  Ph.  (L.  angustifolia.  Ell.) — Lfts.  linear,  smooth  above. 

2.  L,  HIRTA.  Ell.     (Hedysarum  hirtum.  Linn.) 

Villous  and  pubescent ;  Ifts.  roundish-elliptic ;  roc.  capitate,  axillary,  ob- 
long, longer  than  the  leaves;  cor.  and  lament' about  as  long  as  the  calyx. — Plant 
2— 4f  high,  found  in  dry  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  erect,  branching  and  very 
hair)r.  Leaves  less  numerous  than  in  the  last,  on  very  short  stalks,  consisting 
of  3  oval  leaflets  hairy  beneath.  Peduncle  hairy,  becoming  longer  than  the 
raceme.  Flowers  reddish- white,  crowded.  Aug.  Sept. 

§  §  Flowers  of  two  kinds,  complete  and  apetalous,  the  latter  chiejly  bear- 
ing the  fruit.  Corolla  violet  or  purple,  much  longer  than  the  calyx. 
LESPEDEZARIA.  T.  &  G. 

3.  L.  PROCUMBENS.  Michx.    (Hedysarum  repens.   Willd.) 

St.  procumbent,  villose ;  Ifts.  oval,  upper  surface  smooth ;  roc.  short,  on 
very  long,  setaceous  peduncles  ;  loments  roundish,  pubescent. — Dry  woods  and 
sandy  fields,  Mass,  to  La.  Plant  pubescent  in  all  its  parts.  Stems  several  from 
the  same  root,  slender,  2^-3f  long.  Leaves  consisting  of  3  oblong  or  roundish 
leaflets,  on  hairy  stalks.  Flowers  purple,  in  short,  raceme-like  heads,  axillary, 
the  lower  ones  apetalous,  and  on  short,  the  upper  on  very  long,  thread-like 
peduncles.  Aug. 

4.  L.  REPENS.  Torr.  &  Gray.     (H.  repens.  Linn.)     Creeping  Lespedeza. 
St.  prostrate,  diffuse,  nearly  smooth ;  Ifts.  oval  or  obovate-elliptical,  smooth 

above,  on  very  short  petioles ;  ped.  axillary,  filiform,  simple,  few-flowered,  lower 
ones  bearing  apetalous  flowers ;  leg.  suborbicular,  subpubescent. — Dry  soils, 
Can.,  Hooker,  N.  J.  and  Southern  States  !  Probably  it  will  yet  be  found  in  N.  Y. 
Stems  very  slender,  numerous.  Leaflets  5 — 9"  by  3 — 5",  obtuse.  Peduncles 
2 — 3'  long.  Aug.  Sept 

5.  L.  VIOLACEA.  Pers.     (H.  violaceum.  Linn.)     Violet  Lespedeza. 
Erect  or  diffuse,  branching ;  Ifts.  elliptic  or  oval-oblong,  obtuse  or  emar- 


234  XLVIL    LEGUMINOS^E.  CROTALARIA. 

ginate,  about  equaling  the  petiole,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath ;  roc.  axillary, 
subumbellate,  lower  ones  with  apetalous  flowers ;  As.  in  pairs ;  kg.  ovate,  smooth- 
ish,  much  longer  than  the  calyx. — Dry  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Root  creeping 
and  woody.  Stems  clustered,  slender,  8 — 14'  long.  Apetalous  flowers  few,  the 
complete  ones  seldom  producing  fruit.  Leaflets  6 — 12"  by  4 — 8".  Petioles 
9 — 18"  long.  Corollas  small,  violet,  pedicellate.  Legume  rhomboidal.  Jl.  Aug. 
/?.  divergent.  (L.  divergens.  Ph.}  Ped.  filiform,  divergent,  much  longer  than 
the  leaves,  mostly  unfruitful ;  leg.  reticulate. — Leaflets  ovate. 

6.  L.  SESSILIFLORA.  Michx.     (L.  violacea,  (3.   T.  fy  G.} 

St.  erect,  branching,  puberulent;  If  is.  small,  oblong-oval,  obtuse,  mucro- 
nate,  longer  than  the  petioles ;  fls.  glomerate,  on  peduncles  much  .shorter  than 
the  leaves,  those  at  the  base  apetalous  and  fertile ;  lower  segment  of  the  calyx  in 
the  complete  flowers  much  longer  than  the  others  -,  leg.  orbicular-ovate,  reticu- 
lated, smooth,  much  longer  than  the  calyx. — Woods,  Can. !  to  Flor.,  Ohio !  and 
La.  Stem  rigid,  slender,  1— r2f  high,  with  numerous,  crowded,  small  leaves. 
Leaflets  rigid,  3 — 6  or  8"  by  1 — 2".  Flowers  numerous,  mostly  apetalous. 
Legume  about  2"  diam.  Aug.  Sept. 

7.  L.  RETICULATA.  Pers.     (L.  violacea,  y.  T.  ty  Cr.) 

St.  erect,  rigid,  simple,  glabrous;  petioles  nearly  erect;  ffis.  sublinear, 
strigose-pubescent  beneath,  strongly  reticulated  and  mucronate ;  fls.  fasciculate 
on  short,  axillary  peduncles ;  segments  of  the  calyx  of  nearly  equal  length ;  kg. 
strongly  reticulated,  acute. — N.  J. !  to  111. !  and  La.  Stem  2f  or  more  high,  slen- 
der, rarely  branched.  Leaflets  10 — 18"  by  H — 3",  a  little  broadest  in  the  mid- 
dle, acute  at  each  end,  upper  ones  smaller.  Flowers  all  complete  in  some  speci- 
mens, all  apetalous  in  others.  Corolla  violet.  Legume'  1£"  diam.  Aug. 

8.  L.  STUVEI.    Nutt. 

Erect,  branched,  tomontose-pubescent ;  Ifts.  oval  or  roundish,  longer  than 
the  petiole ;  rac.  axillary,  many-flowered,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  leaves  in 
length;  apetalous  fls.  few;  leg.  hairy,  ovate,  acuminate,  longer  than  the  subulate 
calyx  teeth. — Dry  soils,  N.  Y.  to  La.  A  variable  plant,  2— 3f  high.  Leaves 
always  hairy  beneath,  generally  so  above.  Corollas  purple,  much  longer  than 
the  calyx.  Aug.  Sept. 

29.  GENISTA. 
Celtic  gen,  Fr.  genet ;  a  small  shrub. 

Calyx  with  the  upper  lip  2-parted  and  the  lower  3-toothed  ;  vexil- 
lum  oblong  ;  keel  oblong,  scarcely  including  the  stamens  and  style  : 
stigma  involute  ;  stamens  monadelphous. — Shrubby  plants  with  sim- 
ple leaves  and  yellow  flowers. 

G.  TINCTORIA.     Dyer's  Broom.     Wood-waxen, 

Branches  round,  striate,  unarmed,  erect;  Its.  lanceolate,  smooth;  leg. 
smooth. — 7J.  A  naturalized  species,  found  occasionally  in  dry,  hilly  grounds. 
Stems  or  branches  numerous,  ascending  or  erect,  If  high,  from  long,  woody,  creep- 
ing roots.  Leaves  sessile,  alternate.  Flowers  bright  yellow,  axillary,  sessile, 
or  nearly  so,  solitary.  The  whole  plant  dyes  yellow,  and  with  woad,  green.  Aug. 
30.  CROTALARIA. 

Gr.  Kpora\ovj  a  rattle ;  from  the  rattling  of  the  loose  seeds  in  the  pods. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  somewhat  bilabiate  ;  vexillum  cordate,  large ;  keel  acu- 
minate ;  sta.  10,  monadelphous  ;  filamentous  sheath  cleft  on  the  upper 
side  ;  legume  pedicellate,  turgid. — Herbs  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  often  simple. 

C.  SAGITTALIS.     Ra'tle-box. 

Plant  erect,  branching,  hairy ;  h-s.  simple,  lanceolate ;  slip,  opposite, 
acuminate,  decurrent ;  rac.  3-flowered,  opposite  to  the  leaves ;  cor.  shorter  than 
the  calyx. — (D  Plant  about  a  foot  high,  with  a  hairy  aspect,  and  inflated  pods, 
in  woods  and  sandy  fields,  N.  H.  to  Ark.  Stem  herbaceous,  rigid.  Leaves  al- 
ternate, entire,  nearly  sessile,  rounded  at  the  base.  The  plant  is  best  distin- 
guished by  its  opposite,  united,  decurrent  stipules,  so  situated  that  each  pair  ap- 
pears inversely  sagittate.  Sepals  long,  hairy.  Corolla  small,  yellow.  Seeds 
few,  rattling  in  the  turgid  pod.  Jl. 


BAPTISIA.  XLVI1.    LEGUMINOS^E.  235 

31.  LUPIN  US.    Tourn. 
Lat.  lupus,  a  wolf;  because  it  overruns  the  field  and  devours  its  fertility.    (Doubtful.) 

Calyx  deeply  bilabiate,  upper  lip  2- cleft, lower  entire  or  3- toothed; 
wings  united  towards  the  summit ;  keel  acuminate  ;  stamens  mona- 
delphous,  the  filamentous  sheath  entire ;  anthers  alternately  oblong 
and  globose  ;  legume  coriaceous  and  torulose. — Herbs.  Lvs.  palmate- 
ly  5 — 15-foliate. 

1.  L.  PERENNIS.     Common  Lupine. 

Rt.  creeping,  perennial ;  Ifts.  7—9,  oblanceolate,  mucronate ;  Us.  alternate ; 
col.  without  appendages,  upper  lip  emarginate,  lower  entire. — TL  Grows  wild 
abundantly  in  sandy  woods  and  hills,  Lake  Champlainto  Wis.  Lapham !  S.  to  Ga. 
It  is  a  beautiful  plant,  much  cultivated  in  gardens.  It  is  often  called  sun-dial, 
from  the  circumstance  of  its  leaves  turning  to  face  the  sun  from  morning  till 
night.  Stem  erect,  soft,  smoothish,  a  foot  high.  Leaves  soft,  downy,  on  long 
stalks.  Lfts.  1§ — 2'  by  4 — 6"j  lanceolate,  broadest  above  the  middle.  Flowers 
blue,  varying  to  white,  in  a  terminal  spike  or  raceme.  May,  June. 

2.  L.  POLYPHYLLUS.  Lindl.     Many-leaved  Lupine. — Tall ;  Ifts.  11 — 15,  lanceo- 
late, sericeous  beneath ;  fls.  alternate,  in  a  very  long  raceme ;  pedicels  longer 
than  the  lanceolate,  deciduous  bracts  ;  cat.  ebracteolate,  both  lips  subentire  ;  leg. 
densely  hairy. — Tj.  A  splendid  ornament  of  the  garden,  from  Oregon.     Stem 
3 — 5f  high.    Racemes  a  foot  or  more  long.    Flowers  scattered  (subverticillate 
in  /?.  grandifolius,  Lindl,J),  white,  purple  or  yellow  in  different  varieties,  j- 

3.  L.  NOOTKATENSIS.  :Doim.     Nootka  Sound  Lupine. — St.  villous,  with  long, 
spreading  hairs ;  Ifts.  oblong-lanceolate,  mucronate,  attenuate  at  base,  sericeous 
beneath ;  cal.  very  hairy,  both  lips  nearly  entire ;  bracts  linear,  hairy,  longer 
than  the  calyx. — A  handsome  species,  from  th$  Nv'W.  Coast,  2 — 3f  high,  in 
gardens.    Leaflets  about  7.    Flowers  purple,  f 

4.  L.  ARBOREUS.     Tree  Lupine. — Fruticose ;  fls.  in  whorls ;  cal.  appendaged, 
lips  acute,  entire. — A  handsome  exotic  shrub,  6f  high,  with  large  yellow  flowers,  f 

Obs. — Several  annual  species  are  occasionally  sown  in  gardens,  as  L.  albus,  with  white  flowers ;  L.  pi- 
losus,  with  rose-colored  flowers  ;  L.  luteus,  with  yellow  flowers,  and  L.  hirsutus,  with  blue  flowers,  and 
an  appendaged  calyx. 

32.  LABURNUM.     Benth. 

Calyx  campanulate,  bilabiate;  upper  lip  2,  lower  3-toothed  ;  vexil- 
lum  ovate,  erect,  as  long  as  the  straight  wings  ;  filaments  diadelphous 
(9  &.  1) ;  legume  continuous,  tapering  to  the  base,  several-seeded. — Ori- 
ental thornless  shrubs  or  trees.  Lvs.  palmately  trifoliate.  Fls.  mostly  yellow. 

1.  L.  VULGARE.     (Cytisus  Laburnum.    Linn.}     Golden  Chain. — Arborescent; 
If  is.  oblong-ovate,  acute  at  base,  acuminate  ;  rac.  simple,  elongated,  pendulous; 
leg.  hirsute. — A  small,  ornamental  tree,  15f  high,  from  Switzerland.    Flowers 
numerous,  large,  in  racemes  If  long,  f 

2.  L.  ALPlNUM.     (Cytisus  alpinus.  Linn}     Scotch  Laburnum. — Arborescent ; 
Ifts.  oblong-ovate,  rounded  at  base ;  rac.  long,  simple,  pendulous ;  leg.  glabrous. 
—A  beautiful  tree,  30f  high,  native  of  various  alpine  regions  of  Europe.     Like 
the  former,  it  develops  numerous,  brilliant  yellow  flowers,  in  long,  drooping  clus- 
ters.— There  are  varieties  with  ochroleucous,  white,  and  even  purple  flowers,  -j- 

33.  BAPTISIA.     Vent. 
Gr.  -/JaTrro),  to  dye ;  a  use  to  which  some  species  are  applied. 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft  half-way,  persistent ;  petals  of  about  equal  length, 
somewhat  united  ;  vexillum  orbicular,  emarginate ;  stamens  1 0,  dis- 
tinct, deciduous  :  legume  inflated,  stipitate,  many  (or  by  abortion 
few)-seeded. — %•  Lvs.  palmately  3-foliate,  or  simple.  < 

1.  B.  TINCTORIA.  R.  Br.  (Sophora.  Linn.  Podalyria.  Lam.}  Wild  Indigo. 

Glabrous,  branching ;  Irs.  palmately  3-foliate,  subsessile ;  Ifts.  roundish- 
obovate,  acute  at  base,  very  obtuse  at  apex;  stip.  setaceous,  caducous;  rac. 


236  XLVII.    LEGUMINOS^E.  CASSIA. 

loose,  terminal ;  leg.  subglobose. — A  plant  with  bluish-green  foliage,  frequent  in 
dry  soils,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  very  bushy,  about  2f  high.  Leaflets  about  7" 
by  4 — g",  emarginate,  petiole  1 — 2"  long.  Flowers  6 — 12  or  more  in  each  ra- 
ceme. Petals  6"  long,  yellow.  Legume  about  as  large  as  a  pea,  on  a  long 
stipe,  mostly  1-seeded.  Jl. — Sept. 

2.  B.  LEUCOPHAEA.  Nutt.     Ochroleucous  Baptisia. 

Villous;  petioles  almost  0;  l/ts.  oblanceolate,  varying  to  obovate;  slip,  and 
bracts  large,  triangular-ovate,  persistent;  roc.  secund,  with  numerous  flowers 
drooping  on  long  pedicels ;  leg.  ovoid  or  roundish,  inflated. — Dry,  rich  soil,  South- 
ern !  and  Western  States !  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  smoothish  when  old.  Leaflets  2 — 
3/  by  £ — 2',  stipules  more  than  half  as  large.  Raceme  40 — 60-flowered.  Pedi- 
cels 1 — 2'  long.  Corollas  very  large,  ochroleucous.  Apr. 

3.  B.  LEUCANTHA.     Torr.  &  Gray.     (B.  alba.  Hook.)   White-flowered  Bapt. 

Glabrous  and  glaucous ;  Ivs.  on  short  petioles ;  Ifts.  cuneiform-obovate,  ob- 
tuse; roc.  long,  erect;  bracts  caducous;  leg.  inflated,  stipitate. — Very  conspicu- 
ous in  prairies,  &c.,  Mich.  la. !  to  Ark.  Stem  thick,  2 — 3f  high,  branches 
about  3,  towards  the  summit.  Racemes  terminal,  of  large,  white  flowers,  6 — 
24'  long,  showy.  Leaflets  1 — 2'  long,  £  as  wide,  turning  bluish-black  in  dry- 
ing. Jn.  Jl. 

4.  B.  AUSTRALIS.  R.  Br.  (B.  ccerulea.     Nutt.)    Blue-flowered  Baptisia. 
Glabrous ;  petioles  short ;  Ifts.  obovate,  or  somewhat  oblong,  obtuse  ;  slip. 

lanceolate,  rather  longer  than  the  petioles,  distinct  at  base ;  rac.  long,  erect ; 
bracts  caducous ;  pedicels  rather  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  leg.  oblong-oval,  stipe 
long  as  the  calyx. — Alluvial  soils,  Ohio  river,  Clark!  Harper's  Ferry  !  to  Ga. 
and  La.  Stem  2— 3f  high,  branched.  Petioles  1— G"  long.  Leaflets  If— 3'  by 
| — 1',  sometimes  acute.  Stipules  | — 1'  long.  Flowers  indigo-blue,  large.  Pod 
about  2'  long.  Jn. — Aug. 

34.  CERCIS. 

Gr.  K£f>Kis,  a  weaver's  shuttle  ;  from  the  form  of  the  legumes. 

Calyx  broadly  campanulate,  5-toothed  ;  petals  scarcely  papiliona- 
ceous, all  distinct ;  wings  longer  than  the  vexillum  and  smaller  than 
the  keel  petals  ;  stamens  1 0,  distinct ;  legume  compressed,  with  the 
seed-bearing  suture  winged  ;  seeds  obovate. — Trees  with  simple,  cor- 
date leaves  and  rose-colored  flowers. 

C.  CANADENSIS.     Judas  Tree.     Red-bud. 

Lvs.  broadly  ovate-cordate,  acuminate,  villous  on  the  veins  beneath. — A 
handsome  tree,  20 — 30f  high,  Mid.  and  W.  States.  The  wood  is  finely  veined 
with  black  and  green,  and  receives  a  fine  polish.  Leaves  3 — 4'  by  4 — 5',  entire, 
smooth,  7- veined,  on  petioles  1 — 2'  long.  The  flowers  appear  in  advance  of  the 
leaves,  usually  in  abundance,  in  small,  lateral  clusters.  Corolla  bright  purple. 
May. — The  young  twigs  will  dye  wool  a  nankeen  color.  The  old  author  Gerarde 
in  compliance  with  the  popular  notion  of  his  time,  says  "  This  is  the  tree 
whereon  Judas  did  hang  himself,  and  not  on  the  elder  tree,  as  it  is  said." 

SUBORDER  2.— C  ^ESALPIIVJE. 
Corolla  not  papilionaceous,  irregular.  Stamens  10  or  fewer,  all  distinct. 

35.  CASSIA. 

From  the  Hebrew  word  Katzioth. 

Sepals  5,  scarcely  united  at  base,  nearly  equal ;  petals  5,  unequal, 
but  not  papilionaceous  ;  stamens  10,  distinct;  3  upper  anthers  often 
sterile,  3  lower  ones  beaked;  legume  many-seeded. —  Trees,  shrubs  or 
herbs.  Lvs.  simply,  abruptly  pinnate. 

1.  C.  MARILANDICA.     American  Senna. 

Plant  smooth ;  Ifts.  G — 9  pairs,  oblong-lanceolate,  mucronate,  an  obovoid 
gland  near  the  base  of  the  common  petiole ;  fls.  in  axillary  racemes  and  termi- 
nal panicles. — ?|_  This  beautiful  plant  is  frequently  met  with  in  alluvial  soils, 
(U.  S.)  growing  in  close  masses,  3 — 5f  high.  Stem  round,  striate,  often  with 


GLEDITSCHIA.  XLVII.    LEGUMINOS^E.  237 

scattered  hairs.  Petioles  channeled  above,  and  distinguished  by  the  pedicelled 
gland  near  the  base.  Leaflets  1— 2'  by  4— 9".  Racemes  in  the  upper  axils, 
forming  a  leafy  panicle.  Petals  bright-yellow,  3  erect  and  2  declined.  In  medi- 
cine it  is  a  mild  cathartic.  Aug. 

2.  C.  CHAMJECRISTA.     Sensitive  Pea.     Dwarf  Cassia,. 

St.  erect  or  decumbent ;  Ifts.  8 — 12  pairs,  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  mucronate ; 
gland  on  the  petiole  subsessile;  fascicks ,  of  flowers  supra-axillary,  subsessile; 
anthers  10,  all  fertile. — ®  An  elegant  plant,  in  dry  soil,  Mass.  Mid.  W.  and  S. 
States.  Stem  £ — 2f  high,  round,  pubescent.  Leaflets  crowded,  4 — 8"  by  1— 2i", 
smooth,  subsessile.  Flowers  large,  2,  3  or  4  in  each  fascicle.  Bracts  lance- 
subulate,  as  are  also  the  stipules,  persistent.  Petals  bright  yellow,  the  2  upper 
ones  with  a  purple  spot.  Aug. — The  leaves  possess  considerable  irritability. 

3.  C.  NICTITANS.     Wild  Sensitive  Plant. 

St.  erect  or  procumbent ;  Ifts.  6 — 15  pairs,  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  mucro- 
nate, sessile ;  gland  mi  the  petiole  slightly  pedicellate ;  fls.  small,  2  or  3  in  each 
supra-axillary,  subsessile  fascicle ;  sta.  5,  subequal. — In  dry  sandy  soils,  Mass, 
to  La.  Stem  about  If  long,  slender,  a  little  branching.  Leaflets  crowded,  4 — 
6"  by  1 — 2",  common  petiole  1—2'  long,  with  the  gland  a  line  or  two  below  the 
-owest  pair  of  leaflets.  Flowers  very  small,  pale  yellow,  on  short  pedicels.  Jl. 
— The  leaves  are  quite  sensitive,  closing  by  night  and  when  touched. 

36.  GYMNOCLlDUS.    Lam. 

Gr.  yvpvos,  naked,  /cAaJoj,  a  shoot;  for  its  coarse,  naked  shoots  in  winter- 

Flowers  9  cT-  cT  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft,  equal ;  petals  5,  inserted 
into  the  summit  of  the  tube;  stamens  10,  distinct.  9  Calyx  and 
corolla  as  above ;  style  1  ;  legumes  1 -celled,  oblong,  very  large,  pulpy 
within. — A  slender,  unarmed  tree,  with  unequally  bipinnate  Ivs.  Lfts. 
ovate^  acuminate. 

G.  CANADENSIS.  Lam.     Coffee  Tree. 

Grows  in  Western  N.  Y.,  Ohio,  la. !  &c.,  on  the  borders  of  lakes  and  riv- 
ers. Height  50f,  with  a  trunk  15'  diam.,  straight  and  simple  to  the  height  of 
25f,  covered  with  a  rough,  scaly  bark,  and  supporting  a  rather  small,  but  regu- 
lar head.  The  compound  leaves  are  2 — 3f  long,  and  15 — 20'  wide,  being  doubly 
compounded  of  a  great  number  of  dull  green  leaflets.  Single  leaflets  often  oc- 
cupy the  place  of  some  of  the  pinnae.  Flowers  large  and  white,  succeeded  by 
large,  curving  pods  containing  several  hard,  gray  seeds.  The  wood  is  reddish,  fine- 
grained and  strong,  and  is  valuable  in  architecture,  and  cabinet-work.  May — Jl. 

37.  GLEDITSCHIA. 

In  honor  of  John  G.  Gleditsch,  a  botanical  writer,  Leipzig,  about  1750. 

Flowers  9  $  cT.  Sepals  equal,  3 — 5,  united  at  base  ;  petals  3 — 5  ; 
stamens  3 — 5,  distinct,  opposite  the  sepals,  sometimes  by  abortion 
fewer  or  0 ;  style  short ;  legume  continuous,  compressed,  often  inter- 
cepted between  the  seeds  by  a  quantity  of  sweet  pulp. — Trees,  with 
supra-axillary,  branched  spines.  Lvs.  abruptly  pinnate  and  bipinnate 
often  in  the  same  specimen. 

G.  TRI ACANTHUS.     Honey  Locust. 

Branches  armed  with  stout,  triple  spines ;  Ifts.  alternate,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, obtuse ;  leg.  linear-oblong,  compressed,  intervals  filled  with  sweet  pulp. — 
This  fine  tree,  native  from  Penn.  to  Mo.  and  La.,  is  becoming  common  in  cul- 
tivation. In  favorable  circumstances  it  attains  the  height  of  70f,  undivided  half 
its  length,  with  a  diameter  of  3 — 4f.  The  thorns  with  which  its  branches  are 
armed  in  a  most  formidable  manner,  are  2—3'  long,  ligneous,  often  having  2 
secondary  ones  branching  from  the  sides.  Foliage  light  and  elegant.  Leaflets 
about  18^  1 — l|'long,  $  as  wide,  1,  2  or  3  of  them  frequently  transformed,  either 
partly  or  wholly,  into  smaller  leaflets  (§  240,  6).  Flowers  small,  white,  suc- 
ceeded by  flat,  crooked,  hanging  pods  12—18'  long,  of  a  dull  red.  Seeds  flat, 
hard,  brown,  imbedded  in  a  fleshy  substance,  at  first  sweet  but  becomes  sour.  Jn. 


238  XL VII.   ROSACE^E. 

SUBORDER  3.— M  I  M  O  S  E  M . 

Sepals  and  petals  valvate  in  aestivation,  subregular.  Stamens  5 — 200. 

Embryo  straight. — Leaves  abruptly  pinuate  or  bipinnate. 

38.   MIMOSA. 

Gr.  ^t//o£,  a  buffoon  ;  the  leaves  seems  sporting  with'  the  hand  that  touches  them. 

Flowers  9  $  <?.  £  Calyx  5-tpothed ;  corolla  0,  or  5-toothed ;  sta. 
4 — 15  ;  legume  separated  into  1 -seeded  joints  ;  c?  like  the  perfect,  but 
without  ovaries  or  fruit. — *4  Hbs.  and  shrubs,  natives  of  tropical  Amer.  fyc. 

M.  PUDICA.  Sensitive  Plant. — St.  prickly,  more  or  less  hispid ;  Irs.  digitate- 
pinnate  ;  pinna  4,  of  many  (20  or  more)  pairs  of  linear  leaflets. — Native  of  Bra- 
zil. Stem  shrubby,  about  a  foot  high.  Leaflets  about  3"  long,  very  numerous. 
Flowers  small,  capitate. — It  is  occasionally  cultivated  for  the  interest  excited 
by  its  spontaneous  motions, — the  leaves  bending,  folding,  and  apparently  shrink- 
ing away  from  the  touch  of  the  hand. 

39.  SCHRANKIA.     Willd. 

In  honor  of  Francis  de  Paula  Schrank,  a  German  botanist. 

Flowers  £  & ;  calyx  minute,  5-toothed ;  petals  united  into  a  funnel- 
shaped,  5-cleft  corolla;  stamens  8 — 10,distinctor  monadelphous;  legume 
echinate,  dry,  1 -celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded; — %•  Prickly  herbs.  St. 
procumbent.  Lvs.  sensitive,  bipinnate.  Fls.  in  spherical  heads,  purplish. 

S.  UNCINATA.  Willd.     (Mimosa  horridula.  Michx.}     Sensitive  Brier. 

St.  angled,  grooved ;  'pinnae,  6 — 8  pairs ;  Ifts.  numerous,  minute,  elliptical, 
reticulated  beneath;  hds.  solitary,  on  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves;  leg. 
very  densely  clothed  with  prickles. — Dry  soils,  Clark  Co.,  Mo.  Mead,  and 
Southern  States.  Stem  2 — 4f  long,  and  with  the  petioles  and  peduncles  armed 
with  short,  sharp  prickles  turned  downwards.  Leaflets  about  2"  by  J".  Pedun- 
cles 2 — 3'  long,  heads  i — £'  diam.  May— Jl. 

40.  DARLINGTONIA.     DC. 

In  honor  of  Hon.  Wm.  Darlington,  of  Penn.,  author  of  Flora  Cestrica,  &c. 

Flowers  $  ;  calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed ;  petals  5,  distinct ;  sta- 
mens 5,  distinct ;  style  filiform ;  stigma  minute,  funnel-shaped ; 
legume  lanceolate,  dry,  2-valved,  4 — 6-seeded. — %  Unarmed  and  gla- 
brous herbs.  Lvs.  abruptly  bipinnale ;  Ifts.  very  numerous.  Fls.  white,  in 
axillary,  pedunculate  heads. 

D.  BRACHYLOBA.  DC.     (Desmanthus.  Benth.) 

a.  Illinoensis.  T.  &  G.  (Mimosa  Illinoensis.  Michx.}  Pinna  6 — 11 
pairs,  with  a  gland  between  the  lowest  pair  only ;  stems  numerous,  diffuse ;  leg. 
slightly  falcate. — Prairies  and  bottoms,  111.  to  La.  Stems  2 — 3f  high,  simple, 
striate.  Leaves  2 — 4'  long.  Leaflets  linear-oblong,  subfalcate,  obtuse  at  each 
end,  2$"  by  $".  Legumes  crowded,  f  long.  Jn.  Aug. — This  genus  is  reduced 
by  Bentham  to  Desmanthus,  Willd.,  but  there  are  numerous  genera  based  on 
less  important  distinctions  than  this ;  e.  g.  Vicia  and  Lathyrus. 

ORDER  XL VIII.     ROSACES. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs.    Leaves  alternate. 

Stipules  usually  large  or  conspicuous,  sometimes  none. 

Fls.  regular,  commonly  showy,  rarely  dioecious. 

Col.—  Sepals  5,  rarely  fewer,  united,  often  reinforced  by  as  many  bracts. 

Car.— Petals  5,  regular,  rarely  wanting,  inserted  on  the  disk  which  lines  the  orifice  of  the  calyx. 

Sta.  00,  usually  numerous,  arising  from  the  calyx,  distinct. 

Ova.  superior,  1  or  several,  distinct,  l-celled,  often  coherent  to  the  sides  of  the  calyx  and  each  other. 

Styles  distinct  or  united.    Fruit  a  drupe,  pome,  achenia  or  follicle. 

This  order,  as  here  constituted,  consists  of  three  suborders,  which  by  Lindley  are  regarded  as  separate 
orders ;  viz.  AmygdalecE,,  Pomece  and  Rosacea  proper,  to  which  is  added  Chrysolalanea,  not  represented 
in  this  flora.  The-  genera  and  species  in  each  suborder  are  estimated  by  Lindley  as  follows  : 

Chrysobalaneae,    11  genera,    50  species. 

Amygdalese,  5  110 

Pomeae,  16  200 

Rosacese  proper,  50  625 

Total,       82       "       985       " 


XLVIIT.   ROSACES.  239 

A  large  proportion  of  these  are  natives  of  temperate  climates  north  of  the  equator. 

Properties.— A  highly  important  order,  whether  we  regard  its  delicious  fruit,  its  medicinal  products,  or 
the  beauty  of  its  flowers.  None  of  its  species  (excepting  those  of  the  Almond  tribe)  are  unwholesome. 
An  astringent  principle  characterizes  the  family,  residing  chiefly  in  the  bark  and  the  roots.  The  roots  of 
the  blackberry  have  been  used  in  medicine  as  an  astringent ;  those  of  Gillema,  as  an  emetic ;  Agrimo- 
nia,  as  a  vermifuge.  The  petals  of  Rosa  damascena,  yield  the  well  known  fragrant  oil,  called  ottar  of 
rose.  The  Almond,  Peach,  &c.,  abound  in  prussic  acid,  a  deadly  poison,  residing  chiefly  in  the  kernels.— 
Of  the  Rosaceae,  as  ornamental  flowering  shrubs,  it  is  scarcely  necessary  to  speak. 


13 


FIG.  44.— 1.  Potentilla  arguta,  flower  and  leaf.  2.  Vertical  section  of  a  flower  with  the  petals  removed, 
showing  the  perieynous  disk,  stamens,  ovaries,  &c.  3.  Enlarged  ovary  and  style.  4.  Mature  ovary. 
5.  Section  showing  the  seed  and  funiculus.  6.  Vertical  section  of  a  flower  of  Fragaria,  showing  the  peri- 
gynous  stamens,  the  ovaries,  &c.  7.  Enlareed  carpel.  8.  Fruit,  consisting  of  the  enlarged  receptacle 
with  the  achenia  external.  9.  Perigynous  stamens  of  Rubus  Idaeus.  10.  Fruit,  the  fleshy  carpels  aggre- 
gated. 11.  Section  of  the  fruit.  12.  Flower  of  the  apple  tree.  13.  Vertical  section  of  a  rose,  showing 
the  distinct  carpels  in  the  calyx  tube. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

<  Sta.  5.    Sillaldia.      24 
(  Leaves  $  cauline.  ( Sta.  00.  Potentilla.      12 
Waldsteinia.  16 
Dahbarda. 
Dryas. 
Geum. 
Fragaria, 

._ .  Comarum. 

,  Compound  fruit  (116,  14,  a)  of  many  aggregate  drupes.       .    Rubm. 
<  (  Lvs.  simple  or  pinnate.      Spirea. 

(2— 10-seeded ( Leaves  trifoliate.     .        .    Gillenia. 

f  3— 50.  LFolLicles  { l-aeeded.    Shrub  with  simple  Ivs.  (Fls.  double.)  Kerria. 
t  globose.  Fr.  glab.  not  glauc.  Cerasiis. 
$  Fruit  glabrous.      Prunus. 
(  nucleus  smooth,  .  .  .  .  (  compr.  ( Fruit  pubescent.  Armeniaca. 

.  i  only <  <  Fruit  fleshy.     .    Persica. 

\  f  naked,  tFruit  a  drupe ;  (  nucleus  perforated  and  furrowed.  \  Fruit  dry.          .    Amysrdalis. 

i  Stamens  1—4.  Lvs.  palm.  Alchemilla. 
<  Stamens  4.  Lvs.  pinnate.    Sansruisorba.  IS 
<  Pet.  0.  f  Stamens  20— 30.      .       .    Poterium.      19 
<  Carpels  1—4.  \  Petals  5.    Stamens  12—15.  . 

:  I  but  enclosed  in  its  tubes.  ?  Carpels  numerous.    Petals  5—00.    Sta.  00. 
i  Pome  with  1 — 5  l-seeded  cells. 
<  Pome  with  3—5  2-seeded  cells. 

adherent  to        $  Petals  roundish.  ..(  Pome  with  5  many-seeded  cells.   . 
the  calyx  tube.  (.  Petals  lance-obovate.    Pome  with  5  double  cells.    . 


fnot          \  comp. .  ?  all  radical, 
caudate.  (  Leaves  simple, 
and  caudate  with     $  Petals  8  or  9. 
j  recepta'cle  I  the  persistent  style.  I  Petals  5. 
j  on  a  juicy  ^  which  is  sweet  and  eatable  in 
'  Achenia  I  receptacle  i!  but  insipid  in 


Agrimonia. 

Rosa. 

Crat&gus. 

Pyrus. 

Cydonia. 


20 
10 
6 
7 
8 
Amelanchier.  9 


240  XL  VIII.   ROSACE^E.  CERASUS. 


SUBORDER  I.—  A  MY 
Ovary  solitary.  Fruit  a  drupe.  Seeds  mostly  solitary.  Calyx  deciduous. 
1.  C  ERAS  US.    Juss. 

Name  from  Cerasus,  a  town  in  Pontus,  whence  originated  the  garden  cherry. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  regular,  deciduous  ;  petals  much  spreading  ;  stamens 
15  —  30  ;  drupe  globose,  succulent,  very  smooth,  destitute  of  a  glau- 
cous bloom  ;  nucleus  subglobose,  smooth.  —  Trees  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  con- 
duplicate  in  (Estivation. 

*  Flowers  in  racemes. 

1.  C.  SEROTINA.  DC.    (C.  Virginiana.  Michx.    Prunus.    Ehrh.)    Black 
or  Wild  Cherry.  —  Lvs.  deciduous,  oval-oblong,  acuminate,  unequally  serrate, 

smooth,  shining  above  ;  petioles  with  2  —  4  glands  ;  roc.  spreading,  elongated.  —  A 
large  forest  tree,  throughout  the  U.  S.  Trunk  50  —  80f  high,  of  uniform  size  and 
undivided  to  the  height  of  20  —  30f,  2  —  4f  diam.  Bark  black  and  rough.  Leaves 
3  —  5'  long,  £  as  wide,  with  1  —  2  pairs  of  reddish  glands  at  base.  In  May  and 
June  it  puts  forth  numerous  cylindric  clusters  of  white  flowers.  Fruit  nearly 
black  when  mature,  bitterish,  yet  pleasant  to  the  taste,  and  is  greedily  devoured 
by  birds.  —  The  wood,  extensively  used  in  cabinet-work,  is  compact,  fine-grained, 
and  receives  a  high  polish.  The  bark  has  a  strong,  bitter  taste,  and  has  been 
used  in  medicine  as  a  tonic. 

2.  C.  VIRGINIANA.  DC.    (C.  serotina.  Hook.   Prunus.  Linn.}    Choke  Cherry. 
Lvs.  smooth,  sharply  serrate,  oval,  deciduous,  the  lower  serratures  glandu- 

lar, veins  bearded  on  each  side  towards  the  base  ;  petiole  with  2  glands  ;  roc. 
lax,  short,  spreading  ;  pet.  orbicular.  —  A  small  tree  or  shrub,  5  —  20f  high,  in 
woods  and  hedges.  Bark  grayish.  Leaves  2  —  3'  long,  £  as  wide,  with  a  short, 
abrupt  acumination,  and  spreading,  subulate  serratures.  Flowers  white,  ap- 
pearing in  May.  The  fruit  (cherries)  is  abundant,  of  a  dark  red  color,  very 
astringent  to  the  taste,  yet  on  the  whole  agreeable. 

*  *  Flowers  subumbellate  or  solitary. 

3.  C.  PENNSYLVANIA.  Ait.     (Prunus  borealis.  Ph.}     Wild  Red  Cherry. 
Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate,  membranous,  smooth  ;  umbels 

corymbose,  with  elongated  pedicels  ;  drupe  small,  ovoid-subglobose.  —  A  small 
tree,  common  in  woods  and  thickets  in  the  Northern  States.  The  trunk  rarely 
exceeds  25f  in  height,  with  a  diameter  of  6  —  8'.  Bark  smooth,  reddish-brown. 
Leaves  2  —  5'  long,  £  as  wide,  the  fine  teeth  mostly  glandular,  apex  tapering  to 
a  long  acumination.  Flowers  white,  on  long  (2£'j  slender  pedicels  collected 
into  a  sort  of  umbel.  Fruit  red,  very  acid.  —  This  tree  is  of  rapid  growth,  and 
quickly  succeeds  a  forest-clearing  if  neglected.  May. 

4.  C.  PUMILA.  Michx.    (Prunus  depressa.  Ph.)    Sand  Cherry. 

Lvs.  lanceolate,  oval  or  obovate,  acute,  subserrate,  smooth,  paler  beneath  ; 
umbels  few-flowered,  sessile  ;  drupe  ovoid.  —  A  small,  trailing  shrub,  in  gravelly 
soils,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Branches  ascending,  1  —  2f  high.  Leaves  2  —  3'  long,  £ 
as  wide,  very  acute  at  each  end.  Flowers  white,  3,  4  or  5  in  each  umbel,  the 
pedicels  smooth,  I/  in  length.  Fruit  small,  dark  red,  acid  but  agreeable  to  the 
taste.  May. 

5.  C.  AVITJM.  Moench.     (Prunus.  Linn.)     Duke  Cherry.     Ox-heart.  English 
Cherry.     Bigareau,  fyc.,  fyc.  —  Branches  erect  or  ascending;  Ivs.  oblong-obovate, 
acuminate,  hairy  beneath  ;  umbels  sessile,  with  rather  long  pedicels  ;  driipe  ovoid- 
globose,  subcordate  at  base.  —  Cultivated  in  gardens,  fields,  &c.,  common.   Trunk 
20  —  50f  in  height,  with  an  oblong  or  pyramidal  head.    Leaves  3  —  6'  long,  £  as 
wide,  on  petioles  1  —  2'  long,  often  with  2  glands.     Flowers  expanding  with  the 
leaves,  white.     Drupes  various  shades  of  red,  firm  but  juicy.    May.  —  The  fruit 
is  well  known  and  appreciated.    About  75  varieties  are  published  "in  American 
catalogues.  £ 

6.  C.  VULGARIS.  Mill.     (Prunus  Cerasus.     Linn.)     Sour  Cherry.  Large  Red 
Cherry.    Morello,  fyc.  —  Branches  spreading  ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  apex, 
narrowed  at  base,  nearly  smooth  ;  umbels  subsessile,  with  short  pedicels  ;  drupes 


PRUNUS.  XLVill.   ROSACES.  241 

globose. — A  smaller  tree  than  the  preceding,  much  cultivated.  Trunk  15— 20f 
high,  with  a  roundish,  compact  head.  Branches  slender.  Leaves  2 — 3'  long, 
f  as  wide,  unequally  serrate,  on  petioles  }  as  long,  with  2  glands.  Flowers 
white,  expanding  sooner  than  the  leaves,  2  or  3  from  each  bud,  on  pedicels  I' 
long.  Fruit  large,  various  shades  of  red,  acid  or  subacid.  Apr. — In  Prince's 
Catalogue,  1844,  these  two  species  are  transposed  (perhaps  by  mistake).  About 
125  varieties  are  there  published,  of  which  50  belong  to  the  present  species.  £ 

2.  PRUNUS.    Tourn. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  regular,  deciduous ;  petals  much  spreading ;  stamens 
15 — 30  ;  ovary  2-ovuled  ;  drupe  ovate,  fleshy,  smooth,  generally  cov- 
ered with  a  glaucous  bloom ;  nucleus  compressed,  smooth. — Small 
trees  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  convolute  in  vernation. 

1.  P.  AMERICANA.  Marsh.  (Cerasus  nigra.  Loisel.)  Red  Plum.  Yellow  Plum. 
Somewhat  thorny ;  tos.  oblong-oval  and  obovate,  abruptly  and  strongly 

acuminate,  doubly  serrate  ;  drupes  roundish -oval,  reddish-orange,  with  a  thick, 
coriaceous  skin. — Hedges  and  low  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.-,  often  cultivated  for 
its  sweet,  pleasant  fruit,  which  is  about  the  size  of  the  damson.  Shrub  10 — 15f 
high.  Leaves  2 — 3'  long,  f  as  wide,  petioles  j— J'  long,  mostly  with  2  glands  at 
the  summit.  Flowers  preceding  the  leaves,  3- — 4  in  each  of  the  numerous  um- 
bels, white.  Drupes  nearly  destitute  of  bloom,  ripe  in  Aug.  Flowers  in  May.  £ 

2.  P.  INSITITIA.     Wild  Bullace  Tree. 

Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  tapering  to  the  petiole,  acute,  serrate, 
pubescent-villous  beneath ;  branches  somewhat  spiny ;  fls.  naked,  generally  in 
pairs ;  cal.  segments  entire,  obtuse ;  pet.  obovate ;  fruit  globular. — A  European 
shrub  or  small  tree,  15 — 20f  high,  naturalized  "  on  the  banks  of  Charles  River, 
in  Cambridge,  road-sides  at  Cohasset,  and  other  places  in  the  vicinity  of  Bos- 
ton." Emerson,  Rep.  trees  and  shrubs  of  Mass.  The  leaves  and  flowers  are 
from  separate,  but  adjacent  buds,  the  former  1 — !£'  long,  with  short  petioles. 
Petals  white.  Fruit  black,  covered  with  a  yellowish  bloom.  § 

3.  P.  MARITIMA.  Wang.     (P.  littoralis.  Bw.}    Beach  Plum. 

Lvs.  oval  or  obovate,  slightly  acuminate,  sharply  serrate  ;  petioles  with  2 
glands  ;  umbels  few-flowered ;  pedicels  short,  pubescent ;  fr.  nearly  round. — A 
small  shrub,  abundant  on  the  sea-beach,  particularly  on  Plum  Island !  at  the 
mouth  of  Merrimac  river.  Very  branching.  Leaves  1 — 3'  long,  downy-canes- 
cent  beneath  when  young,  becoming  at  length  nearly  smooth.  Flowers  white, 
2 — 5  in  each  of  the  numerous  umbels.  Fruit  globular,  eatable,  red  or  purple, 
little  inferior  in  size  to  the  common  garden  plum,  ripe  in  Aug.,  Sept.  FU  in  May. 

4.  P.  SPINOSA.  Black  Thorn.  Sloe. — Branches  thorny ;  fls.  solitary ;  cal.  cam- 
panulate,  lobes  obtuse,  longer  than  the  tube  ;  Irs.  pubescent  beneath,  obovate- 
elliptical,  varying  to  ovate,  sharply  and  doubly  dentate ;  drupe  globose. — Hedge- 
rows and  cultivated  grounds,  Penn.  Pursh.    A  thorny  shrub,  12 — 15f  high,  na- 
tive of  Europe.  § 

5.  P.  CHICASA.    Michx.     (Cerasus.  DC.}     CMckasaio  Plum. — Branches  spi- 
nose ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  glandular-serrulate,  acute,  nearly 
smooth;  umbels  2 — 3-flowered,  pedicels  short,  smooth;  drupe  globose. — A  fine 
fruit-shrub,  native  of  Arkansas,  &c.,  often  cultivated.    Height  8 — 12f,  with  a 
bushy  head.    Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  I   as  wide,  petioles  about  J'  long.    Flowers 
small,  white,  expanding  with  the  leaves,  in  Apr.     Fruit  red,  or  yellowish-red, 
tender  and  succulent,  ripe  in  July.    There  are  several  varieties.  J 

6.  P.  DOMESTICA.     Common  Garden  Plum.  Damson  PI. — Branches  unarmed  ; 
Irs.  oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute ;  pedicels  nearly  solitary ;  drupe  globose,  oval, 
ovoid  and  obovoid. — This  long  cultivated  tree  or  shrub  is  said  to  be  a  native  of 
Italy.     It  rarely  exceeds  15f  in  height.     Leaves  quite  variable  in  form,  1 — 3' 
long,  |  as  wide,  sometimes  obtuse,  on  petioles  about  1'   in  length.     Flowers 
white,  generally  but  one  from  a  bud,  expanding  while  the  leaves  are  but  half 
grown,  in  Apr.  and  May.     Fruit  black,  varying  through  many  colors  to  white, 
covered  with  a  rich  glaucous  bloom,  ripe  in  Aug.   About  150  varieties  are  pub- 
lished in  the  catalogues  of  American  gardeners.  £ 


242  XL VIII.   ROSACEJE.  AMYGDALUS. 

3.  ARMENlACA.    Tourn. 

Named  from  Armenia,  its  native  Country. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  deciduous  ;  petals  5  ;  drupe  succulent,  pubescent ; 
nucleus  compressed,  smooth,  margins  sulcate,  one  obtuse  and  the  other 
acute. — Small  trees.  Lvs.  convolme  in  astivation. 

1.  A.  VULGARIS.  Lam.   (Prunus  Armeniaca.   Willd.)    Common  Apricot. — Las. 
broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  subcordate  at  base,  denticulate ;  slip,  palmate ;  fls. 
sessile,  subsolitary,  preceding  the  leaves;  drupe  somewhat  compressed,  subglo- 
bose,   large. — Occasionally  cultivated  in  gardens,   &c.     Tree   10 — 15f  high. 
Leaves  2— 3'  long,  f  as  wide,  smooth,  petioles  nearly  2'  long,  with  several  glands. 
Flowers  white,  Apr.    Fruit  purplish-yellow,  &c.,  1 — 2'  diam.,  ripe  Jl.  Aug. 
There  are  about  20  varieties.  •£ 

2.  A.  DASYCARPA.  DC.    (Prunus.  Ehrh.)  Black  Apricot. — Lvs.  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, doubly  serrate ;  petioles  with  1  or  2  glands ;  fls.  pedicellate ;  drupe  subglo- 
bose. — This  species  is  from  Siberia.     The  tree  or  shrub  is  about  the  size  of 
the  last,  hardy  and  thrifty.    Leaves  smooth  above,  pubescent  on  the  veins  be- 
neath, 2 — 3'  long,  §  as  wide,  on  petioles  near  1'  long.    Flowers  white,  preced- 
ing the  leaves,  distinctly  pedicellate.    Fruit  dark  purple  when  mature,  in  July. 
Ms.  Apr.  £    Neither  species  is  yet  common. 

4.  P  E  R  S  I  C  A.     Tourn. 

Named  from  Persia,  its  native  country. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  tubular,  deciduous ;  petals  5 ;  drupe  fleshy,  tomen- 
tose  or  smooth  ;  nucleus  somewhat  compressed,  ovate,  acute,  rugosely 
furrowed  and  perforated  on  the  surface. — Small  trees.  Lvs.  condupli- 
cate  in  estivation. 

1.  P.  VULGARIS.  Mill.     (Amygdalus  Persica.   Willd.)     Common  Peach. — Lvs. 
lanceolate,  serrate,  with  all  the  serratures  acute ;  fls.  solitary,  subsessile,  pre- 
ceding the  leaves ;  drupe  tomentose. — Tree  or  shrub,  8 — 15f  high.    Leaves  3 — 5' 
long,  £  as  wide,  smooth,  petioles  short,  with  1  or  2  glands.    Flowers  rose-color, 
with  the  odor  of  Prussic  acid.     Fruit  large,  1— 2|'  diam.,  yellowish,  tinged  with 
purple,  densely  tomentose.— About  200  varieties  of  this  delicious  fruit  are  now 
named  and  described  in  the  catalogues  of  American  nurserymen.     In  order  to 
attain  its  proper  flavor  in  the  Northern  States,  the  peach  requires  protection  in 
the  spring  months.     The  double-flowered  peach  is  a  highly  ornamental  variety, 
blossoming  in  May.  £ 

2.  P.  L.EVIS.   (Amygdalus  Persica.   Willd.)    Nectarine. — Lvs.  lanceolate,  ser- 
rate, the  serratures  all  acute  ;  fls.  solitary,  subsessile,  appearing  before  the  leaves ; 
drupe  glabrous. — Closely  resembles  the  peach  tree  in  form,  foliage  and  flowers. 
The  fruit  is  1 — 3'  diam.,  smooth,  yellow,  purple,  red,  &c.     Of  its  numerous 
(about  25)varieties,  about  a  fourth  are  clingstones, — flesh  adhering  to  the  stone,  and 
the  remainder  freestones  or  ckarstones, — flesh  free,  or  separating  from  the  stone.^ 

5.   AMYGDALUS.     Willd. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  campanulate,  deciduous  ;  petals  5  ;  drupe  not  fleshy, 
compressed ;  nucleus  perforate  and  furrowed,  ovate,  compressed,  one 
edge  acute,  the  other  broad-obtuse. — Trees  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  condupli- 
cate  in  estivation. 

1.  A.  COMMUNIS.  Willd.     Almond. — Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  with  the  lower 
serratures  glandular ;  fls.  sessile,  in  pairs,  appearing  before  the  leaves. — From 
Barbary.     Scarcely  cultivated  in  this  country  for  the  fruit,  which  we  receive 
mostly  from  S.  Europe.     A  double-flowered  variety  is  highly  ornamental  in 
shrubberies,  f 

2.  A.  NANA.     Dwarf  single-flowering  Almond. — Lvs.  ovate,  attenuate  at  base, 
simply  and  finely  serrate ;  fls.  subsessile,  appearing  before  the  leaves.— A  very 
ornamental  shrub,  from  Russia.     Height  about  3f,  branching.    Leaves  3 — 6' 
long,  i  as  wide,  smooth,  acuminate  at  each  end.    Flowers  numerous.    Petals 
oblong,  obtuse,  rose-colored,  often  double.    May,  Jn.  f 


CRATJEGUS.  XL VIII.   ROSACE^E.  243 

3.  A.  PUMILA.  Dwarf  doubk-flowering  Almond. — Las.  lanceolate,  doubly  ser- 
rate ;  fls.  pedicellate. — Native  of  China.  A  low  shrub,  highly  ornamental, 
common  in  cultivation.  Stems  2 — 3f  high,  branching.  Leaves  3 — 5'  by  £ — I', 
acute  at  each  end,  smooth.  Flowers  very  numerous,  clothing  the  whole  shrub 
in  their  roseate  hue,  while  the  leaves  are  yet  small.  May,  Jn.  f 

SUBORDER  2.— P  O  M  E  &  . 

Ovaries  2 — 5  (rarely  1,)  cohering  with  the  sides  of  the  persistent 

calyx  and  with  each  other.     Fruit  a  pome. 

6.   CRAT^EGUS. 

Gr.  KpaTos,  strength;  on  account  of  the  firmness  of  the  wood. 

Calri:  urceolate,  limb  5-cleft ;  petals  5  ;  stamens  00  ;  ovaries  1 — 5. 
with  as  many  styles  ;  pome  fleshy,  containing  1 — 5  bony,  1 -seeded  car- 
pels, and  crowned  at  the  summit  by  the  persistent  calyx  and  disk. — 
Trees  or  shrubs,  armed  w.th  thorns.  Lvs.  simple,  often  lobed.  Bracts 
subulate,  deciduous.  Fls.  corymbose. 

1.  C.  COCCINEA.     (C.  Crus-galli.  Bw.     C.  glandulosa.   Willd.}     Crimson- 
fruited   Thorn.     White   Thorn. — Lvs.  broadly  ovate,  acutely  serrate  and 

sub  (9)-lobed,  thin  and  smooth,  subacuminate,  abrupt  at  base ;  petioles  long,  slen- 
der, and  (with  the  calyx)  smooth  and  subglandular ;  sty.  3 — 5. — A  thorny  shrub 
or  small  tree,  10 — 20f  high,  in  thickets,  by  streams,  &c.,  Can.  and  U.  S. 
Branches  crooked  and  spreading,  branchlets  and  thorns  whitish.  Thorns  stout, 
rigid,  sharp,  a  little  recurved,  about  !£'  long.  Leaves  1| — 2£'  long,  f  as  wide, 
lobed,  or  (rather)  coarsely,  doubly  acuminate-serrate.  Petioles  very  slender,  J 
as  long  as  the  lamina.  Flowers  white,  in  paniculate,  lateral  corymbs  of  about 
12.  Fruit  3 — 5"  diam.,  bright  purple,  eatable  in  Sept.  Fls.  May. 

2.  C.  CRUS-GALLI.     (Mespilus.  Lam.  <f«c.)     Cock-spur  Thorn. 

Lvs.  obovate-cuneiform  or  oblanceolate,  subsessile,  serrate,  coriaceous, 
shining  above ;  spines  very  long ;  corymbs  glabrous ;  sep.  lanceolate,  subserrate ; 
sty.  1  (2  or  3). — Hedges  and  thickets,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  rare.  Shrub  10 — 20f 
high,  much  branched.  Thorns  2 — 3'  long,  straight,  sharp,  and  rather  slender. 
Leaves  1 — 2J'  long,  £— f  as  wide,  tapering  and  entire  at  base,  mostly  obtuse  at 
apex  ;  petioles  1 — 5"  long.  Flowers  white,  fragrant,  in  corymbs  of  about  15, 
on  very  short,  lateral  branchlets.  Fruit  pyriform,  dull  red,  2 — 3/;  diam.,  per- 
sistent during  winter,  unless  eaten  by  birds.  Jn. 
/?.  pyracanthifolia.  Ait. — Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  petioles  £'  long. 

3.  C.  PUNCTATA.  Jacq.    (C.  latifolia.  DC.    Mespilus.  Spach.}     Thorn. 
Lvs.  cuneiform-obovate,  doubly  and  often  incisely  serrate,  entire  at  base 

and  narrowed  to  a  petiole,  veins  straight  and  prominent,  pubescent  beneath ; 
corymbs  and  cat.  villose-pubescent ;  sty.  3  (1  or  2);  fr.  globose,  punctate. — Bor- 
ders of  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Tree  12 — 25f  high.  Branches  wide-spreading, 
crooked,  covered  with  cinerous  bark.  Thorns  stout,  sharp,  1 — 2'  long,  some- 
times wanting.  Leaves  1£ — 2£'  long,  £  as  wide,  acute  or  short  acuminate ; 
petioles  \ — 1'  long.  Flowers  white,  in  somewhat  leafy,  compound  corymbs  of 
8 — 15.  Fruit  5 — 8"  diam.,  red  or  yellowish,  eatable  in  Sept.  Fl.  May,  Jn. 

4.  C.  TOMENTOSA.    (C.  pyrifolia.  Ait.    C.  lobata.  Dose.   C.  flava.  Hook.} 
Black  Thorn. — Lvs.  oval,  or  elliptic-ovate,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  mar- 
gined petiole,  subplicate,  incisely  and  doubly  serrate,  smoothish  above,  tomen- 
tose  beneath ;  corymbs  large,  tomentose  when  young ;  sty.  3 — 5 ;  fr.  pyriform. — 
Thickets  and  hedges,  Can.  S.  to  Ky.  and  Car.— A  large  shrub,  12— 15f  high, 
armed  with  sharp  thorns  1 — 2'  long.     Leaves  3 — 5'  long,  J — f  as  wide,  acute 
at  apex ;  margined  petiole  £— 1'  long.  Fls.  large,  fragrant,white,  in  a  leafy  corymb 
of  8 — 12.    Fruit  4 — 6"  diam.,  orange-red,  eatable  but  rather  insipid.    May,  Jn. 

/?.  (Torr.  &  Gray.)    Lvs.  strongly  plicate,  nearly  smooth,  smaller. 

5.  C.  OXYCANTHA.     Hawthorn.     English  TJiorn. 

Lvs.  obovate  or  broad  ovate,  obtuse,  3— 7-lobed,  serrate,  smoothish,  shining 
above;  slip,  large,  incisely  dentate;  corymbs  glabrous;  sty.  1—3;  fr.  ovoid, 


244  XLVI11.    ROSACES.  PYRUS. 

small. — Hedges,  &c.,  sparingly  naturalized.  Shrub  very  branching,  8— 18f 
high.  Thorns  slender,  very  sharp,  axillary,  \'  long.  Leaves  1J — 2'  long,  nearly 
as  wide,  lower  ones  deeply  lobed;  petioles  & — 1'  long,  with  2  leafy  stipules  at 
base.  Flowers  white.  Fruit  2 — 3"  diam.,  purple. — Used  for  hedges  (exten- 
sively in  Europe).  There  are  several  varieties.  §  £ 

6.  C.  PARVIFLORA.  Ait.  (C.  tomentosa.  Michx.  Mespilus  laciniata.  Walt?) 
Thorns  slender ;  Ivs.  coriaceous,  pubescent,  cuneate-obovate,  subsessile,  in- 

cisely  serrate ;  fls.  subsolitary ;  cal.  with  the  pedicels  and  branchlets  villous-to- 
mentose ;  sep.  laciniate,  foliaceous ;  sty.  5 ;  Jr.  large,  roundish-obovoid,  with  5 
bony,  1 -seeded  nuts. — Sandy  woods,  N.  J.  and  Southern  States.  A  much 
branched  shrub,  4 — 7f  high.  Leaves  1 — 2'  by  £ — f',  the  upper  surface  shining 
and  nearly  glabrous  when  old.  Fruit  greenish-yellow,  near  £'  diam.,  and  eata- 
ble when  ripe.  Apr.  May. 

7.  C.  CORDATA.  Ait.     (C.  populifolia.    Walt.)     Washington  Thorn. 

Thorn  glabrous  and  glandless  ;  Ivs.  cordate-ovate,  somewhat  deltoid,  acu- 
minate, incisely  lobed  and  serrate,  with  long  and  slender  petioles;  sep.  short; 
sty.  5 ;  fr.  small,  globose-depressed. — Banks  of  streams,  Va.  to  Ga.,  cultivated 
in  the  Middle  States  for  hedge-rows.  Shrub  15 — 20f  high,  the  branches  with 
very  sharp  and  slender  thorns  2 — 3'  long.  Leaves  often  deeply  3 — 5-lobed,  about 
2'  by  H'.  Pomes  %'  diam.,  numerous,  red.  Jn.  ^ 

7.  PYRUS. 
Celtic peren ;  Anglo-Saxon pere;  FT. poire:  Lat.pyru$;  Eng. pear. 

Calyx  urceolate,  limb  5-cleft;  petals  5,  roundish  ;  styles  5  (2  or  3), 
often  united  at  base ;  pome  closed,  2 — 5-carpeled,  fleshy  or  baccate ; 
carpels  cartilaginous,  2-seeded. —  Trees  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  simple  or  pin- 
nate. Fls.  white  or  rosercolored,  in  cymose  corymbs. 

§  Leaves  simple.     Cyme  simple.     Styles  united  at  base. 

1.  P.  CORONARIA.     (Malus.  Mill.}     Crab  Apple.    Sweet-scented  Crab-tree. 
Lvs.  broad-ovate,  rounded  at  base,  incisely  serrate,  often  sublobate,  smooth- 

ish,  on  very  slender  petioles ;  pet.  unguiculate ;  sty.  united  and  wooly  at  the 
base;  fr.  as  well  as  the  fls.  very  fragrant,  corymbose. — Borders  of  woods,  Mid. 
West,  and  South.  States.  A  small  tree,  10 — 20f  high,  with  spreading  branches. 
Leaves  2 — 3'  long,  f  as  wide,  resembling  those  of  Crateegus  coccinea ;  petioles 
£ — I7  long.  Flowers  very  large,  rose-colored,  in  loose  corymbs  of  5 — 10.  Fruit 
as  large  (1 — 1%'  diam.)  as  a  small  apple,  yellowish,  hard  and  sour,  but  esteem- 
ed for  preserves.  May.  £ 

2.  P.  ANGUSTIFOLIA.  Ait.     (Malus.  Michx.} 

Glabrous ;  Ivs.  lance-oblong,  acute  at  base,  slightly  dentate-serrate,  shin- 
ing above ;  sty.  distinct ;  fr.  small. — Penn.  and  S.  States.  A  tree  15 — 20f  high, 
resembling  the  last,  but  with  smaller  leaves  and  fruit.  Apr.  May. 

3.  P.  MALUS.     Common  Apple  Tree. — Leaves  ovate,  or  oblong-ovate,  serrate, 
acute  or  short-acuminate,  pubescent  above,  tomentose  beneath,  petiolate ;   co- 
rymbs subumbellate :  pedicels  and  calyx  villose-tomentose ;  pet.  with  short  claws ; 
sty.  5,  united  and  villose  at  base ;  pome  globose. — Native  in  Europe  and  almost 
naturalized  here.     Tree  20— 25f  high  (in  thickets  25—40).     Branches  rigid, 
crooked,  spreading.     Bark  rough  and  blackish.     Leaves  2 — 3'  long,  f  as  wide, 
petioles  4 — 1'  long.     Flowers  expanding  with  the  leaves,  fragrant,  large,  clothing 
the  tree  in  their  light  roseate  hue,  making  ample  amends  for  its  roughness  and  de- 
formity.— The  Romans  had  22  varieties  (Pliny}  but  the  number  is  now  greatly 
increased.     Probably  nearly  1000  varieties  are  cultivated  in  the  U.  S.  £ 

4.  P.  COMMUNIS.     Pear  Tree. — Leaves,  ovate-lanceolate,  subserrate,  glabrous 
above,  pubescent  beneath,  acute  or  acuminate ;  corymbs  racemose ;  cal.  and  pe- 
dicels pubescent;  sty.  5,  distinct  and  villose  at  base;  pome  pyriform. — Tree 
usually  taller  than  the  apple,  20— 35f  high.     Bark  rough,  blackish.     Branches 
ascending.     Leaves  2 — 3V  long,  f  as  wide  ;  petioles  1 — 2'  long.     Flowers  white, 
small. — Native  in  Europe,  where,  in  its  wild  state,  the  fruit  is  small  and  im- 
palatable.     The  Romans  cultivated.  36  varieties  (Pliny},  but,  like  the  apple, 
varieties  without  end  are  now  raised  from  the  seed  of  this  delicious  fruit.  £ 


AMELANCHIER.  XLVIII.   ROSACES.  245 

§  §  Leaves  simple.     Cymes  compound.     Styles  united  at  base. 

5.  P.  ARBUTIFOLIA.  Linn.  f.  (Mespilus.  Linn.  Aronia.  Pers.}  Choke  Berry. 
Lvs.  oblong-obovate  or  oval-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  crenate-serrulate, 

smooth  above,  tomentose  beneath  when  young,  attenuate  at  base  into  a  short 
petiole ;  ped.  and  col.  when  young,  tomentose  ;  fr.  pyriform  or  subglobose,  dark 
red. — Low,  moist  woodlands,  U.  S.  and  Can.  A  shrub  5 — 8f  high.  Leaves  1 
— 2'  long,  J  as  wide,  often  subacuminate,  subcoriaceous,  serratures  small,  with 
a  glandular,  incurved  point ;  petioles  2 — 4"  long.  Flowers  white,  in  compound, 
terminal  corymbs  of  12  or  more.  Fruit  astringent,  as  large  as  a  currant.  May  Jn.  f 
/?.  melanocarpa.  Hook.  (P.  melanocarpa.  Willd.} — Lvs.,  col.  and  ped.  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so ;  fr.  blackish-purple. — Swamps.  Height  2 — 4f. 

§  §  §  Leaves  pinnate.     Cymes  compound.     Styles  distinct. 

6.  P.  AMERICANA.  DC.     (Sorbus  Americana.  PA.)    Mountain  Ash. 
Lfts.  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  mucronately  serrate,  smooth,  subses- 

sile ;  cymes  compound,  with  numerous  flowers ;  pome  small,  globose ;  sty.  3 — 5. 
— A  small  tree  in  mountain  woods,  N.  Eng.  and  Mid.  States.  Trunk  15 — 20f 
high,  covered  with  a  reddish-brown  bark.  Leaves  8 — 12'  long,  composed  of  9 
— 15  leaflets.  Leaflets  2 — 3£'  by  £ — 1',  subopposite,  often  acute,  on  petioles  I" 
in  length.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  terminal  cymes,  of  50 — 100  or  more.  Fruit 
scarlet,  2—3"  diam.,  beautiful.  May.  f 

/?.  microcarpa.  T.  &>  G.  (P.  microcarpa.  DC.  Sorbus  microcarpa.  PA.) — 
Fr.  smaller. 

7.  P.  AUCUPARIA.  English  Mountain  Ash. — Lfts.  as  in  P.  Americana,  except 
that  they  are  always  smooth  on  both  sides,  and,  with  the  serratures,  less  acute 
at  apex ;  fls.  corymbose ;  fr.  globose. — Native  of  Europe.  A  tree  20 — 40f  high, 
often  cultivated  as  well  as  the  last  species,  for  its  ornamental  clusters  of  scar- 
let berries.  It  is  a  tree  of  larger  size  and  rougher  bark  than  the  last,  but  is 
hardly  to  be  distinguished  by  the  foliage,  flowers  or  fruit,  -f 

8.  CYDONIA.     Tourn. 
Named  for  Cydonia,  a  town  in  Crete,  from  whence  it  was  brought. 

Calyx  urceolate,  limb  5-cleft ;  petals  5  ;  styles  5  ;  pome  5-carpeled ; 
carpels  cartilaginous,  many-seeded  ;  seeds  covered  with  mucilaginous 
pulp. — Trees  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  simple.  Fls.  mostly  solitary. 

C.  VULGARIS.  Pers.  (Pyrus  Cydonia.  Willd.}  Quince.— Lvs.  oblong-ovate, 
obtuse  at  base,  acute  at  apex,  very  entire,  smooth  above,  tomentose  beneath ; 
ped.  solitary,  and,  with  the  cal.,  woolly ;  pome  tomentose,  obovoid. — Shrub  8— I2f 
(rarely  20f )  high,  with  crooked,  straggling  branches.  Leaves  about  as  large 
as  those  of  the  pear  tree.  Flowers  white,  with  a  tinge  of  purple,  large,  termi- 
nal. Fruit  large,  lengthened  at  base,  clothed  with  a  soft  down,  yellow  when 
ripe,  highly  esteemed  for  jellies  and  preserves. — The  plant  is  reared  from  layers. 

10.   AMELANCHIER.    Medic. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  petals  5,  oblong-obovate  or  oblanceolate ;  stamens 
short ;  st}^les  5,  somewhat  united  at  base  ;  pome  3 — 5-celled  ;  cells 
partially  divided,  2-seeded. — Small  trees  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  simple,  ser- 
rate. Fls.  racemose,  white. 

A.  CANADENSIS.  Torr.  &  Gray.  (Mespilus.  Linn.  Aronia.  Pers.  Pyrus 
Botryapium.  Linn.  f.  Mespilus  arborea.  Michx.}  Shad  Berry.  June 
Berry.  Wild  Service  Berry. — Lvs.  oval  or  oblong-ovate,  often  cordate  at 
base,  acuminate  or  cuspidate  or  mucronate,  sharply  serrate,  smooth ;  roc.  loose, 
elongated;  seg.  of  the  cal.  triangular-lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube;  pet. 
linear-oblong  or  oblanceolate ;  fr.  purplish,  globose. — A  small  tree  or  shrub, 
found  in  woods,  U.  S.  and  British  Am.,  rarely  exceeding  35f  in  height.  Leaves 
alternate,  2 — 3'  long,  downy-tomentose  when  young,  at  length  very  smooth  on 
both  sides,  very  acute  and  finely  serrate.  Flowers  large,  white,  in  terminal 
racemes,  appearing  in  April  and  May,  rendering  the  tree  quite  conspicuous  in 
the  yet  naked  forest.  Fruit  pleasant  to  the  taste,  ripening  in  June. 


246  XL VIII.   ROSACEJE.  ROSA. 

/?.  oblongifolia.  T.  &  G.  (A.  ovalis.  Hook.") — Shrubby;  Zw.  oblong-oval,  mu- 
cronate,  and  with  small,  sharp  serratures ;  roc.  and  fls.  smaller ;  pet.  oblong- 
obovate,  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx. 

v.  rotundifolia.  T.  &  G.  (Pyrus  ovalis.  Willd.} — Lvs.  broad-oval ;  pet.  linear- 
oblong.— Shrub  10— 20f  high. 

<5.  almfolia.  T.  &  G.  (Aronia  alnifolia.  Nutt.} — Shrubby  or  arborescent ;  Ivs. 
orbicular-oval,  rounded  or  retuse  at  each  end,  serrate  only  near  the  apex ;  pet. 
linear-oblong;  sta.  very  short. 

SUBORDER  III.— R  OSACEJE    PROPER. 

Ovaries  solitary  or  several,  distinct ;  fruit  achenia  or  follicular. 
10.  ROSA. 

Celtic  rhos,  red ;  Gr.  poSov  ;   Lat.  rosa;  Eng.  rose. 

Calyx  tube  urceolate,  fleshy,  contracted  at  the  orifice,  limb  5-cleft, 
the  segments  somewhat  imbricated  in  aestivation,  and  mostly  with  a 
leafy  appendage ;  petals  5,  (greatly  multiplied  by  culture) ;  achenia 
00,  bony,  hispid,  included  in  and  attached  to  the  inside  of  the  fleshy 
tube  of  the  calyx. — Shrubby  and  prickly.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate. 
Stipules  mostly  adnate  to  the  petiole. 

*  Native  species. 

1.  R.  CAROLINA.     (R.  Caroliniana.  Bw.*)     Carolina  Rose.     Swamp  Rose. 
St.  glabrous,  with  uncinate,  stipular  prickles ;  Ifts.  5 — 9,  oblong-lanceolate 

or  elliptical,  acute,  sharply  serrate,  glaucous  beneath,  not  shining  above,  peti- 
oles hairy  or  subaculeate ;  fls.  corymbose ;  fr.  depressed-globose,  and  with  the 
peduncles  hispid. — A  prickly  (not  hispid)  shrub,  in  swamps  and  damp  woods, 
Can.  and  U.  S.,  4 — 8f  high,  erect  and  bushy,  with  reddish  branches.  Prickles 
mostly  2  at  the  base  of  the  stipules.  Leaflets  1 — 2'  long,  J  as  wide,  rather  vari- 
able in  form.  Flowers  in  a  sort  of  leafy  corymb  of  3 — 7.  Petals  obcordate, 
large,  varying  between  red  and  white.  Fruit  dark  red.  Jn.  Jl. 

2.  R.  LUCIDA.  Ehrh.    (R.  Caroliniana.  MX.  not  Bw.)    Shining  or  Wild  Rose. 
St.  armed  with  scattered,  setaceous  prickles,  those  of  the  stipules  straight ; 

Ifts.  5 — 9,  elliptical,  imbricate,  simply  serrate,  smooth  and  shining  above ;  peti- 
oles glabrous  or  subhispid;  fls.  generally  in  pairs  (1 — 3) ;  fr.  depressed-globose, 
and  with  the  peduncles,  glandular  hispid. — Shrub  1 — 3f  high,  in  dry  woods  or 
thickets  throughout  the  U.  S.,  slender,  with  greenish  branches.  Leaflets  1 — If 
long,  £  as  wide,  acute  or  obtuse,  odd  one  petiolate,  the  others  sessile.  Sepals 
often  appendiculate,  as  long  as  the  large,  obcordate,  pale  red  petals.  Fruit 
small,  red.  Jn.  Jl. 

/?.  T.  &  G.  (R.  parviflora.  Ehrh.} — Lifts,  ova  ,  mostly  very  obtuse,  paler  be- 
neath ;  petioles  smooth  or  pubescent. 

3.  R.  NITIDA.  Willd.    Shining  or  Wild  Rose. 

St.  low,  densely  armed  with  straight,  slender,  reddish  prickles  ;  Ifts.  5 — 9, 
narrow-lanceolate,  smooth  and  shining,  sharply  serrate ;  slip,  narrow,  often 
reaching  to  the  lower  leaflets ;  fls.  solitary ;  col.  hispid ;  fr.  globose. — In  swamps, 
N.  Eng.  States.  Stems  1 — 2f  high,  reddish  from  its  dense  armor  of  prickles. 
Leaflets  1 — \\'  long,  \  as  wide,  subsessile,  odd  one  petiolulate.  Stipules  5 — S" 
long,  adnate  to  the  petiole,  each  side.  Flowers  with  red,  obcordate  petals.  Fruit 
scarlet.  Jn. 

4.  R.  BLANDA.  Ait.     (R.  gemella.  Linn.)     Bland  Rose. 

Taller ;  st.  armed  with  scattered,  straight,  deciduous  prickles ;  Ifts.  5 — 7, 
oblong,  obtuse,  serrate,  smooth,  but  not  shining  above,  paler  and  pubescent  on 
the  veins  beneath,  petiole  unarmed;  stip.  dilated;  fl,s.  mostly  in  pairs  (1 — 3); 
fr.  globose,  smooth,  as  well  as  the  short  peduncles. — Shrub  found  on  dry,  sunny 
hills,  Northern  and  Middle  States.  Stems  2— 3f  high,  with  reddish  bark. 
Flowers  rather  large.  Sepals  entire,  shorter  than  the  reddish,  emarginate  petals. 
Bracts  large,  downy.  Jn. 

5.  R.  SETIGERA.  Michx.    (R.  rubifolia.  R.  Br.}    Michigan  or  Prairie  Rose. 
Branches  elongated,  ascending,  glabrous;  spines  few,  strong, stipular ;  Ifts. 


ROSA.  XLVIII.   ROSACES.  247 

large,  3 — 5,  ovate ;  stip.  narrow,  acuminate ;  fls.  corymbose ;  cat.  glandular,  seg- 
ments subentire ;  sty.  united ;  fr.  globose. — This  splendid  species  is  a  native  of 
Michigan,  and  other  States  W !  and  S.  About  20  varieties  are  enumerated  in 
cultivation.  They  are  hardy,  of  rapid  growth,  and  capable  of  being  traiaed 
12 — 20f.  Flowers  in  very  large  clusters,  changeable  in  hue,  nearly  scentless, 
and  of  short  duration. 

*  *  Naturalized  species. 

6.  R.  RUBIGINOSA.     (R.  suaveolens.  Ph.}    Eglantine.    Sweet  Brier. 

St.  glabrous,  armed  with  very  strong,  recurved  prickles ;  Ifts.  5—7,  broad- 
oval,  with  ferruginous  glands  beneath;  fls.  mostly  solitary;  fr.  ovoid,  oval  or 
obovoid ;  ped.  glandular-hispid. — A  stout,  prickly  shrub,  4 — lOf  high,  natural- 
ized in  fields  and  road-sides,  throughout  the  U.  S.  The  older  stems  are  bushy, 
much  branched,  1'  diam.,  the  younger  shoots  nearly  simple,  declined  at  top. 
Leaflets  £ — I'  long,  £  as  wide,  unequally  and  sharply  serrate,  acute,  bright  green 
above,  rusty  beneath,  and  when  rubbed,  very  fragrant.  Flowers  light  red,  1 — 
2'  diam.,  fragrant.  Fruit  orange-red.  Jn. — Of  this  beautiful  species  there  are 
about  25  cultivated  varieties,  single  and  double. 

7.  R.  CINNAMOMEA.     Cinnamon  Rose. 

St.  tall,  with  ascending  branches ;  spines  of  the  younger  stems  numerous, 
scattered,  of  the  branches  few,  larger,  stipular ;  Ifts.  5 — 7,  oval-oblong,  rugose, 
cinerous-pubescent  beneath  ;  stip.  undulate ;  sep.  entire,  as  long  as  the  petals ; 
fr.  smooth,  globose. — Native  of  Oregon.  Stem  5 — 12f  high,  with  .reddish  bark. 
Flowers  mostly  double,  purple. 

*  *  *  Exotic  species.    "\  Prickies  straight,  mostly  acerose. 

8.  R.  GALLICA.     Common  French  Rose. — St.  and  petioles  armed  with  numerous, 
fine,  scattered  prickles ;  Ifts.  mostly  5,  elliptical  or  broad-oval,  thick ;  fls.  erect ; 
pet.  5  or  more,  large,  spreading;  sep.  ovate ;  fr.  ovoid,  and  with  the  ped.,  hispid. 
— The  common  red  rose  of  gardens,  from  which  have  originated  not  less  than 
200  varieties,  known  in  cultivation,  and  registered  in  catalogues,  as  the  velvet, 
carmine,  carnation,  &c.     Many  of  them  are  beautifully  variegated,  as  the  tri- 
color and  picotee.     The  dried  petals  are  used  in  medicine,  and irom  them  are  ex- 
tracted tinctures  for  cookery.     Jn.  Jl. 

9.  R.  PIMPINELLIFOLIA.    Ser.      (R.  spinosissima.    Linn.}     Scotch  or  Burnet 
Rose. — St.  densely  armed  with  straight,  acerOse  prickles :  Ifts.  5 — 9,  roundish, 
obtuse,  smooth,  simply  serrate ;  fls.  small,  usually  roseate,  but  changing  in  the 
numerous  varieties  to  white,  red  or  yellow. — Native  of  Scotland  and  other  parts 
of  Europe.     These  shrubs  are  but  2 — 3f  high,  with  small,  delicate  leaflets. 
Flowers  numerous,  globular,  very  fine.     May,  Jn. 

10.  R.  EGLANTERIA.  Ser.     (R.  lutea.  Mill.}   Yellow  Rose.   Austrian  Eglantine. 
— St.  with  a  cinerous  bark,  branches  red,  both  armed  with  straight,  slender, 
scattered  prickles ;  Ifts.  5—7,  small,  broad-oval  or  obovate,  smooth,  shining 
above,  sharply  serrate ;  cal.  nearly  naked  and  entire ;  pet.  large,  broad-obcor- 
date. — From  Germany.     Shrub  about  3f  high,  bushy.     Flowers  numerous,  of 
a  golden-yellow,  very  fugacious,  of  less  agreeable  fragrance  than  the  leaves. 
There  are  many  varieties,  both  single  and  double,  variegated  with  red.    Jn. 

11.  R.  ALPlNA.     Alpine  or  Boursault  Rose. —  Younger  shoots  echinate  with  nu- 
merous weak  prickles,  older  ones  smooth,  rarely  armed  with  strong  prickles ; 
Ifts.  5 — 11,  ovate  or  obovate,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate;  stip.  narrow, 
apex  diverging ;  ped.  deflexed  after  flowering,   and  with  the  calyx  hispid  or 
smooth ;  sep.  entire,  spreading ;  fr.  ovoid,  pendulous,  crowned  with  the  conni- 
vent  calyx. — Hardy,  vigorous,  climbing,  with  pink,  red  or  crimson  flowers. 

*  *  *  Exotic  species,    ff  Prickles  falcate,  strong. 

12.  R.  DAMASCENA.    Damask  Rose. — St.  branching  and  bushy,  armed  with  un- 
equal spines,  mostly  stipular,  cauline  ones  broad,  falcate  or  hooked ;  Ifts.  large, 
broadly  elliptical,  downy-canescent ;  sep.  reflexed ;  fr.  ovoid,  elongated. — Native 
of  the  "Levant.     Shrub  3 — 4f  high.     Flowers  rather  numerous,  of  a  delicate, 
pale  roseate  hue,  usually  with  very  numerous  petals,  and  a  delicious  fragrance. 
Among  its  numerous  varieties  is  the  common  monthly,  low,  blooming  at  all 
seasons. 


248  XL VIII.    ROSACES.  ROSA. 

13.  R.  CANINA.     Dog  Rose. — Prickles  remote,  strong,  compressed,  falcate ;  Ifts. 
5 — 9,  with  acute,  incurved,  and  often  double  serratures ;  stip.  rather  broad,  ser- 
rulate ;  ped.  and  cal.  smooth  or  hispid ;  sep.   after  flowering,  deflexed  and  de- 
ciduous ;  fr.  ovoid,  red. — Native  of  Europe.     Shrub  4 — 8f  high. 

/?.  Burboniana.  Ser. — Lfls.  ovate,  subcordate,  simply  dentate ;  fls.  purple, 
double  and  semi-double ;  pet.  concave ;  sep.  entire. — A  splendid  class  of  roses, 
of  which  more  than  100  varieties  are  cultivated.  They  are  hardy,  with  am- 
ple and  glossy  foliage. — 18  other  varieties  are  described  by  Seringe  in  DC. 

14.  R.  CENTIFOLIA.    Hundred-leaved  or  Provens  Rose. — Prickles  nearly  straight, 
scarcely  dilated  at  base ;  Ifts.  5 — 7,  ovate,  glandular-ciliate  on  the  margin,  sub- 
pilose  beneath;  flower-bud  short-ovoid;  sep.  spreading  (not  deflexed)  in  flower; 
fr.  ovoid  ;  cal.  and  ped.  glandular-hispid,  viscid  and  fragrant. — From  S.  Europe. 
Shrub  2— -4f  high,  very  prickly.     Flowers  usually  of  a  pink  color,  but  varying 
in  hue,  form  and  size,  &c.,  through  a  hundred  known  varieties. 

15.  R.  MOSCHATA.     Musk  Rose. — Shoots  ascending  and  climbing ;  prickles  cau- 
line,  slender,  recurved  ;  Ifts.  5 — 7,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  smoothish,  discolored ; 
stip.  very  narrow,  acute ;  fls.  often  very  numerous ;  ped.  and  cal.  subhispid ;  sep. 

subpinnatifid,  elongated  and  appendiculate ;  fr.  ovoid,  red. — Native  of . 

Stems  trailing  or  climbing  10 — I2f.    Flowers  peculiarly  fragrant,  rather  large, 
white,  produced  in  panicles. 

16.  R.  ALBA.     White  Garden  Rose. — Slightly  glaucous ;  prickles  slender,  re- 
curved, sometimes  wanting ;  Ifts.  roundish-ovate,  shortly   acuminate ;  petioles 
and  veins  subtomentose,  glandular ;  sep.  pinnatifid ;  pet.  spreading ;  fr.  ovoid, 
nearly  smooth. — From  Germany.     Shrub  5 — 8f  high.    Flowers  large,  corym- 
bose, sweet-scented,  generally  pure  white,  but  often,  in  its  numerous  varieties, 
tinged  with  the  most  delicate  blush. 

17.  R.  MULTIFLORA.     Many-flowered  or  Japan  Rose. — Branches,  ped.  and  cal. 
tomentose ;  shoots  very  long ;  prickles  slender,  scattered ;  Ifts.  5 — 7,  ovate-lance- 
olate, soft  and  slightly  rugose ;  stip.  pectinate  ;  fls.  corymbose,  often  numerous ; 
flo^oer-bud  ovoid-globose ;  sep.  short ;  sty.  exserted,  scarcely  cohering  in  an  elon- 

fated,  pilose  column ;  pet.  white,  varying  through  roseate  to  purple. — Japan, 
hrub  with  luxuriant  shoots,  easily  trained  to  the  height  of  15 — 20f. 

18.  R.  INDICA.     Chinese  Monthly  or  Bengal  Rose. — Erect  or  climbing,  pur- 
plish ;  prickles  strong,  remote ;  Ifts.  3 — 5,  ovate,  acuminate,  coriaceous,  shining, 
smooth,   serrulate,   discolored;  stip.  very  narrow ;  fls.  solitary  or  paniculate; 
ped.  often  thickened,  and,  with  the  cal.  smooth,  or  rugose-hispid ;  sta.  inflexed ; 
fr.  turbinate  1 — Splendid  varieties,  blooming  from  Apr.  to  Nov.    Flowers  of 
every  hue  from  pure  white  to  crimson. 

/?.  Lawrenciana.  (R.  Lawrenciana.  Lindl.  R.  Ind.  t.  acuminata.  Ser.)  Miss 
Lawrence's  Rose. — St.  and  branches  aculeate,  bristly  and  subglabrous ;  Ifts.  ovate, 
purplish  beneath ;  pet.  obovate-acuminate. — A  class  of  varieties  with  very  small 
flowers,  pink  to  deep  purple. 

19.  R.  BRACTEATA.     Macartney  Rose. — Branches  erect,  tomentose ;  prickles  re- 
curved, often  double  ;  Ifts.  5 — 9,  obovate,  subserrate,  coriaceous,  smooth  and  shin- 
ing ;  stip.  fimbriate-setaceous ;  fls.  solitary,  terminal ;  ped.  and  cal.  tomentose ;  fr. 
globose,  large,  orange. — Varieties  with  cream-colored,  white,  to  scarlet  flowers. 

20.  R.  sEMPERVlRENs.      Evergreen  Rose. — St.  climbing ;   prickles  subequal ; 
Ifts.  persistent,  5 — 7,  coriaceous;  fls.  subsolitary  or  corymbose;  sep.  subentire, 
elongated ;  sty.  coherent  into  an  elongated  column ;  fr.  ovoid  or  subglobose,  yel- 
low, and  with  the  ped.  glandular  hispid. — Allied  to  the  following,  but  its  leaves 
are  coriaceous  and  evergreen,  persistent  until  January. 

21.  R.  ARVENSIS.     Ayrshire  Rose. — Shoots  very  long  and  flexile;  prickles  une- 
qual, falcate ;  Ifts.  5 — 7,  smooth  or  with  scattered  hairs,  and  glaucous  beneath, 
deciduous ;  fls.  solitary  or  corymbose ;  sep.  subentire,  short ;  sty.  cohering  in  a 
long,  glabrous  column ;  fr.  ovoid-globose,  smoothish. — England.     The  shoots 
grow  15 — 20f  in  a  season  and  are  very  hardy.    Flowers  white  to  blush,  crim- 
son and  purple. 

*  *  Exotic  species,    fff  Unarmed. 

22.  R.  BANKSIJE.      Banks'  Rose. — Smooth ;    Ifts.  lanceolate,  crowded,  3 — 5, 


RUBUS.  XLV1J1.    ROSACES.  249 

scarcely  serrate ;  slip,  deciduous ;  fls.  umbellate  ;  fr.  globular,  nearly  black. — 
From  China.     Thornless  shrubs,  with  small,  cup-shaped  flowers.    Not  hardy. 

Oba.— This  beautiful  genus  includes,  according  to  Seringe,  146  species ;  but  .the  varieties  produced  by 
cultivation  amount  to  near  2000. 

11.   RUBUS. 

Celtic  rub,  red ;  the  color  of  the  fruit  of  some  species. 

Calyx  spreading,  5-parted ;  petals  5,  deciduous  ;  stamens  00,  in- 
serted into  the  border  of  the  disk ;  ovaries  many,  with  2  ovules,  one  of 
them  abortive ;  achenia  pulpy,  drupaceous,  aggregated  into  a  compound 
berry  ;  radicle  superior. — ^  Half  shrubby  plants.  Siems  usually  (D,  and 
armed  with  prickles.  Inflorescence  imperfectly  centrifugal.  Fr.  esculent. 
§  Fruit  inseparable  from  the  juicy,  deciduous  receptacle.  BLACKBERRIES. 

1.  R.  VILLOSUS.  Ait.     High  Blackberry. 

Pubescent,  viscid  and  prickly ;  si.  angular ;  Ifts.  3 — 5,  ovate,  acuminate, 
serrate,  hairy  both  sides ;  petioles  prickly ;  cat.  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  petals ; 
roc.  loose,  leafless,  about  20-flowered. — A  well  known,  thorny  shrub,  Can.  and 
U.  S.  Stems  tall  and  slender,  branching,  recurved  at  top,  3 — 6f  high.  Leaflets 
2£ — 4'  by  1£ — 2£',  terminal  one  on  a  long  petiolule,  the  others  on  short  ones  or 
none.  Pedicels  slender,  I'  long.  Petals  white,  obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse. 
Fruit  consisting  of  about  20  roundish,  shining,  black,  fleshy  carpels,  closely  col- 
lected into  an  ovate  or  oblong  head,  subacid,  well-flavored,  ripe  in  Aug.  and  Sept. 
/?.  frondosus.  Torr.  (R.  frondosus.  Bw.~) — Lfts.  incisely  serrate ;  roc.  with  a 
few  simple  leaves  or  leafy  bracts  at  base ;  fls.  about  10  in  each  cluster,  the  ter- 
minal one  opening  first,  as  in  all  the  species,  the  lowest  next,  and  the  highest 
but  one  last.  Fruit  more  acid  and  with  fewer  carpels. 

2.  R.  HISPIDUS.    (R.  sempervirens.  Bw.}    Bristly  Blackberry. 

St.  slender,  reclining  or  prostrate,  hispid  with  retrorse  bristles ;  Ivs.  3-foliate, 
rarely  quinate,  smooth  and  green  both  sides ;  Ifts.  coarsely  serrate,  obovate, 
mostly  obtuse,  subcoriaceous ;  ped.  corymbose,  many-flowered,  with  filiform 
pedicels  and  short  bracts ;  fls.  and  fr.  small. — In  damp  woods,  Can.  to  Car. 
Stems  slender,  trailing  several  feet,  with  suberect  branches  8 — 12'  high.  Leaflets 
1 — 2'  long,  £  as  wide,  nearly  sessile,  persistent  through  the  winter,  on  a  (1 — 3') 
long,  common  petiole.  Flowers  white.  Fruit  dusky-purple,  sour.  May,  Jn. 
/?.  setosus.  T.  &  G.  (R.  setosus.  Bw.}—Lfts.  oblanceolate,  rather  narrow, 
li— 2i'  long,  tapering,  and  (like  the  variety  a)  entire  at  base,  sharply  serrate 
above.  Fruit  red. 

3.  R.  CANADENSIS.     (R.  trivialis.  Ph.}    Low  Blackberry.     Dewberry. 

St.  procumbent  or  trailing,  subaculeate ;  Ivs.  3-foliate,  rarely  quinate ;  Ifts. 
elliptical  or  rhomboid-oval,  acute,  thin,  unequally  cut-serrate ;  pedicels  solitary, 
elongated,  somewhat  corymbed  ;  fr.  large,  black. — Common  in  dry,  stony  fields, 
Can.  to  Va.,  trailing  several  yards  upon  the  ground.  Leaflets  light  green  and 
membranaceous,  nearly  sessile,  1 — !£'  long,  £  as  wide,  common  petioles  1 — 2' 
long,  pubescent  or  a  little  prickly.  Flowers  large,  on  slender  pedicels.  Petals 
obovate,  white,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Fruit  £ — 1'  diam.,  very  sweet  and 
juicy,  in  July  and  Aug.  Fl.  May. 

4.  R.  CUNEIFOLIUS.  Ph.     Wedge-leaved  Blackberry. 

St.  erect,  shrubby,  armed  with  recurved  prickles ;  Ivs.  3-foliate,  and  with 
the  young  branches  and  petioles  pubescent  beneath ;  Ifts.  cuneate-obovate,  en- 
tire at  base,  dentate  above,  subplicate,  tomentose  beneath ;  roc.  loose,  few-flow- 
ered.—A  low  shrub,  2 — 3f  high,  in  sandy  woods,  Long  Island,  Torrey,  to  Flor. 
Petioles  often  prickly.     Leaflets  rarely  5,  1 — 2'  long,  £  as  wide,  obtuse,  or  with 
a  short  acumination.    Petals  white  or  roseate,  3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
Fruit  black,  juicy,  well-flavored,  ripe  in  Jl.  Aug.     Fl.  May.  Jn. 
§  §  Fruit  concave  beneath^  separating  from  the  dry,  conical,  persistent 
receptacle.     RASPBERRIES. 
*  Leaves  simple. 

5.  R.  ODORATUS.     Rose-flowering  Raspberry.    Mulberry. 

St.  erect  or  reclining,  unarmed,  glandular-pilose ;  Ivs.  palmately  3 — 5-lobed, 


250  XL VIII.  ROSACES.  RUBUS. 

unequally  serrate ;  fls.  large,  in  terminal  corymbs ;  pet.  orbicular,  purple. — A 
fine  flowering  shrub,  3 — 51  high,  in  upland  woods,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.,  common. 
Leaves  4 — 8'  long,  nearly  as  wide,  cordate  at  base,  lobes  acuminate,  petioles 
2 — 3'  long,  and,  with  the  branches,  calyx  and  peduncles,  clothed  with  viscid 
hairs.  Flowers  nearly  2'  diam.,  not  very  unlike  a  rose,  save  the  (100 — 200)  sta- 
mens are  whitish.  Fruit  broad  and  thin,  bright  red,  sweet,  ripe  in  Aug.  FL  Jn.  Jl.f 

6.  R.  CHAMJEMORUS.     Dwarf  Mulberry.     Cloudberry. 

Herbaceous;  st.  decumbent  at  base,  erect,  unarmed,  1 -flowered;  Ivs.  cor- 
date-reniform,  rugose,  with  5  rounded  lobes,  serrate ;  sep.  obtuse ;  pet.  obovate, 
white. — An  alpine  species  with  us,  found  by  Dr.  Robbins  on  the  White  Mts. 
and  by  Mr.  Oakes  in  Me.  Flowers  large.  Fruit  large,  yellow  or  amber  color, 
sweet  and  juicy,  ripe  in  Aug.  FL  May,  Jn. 

7.  R.  NUTKANUS.  Mofino.    Nootka  Sound  Rubus. 

St.  shrubby,  somewhat  pilose,  with  glandular  hairs  above ;  Ivs.  broad,  5- 
lobed,  unequally  and  coarsely  serrate ;  ped.  few-flowered ;  sep.  long-acuminate, 
shorter  than  the  very  large,  round-oval,  white  petals.— A  fine  species,  Mich., 
Wis.  to  Oreg.,  &c.,  with  very  large,  showy,  white  flowers.  It  has  received  some 
notice  in  cultivation,  and  a  few  other  species  of  this  section  also,  f 
*  *  Leaves  3—1-foliale. 

8.  R.  IDJETJS.     Garden  Raspberry. 

Hispid  or  armed  with  recurved  prickles ;  Ivs.  pinnately  3  or  5-foliate ;  Ifts. 
broad-ovate  or  rhomboidal,  acuminate,  unequally  and  incisely  serrate,  hoary- 
tomentose  beneath,  sessile,  odd  one  petiolulate ;  fls.  in  paniculate  corymbs ; 
pet.  entire,  shorter  than  the  hoary-tomentose,  acuminate  calyx. — Many  varieties 
of  this  plant  are  cultivated  for  the  delicious  fruit.  Stems  shrubby,  3 — 5f  high. 
Leaflets  smoothish  above,  2 — 4'  long,  §  as  wide.  Flowers  white,  in  lax,  termi- 
nal clusters.  Fruit  red,  amber  color  or  white. — Plants  essentially  agreeing 
with  the  above  described  were  found  at  Cambridge,  Vt.,  in  woods,  also  at  Cole- 
brook,  Ct.,  by  Dr  Robbins.  £ 

9.  R.  STRIGOSUS.  Michx.     (R.  Idaeus.  Nutt.}     Wild  Red  Raspberry. 

Plant  shrubby,  strongly  hispid ;  Ivs.  pinnately  3  or  5-foliate ;  Ifts.  oblong- 
ovate  or  oval,  obtuse  at  base,  coarsely  and  unequally  serrate,  canescent-tomen- 
tose  beneath,  odd  one  often  subcordate  at  base,  lateral  ones  sessile ;  cor.  cup- 
shaped,  about  the  length  of  the  calyx. — In  hedges  and  neglected  fields,  Can. 
and  N.  States,  very  abundant.  Stem  without  prickles,  covered  with  strong 
bristles  instead.  Leaflets  1£ — 2J'  long,  £— f  as  wide,  terminal  one  distinctly 
petiolulate.  Flowers  white.  Fr.  hemispherical,  light  red,  and  of  a  peculiar 
rich  flavor,  in  Jn. — Aug.  FL.  May. 

10.  R.  OCCIDENTALIS.     Black  Raspberry.     Thimble-berry. 

Plant  shrubby,  glaucous,  armed  with  recurved  prickles ;  Ivs.  pinnately  3- 
foliate;  Ifts.  ovate,  acuminate,  sublobate  or  doubly  serrate,  hoary-tomentose 
beneath,  lateral  ones  sessile  ;fls.  axillary  and  terminal ;  fr.  black. — A  tall,  slen- 
der bramble,  4 — 8f  high,  in  thickets,  rocky  fields,  &c.,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Plant 
not  hispid.  Leaflets  2- — 3'  long,  J — §  as  wide,  nearly  white  beneath,  odd  one 
distinctly  petiolulate,  common  petiole  terete,  long.  Flowers  white,  lower  ones 
solitary,  upper  corymbose.  Fruit  roundish,  glaucous,  of  a  lively,  agreeable 
taste,  ripe  in  July.  FL  May.  £ 

11.  R.  TRIFLORUS.  Rich.     (R.  saxatilis.  BW.}     Three-flowered  Raspberry. 
St.  shrubby,  unarmed,  declined;  branches  herbaceous,  green;  Ivs.  3  or  5- 

foliate ;  Ifts.  nearly  smooth,  thin,  rhombic-ovate,  acute,  unequally  cut-dentate, 
odd  one  petiolulate ;  stip.  ovate,  entire  ;  ped.  terminal,  1 — 3-flowered ;  pet.  erect, 
oblong- obovate.—  Moist  woods  and  shady  hills,  Penn.  to  Brit.  Am.  Stems  flex- 
uous,  smooth,  reddish.  Petioles  very  slender,  1 — 2'  long.  Leaflets  1 — 2'  by  £ — 
1',  lateral  ones  sessile,  oblique  or  unequallv  2-lobed.  Petals  white,  rather  lon- 
ger than  the  triangular-lanceolate,  reflexed  sepals.  Fruit  consisting  of  a  few 
large,  dark-red  grains,  acid,  ripe  in  Aug.  FL  May. 

12.  R.  ROS.KFOLIUS.  Rose-leaved  Rubus  or  Bridal  Rose. — Erect,  branching, 
armed  with  nearly  straight  prickles;  Ivs.  pinnately  3 — 7-foliate;  Ifts.  ovate- 
lanceolate,  subplicate,  doubly  serrate,  smooth  beneath,  velvety  above;  stip. 


POTENTILLA.  XL VIII.  ROSACES.  251 

minute,  subulate;  sep.  spreading,  long-acuminate,  shorter  than  the  narrow-obo- 
vate,  emarginate  petals;  sty.  00. — A  delicate  house-plant,  with  snow-white 
double  flowers.  Native  of  Mauritius. 

12.  POTENTILLA. 

Lat.  potentia,  power;  in  allusion  to  its  supposed  potency  in  medicine. 

Calyx  concave,  deeply  4 — 5-cleft,  with  an  equal  number  of  alter- 
nate, exterior  segments  or  bracteoles  ;  petals  4 — 5,  obcordate  ;  sta- 
mens 00  ;  filaments  slender  ;  ovaries  collected  into  a  head  on  a  small, 
dry  receptacle ;  styles  deciduous  ;  achenia  00. — Herbaceous  or  shrubby. 
Lvs.  pinnately  or  palmately  compound.  Fls.  solitary  or  cymose,  mostly 
yellow. 

*  Leaves  palmately  trifoliate. 

1.  P.  NORVEGICA.     Norwegian  Potentilla  or  Cinquefoil. 

Hirsute ;  st.  erect,  dichotomous  above ;  Ifts.  3,  elliptical  or  obovate,  den- 
tate-serrate, petiolulate ;  cymes  leafy ;  cat.  exceeding  the  emarginate  petals. — 
Old  fields  and  thickets,  Arc.  Am.  to  Car.  Stem  1 — 4f  high,  covered  with  silky 
hairs,  terete,  at  length  forked  near  the  top.  Cauline  petioles  shorter  than  the 
leaves.  Leaflets  £ — H' by  i — J',  '(lower  and  radical  ones  very  small,)  often 
incised.  Stipules  large,  ovate,  subentire.  Flowers  many,  crowded,  with  pale 
yellow  petals  shorter  than  the  lanceolate,  acute,  hairy  sepals.  Jl. — Sept. 

/?.  ?  hirsuia.  T.  &  G.  (P.  hirsuta.  Michx.) — Hairs  loose,  silky ;  st.  slender, 
erect,  subsimple  ;  lower  and  middle  Ivs.  equal,  long-petiolate  ;  Ifts.  roundish-obo- 
vate,  sessile,  incisely  dentate ;  fls.  few,  petals  rather  conspicuous,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  calyx.— Dry  fields.  With  reluctance  I  adopt  the  views  of  Torrey  &  Gray 
in  regard  to  this  plant. 

2.  P.  TRIDENTATA.  Ait.     Trident  or  Mountain  Potentilla. 

Smooth ;  st.  ascending,  woody  and  creeping  at  base ;  Ifts.  3,  obovate-cune- 
ate,  evergreen,  entire,  with  3  large  teeth  at  the  apex ;  cymes  nearly  naked  ;  pet. 
twice  longer  than  the  calyx. — On  the  White  Mts. !  and  other  alpine  summits  in 
the  N.  States.  Flowering  stems  6 — 12'  high,  round,  often  with  minute,  ap- 
pressed  hairs.  Petioles  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaflets  sessile,  9 — 18" 
by  4 — 6",  coriaceous,  smooth.  Flowers  with  white,  obovate  petals.  Carpels 
and  achenia  with  scattered  hairs.  Jn.  Jl. 

3.  P.  MINIMA..  Haller. 

St.  pubescent,  ascending,  mostly  1-flowered ;  Ivs.  trifoliate ;  Ifts.  obovate, 
obtuse,  incisely  serrate,  with  5 — 9  teeth  above  ;  pet.  longer  than  the  sepals. — 
Alpine  regions  of  the  White  Mts.  Stems  numerous  and  leafy,  1 — 3'  high. 
Leaflets  with  the  margins  and  veins  beneath  hairy.  Flowers  small.  Petals 
obcordate.  Bracteoles  oval-obtuse,  narrowed  at  the  base. 
*  *  Leaves  palmately  3  or  ^-foliate. 

4.  P.  CANADENSIS.    (P.  sarmentosa.   Willd.}     Common  Cinquefoil. 

Villose  pubescent ;  st.  sarmentose,  procumbent  and  ascending ;  Ivs.  pal- 
mately 5-foliate,  the  leaflets  obovate,  silky  beneath,  cut-dentate  towards  the 
apex,  entire  and  attenuate  towards  the  base ;  stip.  hairy,  deeply  2  or  3-cleft,  or 
entire;  pedicels  axillary,  solitary;  bracteoles  of  the  calyx  longer  than  the  seg- 
ments, and  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals. — Common  in  fields  and  thickets,  U.  S. 
and  Can.  Stems  more  or  less  procumbent  at  base,  from  a  few  inches  to  a  foot 
or  more  in  length.  Flowers  yellow,  on  long  pedicels.  Calyx  segments  lanceo- 
late or  linear.  Apr. — Aug. 

&.  pumila.  T.  &  G.  (P.  pumila.  PA.)— Very  small  and  delicate,  flowering 
in  Apr.  and  May. — I  cannot  perceive  any  difference  between  this  and  the  above, 
except  its  diminutive  size  and  early  flowering.  In  dry,  sandy  soils.  Stems 
about  3'  high. 

y.  simplex.  T.  &  G.  (P.  simplex.  Michx.}— Plant  less  hirsute ;  st.  simple, 
erect  or  ascending  at  base ;  Ifts.  oval-cuneiform ;  flowering  in  June— Aug.— In 
richer  soils.  Stems  8 — 14'  high.  Leaflets  about  I7  long,  |  as  wide. 

5.  P.  ARGENTEA.     Silvery  Cinquefoil. 

St.  ascending,  tomentose,  branched  above ;  Ifts.  oblong-cuneiform,  with  a 
22 


352  XLVIII.    ROSACES.  FRAGARIA. 

few  large,  incised  teeth,  smooth  above,  silvery-caneseent  beneath,  sessile ;  fls. 
in  a  cymose  corymb ;  pet.  longer  than  the  obtusish  sepals. — A  pretty  species,  on 
dry  or  rocky  hills,  Can.  and  N.  States,  remarkable  for  the  silvery  whiteness  of 
the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves.  Stems  6 — 10'  long,  at  length  with  slender 
branches.  Leaflets  5 — 9"  by  1 — 2",  with  2  or  3  slender,  spreading  teeth  each 
side ;  upper  ones  linear,  entire.  Flowers  small.  Calyx  canescent.  Petals  yel- 
low. Jn. — Sept. 

*  *  *  Leaves  pinnate, 

6.  P.  FRUTICCSA.     (P.  floribunda.  Ph.*)     Shrubby  Cinquefoil. 

St.  fruticose,  very  branching,  hirsute,  erect ;  Ifts.  5 — 7,  linear-oblong,  all 
sessile,  margin  entire  and  revolute;  pet.  large,  much  longer  than  the  calyx. — A 
low,  bushy  shrub,  in  meadows  and  rocky  hills.  Northern  States  and  Brit.  Am. 
Stems  1 — 2f  high,  with  a  reddish  bark ;  petioles  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Leaf- 
lets f — If  (mostly  I'}  by  2 — 3"  wide,  acute,  crowded,  pubescent.  Stipules 
nearly  as  long  as  the  petioles.  Flowers  |— If  diam.,  yellow,  in  terminal. clus- 
ters. Jn. — Aug. 

7.  P.  ANSERINA.     Silver-weed.     Goose-grass. 

St.  slender,  creeping,  prostrate,  rooting ;  Ivs.  interruptedly  pinnate ;  Ifts. 
many  pairs,  oblong,  deeply  serrate,  canescent  beneath ;  ped.  solitary,  1-flowered, 
very  long. — A  fine  species  on  wet  shores  and  meadows,  N.  Eng.  to  Arctic  Am. 
Stems  subterraneous,  sending  out  reddish  stolons  1 — 2f  long.  Petioles  mostly 
radical,  6 — 10'  long.  Leaflets  1 — If  by  3 — 6",  sessile,  with  several  minute 
pairs  interposed.  Peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Fls.  yellow,  1'  diam.  Jn. — Sept. 

8.  P.  ARGUTA.  Ph.    (P.  confertiflora.  Hitchcock.   Boottia  sylvestris.  Bw.} 
False  Avens.     White-flowered  Polentilla. — St.  erect;  radical  Ivs.  on  long 

petioles,  7 — 9-foliate,  cauline  few,  3 — 7-foliate ;  Ifts.  broadly  ovate,  cut-serrate  ; 
fls.  in  dense,  terminal  cymes. — Along  streams,  &c.,  Can.  and  N.  States,  W.  to 
the  Rocky  Mts.  Stems  2 — 3f  high,  stout,  terete,  striate,  and  with  nearly  the 
whole  plant  very  pubescent.  Radical  leaves  If  or  more  long.  Leaflets  1 — 2' 
long,  |  as  wide,  sessile,  odd  one  petiolulate.  Fls.  about  8"  diam.  Petals  round- 
ish, yellowish  white,  longer  than  the  sepals.  Disk  glandular,  5-lobed.  May,  Jn. 

9.  P.  PARADOXA.  Nutt.     (P.  supina.  MX.} 

Decumbent  at  base,  pubescent;  Ivs.  pinnate;  Ifts.  7—9,  obovate-oblong, 
incised,  the  upper  ones  confluent;  slip,  ovate;  ped.  solitary,  recurved  in  fruit; 
pet.  obovate,  about  equaling  the  sepals ;  ach.  2-lobed,  the  lower  portion  chiefly 
composed  of  starch-like  albumen. — River  banks,  Ohio  to  Oregon.  Nuttall  in 
T.  &  G.  Fl.  p.  437. 

13.   COM  ARUM. 

Gr.  KOfjLapos,  the  strawberry  tree,  which  this  plant  resembles. 

Calyx  flat,  deeply  5-cleft,  with,  bracteoles  alternating  with  the  seg- 
ments ;  petals  5,  very  small ;  stamens  numerous,  inserted  into  the 
disk ;  achenia  smooth,  crowded  upon  the  enlarged,  ovate,  spongy,  per- 
sistent receptacle. — ^  Lvs.  pinnate. 

C.  PALUSTRE.     Marsh  Cinquefoil. 

In  spagnous  swamps,  N.  States !  Wise. !  to  the  Arctic  Circle.  Stems  creep- 
ing at  base,  1 — 2f  high,  nearly  smooth,  branching.  Leaflets  3, 5  and  7,  crowded, 
1J — 2f  long,  $  as  wide,  oblong-lanceolate,  hoary  beneath,  obtuse,  sharply  ser- 
rate, subsessile ;  petiole  longer  than  the  scarious,  woolly,  adnate  stipules  at 
base.  Flowers  large.  Calyx  segments  several  times  la'rger  than  the  petals. 
Petals  about  3"  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  and,  with  the  stamens,  styles  and  upper 
surface  of  the  sepals,  dark  purple.  Fruit  permanent.  Jn. 

14.  FRAGARIA. 

Lat.  fragrans,  fragrant ;  on  account  of  its  perfumed  fruit. 

Calyx  concave,  deeply  5-cleft,  with  an  equal  number  of  alternate, 
exterior  segments  or  bracteoles ;  petals  5,  obcordate ;  stamens  00 ; 
achenia  smooth,  affixed  to  a  large,  pulpy,  deciduous  receptacle. — '*!• 
Stems  stoloniferous.  Lvs.  trifoliate.  Fts.  on  a  scape,  white. 


GBUM.  XL VIII.  ROSACE^E.  253 

1.  F.  VIRGINIANA.  Ehrh.   (F.  Canadensis.  Michx.)   Scarlet  or  Wild  Straw- 
berry.— Pubescent ;  col.  of  the  fruit  erect-spreading ;  ach.  imbedded  in  pits 

in  the  globose  receptacle  ;  ped.  commonly  shorter  than  the  leaves. — Fields  and 
woods,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.  Stolons  slender,  terete,  reddish,  often  If  or  more 
long,  rooting  at  the  ends.  Petioles  radical,  2 — 6'  long,  with  spreading  hairs. 
Leaflets  3,  oval,  obtuse,  coarsely  dentate,  subsessile,  1 — 2$'  long,  f  as  wide, 
lateral  ones  oblique.  Scape  less  hairy  than  the  petioles,  cymose  at  top.  Flowers 
in  Apr.  and  May.  Fruit  in  Jn.  JL,  highly  fragrant  and  delicious  when  ripened 
in  the  sun. 

2.  F.  VESCA.     Alpine,  Wood,  or  English  Strawberry. 

Pubescent;  calyx  of  the  fruit  much  spreading  or  reflexed;  ach.  superficial 
on  the  conical  or  hemispherical  receptacle  which  is  without  pits ;  ped.  usually 
longer  than  the  leaves. — Fields  and  woods,  Northern  States,  &c.  Stolons  often 
creeping  several  feet.  Leaves  pubescent,  and  flowers  as  in  F.  Virginiana. — 
Numerous  varieties  are  cultivated  in  gardens,  where  the  fruit  is  sometimes  an 
ounce  or  more  in  weight.  Fl.  Apr.  May.  Fr.  Jn.  JL 

3.  F.  CHILENSIS.  Ehrh.  Chili  Strawberry. — Lfts.  villose-silky  beneath,  ru- 
gose, coriaceous,  broadly  obovate,  obtuse,  serrate ;  ped.  and  cal.  silky ;  pet. 
large,  spreading. — From  Oregon  and  California.  Not  generally  cultivated. 

Obs.—  Other  species  with  varieties  are  sometimes  found  in  gardens;  as  F.  elatior,  the  hautbois  S., 
with  tall,  thin  leaves,  tall  and  strong  scapes,  and  fruit  greenish  white  tinged  with  purple ;  F.  grandiflora, 
the  pine-apple  S.  (made  a  synonym  of  F.  Chilensis  by  DC.)  with  firm,  crenate  leaves,  large  flowers  and 
large,  globose  fruit,  varying  from  whitish  to  purple. 

15.  DAL1BARDA. 

Named  by  Linnaeus,  in  honor  of  Dalibard,  a  French  botanist. 

Calyx  inferior,  deeply  5 — 6-parted,  spreading,  3  of  the  segments 
larger  ;  petals  5  ;..  stamens  numerous  ;  styles  5 — 8,  long,  deciduous  ; 
fruit  achenia,  dry  or  somewhat  drupaceous. — 1\.  Low  herbs.  St.  creep- 
ing. Lvs.  undivided.  Scapes  1 — %-flowered. 

D.  REPENS.     False  Violet. 

Diffuse,  pubescent,  bearing  creeping  shoots ;  Ivs.  simple,  roundish-cordate, 
crenate  ;  stip.  linear-setaceous  ;  cal.  spreading  in  flower,  erect  in  fruit. — In  low 
woods,  Penn.  to  Can.  Creeping  stems  1  or  2'  to  10  or  12'  in  length.  Leaves 
1 — 2'  diam.,  rounded  at  apex,  cordate  at  base,  villose-pubescent,  on  petioles  1, 
2  or  3'  long.  Scapes  1-flowered,  about  as  long  as  the  petioles.  Petals  white, 
obovate,  longer  than  the  sepals.  Jn. 

16.  WALDSTEINIA.    Willd. 
Named  by  Willdenow,  in  honor  of  Franz  de  Waldstein,  a  German  botanist. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  with  5  alternate,  sometimes  minute  and  deciduous 
bracteoles ;  petals  5  or  more,  sessile,  deciduous ;  stamens  00,  inserted 
into  the  calyx  ;  styles  2 — 6 ;  achenia  few,  dry,  on  a  dry  receptacle. 
— %  Acaulescent  herbs,  with  lobed  or  divided  radical  Ivs.,  and  yellow  fis. 
W.  FRAGARiolDES.  Traut.  (Dalibarda.  Michx.  Comaropsis.  DC.}  Dry 
Strawberry. — Lvs.  trifoliate  ;  Ifts.  broad-cuneiform,  incisely  dentate-crenate, 
ciliate  ;  scapes  bracteate,  many-flowered ;  cal.  tube  obconic. — A  handsome  plant, 
in  hilly  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.,  bearing  some  resemblance  to  the  strawberry.  Rhi- 
zoma  thick,  scaly,  blackish.  Petioles  3 — 6'  long,  slightly  pubescent.  Leaflets 
1 — y  diam.,  nearly  sessile,  dark  shining  green  above,  apex  rounded  and  cut 
into  lobes  and  teeth.  Scape  about  as  high  as  the  leaves,  divided  at  top,  bearing 
2 — 6  flowers  £'  diam.  Petals  varying  from  5 — 10  !  Jn. 

17.  GEUM. 

Orr.ysvo),  to  taste  well ;  in  allusion  to  the  taste  of  the  roots. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  with  5  alternate  segments  or  bracteoles,  smaller  and 
exterior ;  petals  5  ;  stamens  00  ;  achenia  00,  aggregated  on  a  dry 
receptacle"  and  caudate  with  the  persistent,  mostly  jointed,  genicu- 
late  and  bearded  style. — % 


254  XL VIII.   ROSACE^E.  GEUM. 

*  Styles  articulated  and  geniculate,  upper  joint  deciduous. 

1.  G.  RIVALE.     Water  Avens.     Purple  avens. 

Pubescent ;  st.  subsimple ;  radical  Ivs.  lyrate ;  slip,  ovate,  acute ;  fls.  nod- 
ding; pet.  as  long  as  the  erect -calyx  segments;  upper' joint  of  the  persistent  style 
plumose. — A  fine  plant,  with  drooping,  purple  flowers,  conspicuous  among 
ihe  grass  in  wet  meadows,  Northern  and  Mid.  States.  Rhizoma  woody,  creep- 
ing. Stem  1 — 2f  high,  paniculate  at  top.  Root  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate, 
inclining  to  lyrate,  4—6'  long,  terminal  leaflet  large,  roundish,  lobed  and  cre- 
nate-dentate.  Stem  leaves  1 — 3,  3- foliate  or  lobed,  subsessile.  Flowers  sub- 
globose.  Calyx  purplish-brown.  Petals  broad-obcordate,  clawed,  purplish- 
yellow,  veined.  Jn. — The  root  is  aromatic  and  astringent. 

2.  G.  STRICTUM.  Ait.     Yellow  Avens. 

Hirsute  ;  radical  Ivs.  interruptedly  pinnate  ;  cauline  3 — 5-foliate  ;  Ifts.  obo- 
vate  and  ovate,  lobed  and  toothed ;  stip.  large  and  erect ;  bracteoles  linear,  shorter 
than  the  sepals ;  pet.  roundish,  longer  than  the  calyx ;  sty.  smooth,  upper  joint 
hairy. — Fields  moist  or  dry,  N.  States  and  Brit.  Am.  Stem  hispid  at  base,  2 — 
3f  high,  dichotomous,  and  with  spreading  hairs  at  summit.  Root  leaves  5 — 8' 
long,  inclining  to  lyrate,  the  terminal  leaflet  largest,  obovate  and  lobed.  Flow- 
ers numerous,  rather  large,  yellow.  Receptacle  densely  pubescent.  Jl.  Aug. 

3.  G.  VIRGINIANUM.     (G.  album.  Gmel.}     White  Avens. 

Pubescent ;  radical  Ivs.  pinnate,  ternate,  or  even  rarely  simple ;  cauline 
3 — 5-foliate  or  lobed,  all  unequally  and  incisely  dentate,  nearly  smooth  or  softly 
pubescent ;  fls.  erect ;  pet.  not  exceeding  the  calyx ;  sty.  glabrous ;  recep.  densely 
hirsute. — Hedges  and  thickets,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  simple  or  branched, 
smoothish  above.  Leaves  very  variable  in  form,  lower  ones  often  3-foliate, 
with  long,  (6 — 8')  appendaged  petioles.  Stipules  mostly  incised.  Upper  leaves 
simple,  acute,  sessile.  Flowers  rather  small,  white.  Peduncles  in  fruit  long 
and  diverging.  Jl. 

4.  G.  MACROPHYLLUM.  Willd.     Large-leaved  Yellow  Avens. 

Hispid;  radical  Ivs.  interruptedly  lyrate-pinnate,  the  terminal  leaflet  much 
the  largest,  roundish-cordate ;  cauline  with  minute,  lateral  leaflets,  and  a  large, 
roundish,  lobed,  terminal  one,  all  unequally  dentate  ;  pet.  longer  than  the  calyx ; 
recep.  nearly  smooth. — White  Mts. !  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  stout,  very  hispid  and 
leafy.  Terminal  leaflets  3 — 5'  diam.  Flowers  yellow.  Jn.  Jl. 

5.  G.  VERNUM.  T.  &  G.     (Stylipus  vernus.  Raf.} 

Slender  and  slightly  pubescent ;  st.  ascending  at  base;  radical  Ivs.  pin- 
nately  5 — 9-foliate,  with  incised  leaflets,  or  often  simple  and  cordate,  incisely 
lobed  and  dentate  ;  cauline  Ivs.  3 — 5-foliate  or  lobed ;  stip.  large  and  incised ; 
fls.  very  small ;  scp.  reflexed ;  head  of  carpels  globose,  raised  on  a  slender  stipe. 
—Shades  and  thickets,  Ohio  !  to  111.  and  Tex.  Stem  8—20'  high,  striate,  di- 
or  trichotomous  at  top,  few-leaved  and  few-flowered.  Petals  yellow,  and  with 
the  sepals  hardly  more  than  1"  in  length.  Stipe  of  the  head  of  carpels  f  long. 
Apr. — Jn. 

*  *  Styles  not  articulated,  wholly  persistent.     SIEVERSIA.  R.  Br. 

6.  G.  TRiFLORUM.  Pursh.     Three-flowered  Geum. 

Villous ;  st.  erect,  about  3-flowered ;  Ivs.  mostly  radical,  interruptedly  pin- 
nate, of  numerous  cuneate,  incisely  dentate  leaflets ;  bracteoks  linear,  longer 
than  the  sepals  ;  sty.  plumose,  very  long  in  fruit. — Brit.  Am.  and  the  Western 
States !  rare  in  the  Northern.  Stems  scarcely  a  foot  high,  with  a  pair  of  oppo- 
site, laciniate  leaves  near  the  middle,  and  several  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  long, 
slender  petioles.  Radical  leaves  5 — -6'  long,  the  terminal  leaflet  not  enlarged. 
Flowers  rather  large,  purplish  white.  Styles  2'  long  in  fruit.  May,  Jn. 

7.  G.  PECKII.  Pursh.     Peck's  Geum. 

Nearly  glabrous;  st.  erect,  several-flowered,  nearly  naked;  radical  Ivs. 
iyrate-pinnate,  the  terminal  leaflet  very  large,  roundish,  truncate  at  base,  the 
lateral  ones  minute  ;  pet.  much  longer  than  the  calyx. — White  Mts. !  Scape  9' 
high  (4—5,  Bw.  12 — 18,  T.  fy  G.),  with  several  small,  incised  bracts.  Petioles 
3  5' long,  bearing  4  or  6,  dentate,  lateral  leaflets  1—4"  long,  and  ending  in  a 
half-round  leaflet  2—4'  wide,  lobed  and  dentate.  Flowers  8"  diam.,  yellow,  ter- 
minal on  the  elongated  branches.  Jl.  Aug. 


SPIRJBA.  XL VIII.   ROSACE^E.  *6b 

18.   SANGUISORBA. 
Lat.  sanguis,  sorbere,  q.  d.  to  absorb  blood ;  the  plant  is  esteemed  a  vulnerary. 

Calyx  tube  4-sided,  2  or  3-bracted  at  base  ;  limb  4  parted  ;  petals 
0 ;  stamens  4,  opposite  the  calyx  segments ;  filaments  dilated  upwards ; 
style  1,  filiform;  achenium  dry,  included  in  the  calyx. — Herbs  with 
unequally  pinnate  haves. 

S.  CANADENSIS.     Burnet  Saxifrage. 

Glabrous;  Ifts.  oblong,  cordate,  obtuse,  serrate;  spikes  dense,  cvlindric, 
very  long ;  sta.  much  longer  than  the  calyx. — Tj.  in  wet  meadows,  tf .  S.  and 
Brit.  Am.,  and  cultivated  in  gardens.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  smooth,  striate,  spar- 
ingly branched.  Stipules  leafy,  serrate.  Leaflets  2— 4'  long,  \ — i  as  wide, 
petiolate,  mostly  stipellate.  Spikes  3—6'  long,  terminating  the  long,  naked 
branches.  Bracteoles  3.  Calyx  greenish  white,  resembling  a  corolla.  Aug. 

19.  POTERIUM. 

Literally  a  drinking  vessel,  and  hence  a  beverage ;  from  the  use  of  the  plant. 

Fls.  c?  •  Calyx  tube  contracted  at  the  mouth,  3-bracteate,  limb  4- 
parted  ;  petals  0  ;  stamens  20 — ^0  ;  ovaries  2 ;  style  filiform  ;  ache- 
ilia  dry,  included  in  the  calyx. — Herbs  with  unequally  pinnate  leaves. 

P.  SANGUISORBA.  Burnet. 

Herbaceous;  st.  unarmed,  angular,  and  with  the  leaves,  smooth;  Ifts. 
7 — 11,  ovate  or  roundish,  deeply  serrate ;  spikes  or  /ids.  subglobose,  the  lower 
flowers  staminate. — 7|.  Occasionally  cultivated  as  a  salad,  but  is  now  less  valued 
in  medicine  than  formerly.  It  is  said  by  Hooker  to  be  native  about  Lake  Huron. 

20.   AGRIMONIA. 

Gr.  aypos,  a  field,  /xovos,  alone ;  a  name  of  dignity  for  its  medicinal  Qualities. 

Calyx  tube  turbinate,  contracted  at  the  throat,  armed  with  hooked 
bristles  above,  limb  5-cleft;  petals  5  ;  stamens  12 — 15  ;  ovaries  2  ; 
styles  terminal ;  achenia  included  in  the  indurated  tube  of  the  calyx. 
— %  Lvs.  pinnately  divided.  Fls.  yellow,  in  long,  slender  racemes. 

1.  A.  EUPATORIA.     Agrimony^ 

Hirsute ;  Ivs.  interruptedly  pinnate,  upper  ones  3-foliate  ;  Ifts.  ovate,  oval 
or  oval-lanceolate,  coarsely  dentate ;  slip,  large,  dentate ;  pet.  twice  longer  than 
the  calyx. — Road  sides,  borders  of  fields,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  common.  Stem  1 — 3f 
high,  branching,  leafy.  Leaflets  3,  5,  7,  with  small  ones  interposed,  nearly 
smooth  beneath,  1£ — 3'  long,  £  as  wide,  sessile,  terminal  one  with  a  petiolule 
1 — 3"  long.  Racemes  6 — 12'  long,  spicate.  Flowers  yellow,  about  4"  diam., 
on  very  short  pedicels.  Calyx  tube  curiously  fluted  with  10  ribs,  and  sur- 
mounted with  reddish,  hooked  bristles.  Jl. 

/?.  hirsuta.  Torr. — Smaller  and  more  hairy. 

y.  parviflora.  Hook.  (A.  parviflora.  DC.) — Less  hairy  ;fls.  smaller,  on  longer 
pedicels. 

2.  A.  PARVIFLORA.  Ait.    (A.  suaveolens.  Ph.) 

St.  and  petioles  hirsute  ;  Ivs.  interruptedly  pinnate ;  Ifts.  numerous,  crowded, 
pubescent  beneath,  linear-lanceolate,  equally  and  incisely  serrate ;  slip,  acutely 
incised ;  roc.  spicate-virgate  ;  fls.  small :  pet.  longer  than  calyx ;  fr.  hispid. — 
Woods  and  dry  meadows,  Penn. !  to  S.  Car.  W.  to  la.  and  Tenn.  Stem  3 — 4f 
high,  the  hairs  spreading,  brownish  and  glandular.  Leaflets  2 — 3'  by  J — £', 
with  smaller  ones  intermixed.  Petals  yellow.  The  plant  has  an  agreeable 
balsamic  odor.  Aug. 

21.   SPIRAEA. 
Gr.  cnrsipa,  a  cord  or  wreath ;  the  flowers  are,  or  may  be  used  in  garlands. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent;  petals  5,  roundish;  stamens  10 — 50, 
exserted  ;  carpels  distinct,  3 — 12,  follicular,  1 --celled,  1 — 2-valved, 
1 — 10-seeded ;  styles  terminal. — %  Unarmed  shrubs  or  herbs.  Branches 
and  Ivs.  alternate.  Fls.  white  or  rose-color,  never  yellow. 

22* 


256  XLVIII.   ROSACES.  SPIRAEA. 

*  Leaves  without  stipules, 

1.  S.  TOMENTOSA.     Hardback. 

Ferruginous-tomentose ;  ITS.  simple,  ovate-lanceolate,  smoothish  above, 
unequally  serrate ;  rac.  short,  dense,  aggregated  in  a  dense,  slender,  terminal 
panicle  ;  carpels  5. — A  small  shrub,  very  common  in  pastures  and  low  grounds, 
Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  very  hard,  brittle,  consequently  troublesome  to  the  scythe 
of  the  hay-maker.  Leaves  l\ — 2'  long,  J  as  wide,  dark  green  above,  rusty  white 
with  a  dense  tomentum  beneath,  crowded,  and  on  short  petioles.  Flowers 
small,  very  numerous,  with  conspicuous  stamens,  light  purple,  forming  a  slen- 
der, pyramidal  cluster  of  some  beauty.  The  persistent  fruit  in  winter  furnishes 
food  for  the  snow  bird.  Jl.  Aug. 

2.  S.  SALICIPOLIA.     (S.  alba.  23w.)     Queen  of  the  Meadow.   Meadow-sieeet. 
Nearly  glabrous  ;  Ivs.  oblong,  obovate  or  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  ;  rac. 

forming  a  more  or  less  dense,  terminal  panicle  ;  carpels  5. — A  small  shrub  in 
meadows,  thickets,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.  Stems  3 — 4f  high,  slender,  purplish, 
brittle.  Leaves  smooth,  1£ — 3'  long,  |— £  as  wide,  acute  at  each  end,  petiolate, 
often  with  small  leaves  in  the  axils.  Flowers  white,  often  tinged  with  red, 
small,  numerous,  with  conspicuous  stamens,  in  a  more  or  less  spreading  pani- 
cle. Jl.  Aug.f 

3.  S.  ARUNCUS.     Goafs  Beard. 

Herbaceous ;  Ivs.  membranaceous,  tripinnate ;  Ifts.  oblong-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, the  terminal  ones  ovate-lanceolate,  doubly  and  sharply  serrate ;  fls.  <J  tf, 
very  numerous ;  carpels  3 — 5,  very  smooth. — On  the  Catskill  Mts.,  N.  Y.  to  Ga. 
Torrey  fy  Gray.  Stem  4 — 6f  high,  branching.  Flowers  very  small,  white, 
in  numerous,  slender  racemes,  forming  a  large,  compound  panicle.  Jn.  Jl. 
0.  Fls.  in  very  long,  virgate  racemes.  Georgetown,  D.  C.  Robbins. 

4.  S.  CORYMBOSA.     Raf.     (S.  chamoedrifolia.     PA.)     Corymbose  Spiraea. 
Las.  ovate  or  oblong-oval,  incisely  and  unequally  serrate  near  the  apex, 

whitish  with  minute  tomentum  beneath  ;  corymbs  large,  terminal,  pedunculate, 
fastigiate,  compound,  dense,  often  leafy ;  sty.  and  carpels  3 — 5. — Mountains, 
Penn.  Fauquier  Co.,  Va.  Dr.  Robbins,  to  Ky.  S.  to  Flor.  Stem  slightly  pu- 
bescent, reddish,  1 — 2f  high.  Leaves  nearly  smooth  above,  entire  towards  the 
base,  2—3'  by  f — If.  Flowers  innumerable,  white  or  rose-colored,  in  a  co- 
rymb 4 — 6'  broad.  May,  Jn.  f 

5.  S.  HYPERICIFOLIA     St.  Peter's   Wreath. — Lvs.  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  ta- 
pering at  base  to  a  petiole,  entire  or  slightly  dentate,  nearly  smooth ;  fls.  in 
pedunculate  corymbs  or  sessile  umbels ;  pedicels  smooth  or  pubescent ;  segments 
of  the  calyx  ascending. — Cultivated  in  gardens  and  shrubberies.     Shrub  3 — 5f 
high,  nearly  smooth  in  all  its  parts.    Flowers  white,  in  numerous  umbels,  ter- 
minating the  short,  lateral  branches.    Pedicels  as  long  as  the  leaves.     May.  f 

*  *  Leaves  accompanied  with  stipules. 

6.  S.  SORBIPOLIA.     Sorb-leaved  Spirtza. — Shrub  stout,  with  straggling  branches 
and  rough  bark ;  Ivs.  unequally  pinnate ;  lateral  Ifts.  oblong-lanceolate;  termi- 
nal one  larger,  irregularly  lobed,  all  acuminate,  sessile  and  doubly  serrate ;  fls. 
in  thyrsoid  panicles,  large,  numerous,  white. — In  shrubberies.    Height  4— 6f. 
May.f 

5.  7.  OPULIFOLIA.     Nine-bark. 

Nearly  glabrous ;  Ivs.  roundish,  3-lobed,  petiolate,  doubly-serrate  ;  corymbs 
pedunculate ;  carpels  3 — 5,  exceeding  the  calyx  in  fruit. — A  beautiful  shrub, 
3 — 5f.  high,  on  the  banks  of  streams,  Caa.  la. !  Mo.  S.  to  Ga.,  rare.  Bark 


tinged  with  purple.     Follicles  diverging,  smooth,  shining,  purple,  2-seeded.  Jn.f 

8.  S.  LOBATA.     Siberian  Red  Spircea. 

Herbaceous ;  Ivs.  pinnately  3 — 7  foliate,  often  with  smaller  leaflets  inter- 
posed, lateral  Ifts.  of  3,  lanceolate  lobes,  cuneate  at  base,  terminal  one  large, 
pedately  7 — 9-parted,  lobes  all  doubly  serrate;  stip.  reniform;  panicle  large, 
cymosely  branched ;  fls.  large,  deep  rose-color ;  carpels  6 — 8.— An  herb  of  ex- 


KERRIA.  XL VIII.   ROSACE^E.  257 

quisite  beauty,  in  meadows  and  prairies,  Mich.  la. !  to  Car.    Stem  4 — 8f  high. 
Flowers  numerous  and  exceedingly  delicate.    Jn.  Jl.  f 

9.  S.  FILIPENDULA.     Pride  of  the  Meadow. — Herbaceous,  smooth;  Ivs.  inter- 
ruptedly pinnate  ;  Ifts.  pinnatifidly  serrate,  9 — 21,  with  many  minute  ones  in- 
terposed ;  slip,  large,  semicordate,  serrate ;  corymb  on  a  long,  terminal  pedun- 
cle.— A  very  delicate  herb,  often  cultivated.     Stems  1— 3f  high.     Leaves  3 — 6' 
long,  leaflets  1 — 2'  long,  linear,  the  serratures  tipped  with  short  bristles.    Flow- 
ers white,  4  or  5"  diam.    Petals  oblong-obovate.    Jn. 

10.  S.  ULMARIA.     Double  Meadmv-sweet. — Herbaceous;  Ivs.  3 — 7-foliate,  with 
minute  leaflets  interposed;  lateral  Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate;   terminal  one   much 
larger,  palmately  5 — 7-lobed,  all  doubly  serrate,  and  whitish-tomentose  beneath  ; 
slip,  reniform,  serrate  ;  panidf.  corymbose,  long-pedunculate. — In  gardens,  where 
the  numerous  white  flowers  are  mostly  double.    Jl.  f — Other  species  of  this 
beautiful  genus  are  sometimes  cultivated. 

22.  GILLENIA.    Mccnch. 

Gr.  yeXao),  to  laugh ;  on  account  of  its  exhilarating  qualities. 

Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  contracted  at  the  orifice,  5-cleft ;  pe- 
tals 5,  linear-lanceolate,  very  long,  unequal ;  stamens  10 — 15,  very 
short;  carpels  5,  connate  at  base  ;  styles  terminal,  follicles  2-valved, 
2 — 4-seeded. — 1\.  Herbs  with  trifoliate,  doubly  serrate  leaves. 

1.  G.  TRJFOLIATA.  Mo3nch.     (Spiraea.  Linn.)     Indian  Physic. 

Lfts.  ovate-oblong,  acuminate  ;  stip.  linear-setaceous,  entire ;  fls.  on  long 
pedicels,  in  pedunculate,  corymbose  panicles. — In  woods,  western  N.  Y.  to  Ga. 
A  handsome  shrub,  2 — 3f  high,  slender  and  nearly  smooth.  Lower  leaves  pe- 
tiolate,  leaflets  2—4'  long,  £  as  wide,  pubescent  beneath,  subsessile.  Flowers 
axillary  and  terminal.  Petals  rose-color  or  nearly  white,  8"  by  2".  Seeds 
brown,  bitter.  Jn.  Jl. — Root  said  to  be  emetic,  cathartic  or  tonic,  according 
to  the  dose. 

2.  G.  STIPULACEA.  Nutt.    (Spirea.  PA.)    Bowman's  Root. 

Lfts.  lanceolate,  deeply  incised ;  radical  Ivs.  pinnatifid ;  stip.  leafy,  ovate, 
doubly  "incised,  clasping;  fls.  large,  in  loose  panicles. — Western  N.  Y.  to  Ala. 
Readily  distinguished  from  the  former  by  the  large,  clasping  stipules.  Flow- 
ers fewer,  rose-colored.  Jn. — Properties  of,  the  root  like  the  former. 

23.  KERRIA.     DC. 

In  honor  of  Wm.  Ker,  a  botanical  collector,  who  sent  plants  from  China. 

Calyx  of  5  acuminate,  nearly  distinct  sepals  ;  corolla  of  5  orbicu- 
lar petals ;  ovaries  5 — 8,  smooth,  globose  ;  ovules  solitary  ;  styles 
filiform  ;  achenia  globose. — A  slender  shrub,  native  of  Japan.  Lvs. 
simple,  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate,  without  stipules.  Fls.  terminal 
on  the  branches,  solitary  or  few  together,  orange-yellow. 

K.  JAPONICA.  DC.  (Corchorus  Japonica.  Willd.}  Japan  Globe  Flower. — 
Common  in  gardens,  &c.  Stems  numerous,  5 — 8f  high,  with  a  smooth  bark. 
Leaves  minutely  pubescent,  2 — 3'  by  1 — !£',  with  a  very  sharp,  slender  point. 
Petioles  3 — 5"  long,  Flowers  double  in  cultivation,  and  abortive,  globose,  near 
1  diam.  f 

24.  SIBBALDIA    PROCUMBENS.  Linn.— Mts.  of  Vt.   Pursh.    Also  Can. 
to  Greenland. 

25.  DRY  AS  INTEGRIFOLIA.  Vahl.— White  Mts.,  N.  H.  Pursh.  Also  N.  to 
Greenland. 

26.  ALCHEMILLA    ALPINA.  Linn.— White  Mts.,  N.  H.,  Green  Mts., 
Vt.,  and  Greenland,  according  to  Pursh.     These  three  species,  whose  leading 
characters  are  indicated  in  the  "  Conspectus  of  the  Genera,"  have  never,  to  my 
knowledge,  been  attributed  to  N.  Eng.  by  any  botanist  except  on  the  authority 
of  Pursh,  which  in  this  case,  Drs.  Torrey  &  Gray  (p.  432)  think  to  be  "  ex- 
tremely doubtful." 


258  L.   MYRTACE^E.  PUNICA. 

ORDER  XLIX.  CALYCANTHACE.E.— CALYCANTHS. 

Shrubs  with  square  stems  exhibiting  4  axes  of  growth  surrounding  the  central  one. 

Lvs.  opposite,  entire,  simple,  without  stipules.    Fls.  solitary,  axillary. 

Col.—  <,  Sepals  numerous,  colored,  in  several  rows,  confounded  with  the  petals,  all  united  below  into  a 

Cor. —  £  fleshy  tube  or  cup. 

Sta.  00,  inserted  into  the  fleshy  rim  of  the  calyx ;  inner  row  sterile. 

Ova.  indefinite,  inserted  on  the  disk  which  lines  the  calyx  tube. 

Fr.— Achenia  hard,  enclosed  in  the  calyx  tube  as  in  genus  Rosa. 

The  order  consists  of  but  2  genera,  Calycanthus,  American,  and  Chimonanthus  of  Japan.  The  species 
are  6.  The  flowers  are  highly  aromatic,  and  the  same  quality  resides  in  the  bark. 

CALYCANTHUS. 

Gr.  KaXv|,  calyx,  ai/Sos,  a  flower;  from  the  character. 

Lobes  of  the  calyx  imbricated  in  many  rows,  lanceolate,  somewhat 
coriaceous  and  fleshy,  colored  ;  stamens  unequal,  about  12  outer  ones 
fertile  ;  anthers  extrorse.  The  bark  and  leaves  exhale  the  odor  of  cam- 
phor. Fls.  of  a  lurid  purple. 

C.  FLORIDUS.     Carolina  Allspice.     Sweet-scented  Shrub. 
Lvs.  oval,  mostly  acute  or  acuminate,  tomentose  beneath  ;  branches  spread- 
ing ;  flowers  nearly  sessile. — Fertile  soils  along  streams,  Va.  and  all  the  S. 
States.     Not  uncommon  in  gardens  farther  north.     The  species  of  Willdenow 
and  Elliot  are  all  referred  to  this  of  Linnaeus,  by  Torrey  and  Gray,  as  follows : 

/?.  (C.  laevigatus  Willd.} — Lvs.  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  or 
gradually  acute,  glabrous  ;  branches  erect,  f 

y.  (C.  glaucus  Willd.} — Lvs.  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  glaucous 
and  glabrous  beneath  ;  branches  spreading,  f 

S.  (C.  inodorus.  Ell.) — Lvs.  lanceolate,  scabrous  and  shining  above,  smooth 
below ;  branches  spreading. 

ORDER  L.    MYRTACEJE. — MYRTLEBLOOMS. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  without  stipules. 

Lvs.  opposite  entire,  punctate,  usually  with  a  vein  running  close  to  the  margin. 

Cal.  adherent  below  to  the  compound  ovary,  the  limb  4— 5-cleft,  valvate. 

Cor.— Petals  as  many  as  the  segments  of  the  calyx. 

Sta.  indefinite.    AntJiers  introrse.    Style  and  stigma  simple. 

Fr.  with  many  seeds. 

A  fine  order,  of  45  genera  and  1300  species,  native  of  warm  or  torrid  countries,  especially  of  S.  America 
and  the  E.  Indies. 

Properties. — A  fragrant  or  pungent  volatile  oil,  residing  chiefly  in  the  pellucid  dotting  of  the  leaves  per- 
vades the  order.  The  Caryophylfus  aromaticus,  native  of  Arabia,  a  tree  about  20  feet  in  height,  yields  the 
clove  (clou  Fr.  a  nail)  which  is  the  dried  Jlmoer.  Cajeput  oil  is  distilled  from  the  leaves  of  the  Melaleu- 
ca  Cajeputi,  native  of  the  E.  Indies.  A  kind  of  gum  kino  is  obtained  from  Eucalyptus  resinifera,  also  a 
native  of  India.  The  root  of  the  Pomegranate  yields  an  extract  which  is  an  excellent  vermifuge.— All  the 
genera  are  exotic  with  us.— Many  of  them  are  highly  ornamental  in  culture. 

Genera. 

Fruits— 3-ce lied.    Leaves  evergreen,  with  a  marginal  vein.  Myrtus.    1 

Fruit  many-celled.    Leaves  deciduous,  without  the  marginal  vein Punica.    2 

1.  MYRTUS.    Tourn. 

Gr.  //VjOov,  perfume. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  petals  5  ;  berry  2 — 3-celled :  radicle  and  cotyle- 
dons distinct. — Shrubs  with  evergreen  leaves. 

M.  COMMUNIS.  Common  Myrtle. — Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  with  a  marginal  vein ; 
fls.  solitary;  invoL  2-leaved. — This  popular  shrub  is  a  native  of  S.  Europe.  In 
our  climate  it  is  reared  only  in  houses  and  conservatories.  Among  the  ancients 
it  was  a  great  favorite  for  its  elegance  of  form,  and  its  fragrant,  evergreen 
leaves.  It  was  sacred  to  Venus.  The  brows  of  bloodless  victors  were  adorned 
with  myrtle  wreaths,  and  at  Athens  it  was  an  emblem  of  civic  avthority. 
Leaves  about  1'  by  £'.  Flowers  white.  Jl.  Aug.f 

2.  PUNICA. 

Lat.  Punica,  Carthagenian,  or,  of  Carthage,  where  it  first  grew. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  petals  5  ;  berry  many-celled,  many-seeded ;  seeds 
baccate  ;  placenta  parietal. — Deciduous  trees  and  shrubs. 


LI1.   LYTHRACE^E.  259 

P.  GRANATUM.  Pomegranate. — Arborescent ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  with  no  margin- 
al vein. — A  thorny  bush  when  wild,  from  S.  Europe,  where  it  is  sometimes  used 
for  hedges  like  the  hawthorn.  Leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  smooth,  2 — 3'  by 
5 — 10",  obtuse.  The  flowers  are  scarlet,  large,  and  make  a  fine  appearance. 
The  fruit  is  large,  highly  ornamental  and  of  a  fine  flavor.  Much  care  is  requi- 
site for  its  cultivation.  It  requires  a  rich  loam,  a  sunny  situation,  protected  by 
glass.  In  this  way  double  flowers  of  great  beauty  may  be  produced,  f 

P.  NANA.  Dwarf  Pomegranate. — Shrubby;  ITS.  linear-lanceolate,  acute. — Na- 
tive of  the  W.  Indies,  where  it  is  used  as  a  hedge  plant.  Shrub  4— 6f  high,  with 
smaller  purple  flowers,  often  double,  f 

ORDER  LI.     MELASTOMACE^.— MELASTOMES. 

Tre.es,  shrubs  or  herbs  with  square  branches,  and  usually  exstipulate. 

Lvs.  opposite,  entire  and  undivided,  without  dots  and  with  several  veins. 

Ca/.— Sepals  4—6,  united,  persistent,  the  tube  urceolate,  cohering  with  only  the  angles  of  the  ovary. 

Cor— Petals  as  many  as  the  segments  of  the  calyx,  twisted  in  aestivation. 

Sta.  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  sometimes  of  the  same  number,  the  filaments  inflexed  in  aestivation. 

Anth.  before  flowering  contained  in  the  cavity  between  the  cal.  and  the  sides  of  ova. 

Fr.  capsularor  baccate. 

Genera  118,  species  1200.  The  order  is  represented  in  the  United  States  by  a  single  genus,  the  remain- 
der being  natives  chiefly  of  India  and  tropical  America.  No  plant  of  this  order  is  poisonous.  All  are 
slightly  astringent. 

RHEXIA. 

Gr.  pe£i$,  a  rupture ;  some  of  the  species  are  good  vulneraries. 

Calyx  4-cleft,  swelling  at  the  base  ;  petals  4 ;  stamens  8,  1 -celled ; 
style  declined ;  capsule  4-celled,  nearly  free  from  the  investing  calyx 
tube  ;  placentae  prominent ;  seeds  numerous. — Q  Lvs.  opposite,  exstipu- 
latej  3-veined. 

1.  R.  VIRGINICA.     Meadow  Beauty.     Deer  Grass. 

St.  with  4-winged  angles ;  Ivs.  sessile,  oval-lanceolate,  ciliate-serrulate, 
and  with  the  stem  clothed  with  scattered  hairs ;  cal.  hispid. — Grows  in  wet 
grounds,  Mass,  to  111. !  and  La.  Stem  If  or  more  high,  often  3-forked  above. 
Leaves  with  3  (rarely  5  or  7)  prominent  veins,  1 — 3'  long,  about  £  as  wide, 
acute.  Flowers  large,  in  corymbose  cymes,  v  Petals  bright  purple,  obovate,  his- 
pid beneath,  caducous.  Anthers  long  and  prominent,  crooked,  golden  yellow 
above  with  a  purple  line  beneath.  Style  somewhat  longer  than  the  stamens,  a 
little  declined.  Jl.  Aug. 

2.  R.  MARIANA.     Maryland  Deer  Grass. 

St.  nearly  terete,  covered  with  bristly  hairs ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute,  atten- 
uate at  base  into  a  very  short  petiole  and,  with  the  calyx,  clothed  with  scattered 
hairs. — In  sandy  bogs,  N.  J.  to  Flor.  The  whole  plant  is  hispid,  even  the  pe- 
tals externally.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  slender,  and  generally  without  branches. 
Leaves  often  narrowly  oblong,  serrate-ciliate.  Petals  large,  obovate,  purple. 
Jn. — Sept. 

ORDER  LIT.     LYTHRACE^E. — LOOSESTRIFES. 

Herls,  rarely  shrubs,  frequently  with  4-cornered  branches. 

Lvs.  opposite,  rarely  alternate,  entire,  with  neither  stipules  nor  glands. 

Cal.  tubular,  the  limb  4 — 7-lobed,  sometimes  with  as  many  intermediate  teeth. 

Cor.— Petals  inserted  into  the  calyx  between  the  lobes,  very  deciduous,  or  0. 

Sta.  equal  in  number  to  the  petals,  or  2—4  times  as  many,  inserted  into  the  calyx. 

Ova.  superior,  enclosed  in  the  calyx-tube,  2— 4-celled.    Sty.  united  into  one. 

Fr. — Capsule  membranous,  enveloped  in  the  calyx,  usually  by  abortion  1-celled. 

Sds.  small,  00,  attached  to  a  central  placenta.    Albumen  0. 

Genera  35,  species  300.  Some  of  the  species  are  found  in  temperate  climes,  but  most  of  them  are  tro- 
pical- Lythrum  salicaria,  native  of  Europe,  N.  Holland  and  U.  S.,  is  used  for  tanning  where  it  abounds. 
All  the  species  are  astringent. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

{ 0  horns.    Petals  0 Hypobrichia  5 

t  with  4  teeth  and  ?  4  short  horns Ammannia.    1 

(  campanulate,  ( with  5  teeth  and  5  long  horns. Decodon         3 

<  cylindrical,  with  minute,  intermediate  horns.          ....  .'  Ly thrum.       2 

Calyx  (  ventricose,  gibbous  at  base,  intermediate  horns  0 Cinphca.          4 


260  LII.   LYTHRACE^E.  LTTHRUM. 

1.    AMMANNIA. 

Named  in  honor  of  John  Ammann,  native  of  Siberia,  prof,  of  bot.  St.  Petersburg. 

Calyx  campanulate,  4 — 5-toothed  or  lobed,  generally  with  as  many 
horn-like  processes  alternating  with  the  lobes  ;  petals  4  or  5,  often  0  ; 
stamens  as  many,  rarely  twice  as  many  as  the  calyx  lobes  ;  capsule 
2 — 4-celled,  many-seeded. — ©  In  wet  places.  Sts.  square  and  Ivs.  oppo- 
site, entire.  Fls.  axillary. 

1.  A.  HUMILIS.  Michx.     (A.  ramosior.  Linn.*)    Low  Ainmannia. 

St.  branched  from  the  base;  ascending ;  Ivs.  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate, 
obtuse,  tapering  at  base  into  a  short  petiole ;  fls.  solitary,  closely  sessile,  all  the 
parts  in  4s ;  sty.  Very  short. — An  obscure  and  humble  plant  in  wet  places,  Ct.  to 
Ga.  W.  to  Oregon.  Stems  square,  procumbent  at  base,  6 — 10'  high.  Flowers 
minute,  one  in  the  axil  of  each  leaf,  with  4  purplish,  caducous  petals.  Calyx 
with  4  short,  horn-like  processes,  alternating  with  the  4  short  lobes  of  the  limb. 
Aug.  Sept. 

/?.  (T.  &  G.  A.  ramosior.  Michx.} — Lvs.  subsessile,  cordate-sagittate  at  base ; 
fls.  about  3  in  each  of  the  lower  axils,  solitary  above. — In  N.  J.,  where,  it  is  said 
by  T.  &  G.,  to  grow  with  and  pass  into  the  other  variety. 

2.  A.  LATIFOLIA.     (A.  ramosior.  Linn.} 

St.  erect,  branching;  Irs.  linear-lanceolate,  dilated  and  auricula  ted  at  the 
sessile  base ;  fls.  crowded  and  apparently  verticillate,  upper  subsolitary  and 
pedunculate ;  cat.  4-angled,  4-horned;  scp.,  pet.,  sta.  and  cells  of  capsule  4. — Wet 
prairies,  Western  States.  Stem  1 — 2fhigh.  Leaves  2 — 3'  by  2— 5".  Flowers 
purple.  Jl.— Sept. 

2.  LYTHRUM. 

Gr.  \v$pov,  black  blood;  referring  to  the  color  of  the  flower. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  striate,  limb  4 — 6-toothed,  with  as  many  inter- 
mediate, minute  processes  ;  petals  4 — 6,  equal  ;  stamens  as  many,  or 
twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  inserted  into  the  calyx ;  style  filiform  ; 
capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded. — Mostly  %,  with  entire  leaves. 

1.  L.  HYSSOPIFOLIA.     (L.  hyssopifolium.  Dw.  and  1st  edit.}     Grass-poly. 

Glabrous,  erect,  branching ;  Ivs.  alternate  or  opposite,  linear  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  obtuse ;  fls.  solitary,  axillary,  subsessile  ;  pet.  and  sta.  5  or  6. — (T)  A 
slender,  weed-like  plant,  found  in  low  grounds,  dried  beds  of  ponds,  &c.,  Mass. 
and  N.  Y.,  near  the  coast,  rare.  Plant  6 — 10'  high,  with  spreading,  square 
branches.  Leaves  sessile,  acute  at  base,  pale  green,  each  with  a  single  small 
flower  sessile  in  its  axil.  Petals  pale  purple.  Calyx  obscurely  striate,  with 
short  lobes.  Jl. 

2.  L.  ALATUM.  Ph.     Wing-stem  Ly thrum. 

Glabrous,  erect,  branched ;  st.  winged  below ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,  sessile, 
broadest  at  base,  alternate  and  opposite  ;  fls.  axillary,  solitary. — Damp  grounds, 
Southern  and  Western  States,  common !  Stem  1— 2f  high,  striate,  the  wings 
narrow.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  |  as  wide.  Calyx  tube  12-striate,  12-toothed,  alter- 
nate teeth  cornute,  Corolla  purple,  wavy,  6-petaled.  Stamens  6,  included.  Jn.  Jl. 

3.  L.  LINEARE.     Linear-hated  Lythrum. 

St.  slender,  somewhat  4-angled,  branched  above ;  Ivs.  linear,  mostly  oppo- 
site and  obtuse ;  fls.  nearly  sessile ;  pet.  and  sta.  6. — Swamps,  near  the  coast, 
N.  J.  to  Flor.  Stem  2 — 4f  high,  the  angle  sometimes  slightly  winged.  Leaves 
1 — 2'  by  2 — 4",  rather  fleshy.  Flowers  small,  nearly  white. 

4.  L.  SALICARIA.     Loose-strife. 

More  or  less  pubescent;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  cordate  at  base;  fls.  nearly  ses- 
sile, in  a  long,  somewhat  verticillate,  interrupted  spike;  pet.  6  or  7;  sta.  twice 
as  many  as  the  petals.— 7].  An  ornamental  plant,  native  in  wet  meadows,  Can. 
and  N.  Eng.,  rare.  Stem  2— 5f  high,  branching.  Leaves  3 — G'  long,  \  as  wide, 
gradually  acuminate,  entire,  on  a  short  petiole,  opposite,  or  in  verticils  of  3, 
upper  ones  reduced  to  sessile  bracts.  Flowers  large,  numerous  and  showy. 
Petals  purple.  Jl.  Aug.  f 


LV.    ONAGRACE^E.  961 

5.  L.  VIRGATUM.  Austrian  Lythrum. — St.  erect,  branched,  virgate ;  Ivs.  lan- 
ceolate, acute  at  each  end,  floral  ones  small ;  fls.  about  3  in  each  axil  of  the  vir- 
gate raceme ;  sta.  12. — A  fine  species  for  the  garden,  native  of  Austria.  Stem 
3 — If  high.  Flowers  purple.  Jn. — Sept.  f 

3.   DECODON.    Gmel. 

Gr.  fond,  ten,  oSovs ,  a  tooth ;  from  the  horn-like  teeth  of  the  calyx. 

Calyx  short,  broadly  campanulate,  with  5  erect  teeth,  and  5  elon- 
gated, spreading,  horn-like  processes  ;  stamens  10,  alternate  ones  very 
long ;  style  filiform  ;  capsule  globose,  included,  many-seeded. — ^  Lvs. 
opposite  or  verticillate,  entire.  Fls.  axillary,  purple. 

D.  VERTICILLATUM.  Ell.  (Lythrum.  Linn.  Nesaea.  Kunth.} 
Swamps  throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  woody  at  base,  often  pros- 
trate, and  rooting  at  the  summit,  3 — 8f  in  length,  or  erect  and  2 — 3f  high,  4 — 6 
angled.  Leaves  opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3,  lanceolate,  on  short  petioles,  acute 
at  base,  3 — 5'  long,  gradually  acuminate  and  acute  at  apex.  Flowers  in  axil- 
lary, subsessile  umbels  of  3  or  more,  apparently  whorled,  constituting  a  long, 
leafy,  terminal  and  showy  panicle.  Petals  5  or  6,  large,  and  of  a  fine  purple. 
Jl.  Aug. 

o.  pubescens. — St.  and  Ivs.  beneath  pubescent.     R.  Island. 

0.  Iczvigatum. — Glabrous  and  bright  green.     Most  common  in  N.  Eng. 

4.   CUPHEA. 

Gr.  Kvtyos,  curved  or  gibbous  ;  in  reference  to  the  capsule. 

Calyx  tubular,  ventricose,  with  6  erect  teeth,  and  often  as  many 
intermediate  processes;  petals  6 — 7,  unequal;  stamens  11 — 14, 
rarely  6 — 7,  unequal ;  style  filiform  ;  capsule  membranaceous,  1 — 2- 
celled,  few-seeded. — Herbaceous  or  suffruticose.  Lvs.  opposite,  entire. 
Fls.  axillary  and  terminal. 

C.  VISCOSISSIMA.  Jacq.  (Lythrum  petiolatum.  Linn.) 
Herbaceous,  viscid-pubescent;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  petiolate,  scabrous; 
fls.  on  short  peduncles;  col.  gibbous  at  base  on  the  upper  side,  12-veined, 
6-toothed,  very  viscid. — (1)  Wet  grounds,  P^ittsfield,  Mass.,  Hitchcock,  Cam- 
bridge, N.  Y.,  Stevenson,  to  Ga.  and  Ark.  Stem  9 — 18'  high,  with  alternate 
branches.  Leaves  somewhat  repand,  1 — 2'  long,  £  as  wide,  on  petioles  J  as 
long.  Flowers  solitary,  one  in  each  axil,  irregular.  Calyx  often  purple,  ven- 
tricose. Petals  violet,  obovate.  Stamens  included.  Capsule  bursting  length- 
wise before  the  seeds  are  ripe.  Aug. 

5.   HYPOBRICHIA.    Curtis. 

Calyx  4-lobed,  without  accessory  teeth  ;  petals  0  ;  stamens  2 — 4 ; 
ovary  2-celled  ;  stigma  2-lobed,  subsessile  ;  capsule  globose,  bursting 
irregularly,  many-seeded. — A  submersed  aquatic  herb.     Lvs.  opposite, 
crowded,  linear.     Fls.  axillary,  sessile,  minute. 
H.  NUTTALLII.  Curt.     (Peplis  diandra.  Nutt.} 

A  little  inhabitant  of  ponds  and  sluggish  streams,  111.,  Mead,  Buckley,  to 
Mo.  and  La.  Its  habit  is  similar  to  a  Callitriche.  Stem  mostly  submersed, 
10—20'  long.  Leaves  10 — 15"  by  1 — 2",  very  numerous.  Jn. — Aug. 

ORDER  LV.     ONAGRACE^l.— ONAGRADS. 

Plants  herbaceous,  sometimes  shrubby,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves. 
Fls.  axillary,  or  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes. 

Cal.— Sepals  4,  (2—6)  united  below  into  a  tube,  the  lobes  valvate  in  aestivation. 

Cor.—  (  Petals  4,  (2—6)  inserted  with  the  4  or  8  (1—2—3—8)  stamens  into  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Pollen 
Sta. —  ( triangular,  often  cohering  by  threads. 
Ova.  coherent  with  the  tube  of  the  calyx  ;  placenta  in  the  axis. 
Fr.  baccate  or  capsular,  2—4  celled,  many-seeded.    Albumen  none. 
Genera  3<?,  species  520,  particularly  abundant  throughout  America,  more  rare  in  the  Old  World.    They 


2G3 


LV.    ONAGRACE^I. 


EPILOBIUM. 


possess  no  remarkable  properties.    Many  genera  are  ornamental,  and  one,  the  well  known  Fuchsia,  is  so 
to  a  high  degree. 

To  this  order  is  appended  the  suborder  Haloragetz,  consisting  of  aquatic  herbs  of  a  low  grade,  the 
flowers  being  imperfect  or  reduced  to  solitary  parts  or  organs. 


FIG.  45.— 1.  Flower  of  OEnothera  fruticpsa.  2.  Plan  of  the  flower.  3.  Section  of  the  4-celled  capsule 
of  (E.  biennis.  5.  Hippuris  vulgaris  ;  6,  its  flower,  with  1  stamen,  1  ovary,  1  style.  4.  Vertical  section 
of  its  l-seeded  fruit.  7.  Circsea  Lutetiana.  8.  The  flower  enlarged.  9.  Plan  of  the  flower.  10.  Vertical 
section  of  the  2-celled  and  2-seeded  fruit. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 


Pet.  scarcely  $  Seeds  comose.       Epilobium. 
clawed ;        ( Seeds  naked.          (Enothera. 

\  Claws  unarmed.     Gaura. 

Herbs.  I  Pet.  clawed;  £  Claws  with  2  teeth.  Clarkia. 
(  Sta.  8;  <  Beautiful  green-house  shrubs.        .  Fuchsia. 

$  Fls.perf.  {  Stamens  4  ;  styles  united  into  1. 
by  4s;  ( Flowers  monoecious  ;  aquatic ;  leaves  multifid. 
by  3s;  flowers  apetalous  ;  aquatic ;  leaves  pectinate. 


j  by  2s;  flowers  complete  and  regular ;  leaves  dentate.     . 
Parts  of  fl.  arrang'd  (.by  Is;  flowers  apetalous  ;  aquatic;  leaves  verticillate.  . 


Ludwigia.  6 
Myriophyllum.  9 
Proserpinaca.  8 
Circcea.  7 

Hippuris.         10 

TRIBE  1.  ONAGREJE. 

Flowers  perfect,  the  parts  arranged  in  4s  (rarely  3s) ;  pollen  connected  by  threads. 

1.   EPILOBIUM. 

Gr.  eirt,  upon,  \o0ov,  apod,  tov,  a  violet;  i.  e.  a  violet  growing  upon  a  pod. 

Calyx  tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  limb  deeply  4-cleft,  4- 
parted  and  deciduous ;  petals  4 ;  stamens  8,  anthers  fixed  near  the 
middle ;  stigma  often  with  4  spreading  lobes ;  ovary  and  capsule 
linear,  4-cornered,  4-celled,  4-valved ;  seeds  00,  comose,  with  a  tuft 
of  long  hairs. — *4- 

1.  E.  ANGUSTIFOLIUM.     (E.  spicatum.  Lam.~)     Willow  Herb.     Rose-bay. 
St.  simple,  erect ;  Ivs.  scattered,  lanceolate,  subentire,  with  a  marginal 

vein ;  roc.  long,  terminal,  spicate ;  pet.  unguiculate ;  sta.  and  sty.  declined ;  stig. 
with  4  linear,  revolute  lobes. — In  newly  cleared  lands,  low  waste  grounds, 
Penn.  to  Arctic  Am.  Stem  4 — 6f  high,  often  branched  above.  Leaves  sessile, 
smooth,  2 — 5'  long,  i  as  wide,  acuminate,  with  pellucid  veins.  Flowers  nume- 
rous and  showy,  all  the  parts  colored,  petals  deep  lilac-purple,  ovary  and  sepals 
(5 — 6"  long)  pale  glaucous-purple.  Jl.  Aug. 

0.  canesce-ns. — Flowers  of  a  pure  white  in  all  their  parts ;  ovaries  silvery- 
canescent. — Danville,  Vt.  Miss  M.  L.  Towle ! 

2.  E.  COLORATUM.  Muhl.     Colored  Epilobum. 

St.  subterete,  puberulent,  erect,  very  branching ;  Ivs.  mostly  opposite,  lan- 
ceolate, dent-serrulate,  acute,  subpetiolate,  smooth,  often  with  reddish  veins ; 
pet.  small,  2-cleft  at  apex ;  cal.  campanulate  ;  sty.  included ;  stig.  clavate ;  ovules 
in  a  single  row. — Ditches  and  wet,  shady  grounds,  British  Am.  to  Ga.  W.  to 
Oregon.  Stem  1 — 3f  high,  becoming  very  much  branched.  Leaves  2 — M  long, 
\  as  wide,  with  minute,  white  dots,  upper  ones  alternate  and  sessile,  lower  on 
short  petioles.  Flowers  numerous,  axillary.  Pedicels  1 — 2"  in  length,  ovaries 
4 — 6",  capsules  20",  very  slender.  Petals  rose-color,  twice  longer  than  the 
sepals.  Jl. — Sept. — Scarcely  distinct  from  the  next. 

3.  E.  PALUSTRE.     Marsh  Epilobium. 

St.  terete,  branching,  somewhat  hirsute ;  Ivs.  sessile,  lanceolate,  subden- 


CENOTHERA.  LV.    ONAGRACE^E.  263 

ticulate,  smooth,  attenuate  at  base,  rather  acute,  lower  ones  opposite ;  pet.  small, 
obcordate,  twice  longer  than  calyx ;  sty.  included ;  stig.  clavate ;  caps,  pubes- 
cent.— In  swamps  and  marshes,  Penn.  to  Artie  Am.,  W.  to  Oregon.  Stem  I — 
2f  high,  very  branching.  Leaves  mostly  alternate,.  1 — 3'  long,  |  as  wide,  en- 
tire, or  with  a  few  minute  teeth.  Flowers  numerous,  axillary.  Petals  rose- 
color.  Capsules  1 — 2'  long,  on  short  pedicels.  Aug. 

0.  albifiarum.  Lehm.  (E.  lineare.  Muhl.}  St.  slender,  at  first  simple, 
branched  at  top ;  Ivs.  linear,  entire,  margin  revolute ;  capsules  canescent. 

4.  E.  MOLLE.  Torr.    (E.  strictum.  Muhl.}    Soft  Epilobium. 

Plant  clothed  with  a  dense,  soft,  velvet-like  pubescence ;  st.  terete,  straight, 
erect,  branching  above  ;  Ivs.  opposite  (alternate  above),  crowded,  sessile,  mostly 
entire  and  oblong-linear,  obtusish ;  pet.  deeply  emarginate,  twice  longer  than 
the  calyx ;  stig.  large,  turbinate ;  caps,  elongated,  subsessile. — ©  Swamps,  Mass. 
to  N.  J.,  rare.  Stem  1 — 2f  high.  Leaves  numerous,  8 — 15"  by  1 — 4".  Flow- 
ers rose-color.  Capsules  3'  long.  Sept. 

5.  E.  ALPlNUM.     Alpine  Epilobium. 

St.  creeping  at  base,  usually  with  2  pubescent  lines,  few-flowered ;  Ivs. 
opposite,  oblong-ovate,  subentire,  obtuse,  sessile  or  subpetiolate,  smooth ;  stig. 
undivided ;  caps,  mostly  pedicellate. — Mountains,  Northern  States  to  Artie  Am. 
Stem  6 — 12'  high.  Leaves  often  slightly  petiolate  and  denticulate,  lower  ob- 
tuse, middle  acute,  and  upper  acuminate.  Flowers  smaller  than  in  E.  molle, 
reddish-white. 
/?.  natans.  Hornem. — Si.  large,  nodding  at  the  summit ;  Ivs.  oblong,  denticulate. 

2.  CENOTHERA. 

Gr.  o»>of,  wine,  Sripw,  to  hunt;  the  root  is  said  to  cause  a  thirst  for  wine. 

Calyx  tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  deciduous,  segments  4. 
reflexed ;  petals  4,  equal,  obcordate  or  obovate,  inserted  into  the  top 
of  the  tube  ;  stamens  8  ;  capsule  4-celled.  4-valved  ;  stigma  4-lobed ; 
seeds  many,  naked. — Herbs  with  alternate  leaves. 

1.  CE.  BIENNIS.     Common  Evening  Primrose.  Scottish:    (Fig.  45.) 

St.  erect,  hirsute ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  repand-denticulate ;  fls.  sessile,  in 
a  terminal,  leafy  spike ;  calyx  tube  2  or  3  times  longer  than  the  ovary ;  sta. 
shorter  than  petals ;  caps,  oblong,  obtusely  4-angled. — ©  and  (g)  Common  in 
fields  and  waste  places,  U.  S.  and  British  Am.  Stem  mostly  simple,  2— 5f 
high,  with  whitish,  scattered  hairs.  Leaves  3 — 6'  by  i — i£',  roughly  pubes- 
cent, slightly  toothed,  sessile  on  the  stem,  radical  ones  tapering  into  a  petiole. 
Flowers  numerous,  opening  by  night  and  continuing  but  a  single  day.  Petals 
large,  roundish,  obcordate.  Seeds  very  numerous,  2  rows  in  each  cell.  Jn. — Aug. 

/?.  muricata.  (CE.  muricata.  Ph.}  St.  muricate  or  strigosely  hirsute,  red; 
pet.  scarcely  longer  than  the  stamens.  Stem  1 — 2f  high. 

y.  grandiflora.  (CE.  grandiflora.  Ait.')  Pet.  much  longer  than  the  stamens, 
rather  deeply  obcordate.  Stem  branched,  f 

2.  CE.  FRUTICOSA:     Perennial  Evening  Primrose. 

St.  pubescent  or  hirsute ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  repand-denticulate ;  roc. 
leafy,  or  naked  below,  corymbed ;  caps,  oblong-clavate,  4-angled,  pedicellate. 
— %.  In  sterile  soils,  Mass.,  Ct.,  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  and  Western  States.  Stem  hard, 
rigid,  (not  shrubby)  branched,  purple,  1 — 3f  high.  Leaves  variable  in  pubes- 
cence, form  and  size.,  1 — 3'  by  3 — 8",  sessile,  minutely  punctate.  Flowers  few 
or  many,  1  J'diam.  in  a  terminal,  bracteate,  mostly  pedunculate  raceme.  Calyx 
tube  longer  than  the  ovary.  Petals  broad-obcordate,  yellow.  Jn. — Aug. 
/?.  ambigua.  Lvs.  membranaceous ;  pet.  longer  than  broad. 

3.  CE.  PUMILA  (&  CE.  pusilla?  Michx.}     Dwarf  Evening  Primrose. 
Low,  pubescent ;  st.  ascending ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  entire,  obtuse,  attenuate 

at  base ;  spike  loose,  leafy,  naked  below ;  calyx  tube  shorter  than  the  subsessile, 


ing  in  succession  1  or  2  at  a  lime.    Jn. — Aug. 
23 


264  LV.    ONAGRACE^:.  CLARKIA. 

4.  CE.  CHRYSANTHA.  Michx.     Golden  Evening  Prim/rose. 

St.  ascending,  slender ;  fls.  small,  crowded,  spicate ;  calyx  tube  equal  in 
length  to  the  ovary,  longer  than  the  segments ;  pet.  broadly  obovate,  emarginate, 
longer  than  the  stamens ;  caps,  smooth,  pedicellate,  clavate,  the  alternate  angles 
slightly  winged.—©  Western  N.  Y.  to  Mich.  Stem  12—18'  long,  purple. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  obtuse,  attenuate  at  base,  denticulate,  radical  ones  spatulate. 
Flowers  5"  diam.,  orange-yellow.  Jn.  Jl. 

5.  CE.  LINEARIS.  Michx. 

St.  slender,  often  decumbent  at  base,  much  branched ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceo- 
late, obtuse,  somewhat  denticulate ;  fls.  large,  in  terminal  corymbs ;  calyx  tube 
longer  than  the  ovary;  pet.  longer  than  the  stamens;  caps,  canescent,  with 
slightly  winged  angles,  tapering  at  base. — 1\.  Montauk  Point,  L.  I.  Torrey,  to 
Flor. !  and  La.,  rare.  Stem  1 — 2f  high.  Flowers  yellow,  1'  diam.  Capsules 
obovoid,  tapering  to  a  slender  pedicel.  May — Jl. 

6.  CE.  SINUATA. 

St.  pubescent,  diffusely  branched  or  subsimple,  assurgent ;  Ivs.  pubescent, 
oblong-oval,  sinuate-dentate  or  incised ;  fls.  axillary,  solitary,  sessile ;  cal.  vil- 
lous,  the  tube  longer  than  the  ovary;  caps,  prismatic. — ®  Fields,  N.  J.  to  La. 
Stems  3 — 8'  high.  Leaves  often  pinnatifid.  Flowers  about  £'  diam.,  terminal, 
yellow. 

0.  minima.  Nutt.     (CE.  minima.  PA.)    Low,  simple,  1-flowered ;  Ivs.  nearly 
entire. — Pine  barrens,  N.  J.,  &c. 

7.  CE.  SPECIOSA.  Nutt. — Minutely  pubescent,  mostly  erect  and  branched ; 
Ivs.  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  lower  ones  petiolate ;  fls.  large,  in  a  long, 
loose  spike ;   calyx  tube  longer  than  the  ovary ;  caps,  obovoid-clavate,  pedicel- 
late. ^  From  Ark.  and  Tex.   Stem  2 — 3f  high.    Flowers  white  or  rose-colored, 
fragrant,  f 

8.  CE.  RIPARIA.  Nutt. 

Nearly  smooth ;  st.  erect  and  virgately  branched ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate, 
obscurely  and  remotely  denticulate,  somewhat  petiolate ;  fls.  in  a  long  raceme ; 
calyx  tube  much  longer  than  the  ovary ;  caps,  oblong-ovoid,  8-grooved ;  valves 
dorsally  ridged. — Swamps,  Gluaker  Bridge,  N.  J.,  &c.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  slen- 
der, and  often  with  virgate  branches.  Leaves  2 — 4'  by  2 — 4",  almost  entire, 
thick,  obtuse.  Flowers  !£'  diam.,  yellow,  scentless. 

9.  CE.  MISSOURIENSIS.  Sims. 

Simple,  decumbent ;  Ivs.  coriaceous,  lanceolate,  acute,  or  short-acumi- 
nate, petiolate,  subentire,  downy-canescent  when  young ;  fls.  very  large,  axilla- 
ry ;  calyx  tube  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the  ovary ;  caps,  very  large,  oval,  de- 
pressed, with  4  winged  margins. — Dry  hills,  Mo. !  Remarkable  for  the  mag- 
nitude of  its  flowers  and  fruit.  Petals  yellow,  2 — 3'  long.  Calyx  tube  4 — 7' 
long !  Capsule  2'  long.  Seeds  large,  crested,  in  one  row  in  each  cell.  Jl. — Oct.  f 

3.  CLARKIA.    Ph. 

In  honor  of  Gen.  Clark,  the  companion  of  Lewis  across  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Calyx  (deciduous)  tube  slightly  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  limb 
4-parted  ;  petals  4,  unguiculate,  3-lobed  or  entire,  claws  with  2  mi- 
nute teeth  ;  stamens  8;  style  1,  filiform;  stigma  4-lobed ;  capsule 
largest  at  base,  4-celled,  4-valved;  many  seeded. — Annual  herbs  (from 
Oregon  and  California)  with  showy,  axillary  flowers. 

1.  C.  PULCHELLA.     Ph.      Beautiful    Clarkia.      Lvs.   linear-lanceolate;    pet. 
large,  broadly  cuneiform,  tapering  into  a  slender  claw,  with  2  reflexed  teeth, 
limb  with  3  spreading  lobes ;    alternate  sta.  abortive ;  caps,  pedicellate. — Gar- 
dens.    A  handsome  annual,  with  lilac-purple  or  white  flowers,  of  easy  culture,  f 

2.  C.  ELEGANS.     Lindl.     Elegant  Clarkia. — Lvs.    ovate-lanceolate,   denticu- 
late, on  short  petioles;  pet.  undivided,  rhombic  or  triangular-ovate,  with  a 
toothless  claw ;  sta.  all  fertile,  with  a  hairy  scale  at  the  base  of  each ;  stig. 
hairy ;  caps,  subsessile,  hairy. — Gardens.     Flowers  smaller  than  in  the  last.     Pe- 
tals and  stigma  purple.    Hairs  at  base  of  stamens  red.  f 


IUDWIGIA.  LV.   ONAGRACE^E.  265 

4.  FUCHSIA. 

In  honor  of  Leonard  Fuchs,  an  excellent  German  botanist  of  the  15th  century. 

Calyx  tubular-infundibuliform,  colored,  deciduous  ;  limb  4-lobed  ; 
petals  4,  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  alternate  with  its  segments ;  disk 
glandular,  8-furrowed  5  baccate  capsule  oblong,  obtuse,  4-sided. — 
Mostly  shrubby.  S.  American  plants  of  great  beauty. 

1.  F.   COCCINEA.      Ait.      (F.    Magellanica.     Lam.)     Ladies'    Ear-drop. — 
Branches  smooth ;  Ivs.  opposite  and  in  verticils  of  3s,  ovate,  acute,  denticulate, 
on  short  petioles ;  fls.  axillary,  nodding ;  sep.  oblong,  acute ;  pet.  convolute,  half 
as  long  as  calyx.— Native  of  Chili.    A  very  delicate  and  beautiful  green-house 
shrub,  1 — 6f  high.    Flowers  on  long,  filiform  pedicels.     Calyx  scarlet,  much 
longer  than  the  included,  violet-purple  petals.     Stamens  crimson,  much  exsert- 
ed.     Berry  purple. 

2.  F.  GRACILIS.    Lindl. — St.  suffruticose,  often  simple ;  Ivs.  opposite,  ovate, 
petiolate,  slightly  acuminate,  glandular-dentate ;  fls.  opposite,  solitary,  pendu- 
lous, longer  than  the  leaves ;  pet.  nearly  as  long  as  the  sepals  and  much  broad- 
er.— Chili.     A  beautiful  parlor  plant,  quite  common.     Stem  2 — 3f  high,  thick. 
Flowers  larger,  but  less  elegant  than  in  the  former,  with  a  red  calyx  and  crim- 
son corolla,  f 

5.  GAURA. 

dr.  yavpoj,  superb;  a  term  characteristic  of  the  flowers. 

Calyx  tube  much  prolonged  above  the  ovary,  cylindrlc ;  limb  4- 
cleft ;  petals  4,  unguiculate,  somewhat  unequal,  inserted  into  the 
tube ;  stamens  8,  declinate,  alternate  ones  a  little  shorter  ;  ovary  ob- 
long, 4-celled,  one  only  proving  fruitful ;  nut  usually  by  abortion 
1-celled,  1 — 4-seeded. — Herbaceous  or  shrubby.  Lvs.  alternate.  Fls. 
white  and  red,  rarely  trimerous. 

1.  G.  BIENNIS.     Biennial  Gaura. 

St.  branched,  pubescent;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  remotely  dentate ;  spike  crowded; 
calyx  tube  as  long  as  the  segments ;  pet.  rather  declinate  and  shorter  than  sepals ; 
fr.  subsessile,  8-ribbed,  alternate  ribs  minute. — A  beautiful  biennial,  on  the  dry 
banks  of  streams,  Can.  to  Ga.  rare.  Stem  3 — 5f  high.  Leaves  sessile,  pale 
green,  acute  at  each  end.  Flowers  numerous,  sessile.  Calyx  reddish.  Corol- 
la at  first  rose-color,  changing  to  deep  red.  Stigma  4-lobed.  Fruit  rarely  ma- 
turing more  than  1  seed.  Aug. 

2.  G.  FILIPES.     Spach.     Slender-stalked  Gaura. 

St.  pubescent,  paniculate  and  naked  above ;  Ivs.  linear-oblong,  repand-den- 
tate,  lower  ones  almost  pinnatifid ;  branches  of  the  panicle  very  slender,  naked, 
with  tufted  leaves  at  their  base  ;  calyx  canescent,  longer  than  the  petals. — Dry 
grounds,  S.  and  W.  States  !  Stem  rigid,  3 — 5f  high,  very  leafy  just  below  the 
panicle.  Leaves  1 — 3'  long,  2 — 6"  wide,  tapering  at  each  end.  Petals  oblong- 
spatulate,  rose-color,  or  white.  July,  Aug. 

6.     LUDWIGIA. 

In  honor  of  C.  D.  Ludwig,  prof,  of  botany  at  Leipsic,  about  1750. 

Calyx  tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  limb  4-lobed,  mostly 
persistent ;  petals  4,  equal,  obcordate,  often  minute  or  0 ;  stamens  4, 
opposite  the  sepals  ;  style  short ;  capsule  short  often  perforated  at 
top,  4-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded,  and  crowned  with  the  persistent 
calyx  lobes. — %  Herbs,  in  wet  grounds.  Lvs.  entire. 

1.  L.  ALTERNIFOLIA,     Seed-box.     Bastard  Loosestrife. 

Erect,  branched,  nearly  or  quite  smooth  ;  Ivs.  alternate,  lanceolate,  sessile, 
pale  beneath ;  ped.  axillary,  solitary,  1-flowered,  2-bracted  above  the  middle  ; 
pet.  scarcely  as  large  as  the  spreading,  acuminate  sepals ;  caps,  large,  with  4 
winged  angles,  crowned  with  the  colored  calyx. — Shady  swamps.  Stem  1 — 3f 


266  LV.   ONAGRACE^E.  CIRCJEA. 

high,  round,  with  a  strong  bark  and  several  branches.  Leaves  with  margin- 
al veins,  2 — 3'  long,  | — 1'  wide.  Capsule  convex  at  apex,  the  angles  conspic- 
uously winged.  Sepals  large,  purplish.  Petals  large,  yellow,  showy.  Jl.  Aug. 

2.  L.  HIRTELLA.    Raf.  (L.  hirsuta.  Ph.} 

Hairy,  erect,  sparingly  branched ;  Ivs.  alternate,  ovate-oblong,  sessile,  ob- 
tuse ;  Jl.  axillary,  solitary,  pedicellate,  with  two  bracteoles  below  it ;  sep.  nearly 
as  long  as  the  petals ;  cap.  subglobose,  4  angled  and  winged. — Moist  soils,  N. 
J.  to  Flor.  Stem  1 — 3f  high.  Leaves  numerous,  hairy  both  sides,  £ — If  by 
2 — 8".  Flowers  yellow,  about  f '  diam.  Calyx  spreading,  and,  with  the  cap- 
sule, villous.  Jn. — Sept. 

3.  L.  LINEARIS.    Walt.  (Isnardia.    DC.) 

Glabrous,  slender,  with  angular  branches ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  acute  at  each 
end ;  fls.  axillary,  solitary,  sessile  ;  pet.  obovate-oblong,  slightly  longer  than  the 
sepals,  but  much  shorter  than  the  elongated,  obovoid-clavate,  4-sided  capsules. — 
Swamps,  N.  J.  and  S.  States.  An  erect,  smooth  plant,  1 — 2f  high,  often  send- 
ing out  runners  at  the  base  with  obovate  leaves.  Fls.  sometimes  apetalous. 
JL— Sept. 

4.  L.  SPH.EROCARPA.    Ell.  (Isnardia.  DC.} 

Erect,  smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  Ivs.  alternate,  lanceolate,  acute,  attenuate  at 
base ;  fls.  axillary,  subsolitary,  on  very  short  pedicels ;  pet.  minute  or  wanting, 
as  well  as  th*  bracteoles ;  sep.  as  long  as  the  small,  subglobose  capsule. — In 
water,  S.  to  Ga.,  partly  submerged,  or  in  very  wet  grounds,  near  Boston,  Ms. 
Stem  2 — 3f  high,  branching,  angular.  Margin  of  the  leaves  rough,  sometimes 
remotely  aad  obscurely  denticulate.  Fls.  greenish,  inconspicuous.  Jl. — Sept. 

5.  L.  POLYCARPA.  Short  &  Peter. 

Glabrous,  erect,  much  branched  and  often  stolonif erous ;  Ivs.  lance-linear, 
gradually  acute  at  each  end ;  fls.  apetalous,  axillary,  solitary,  with  two  subu- 
late bracteoles  at  base  ;  caps.  4-angled,  truncated  above,  tapering  below,  crown- 
ed with  the  4-lobed  stylopodiu'm. — Swamps,  Western  States !  Stem  1 — 3f  high. 
Leaves  2 — 3'  by  2 — 4",  ten  times  longer  than  the  flowers.  Aug. — Oct. 

6.  L.  PALUSTRIS.     Ell.  (Isnardia.     Linn.}     Water  Purselain. 
Prostrate  and  creeping,  smooth  and  slightly  succulent ;  Ivs.  opposite,  ovate, 

acute,  tapering  at  base  into  a  petiole;  fls.  sessile,  axillary,  solitary;  pet.  0,  or 
very  small. — In  U.  S.  and  Can.,  creeping  in  muddy  places,  or  floating  in  water. 
Stem  round,  reddish,  10 — 187  long,  often  sparingly  branched.  Leaves,  including 
their  slender  petioles,  about  1J'  by  %',  ovate-spatulate.  Calyx  lobes  and  style 
very  short.  Petals  when  present,  flesh-color.  Capsule  1 — 2"  long,  abrupt  at 
each  end,  with  4  green  angles.  Jn. — Sept. 

TRIBE  2.     CIRC^EJB. 

Flower  regular,  all  its  parts  in  2s. 
7.  CIRC^EA. 

Circe  was  supposed  to  have  used  these  plants  in  her  enchantments. 

Calyx  slightly  produced  above  the  ovary,  deciduous,  limb  2-parted  ; 
petals  2,  obcordate ;  stamens  2,  opposite  the  sepals ;  capsule  obo- 
void,  uncinate-hispid  or  pubescent,  2-celled,  2-seeded  ;  styles  united. 
^  Lvs.  opposite. 

1.  C.  LUTETIAN  A.     Larger  Enchanters-Nightshade.     (Fig.  45.) 

St.  erect,  pubescent  above ;  Ivs.  ovate,  subcordate,  acuminate,  slightly  re- 
pand-dentate,  opaque,  longer  than  the  petioles;  bracts  none;  fr.  reflexed,  hispid- 
uncinate. — Damp  shades  and  thickets,  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  111. !  Stem  1— 2f 
high,  sparingly  branched,  tumid  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  dark  green,  smooth  or 
slightly  pubescent,  2 — 4'  long,  £  as  wide,  petiole  8—15"  long.  Flowers  small, 
rose-color,  in  long,  terminal  and  axillary  racemes.  Fruit  obcordate,  with  con- 
spicuous hooks.  Jn.  Jl. 

2.  C.  ALPlNA.     Alpine  Enchanter's- Nightshade. 

Smooth  ;  st.  ascending  at  base,  weak ;  Ivs.  broad-cordate,  membranaceous, 
dentate,  as  long  as  the  petioles;  bracts  setaceous ;  capsule  pubescent.— A  small, 


MYRIOPHYLLUM.  LV.  ONAGRACE^E.  267 

delicate  plant,  common  in  wet,  rocky  woodlands  in  mountainous  districts,  N. 
Eng.,  Brit.  Am.  W.  to  Or.  Stem  diaphanous,  juicy,  5 — 10'  high.  Leaves  1 — 
2'  long,  §  as  wide,  acute  or  acuminate,  with  small,  remote  teeth,  pale  green  and 
shining.  Flowers  white,  rarely  reddish,  minute,  in  terminal  racemes.  Jl. 

SUBORDER, — H  ALiORAGEJE. 

Plants  small,  aquatic.  Flowers  minute,  axillary,  sessile.  Calyx  entire,  or 
3 — t-lobed.  Petals  3 — 4,  often  0.  Stamens  1 — 8,  inserted  with  the  petals  into 
the  summit  of  the  calyx.  Ovary  inferior,  1 — 4-celled.  Fruit  dry,  indehiscent, 
1 — 4-celled.  Seed  pendulous,  1  in  each  cell. 

8.  PROSERPINACA. 

Lat.  Proserpina,  a  Roman  goddess ;  from  some  fancied  resemblance. 

Calyx  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  3-sided,  limb  3-parted  ;  petals 
0 ;  stamens  3  ;  stigmas  3  ;  fruit  3-angled,  3-celled,  bony,  crowned 
with  the  permanent  calyx.— 1|-  Aquatic.  Lvs.  alternate. 

1.  P.  PALUSTRIS.     Spear-leaved  Mermaid-weed. 

'Livs.  linear-lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  above  the  water,  those  below  (if 
any)  pinnatifid. — Ditches,  swamps  and  ponds,  often  partly  submersed,  N.  Eng. ! 
to  Ark.  Root  creeping.  Stems  ascending  at  base,  6 — 20"'  high,  striate,  round- 
ish. Leaves  10 — 15"  by  2 — 3",  acute  at  each  end,  lower  ones  on  short  petioles, 
and  if  growing  in  water,  pinnatifid  with  linear  segments.  Flowers  greenish, 
sessile,  1 — 3  together  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  succeeded  by  a  very  hard, 
triangular  nut.  Jn.  Jl. 

2.  P.  PECTINACEA.  Lam.     (P.  palustris,  0.  MX.)   Cut-leaved  Mermaid-weed. 
Las.  all  pectinate,  with  linear-subulate  segments  ;  fr.  obtusely  3-angled. 

—Sandy  swamps,  in  Ms. !  (rare)  S.  to  Flor.  Stems  5 — 10'  high,  ascending  at 
base  from  long,  creeping  roots.  Leaves  all  finely  and  regularly  divided  into 
very  narrow  segments.  Styles  0.  Stigmas  attenuate  above.  Fruit  rather 
smaller  (less  than  I"  diam.)  than  in  P.  palustris,  rugose  when  mature.  Jl.  Aug. 

9.  MYRIOPHYLLUM.    Vaill. 

Gr.  pvpios,  a  myriad,  <f>v\\ov,  a  leaf;  from  the  numerous  divisions  of  the  leaf- 

Flowers  c? ,  or  frequently  $ ;  calyx  4-toothed  in  the  $  and  9 ,  4- 
parted  in  the  c? ;  petals  4,  often  inconspicuous  or  0  ;  stamens  4— -8  ; 
stigmas  4,  pubescent,  sessile ;  fruit  of  4  nut-like  carpels  cohering  by 
their  inner  angles. — %  Submersed,  aquatic  herbs.  Submersed  Ivs.  parted 
into  capillary  segments.  Upper  fis.  usually  cT,  middle  ones  $,  lower  $. 

1.  M.  SPICATUM. — Spiked  Water-Milfoil. 

Lies,  in  verticils  of  3s,  all  pinnately  parted  into  capillary  segments ;  fls. 
in  terminal,  nearly  naked  spikes ;  floral  Ivs.  or  bracts  ovate,  entire,  shorter  than 
the  flowers  ;  lowest  ones  subserrate  and  larger;  pet.  broadly  ovate  ;  sta.  8;  carpels 
Smooth. — N.  Eng.  to  Ark.,  in  deep  water,  the  flowers  only  rising  above  the  sur- 
face. Stems  slender,  branched,  very  long.  Leaves  composed  of  innumerable, 
hair-like  segments,  always  submerged.  Flowers  greenish,  sessile.  Jl.  Aug. 

2.  M.  VERTICILLATCM.     Water- Mil  foil. 

Lvs.  in  verticils  of  3s,  lower  ones  pinnately  parted  into  opposite,  capillary 
or  setaceous  segments :  fls.  in  terminal,  leafy  spikes  ;  floral  Ivs.  pectinate-pin- 
natifid,  much  longer  than  the  flowers;  pet.  oblong-obovate ;  sta.  8;  carpels 
smooth.— In  stagnant  water,  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Oregon.  Stem  long,  less  slen- 
der than  in  the  last,  only  the  upper  part  emerging.  Flowers  small,  green,  ax- 
illary, with  conspicuous  floral  leaves.  Sepals  acute.  Anthers  oblong.  Jl.  Aug. 

3.  M.  HETEROPHYLLUM.  Mickx.    (Potamogeton  verticillatum.   Walt.) 
Lvs.  in  verticils  of  5s,  the  lower  ones  pinnately  parted  into  capillary 

lobes  ;  spikes  terminal,  nearly  naked  ;  floral  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  longer 
than  the  flowers,  crowded;  pet.  oblong;  sta.  4— r6;  carpels  scabrous,  with  2  slight 
ridges  on  the  back. — In  sluggish  water.  Can.  to  Flor.  and  Tex.,  rare.    Stem 
23* 


^68  LVI.  LOASACE^E.  MENTZELIA. 

thick,  branching.    Leaves  very  various,  lowest  floral  ones  pectinately  divided. 
Petals  somewhat  persistent.     Sepals  minute.     Bracteoles  serrulate.   Jn. — Sept. 

4.  M.  AMBIGUUM.  Nutt.     (M.  natans.  DC.}     Water  Milfoil. 

Lvs.  alternate,  submersed  ones  pinnate,  with  capillary  segments,  middle 
ones  pectinate,  upper  linear,  petiolate,  toothed  or  entire ;  fls.  mostly  $ ;  pet.  ob- 
long, somewhat  persistent ;  sta.  4 ;  carpels  smooth,  not  ridged  on  the  back. — In 
ponds  and  ditches,  Penn.  to  Mass. !  Stems  floating,  upper  end  emerged  with 
the  minute  flowers,  and  linear  floral  leaves.  But  in  other  situations  it  varies 
as  follows  : 

0.  limosum.   Nutt.    (M.   procumbens.   Bw.} — St.  procumbent  and  rooting; 
leaves  all  linear,  rigid,  often  entire. — Muddy  places  !  where  it  is  a  small,  creep- 
ing and  branching  plant. 

y.  capillaceum.     Torr. — Lvs.  all  immersed  and  capillary. — Ponds ! 

5.  M.    TENELLUM.    Bw. 

Erect  and  almost  leafless ;  floral  Ivs.  or  bracts  alternate,  minute,  entire,  ob- 
tuse ;  fls.  § ;  pet.  linear ;  sta.  4 ;  carpels  smooth,  not  ridged. — About  the  edges 
of  ponds  and  rivers,  Providence,  R.  I.  Olney!  northern  part  of  N.  Y.  to  New- 
foundland. Rhizoma  prostrate,  creeping,  sending  up  several  stems  or  scapes, 
which  are  simple,  and  4 — 12'  high.  Flowers  small,  purplish-white,  sessile,  al- 
ternate, a  little  shorter  than  the  bracts,  the  upper  ones  J*.  Jl. 

6.  M.  SCABRATUM.  Michx. 

Lvs.  pinnatifid,  in  whorls  of  4s  and  5s ;  fls.  verticillate,  axillary ;  upper 
fls.  (^,  with  4  stamens ;  lower  ones  9  ;  fr.  8-angled,  the  ridges  tuberculate. — 
Plymouth,  Mass.  Oakes.  Block  Island,  Robbins,  S.  and  W.  States.  Stem  6 — 
12'  high.  Segments  of  the  leaves  linear-capillary. 

10.  HIPPURIS. 
Or.  iniros,  a  horse,  ovpa,  tail. 

Calyx  with  a  minute,  entire  limb,  crowning  the  ovary ;  corolla  0  ; 
stamen  1,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  calyx;  anther  2-lobed, 
compressed;  style  1,  longer  than  the  stamen,  stigmatic  the  whole 
length,  in  a  groove  of  the  anther  ;  seed  1. — Q  Aquatic  herbs.  St. 
simple.  Lvs.  verticillate,  entire.  Fls.  axillary ',  minute. 

H.  VULGARIS.     Mare's-tail.    (Fig.  45.) 

Lvs.  in  verticils  of  8 — 12,  linear,  acute,  smooth,  entire ;  fls.  solitary,  often 

g^  cT- — In  tne  borders  of  ponds  and  lakes,  Penn.  to  Arctic  Am.,  very  rare, 
hizoma  with  long,  verticillate  fibres.     Stem  erect,  jointed,  1 — 2f  high.     The 
flowers  are  the  simplest  in  structure  of  all  that  are  called  perfect,  consisting 
merely  of  1  stamen,  1  pistil,  1  seed  in  a  1-celled  ovary,  and  with  neither  calyx, 
lobes  or  corolla.     May,  Jn. 

ORDER  LVI.  LOASACEJE.— LOASADS. 

Plants  herbaceous,  hispid,  with  pungent  hairs  secreting  an  acrid  juice. 
Lvs.  opposite  or  alternate,  usually  more  or  less  divided.    Stipules  0. 
Fed.  axillary,  1-flowered.    Sep.  united,  5,  persistent,  equal. 
Cor.— Petals  5  or  10,  cucullate,  inserted  into  the  recesses  of  the  calyx. 
Sta.  00,  inserted  with  the  petals,  distinct  or  adhering  in  several  sets. 
Ova.  adherent  to  the  calyx  more  or  less,  l-celled,  with  3—5  parietal  placentae.    Sty.  1. 
Sds.  many  or  few,  anatropous. 
Genera  15,  species  70,  natives  of  America. 

MENTZELIA. 

Named  by  Linn,  in  honor  of  C.  Mentzel,  physician  to  the  Elector  of  Brandenburg. 

Calyx  tubular,  limb  5-parted  ;  petals  5 — 10,  flat,  spreading  ;  sta- 
mens indefinite,  30 — 200  ;  ovary  inferior  ;  styles  3,  filiform,  connate, 
and  often  spirally  twisted  ;  stigmas  simple,  minute  ;  capsule  1-celled, 
many-seeded. — Branching  herbs.  Lvs.  alternate. 

1.  M.  LINDLEYI.  Torr.  &  Gray.    (Bartonia  aurea.  Lindlcy.}     Golden  Barlo- 
nia> — Hispid;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  lobes  often  dentate;  fls.  solitary 


LVIII.  BEGONIACE^E.  269 

or  nearly  so,  terminal ;  pet.  broadly  obovate,  very  abruptly  acuminate ;  filaments 
filiform,  and,  with  the  seeds,  numerous. — ®  Native  of  California.  Stems  decum- 
bent, branching,  1 — 3f  in  length,  with  golden  yellow  flowers  2 — 3  inches  in 
diameter,  the  beauty  of  which  is  greatly  heightened  by  the  innumerable  thread- 
like, yellow  stamens. 

2.    M.    OLIGOSPERMA.    Nlltt. 

Very  rough  with  barbed  hairs;  st.  dichotomous;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate, 
tapering  to  very  short  petioles,  lobed  or  incisely  dentate ;  pet,  entire,  cuspidate, 
expanding  in  sunshine ;  sta.  20  or  more,  shorter  than  the  petals ;  caps.  3 — 5- 
celled. — 7|_  Dry  or  rocky  places,  Pike  Co.,  111.,  Mead,  and  Mo.  to  Tex.  Root 
tuberous.  Stems  If  high,  divaricately  branched.  Leaves  10 — 15"  by  6 — 8", 
upper  ovate.  Flowers  solitary,  of  a  deep,  golden  yellow,  8 — 10"  diam.,  very 
fugacious.  Capsule  cylindric,  very  small.  May — Jl. 

ORDER  LYII.     PASSIFLORACE^E.— PASSIONWORTS. 

Plants  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  usually  climbing.    Lvs.  alternate,  often  glandular.    Slip,  foliaceous. 
Fls.  axillary  or  terminal,  often  with  a  3-leaved  involucre. 

Cal. — Sepals  4 — 5,  united  below  into  a  tube,  the  sides  and  throat  of  which  are  lined  with  a  ring  of  fila- 
mentous processes,  which  appear  to  be  metamorphosed  petals. 
Cor.— Petals  5,  arising  from  the  throat  of  the  calyx  outside  the  crown. 
Sta.  5,  monadelphous,  surrounding  the  stipe  of  the  ovary. 
Ova.  superior,  on  a  long  stipe,  1-celled.    Styles  3. 
Fr.  stalked,  within  the  calyx,  many-seeded. 

Genera  12,  species  210,  natives  of  tropical  America,  but  cultivated  in  many  other  countries  as  ornamen- 
tal flowers.  The  fruit  of  the  Granadilla  (Passiflora  multiformis)  is  eaten  in  the  W.  Indies,  and  highly 
valued  as  a  dessert,  but  the  root  is  poisonous. 

PASSIFLORA.  [theSiriOT,pas.io, 

Lat.  flos  passionis;  the  several  parts  of  the  flower  were  superstitiously  compared  to  the  instruments  of 

Calyx  colored,  deeply  5-parted,  the  throat  with  a  complex,  filamen- 
tous crown  ;  petals  5,  sometimes  0  ;  stamens  5,  connate  with  the  stipe 
of  the  ovary  ;  anthers  large  ;  stigmas  3,  large,  clavate,  capitate  ;  fruit 
a  pulpy  berry. —  Climbing  herbs  or  shrubs. 

1.  P.  CCERULEA.  Common  Passion-floiver. — Shrubby;  Ivs.  palmately  and  deeply 
5-parted;  segments  linear-oblong,  entire,  lateral  ones  often  2-lobed;  ^.glandu- 
lar, with  a  3-bracteolate  involucre  near  the  flower ;  bracteoles  entire  ;  fil,  of^  the 
crown  shorter  than  the  corolla. — Native  of  Brazil,  where  it  grows  to  the  thick- 
ness of  a  man's  arm  and  the  height  of  30f.  Flowers  large  and  beautiful,  blue 
externally,  white  and  purple  within,  continuing  but  one  day.  Fruit  ovoid,  yel- 
low. Admired  in  cultivation. 

2.  P.  INCARNATA.     Flesh-colored  Passion-flower. 

Lvs.  deeply  3-lobed,  lobes  oblong,  acute,  serrate ;  petioles  with  2  glands 
near  the  summit;  bracteoles  of 'the involucre 3,  obovate,  glandular;  crown  triple. — 
Native  from  Va.  to  Flor.  Stem  climbing  20 — 30f.  Flowers  large  and  showy. 
Petals  white.  Two  outer  rows  of  filaments  long,  purple,  with  a  whitish  band, 
the  inner  row  of  short  rays,  flesh-colored.  Berry  pale  yellow,  of  the  size  of  an 
apple,  eatable.  May — July. 

3.  P.  LUTEA.     Yellow  Passion-flower. 

Lvs.  glabrous,  cordate,  3-lobed,  obtuse ;  petioles  without  glands ;  ped.  mostly 
in  pairs ;  pet.  narrower  and  much  longer  than  the  sepals. — A  slender  climber, 
5 — lOf  long,  in  woods  and  thickets,  Ohio  and  S.  States.  Leaves  yellowish- 
green,  nearly  as  broad  as  long.  Flowers  small,  greenish-yellow.  Corona  in  3 
rows,  the  inner  row  a  membranous  disk  with  a  fringed  border.  Fruit  dark- 
purple.  May— Jl. 

ORDER  LVIII.     BEGONIACE^E.— BEGONIADS. 

Herbaceous  plants,  or  succulent  undershrubs,  with  an  acid  juice. 

Lvs.  alternate,  toothed,  rarely  entire,  oblique  at  the  base.    Stipules  large,  scarious. 

Fls.  pink-colored,  in  cymes,  monoecious  or  dioecious.     Cal.  adherent,  colored.  [pistillate. 

Sep.  in  the  staminate  2,  in  the  pistillate  3  or  4.    Pet.  smaller  than  sepals,  2  in  the  staminate,  2  or  4  in  the 

Sta.  (stam.  fls.)  indefinite,  distinct  or  combined.    Anth.  collected  into  a  head,  2-celled. 


270  LIX.    CUCURBITACE^E.  ECHINOCYSTIS. 

Ova.  (pist.  fls.)  winged,  3-celled,  with  3  large  placentae  meeting  in  the  axis.    Stig.  3,  2-lobed,  somewhat 
Fr.  capsuJar,  winged,  3-celled,  many-seeded.    Sds.  minute,  without  albumen.  [spiral. 

Genera  3,  species  159,  common  in  the  "West  Indies,  S.  America  and  East  Indies— none  N.  American. 
The  roots  are  astringent  and  slightly  bitter. 

DIPLOCLINIUM.    Lindl. 

Gr.  6in\oos,  double,  K\IVT],  couch;  alluding  to  the  double  placentas. 

Fls.  c?  •— c?  Sepals  orbicular,  colored  like  the  petals,  but  larger ; 
pet.  oblong,  acute  ;  sta.  combined  in  a  column ;  anth.  in  a  globose 
head.  $  Sepals  3,  lanceolate,  larger  than  the  2  petals ;  stig.  lobes 
distinct,  spiral,  erect ;  caps,  wings  unequal ;  placentae  double,  or  two 
in  each  cell. — Evergreen,  succulent  undershrubs. 

D.  EVANSIANUM.  Lindl.  (Begonia  discolor.  Willd.  and  1st  edit.") — Glabrous ; 
st.  branched,  tumid  and  colored  at  the  joints,  succulent ;  Ivs.  large,  slightly  an- 
gular, mucronate-serrate,  cordate-ovate,  very  unequal  at  base,  petiolate,  with 
weak,  scattered  prickles,  and  straight,  red  veins,  the  under  surface  deeply  red- 
dened ;  fls.  pink-colored  in  all  their  parts  except  the  golden  yellow  anthers  and 
stigmas ;  9  larger  than  the  J*  and  on  peduncles  twice  as  long. — From  China,  f 

ORDER  LIX.     CUCURBITACEJE.— CUCURBITS. 

Herbs  succulent,  creeping  or  climbing  by  tendrils. 

Lvs.  alternale,  palmately-veined,  rough.    Fls.  monoecious  or  polygamous,  never  blue. 

Cal.  5-toothed.  [reticulated  veins. 

Cor.— Petals  5,  united  with  each  other  and  cohering  to  the  calyx,  very  cellular,  strongly  marked  with 

Sta.  5,  distinct,  more  generally  cohering  in  3  sets.    Anth.  very  long  and  wavy  or  twisted. 

Ova.  inferior,  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  placentae  often  filling  the  cells. 

Fr.  a  pepo  or  membranous.    Seeds  flat,  with- no  albumen,  often  ariled. 

Genera  56,  species  270,  natives  of  tropical  regions,  only  a  few  being  found  in  the  temperate  zones  of 
Europe  and  America.  A  highly  important  order  of  plants,  affording  some  of  the  most  delicious  and 
nutritive  of  fruits.  A  bitter,  laxative  principle  pervades  the  group,  which  is  so  concentrated  in  a  few  as 
to  render  them  actively  medicinal.  The  officinal  colocynth  is  prepared  from  the  pulp  of  Cucumis  Colo- 
cynthis,  a  powerful  drastic  poison. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 


( 1-seeded. 

£  Fruit  membranaceous,  echinate,  ( 4-seeded. 
f  white.   (  Fruit  a  pepo  with  a  ligneous,  smooth  rind. 

^  Seeds  thin  at  edge. 

1  <,  indehiscent,  ^  Seeds  thick  at  edge, 

i  Fruit  a  pepo,  ( dehiscing  elastically  on  one  side. 


Sicyos.  1 

Echinocystis.  z 
Lagenaria.  6 
Cucumis.  5 
Cucurbtta.  7 
Momardica.  4 


ru    a          ,                                                         .         .        .        .  c. 

Flowers  I  yellow.  £  Fruit  a  small,  oval,  many-seeded  berry Melothria.       3 

1.   SICYOS. 

GT.  ffiKVos,  the  ancient  name  of  the  cucumber. 

Flowers  <? .  cT  Calyx  5-toothed  ;  corolla  rotate,  5-petaled ;  stamens 
5,  monadelphous  or  at  length  triadelphous ;  anthers  contorted.  9 
Calyx  5-toothed,  campanulate ;  petals  5,  united  at  base  into  a  cam- 
panulate  corolla ;  styles  3,  united  at  base  ;  fruit  ovate,  membrana- 
ceous, hispid  or  echinate,  with  1  large,  compressed  seed. — ®  Climb- 
ing herbs,  with  compound  tendrils.  Sterile  and  fertile  fls.  in  the  same  axils. 
S.  ANGULATUS.  Single-seed  Cucumber. 

St.  branching,  hairy ;  Ivs.  roundish,  cordate  with  an  obtuse  sinus,  5-angled 
or  5-lobed,  lobes  acuminate,  denticulate ;  9  much  smaller  than  the  J*. — Can. 
and  U.  S.  A  weak,  climbing  vine,  with  long,  spiral,  branching  tendrils.  Leaves 
3 — 4'  broad,  alternate,  on  long  stalks.  Flowers  whitish,  marked  with  green 
lines,  the  barren  ones  in  long-pedunculate  racemes.  Fruit  £'  long,  ovate,  spi- 
nous,  8 — 10  together  in  a  crowded  cluster,  each  with  one  large  seed.  Jl. 

2.    ECHINOCYSTIS.    Torr.  &  Gray. 

Gr.  £%ivo$,  sea  urchin,  KVffris,  bladder;  alluding  to  the  spiny,  inflated  fruit. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sterile  fl. — Calyx  of  6  filiform-subulate  seg- 
ments, shorter  than  the  corolla  ;  petals  6,  united  at  base  into  a  rotate- 
campanulate  corolla ;  stamens  3,  diadelphous.  Fertile  fl. — Cal.  and 


CUCUMIS.  LIX.   CUCURBITACE^.  271 

cor.  as  above;  abortive  fil.  3,  distinct,  minute  ;  style  very  short ;  stig. 
2,  large  ;  fruit  roundish,  inflated,  echinate,  4-seeded. — ®  A  climbing 
herb  with  branched  tendrils. 

E.  LOBATA.  T.  &  G.  (Sicyos.  Micky.  Momordica  echinata.  Muhl.} 
A  smoothish,  running  vine,  in  rich  river  soils,  Can.  to  Penn.  and  Mo. 
Stem  deeply  furrowed,  with  long,  3-parted  tendrils  placed  nearly  opposite  the 
long  petioles.  Leaves  membranaceous,  palmately  5-lobed,  cordate  at  base, 
lobes  acuminate,  denticulate.  Flowers  small,  white,  the  barren  ones  very 
numerous,  in  axillary  racemes  often  If  long;  fertile  ones  solitary  or  several, 
situated  at  the  base  of  the  raceme.  Fruit  1 — 2'  in  length,  setose-echinate,  at 
length  dry  and  membranaceoujs,  with  4  large  seeds.  Jl. — Sept. 

3.  MELOTHRIA. 

Gr.  [i7]\ov.a.  melon,  3-ptof ,  a  certain  food. 

Flowers  9  $  cT  or  c? .  Calyx  infundibuliform-campanulate,  limb 
in  5  subulate  segments ;  petals  5,  united  into  a  campanulate  corolla. 
cT  Stamens  5,  triadelphous.  9  Stigmas  3  ;  fruit  a  berry,  ovoid,  small, 
many-seeded. —  Tendrils  simple. 

M.  PENDULA. 

Lvs.  roundish-cordate,  5-lobed  or  angled,  Slightly  hispid ;  fls.  axillary,  the 
sterile  in  small  racemes,  the  fertile  solitary,  on  long  peduncles. — N.  Y.  to  Ga. 
and  La.  A  slender  vine,  climbing  over  other  vegetables.  Leaves  small  (1 — >2' 
diam.)  Flowers  small,  yellowish.  Style  short,  surrounded  by  a  cup-shaped 
disk.  Fruit  small,  oval.  Jl. 

4.  MOMORDICA. 

Lat.  mordeo,  momordi,  to  chew ;  from  the  chewed  appearance  of  the  seeds. 

Flowers  8 .  $  Calyx  5-cleft ;  petals  5,  united  at  base  ;  stamens  5, 
triadelphous.  9  Calyx  and  corolla  as  in  the  cT ;  style  3-cleft ;  pepo 
fleshy,  bursting  elastically  ;  seeds  compressed,  with  a  fleshy  arillus. 

M.  BALSAMINA.  Common  Balsam  Apple. — Lvs.  palmately  5-lobed,  dentate, 
naked,  shining ;  ped.  solitary,  filiform,  1-flowered,  with  an  orbicular-cordate, 
dentate  bract  above  the  middle  ;  fr.  roundish-ovoid,  angular,  tuberculate,  burst- 
ing elastically  on  one  side. — From  E.  Indies.  Occasionally  cultivated  for  the 
balsamic  and  vulnerary  fruit.  Stem  slender,  climbing  by  simple  tendrils. 
Flowers  pale-yellow.  Fruit  orange-color,  as  large  as  a  goose-egg.  Aug. 

5.  CUCtfMIS. 

Said  to  be  from  the  Celtic  cuce,  a  hollow  vessel. 

Flowers  c?  or  $ .  Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  with  subulate  seg- 
ments ;  corolla  deeply  5-parted.  cT  Stamens  5,  triadelphous.  9  Style 
short ;  stigmas  3,  thick,  2-lobed  ;  pepo  fleshy,  indehiscent ;  seeds 
ovate,  flat,  acute  and  not  margined  at  the  edge. —  Creeping,  or  climb- 
ing by  tendrils.  Fls.  axillary,  solitary,  yellow. 

1.  C.  SATIVUS.     Cucumber. — St.  prostrate,  rough;  tendrils  simple;  Ivs.  sub- 
cordate,  palmately  5-angled  or  lobed,  lobes  subentire,  acute,  terminal  one  long- 
est ]fr.   oblong,  obtusely  prismatic,  prickly,  on  a  short  peduncle. — (J)  Native 
of  Tartary   and  India,  whence  it  was  first  brought  to  England  in  1573.     It  is 
now  universally  cultivated  for  the  table,  either  fresh  or  pickled.     Gathered  and 
eaten  before  maturity.    Jn. — Sept. — Many  varieties. 

2.  C.  MELO.  Musk  Melon. — St.  prostrate,  rough ;  tendrils  simple ;  Ivs.  sub- 
cordate,  roundish,  obtuse,  palmately  5-angled,  lobes  rounded,  obtuse,  obscurely 
denticulate ;  fls.  9  $  (?>  tne  £  on  short   peduncles ;  fr.  oval  or  subglobose, 
longitudinally  torulose. — (T)  Native  of  Asia,  whence  it  was  first  brought  to  Eng- 
land in  1570.     Generally  cultivated  for  the  juicy,  yellowish,  delicately  flavored 
flesh  of  the  mature  fruit.    Jn.  Jl. — Varieties  numerous. 


272  L1X.   CUCURBITACE^E.  CUCURBITA. 

3.  C.  ANGURIA.     Pricldy  Cucumber, — St.  prostrate,  slender,  hispid;   tendrils 
simple ;  Ivs.  palmately  and  deeply  sinuate-lobed,  cordate  at  base  ;  jr.  oval-ovoid 
or  subglobose,  echinate. — ®  Native  of  Jamaica.   Cultivated  for  the  green  fruit, 
which  is  about  the  size  of  a  hen's  egg,  and  used  for  pickles.     Jl.  Aug. 

4.  C.  CITRULT.US.  Ser.    (Cucurbita.  Linn.')   Water  Melon. — St.  prostrate,  slen- 
der, hairy ;  tendrils  branching ;  Ivs.  palmately  5-lobed,  very  glaucous  beneath, 
lobes  mostly  sinuate-pinnatifid,  all  the  segments  obtuse ;  fls.  solitary,  on  hairy 
peduncles,  bracted  at  base;//-,  elliptical,   smooth,  discolored. — ®  Native  of 
Africa  and  India.  Generally  cultivated  for  its  large  and  delicious  fruit.  Jn. — Aug. 

5.  C.  COLOCYNTHIS.     Colocynth. — St.  prostrate,  subhispid  ;  Ivs.  cordate-ovate, 
cleft  into  many  obtuse  lobes,  hairy-canescent  beneath;  tendrils  short;  fls.  axillary, 
pedunculate;   Q  with  a  globose,  hispid  calyx  tube  and  campanulate  limb,  with 
small  petals ;  fr.  globose,  yellow  when  ripe,  about  as  large  as  an  orange,  and 
intolerably  bitter.     The  extract  is  the  colocynth  of  the  shops,  poisonous,  but 
medicinal. — From  Japan. 

6.   LAGENARIA.     Ser. 

Gr.  \aysvos ,  a  flagon  or  bottle  ;  from  the  form  of  the  fruit. 

Flowers  <?.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed ;  petals  5,  obovate.  cT 
Stamens  5,  triadelphous  ;  anthers  very  long,  contorted.  9  Stigmas 
3,  thick,  2-lobed,  subsessile  ;  pepo  ligneous,  1 -celled  ;  seeds  ariled,  ob- 
cordate,  compressed,  margin  tumid. — Mostly  climbing  by  tendrils. 

L.  VULGARIS.  Ser.  Calabash.  Bottle  Gourd. — Softly  pubescent ;  st.  climbing 
by  branching  tendrils ;  Ivs.  roundish-cordate,  abruptly  acuminate,  denticulate, 
with  2  glands  beneath  at  base ;  fls.  axillary,  solitary,  pedunculate ;  fr.  clavate, 
ventricose,  at  length  smooth. — (T)  Native  within  the  tropics,  often  cultivated — 
the  hard,  woody  rind  of  the  fruit  being  used  as  ladles,  bottles,  &c.  Flowers 
white  Jl.  Aug. 

7.  CUCURBITA. 

A  Latin  word,  signifying  a  vessel ;  from  the  form  of  the  fruit  of  some  species. 

Flowers  c? .  Corolla  campanulate  ;  petals  united  and  coherent  with 
the  calyx,  c?  Calyx  5-toothed  ;  stamens  5,  triadelphous,  anthers  syn- 
genecious,  straight,  parallel.  9  Calyx  5-toothed,  upper  part  decidu- 
ous after  flowering;  stigmas  3,  thick,  2-lobed;  pepo  fleshy  or  ligne- 
01^,  3 — 5-celled ;  seeds  thickened  at  margin,  obovate,  compressed, 
smooth. — Fls.  mostly  yellow. 

1.  C.  PEPO.      Pumpkin. — Hispid   and   scabrous;   st.   procumbent;   tendrils 
branched ;  Ivs.  (very  large)  cordate,  palmately  5-lobed  or  angled,  denticulate ; 
fls.  axillary,  tf  long-pedunculate ;  fr.  very  large,  roundish  or  oblong,  smooth, 
furrowed  and  torulose. — (T)  Native  of  the  Levant.     Long  cultivated  as  a  useful 
kitchen  vegetable  or  for  cattle.    Flowers  large,  yellow.     Fruit  sometimes  3f 
diam.,  yellow  when  mature,  yielding  sugar  abundantly.    Jl. 

2.  C.  MELOPEPO.     Flat  Squash. — Hairy  ;  st.  procumbent,  with  branched  ten- 
drils ;  Ivs.  cordate,  palmately  somewhat  5-lobed,  denticulate-;  fls.  pedunculate  ; 
fr.  depressed-orbicular,  the  margin  mostly  torulose  or  tumid,  smooth  or  warty. 
— Native  country  unknown.     Cultivated  for  its  fruit,  a  well  known  kitchen  ve- 
getable.    There  are  many  varieties  in  respect  to  the  fruit. 

3.  C.  VERRUCOSA.     Warted  Squash.     Club  Squash.     Crook-neck  Squash,  <f*c. — 
Hairy,  procumbent ;  Ivs.  cordate,  palmately  and  deeply  5-lobed,  denticulate, 
terminal  lobe  narrowed  at  base  ;  fls.  pedunculate,  large  ;  Jr.  roundish  elliptic,  or 
clavate,  often  elongated  and  incurved  at  base. — (J)  Mentioned  by  Nuttall  as  long 
cultivated  by  the  Indians  west  of  the  Mississippi.     Common  in  our  gardens, 
with  numerous  well  known  varieties  of  the  fruit.     Jl. 

4.  C.  OVIFERA.     Egg  Squash. — Dvs.  cordate,  angular,  5-lobed,  denticulate, 
pubescent ;  cal.  obovate,  with  a  short  neck,  limb  deciduous  after  flowering;  fr. 
obovate,   striped  with"  lines  lengthwise. — Native  of  Astrakan.    Herbage  and 
flowers  similar  to  those  of  C.  pepo;  but  less  scabrous. 


RISES.  LX.   GROSSULACE^E.  273 

ORDER  LX.  GROSSULACE^.— CURRANTS. 

Shrubs  either  unarmed  or  spiny.     Lvs.  alternate,  lobed,  plaited  in  vernation. 

Fls.  in  axillary  racemes,  with  bracts  at  their  base. 

Ca/.— Superior,  4— 5-cleft,  regular,  colored,  marescent.  imbricate  in  aestivation. 

Cor. — Petals  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  small,  distinct,  as  many  as  sepals. 

Sta.  as  many  as  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  very  short ;  anthers  introrse. 

Ova.  l-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae ;  ovules  numerous ;  styles  2. 

Fr.  a  l-celled  berry  (the  cell  filled  with  pulp)  crowned  with  the  remains  of  the  flower. 

Sds.  anatropous,  the  embryo  minute,  radicle  next  the  micropyle. 

Genera  i,  species  95.  The  gooseberries  and  currants  are  natives  of  the  N.  temperate  zone  of  both  con- 
tinents, but  unknown  in  the  tropics  or  S.  hemisphere,  except  S.  America. 

Properties.— The  berries  contain  a  sweet,  mucilaginous  pulp,  together  with  malic  or  citric  acid.  They 
are  always  wholesome  and  usually  esculent 

RIBES. 
Character  the  same  as  that  of  the  Order. 

*  Stems  unarmed.     CURRANTS. 

1.  R.  FLORIDTJM.    L'Her.     Wild  Black  Currant. 

Lvs.  subcordate,  3 — 5-lobed,  sprinkled  on  both  sides  with  yellowish,  resin- 
ous dots ;  rac.  many-flowered,  pendulous,  pubescent ;  col.  cylindrical ;  bracts 
linear,  longer  than  the  pedicels ;  fr.  obovoid,  smooth,  black. — A  handsome 
shrub  in  woods  and  hedges,  Can.  to  Ky.  common,  3 — 4f  high.  Leaves  1 — 2' 
long,  the  width  something  more,  lobes  acute,  spreading,  3,  sometimes  with  2 
small  additional  ones ;  dots  just  visible  to  the  naked  eye.  Petioles  1 — 2'  long. 
Flowers  rather  bell-shaped,  greenish  yellow.  Fruit  insipid.  May,  Jn. 

2.  R.  PROSTRATUM.    L'Her.   (R.  rigens.  Mickx.)    Mountain  Currant. 

St.  reclined ;  Ivs.  smooth,  deeply  cordate,  5 — 7-lobed,  doubly  serrate,  retic- 
ulate-rugose ;  rac.  erect,  lax,  many-flowered ;  col.  rotate ;  berries  globose,  glan- 
dular-hispid, red. — A  small  shrub,  on  mountains  and  rocky  hills,  Penn.  to  Can., 
ill-scented,  and  with  ill-flavored  berries — sometimes  called  Skunk  Currant. 
Prostrate  stems,  with  erect,  straight  branches.  Leaves  about  as  large  as  in 
No.  1,  lobes  acute.  Petioles  elongated.  Racemes  about  8-flowered,  becoming 
erect  in  fruit.  Bracts  very  short.  Flowers  marked  with  purple.  Berries 
rather  large.  May. 

3.  R.  RUBRCJM.     Common  fled  Currant. 

Lvs.  obtusely  3— 5-lobed,  smooth  above,  pubescent  beneath,  subcordate  at 
base,  margin  mucronately  serrate  ;  rac.  nearly  smooth,  pendulous ;  col.  short, 
rotate ;  bracts  much  shorter  than  the  pedicels ;  fr.  globose,  glabrous,  red.— 
Woods,  St.  Johnsbury,  Vt.  Mr.  Carey,  .Wisconsin,  Lapham !  N.  to  the  Arctic 
ocean.  Cultivated  universally  in  gardens. 

0.  (  White  Currant.)    Fr.  light  amber-colored,  larger  and  sweeter. 

4.  R.  NIGRUM.  Black  Currant. — Lvs.  3 — 5-lobed,  punctate  beneath,  dentate- 
serrate,  longer  than  their  petioles ;  rac.  lax,  hairy,  somewhat  nodding ;  col. 
campanulate ;  bracts  nearly  equaling  the  pedicels ;  fr.  roundish-ovoid,  nearly 
black.— Native  of  Europe,  &c.  Cultivated  and  esteemed  for  its  medicinal  Je%. 
Flowers  yellowish. — This  species  much  resembles  R.  floridum. 

5.  R.  AUREUM.     Ph.     Missouri,  or  Golden  Currant. 

Plant  smooth ;  Ivs.  3-lobed,  lobes  divaricate,  entire  or  with  a  few  large 
teeth ;  petioles  longer  than  the  leaves ;  bracts  linear,  as  long  as  the  pedicels ; 
rac.  lax,  many-flowered ;  col.  tubular,  longer  than  the  pedicels,  segments  ob- 
long, obtuse ;  pet.  linear ;  fr.  smooth,  oblong  or  globose,  yellow,  finally  brown. 
—Mo.  W.  to  Oregon.  A  beautiful  shrub,  6 — 1  Of  high,  common  in  cultivation. 
Flowers  numerous,  yellow,  very  fragrant.  Apr.  May. 

**  Spinescent  or  prickly.    GOOSEBERRIES. 

6.  R.  CYNOSBATI.     Prickly  Gooseberry. 

St.  prickly  or  not ;  subaxillary  spines  about  in  pairs ;  Ivs.  cordate,  3 — 5- 
lobed,  softly  pubescent,  lobes  incisely  dentate ;  rac.  nodding,  2 — 3-flowered ;  ca- 
lyx tube  ovate-cylindric,  longer  than  the  segments ;  pet.  obovate.  shorter  than 
the  calyx  segments ;  berries  prickly.— A  handsome  shrub,  Northern  and  West- 
ern States,  about  4f  high,  in  hedges  and  thickets,  mostly  without  prickles,  but 
armed  with  1 — 3  sharp  spines  just  below  the  axil  of  each  leaf.  Leaves  1J — 2£' 


274  LXI.   CACTACE^E.  OPUNTIA. 

diam.    Petioles  downy.    Flowers  greenish -white.     Fruit  mostly  covered  with 
long  prickles,  brownish-purple,  eatable.     May,  Jn. 

7.  R.  ROTUNDIFOLIUM.     Michx.     (R.  triflorum.   Willd.}     Wild  Gooseberry. 

St.  without  prickles ;  subaxillary  spines  mostly  solitary,  short ;  ITS.  round- 
ish, smooth,  3 — 5-lobed,  incisely  dentate ;  ped.  smooth,  1— 3-flowered ;  col.  cyl- 
indrical, smooth;  pet.  spatulate,  unguiculate;  sta.  exserted,  smooth,  much 
longer  than  the  petals ;  sty.  hairy,  exserted,  deeply  2 — 3-cleft ;  berries  smooth. — 
In  woods,  N.  H.  to  N.  Car.  and  Mo.  Shrub  3— -4f  high.  Stems  with  a  whit- 
ish bark.  Leaves  1 — 2'  diam.  mostly  truncate  at  base,  shining  above.  Pe- 
tioles ciliate,  1 — 3'  long.  Petals  white.  Fruit  purple,  delicious,  resembling 
the  garden  gooseberry.  May. 

8.  R.  LACUSTRE.  Poir.     Sivamp  Gooseberry. 

St.  covered  with  prickles;  subaxillary  spines  several ;  Ivs.  deeply  3 — 5-lobed, 
cordate  at  base,  lobes  deeply  incised ;  rac.  5 — 8-flowered,  pilose ;  cal.  rotate  ; 
berries  small,  hispid. — In  swamps,  Northern  States,  and  British  Am.  Shrub 
3 — 4f  high.  Stems  reddish  from  the  numerous  prickles,  which  differ  from  the 
spines  only  in  size.  Leaves  shining  above,  1£ — 2£'  diam.  Petioles  ciliate, 
hispid,  longer  than  the  leaves.  Flowers  green.  Fruit  covered  with  long  prickles, 
dark-purple,  disagreeable.  May. — The  older  stems  are  unarmed,  save  with  a 
few  spines. 

9.  R.  HIRTELLUM.  Michx.    (R.  triflorum.  BW.    R.  saxosum.  Hook.') 

St.  unarmed,  rarely  prickly ;  subaxillary  spines  short,  solitary,  or  nearly 
so ;  Ivs.  roundish,  cordate,  3 — 5-lobed,  toothed,  pubescent  beneath ;  ped.  short, 
1 — 2-flowered ;  calyx  tube  smooth,  campanulate ;  segments  twice  longer  than 
the  petals ;  sta.  longer  than  either ;  sty.  hairy,  2-cleft ;  fr.  smooth. — In  rocky 
woods,  N.  H.  and  Mass,  to  Wisconsin,  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay.  Leaves  9 — 18" 
diam.,  generally  cleft  half  way  to  the  middle.  Flowers  nodding,  greenish. 
Fruit  purple.  May,  Jn. 

10.  R.  UVA-CRISPA.  (R.  Grossularia.  Willd.  and  1st  edit.}  English  or  Gar- 
den Gooseberry. — St.  prickly  ;  Ivs.  roundish,  3 — 5-lobed,  hairy  beneath,  on  short, 
hairy  petioles;  ped.  hairy,  1-flowered;  cat.  campanulate;  sty.  and  ova.  hairy; 
fr.  smooth  or  hairy,  globose. — Native  in  England,  and  long  cultivated  until 
there  are  several  hundred  varieties,  with  red,  white,  green  and  amber  fruit, 
often  weighing  an  ounce  or  more  each.  Apr. 

ORDER  LXI.     CACTACE^].— INDIAN  FIGS. 

St.  succulent  and  shrubby,  usually  angular  or  2-edged. 

Lvs.  almost  always  wanting,  when  present,  fleshy,  smooth  and  entire. 

Fls.  sessile,  usually  showy  and  of  short  duration. 

Cal.—  <>  Sepals  and  petals  numerous,  often  indefinite  and  confounded  with  each  other,  the  sepals  from 

Car.—  \  the  surface,  and  the  petals  from  the  summit  of  ovary. 

Sta.  indefinite.    Fil.  long  and  filiform.    Antli.  ovate,  versatile. 

Ova.  inferior,  fleshy,  1-celled,  with  parietal  placentas. 

Sty.  single,  filiform,  with  several  anthers  in  a  star-like  cluster. 

Fr.  succulent,  1-celled,  many-seeded. 

Sds.  without  albumen,  with  thick,  foliaceous  cotyledons,  or  often  with  scarcely  any. 

Genera  16,  species  about  800,  all  peculiarly  American,  no  one  having  ever  been  found  in  any  other 
quarter  of  the  globe.  They  are  chiefly  confined  within  the  tropics,  only  two  or  three  species  having  been 
found  beyond  them.  The  prickly  Pear  (Opuntia  vulgaris)  is  the  only  species  found  native  as  far  north 
as  New  York. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

\  Axis  cylindric Cereus.        2 

\  tubular-campanulate,  rose-colored,  &c.  (.  Axis  globose Melocactus.  3 

Flowers  (.  somewhat  rotate,  yellow Opuntia.      1 

1.  OPUNTIA.     Tourn. 

Opuntiana  was  a  country  near  Phocis,  where  this  was  said  to  be  naturalized. 

Sepals  and  petals  numerous,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  not  produced 
into  a  tube  above  it ;  stamens  00,  shorter  than  the  petals  ;  style  with 
numerous,  thick,  erect  stigmas ;  berry  umbilicate  at  apex,  tubercu- 
late  ;  cotyledons  semiterete. — Shrubby  plants,  with  articulated  branches, 
the  joints  usually  broad  and  flattened,  with  fascicles  of  prickles  regularly 
arranged  upon  the  surface. 


LXI.   CACTACE^.  275 

O.  VULGARIS.  Mill.    (Cactus  opuntia.  Linn.}    Prickly  Pear. 

Prostrate,  creeping;  joints  ovate;  prickles  numerous  in  each  fascicle,  of- 
ten with  several  subulate  spines  ;  fls.  yellow. — A  curious,  fleshy  plant,  native 
in  rocky  and  sandy  places,  Mass,  to  Flor.  W.  to  la. !  It  is  often  cultivated. 
The  singular  form  resembles  a  series  of  thick,  fleshy  leaves,  4 — 6'  long,  f  as 
wide,  growing  from  the  tip  or  sides  of  each  other,  and  armed  with  orange-col- 
ored spines.  The  flowers  come  forth  from  the  edge  of  the  joints,  large,  bright- 
yellow,  and  succeeded  by  a  smooth,  crimson,  eatable  fruit,  f 

2.  CEREUS.    DC. 

Sepals  very  numerous,  imbricated,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary, 
and  united  into  a  long  tube  above  it,  the  outer  shorter,  the  inner  pe- 
taloid  ;  stamens  00,  coherent  with  the  tube  ;  style  filiform,  with  many 
stigmas ;  berry  scaly,  with  the  remains  of  the  sepals  ;  cotyledons 
none  ? — Fleshy  shrubs,  with  woody,  cylindrical,  grooved  axes,  armed 
with  clusters  of  spines.  Fls.  from  the  clusters  of  spines. 

1.  C.  PHYLLANTHTJS.  DC.     (Cactus.  Linn.}  Spleenwort. — Branches  ensiform, 
compressed,  serrate ;  fls.  with  the  terete,  slender  tube  much  longer  than  the 
limb  of  the  petals. — From  S.  America.     The  articulations  of  the  stem  are  2f 
or  more  long,  2'  wide,  weak,  bordered  with  large,  obtuse  serratures,  and  trav- 
ersed lengthwise  by  a  central,  cylindrical,  woody  axis.    Flowers  white,  9 — 12' 
long,  expanding  by  night,  fragrant,  f 

2.  C.   PHYLLANTHolDEs.    DC.    (Cactus.    Linn.} — Branches  ensiform,  com- 
pressed, obovate,  with  spreading,  rounded  teeth ;  fls.  arising  from  the  lateral 
crenatures  of  the  branches ;  tube  shorter  than  the  limb  of  the  petals. — From 
Mexico.     A  splendid  flowerer,  with  leaf-like,  fleshy  joints,  each  6 — 10'  long,  1 — 
2'  wide.    Flowers  rose-colored,  4'  in  length,,  expanding  by  day.  f 

3.  C.   TRTTNCATUS.     (Cactus.    Linn.} — Branching;  joints  short-compressed, 
serrate,  truncate  at  the  summit ;  j#s.  arising  from  the  summit  of  the  joints  ;  sty. 
longer  than  the  stamens  or  reflexed  petals. — From  Brazil.     A  very  distinct  spe- 
cies, a  foot  or  more  high.    Joints  2—3'  long,  1 — !£'  wide,  leaf-like.    Flowers 
2—3'  long,  pink-colored,  f 

4.  C.  GRANDIFLORUS.    DC.      (Cactus.    Linn.} — Creeping,   rooting;   st.   with 
about  5  angles ;  fls.  terminal  and  lateral,  very  large,  nocturnal ;  pet.  spreading, 
shorter  than  the  linear-lanceolate  sepals. — From  the  W.  Indies.     Stems  cylin- 
dric  or  prismatic,  branching,  the  angles  not  very  prominent.     Flowers  expand- 
ing by  night,  and  enduring  but  a  few  hours,  8 — 12'  diam.     Sepals  brown  without, 
yellow  within ;  petals  white. — A  magnificent  flower,  but  of  difficult  culture,  f 

5.  C.  FLAGELLIFORMIS.  DC.     (Cactus.  Linn.}     Snake  Cactus. — St.  creeping, 
with  about  10  angles,  hispid ;  fls.  lateral,  diurnal ;  tube  slender,  longer  than 
the  limb  of  the  petals. — From  S.  America.     Stem  about  the  size  of  the  little 
finger,  cylindric,  indistinctly  articulated,  2 — 5f  long.    Flowers  of  a  lively  pink 
color,  smaller  than  those  of  the  last,  and  continuing  in  bloom  several  days.f 

Obs.— Many  other  species  of  this  curious  genus  are  occasionally  reared  in  the  parlor  or  the  green-house, 
—so  many  that  to  notice  them  individually  would  transcend  our  limits. 

3.  MELOCACTUS. 

Compounded  of  melon  and  cactus ;  from  its  form. 

Calyx  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  lobes  5 — 6,  petaloid ;  petals  as 
many  as  sepals,  united  with  them  into  a  long  cylindric  tube ;  stamens 
and  style  filiform  ;  stigma  5-rayed  ;  berry  smooth,  crowned  with  the 
withered  calyx  and  corolla. — Suffruticose,  fleshy,  leafless.  Spadix  sim- 
ple, crowning  the  globular,  deeply  furrowed  axis.  Flowers  terminal. 

M.  COMMUNIS.     Turk's  Cap.    Melon   Thistle. — Axis    ovate-subglobose,  dark 

green,  12 — 18-angled ;  ribs  straight ;  spines  fasciculate,  subequal. — Native  of  the 

Caribbean  Islands.     This  remarkable  plant  appears  like  a  large,  green  melon, 

with  deep  furrows  and  prominent  ribs,  and  is  full  of  juic<»     It  is  surmounted 

24 


276  LX1V.   CRASSULACE^E.  SEDUM. 

with  a  spadix  (cephalium),  which  is  cylindric,  tuberculate,  densely  tomentose, 
bearing  the  red  flowers  at  summit,  f 

ORDER  LXII.     MESEMBRYACEJE.— FICOIDS. 

Plants  fleshy,  of  singular  and  various  forms,  yet  often  beautiful. 

Lvs.  mpstly  opposite,  thick  and  oddly  shaped.  [tion. 

Fls.  solitary,  axillary  and  terminal,  remarkable  for  their  profusion,  numerous,  brilliant,  and  of  long  dura- 

Cal.— Sepals  varying  from  4  to  8,  but  usually  5,  somewhat  connected  at  base. 

Cor.— Petals  indefinite,  colored,  in  many  rows. 

Sta.  indefinite,  distinct,  arising  from  the  calyx. 

Ova.  inferior  or  nearly  superior,  many-celled.    Stigmas  numerous. 

Caps,  many-celled,  opening  in  a  stellate  manner  at  the  apex. 

Sds.  more  commonly  indefinite,  attached  to  the  inner  angle  of  the  cells. 

Genera  5,  species  375,  chiefly  natives  of  the  arid,  sandy  plains  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The  species 
are  much  cultivated  for  ornament. 

MESEMBRYANTHEMUM. 

Gr.  pecrriiJi/jpia,  mid-day,  avSos  ]  flowers  expanding  at  midday. 

Character  essentially  the  same  as  that  of  the  order. 

1.  M.  CRYSTALLINUM.    Ice-plant. — RL  biennial ;  Ivs.  large,  ovate,  acute,  wavy, 
frosted,  3-veined  beneath. — A  popular  house  plant,  from  Greece.    It  has  a 
creeping  stem,  If  or  more  in  length,  and,  with  the  leaves,  is  covered  over  with 
frost-like,  warty  protuberances,  giving  the  plant  a  very  singular  aspect.  Flowers 
white,  appearing  all  summer.  •}• 

2.  M.    CORDIFOLIUM.     Heart-Udved  Ice-plant. — Procumbent,  spreading;    Ivs. 
petiolate,  opposite,  cordate- ovate;  cal.  4-cleft,  2-horned. — 7J.  An  interesting  plant 
in  house  cultivation,  from  Cape  Good  Hope.     The  whole  plant  fleshy  and  suc- 
culent like  others  of  its  kind.    Flowers  pink-colored.     Calyx  thick,  green,  the 
horns  opposite.    Capsule  translucent,  marked  at  summit  with  cruciform  lines,  f 

ORDER  LXIV.     CRASSULACEJE.— HOUSELEEKS. 

Plants  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  succulent.    Lvs.  entire  or  pinnatifid.    Slip,  0. 

Fls.  sessile,  usually  in  cymes. 

Cal.— Sepals  3—20,  more  or  less  united  at  base,  persistent. 

Cor. — Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  distinct,  rarely  cohering. 

Sta.  as  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  or  twice  as  many. 

Ova.  as  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them.  Fil.  distinct.  Anth.  2-celled,  bursting  lengthwise. 

Fr.— Follicles  as  many  as  the  ovaries,  each  opening  by  the  ventral  suture,  many-seeded. 

Genera  22,  species  450.  chiefly  natives  of  the  warmer  regions  of  the  globe,  particularly  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope.  About  20  are  lound  in  North  America.  They  grow  in  the  thinnest  and  dryest  soil,  on  naked 
rocks,  sandy  deserts,  &c.  Thev  have  no  peculiar  property  except  a  slight  acridity.  Many  are  highly 
ornamental. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

$  Stamens  4 Till&a.  1 

$  i»  4s  ;  ( Stamens  8 Bryophyllum.  5 

( Carpels  distinct. Sedum.  2 

s  in  5s  ;  stamens  10 ;  ( Carpels  united.  Penthorum.      4 

Floral  organs  arranged  ( in  12s Sempervivum.  3 

1.  TILL^A.    Michx. 

In  memory  of  Mich.  Ang.  Tilli,  an  Italian  botanist ;  died  1740. 

Calyx  of  3  or  4  sepals  united  at  base  ;  petals  3  or  4,  equal;  sta- 
mens 3  or  4 ;  caps.  3  or  4,  distinct,  follicular,  opening  by  the  inner 
surface,  2  or  many-seeded. — ®  Very  minute,  aquatic  herbs.  Lvs.  opposite. 
T.  SIMPLEX.  Nutt.  (T.  ascendens.  Eaton.}  Pigmy-weed. 
St.  ascending  or  erect,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints  ;  Ivs.  connate  at  base, 
linear-oblong,  fleshy ;  fls.  axillary,  solitary,  subsessile,  their  parts  in  4s ;  pet. 
oval  or  oblong;  carpels  8 — 10-seeded. — Near  East  Rock,  New  Haven,  Ct.  (Dr. 
Robbins),  and  Philadelphia,  on  muddy  banks,  rare.  Stem  1 — 3'  high.  Leaves 
2 — 3"  long.  Flowers  as  large  as  a  pin's  head.  Petals  oval,  flat,  acute,  twice 
as  long  as  the  oval,  minute  calyx,  longer  than  the  stamens  and  fruit,  and  of  a 
greenish- white  color.  Jl. — Sept. 

2.  SEDUM. 
Lat.  sedere,  to  sit;  the  plants,  growing  on  bare  rocks,  look  as  if  sitting  there. 

Sepals  4 — 5,  united  at  base  ;  petals  4 — 5,  distinct ;  stamens  8 — 


BRTOPHYLLUM.  LXIV.    CRASSULACE^E.  277 

10;  carpels  4 — 5,  distinct,  many-seeded,  with  an  entire  scale  at  the 
base  of  each. — Mostly  herbaceous.  Inflorescence  cymose.  Fls.  mostly 
penlamerous. 

1.  S.    TELEPHIOlDES.       MicllX. 

Lvs.  broadly  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  subdentate,  smooth;  cymes 
dense,  corymbose ;  sta.  10,  the  petals,  sepals  and  carpels  in  5s. — Found  on  rocks, 
lake  and  river  shores,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  Harper's  Ferry,  Va. !  &c.  Stem  a  foot 
high.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  f  as  wide.  Flowers  numerous,  purple,  in  a  terminal, 
branching  cyme.  Jn. — Aug. — Like  the  other  species,  very  tenacious  of  life. 
My  specimens,  gathered  several  months  since  at  Harper's  Ferry,  are  still  grow- 
ing in  the  dry  papers. 

2.  S.  TERNATUM.     Michx.     Stone-crop. 

Lrs.  ternately  verticillate,  obovate,  flat,  smooth,  entire,  the  upper  ones 
scattered,  sessile,  lanceolate ;  cyme  in  about  3  spikes ;  fis.  secund,  the  central 
one  with  10  stamens,  the  rest  with  only  8. — 1\.  In  Can.  West,  Penn.  the  South- 
ern and  Western  States,  Plummer !  Cultivated  in  N.  Eng.  Stems  3 — 8'  long-, 
branching  and  decumbent  at  base,  assurgent  above.  Cyme  with  the  3  branches 
spreading  and  recurved,  the  white  flowers  loosely  arranged  on  their  upper  side. 
Jl.  Aug.  f 

3.  S.    TELEPHIUM.      Common    Orpine.     Live-forever. — Rt.  tuberous,   fleshy, 
white ;    st.  1  or  2f  high,  erect ;  Ivs.  flattish,  ovate,  obtuse,  serrate,  scattered ; 
cyme  corymbose,  leafy.— 7].  From  Europe.     Cultivated  and  nearly  naturalized. 
Stems  simple,  leafy,  round,  smooth,  purplish.     Leaves  sessile,  fleshy.     Flowers 
white  and  purple,  in  dense,  terminal,  leafy  tufts.    Aug.  f 

4.  S.  ANACAMPSEROS.     Evergreen  Stone-crop. — Rt.   fibrous;    st.   decumbent; 
Ivs.  cuneiform,  attenuate  at  base ;  cymes  corymbose,  leafy. — 7J.  Native  of  Eu- 
rope, growing  there  in  crevices  of  rocks.    "Stems  reddish  and  decumbent  at 
base,  erect  and  glaucous  above.    Lvs.  fleshy,  bluish  green.    Fls.  purple.    Jl.  f 

5.  S.  ACRE.     English  Moss.     Wall  Pepper. — Procumbent,  spreading,  branch- 
ing from  the  base ;  Ivs.  very  small,  somewhat  ovate,  fleshy,  crowded,  alternate, 
closely  sessile,  obtuse,  nearly  erect;    cyme  few-flowered,  trifid,  leafy. — From 
Great  Britain.     In  cultivation  it   spreads  rapidly  on  walls,  borders  of  flower- 
beds, &c.  densely  covering   the  surface.     Flowers  yellow.     The  whole  plant 
abounds  in  an  acrid,  biting  juice,  -f 

3.  SEMPERVlVUM, 

Lat.  semper  vivere,  to  live  forever ;  in  allusion  to  their  tenacity  of  life. 

Sepals  6 — 20,  slightly  cohering  at  base  ;  petals  as  many  as  sepals, 
acuminate ;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  petals  ;  hypogynous  scales  la- 
cerated ;  carpels  as  many  as  the  petals. — Q  Herbaceous  plants  or 
shrubs,  propagated  by  axillary  offsets.  Lvs.  thick,  fleshy. 

\.  S.  TECTORUM.  House-leek. — Las.  fringed ;  offsets  spreading. — A  well  known 
plant  of  the  gardens,  with  thick,  fleshy,  mucilaginous  leaves.  It  sends  out 
runners  with  offsets,  rarely  flowering.  It  is  so  succulent  and  hardy  that  it  will 
grow  on  dry  walls,  and  on  the  roofs  of  houses  (tectorum).  It  is  sometimes 
placed  in  the  borders  of  flower-beds. 

2.  S.  ARBOREUM.  Tree  House-leek. — St.  arborescent,  smooth,  branched ;  Ivs. 
cuneiform,  smoothish,  bordered  with  soft,  spreading  cilise. — A  curious  and  or- 
namental evergreen,  from  the  Levant.  Stem  very  thick  and  fleshy,  branching 
into  a  tree-like  form,  8 — lOf  high  (1 — 3f  in  pots).  Fls.  yellow,  rarely  appearing. 

4.  B'RYOPHYLLUM.   saiisb. 

Gr.  6pvw,  to  grow,  0vAXoi/,  a  leaf;  i.  e.  germinating  from  a  leaf. 

Calyx  inflated,  4-cleft  scarcely  to  the  middle  ;  corolla  monopeta- 
lous,  the  tube  long  and  cylindrical,  4-sided  and  obtuse  at  base  ;  limb 
in  4,  triangular,  acute  lobes  ;  seeds  many. — An  evergreen,  fleshy, 


278  LXV.    SAXIFRAGACE.E.  SAXIFHAGA. 

suffruticose  plant,  native  of  the  E.   Indies.     Lvs.  opposite,  unequally 
pinnate,  part  of  them  sometimes  simple.     Fls.  greenish-purple. 

B.  cALYClNUM.  Salisb. — Not  uncommon  in  house  cultivation,  requiring  but 
little  water,  in  a  well-drained  pot  of  rich  loam.  Stem  thick,  green,  about  2f 
high.  Leaves  3 — 5-foliate,  with  thick,  oval,  crenate  leaflets.  Flowers  in  a 
loose,  terminal  panicle,  pendulous,  remarkable  for  the  large,  inflated  calyx,  and 
the  long,  tubular,  exserted  corollas. — This  plant  is  distinguished  in  vegetable 
physiology.— See  Fig.  10,  1,  and  §  88,  a. 

5.  PENTHORUM. 

Gr.  TTEVTC,  five;  on  account  of  the  5-parted,  angular  capsule. 

Calyx  of  5  sepals  united  at  base ;  petals  5  or  0 ;  capsules  of  5 
united  carpels,  5-angled,  5-celled  and  5-beaked  ;  seeds  00,  minute. — 
%  Erect  (not  succulent)  herbs.  Lvs.  alternate.  Fls.  yellowish,  cymose. 

P.  SEDolDES.     Virginia  Stone-crop. 

St.  branched  and  angular  above ;  Ivs.  nearly  sessile,  lanceolate,  acute  at 
each  end,  unequally  serrate ;  fls.  in  unilateral,  cymose  racemes. — A  hardy 
plant  of  little  beauty,  in  moist  situations,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  10 — 16'  high, 
with  a  few,  short  branches.  Leaves  2 — 3'  by  £ — 1',  membranaceous,  smooth, 
sharply  and  unequally  serrate.  Racemes  several,  ^curved  at  first,  at  length 
spreading,  with  the  flowers  arranged  on  their  upper  side,  constituting  a  corym- 
bose, scentless,  pale  yellowish-green  cyme.  Pet.  generally  wanting.  Jl — Sept. 

ORDER  LXV.  SAXIFRAGACEJE.— SAXIFRAGES. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.    Lvs.  alternate  or  opposite,  sometimes  stipulate. 

Cal.— Sepals  4  or  5,  cohering  more  or  less,  persistent. 

Cor.— Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  inserted  between  the  lobes  of  the  calyx. 

Sta.  5—10.    Anthers  3-celled,  opening  longitudinally. 

Ova.  inferior,  usually  of  2-carpels,  cohering  at  base,  distinct  and  divergent  above. 

JV.  generally  capsular,  1— 2-celled,  many-seeded. 

Genera  38,  species  440,  native  of  temperate  and  frigid  climes  in  both  continents.    As  a  tribe  their  roots 
are  astringent.    Several  species  are  among  our  most  ornamental,  cultivated  plants. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

$  Capsule  2-celled Saxifraga.  1 

( Stamens  10.  ( Capsule  l-celled.  .  .    Tiarella.  5 


.  Capsule  2-celled. 
entire.  (  Stamens  5.    I  Capsule  l-celled. 


i  Petals  5,  I  pectinately  pinnatifid. 


Herbs.  I  Petals  0.    Leaves  opposite.    Aquatic,  depressed. 

I  Petals  valvate  in  aestivation, 
i  Leaves  opposite.  (.  Petals  convolute  in  aestivation. 


Sullivantia.  2 
Heuchera.  3 

Mitella.  4 

Chrysosplemum.  6 
Hydrangea.  8 
Philadelphia.  9 


Shrubs,  i  Leaves  alternate Itea.  7 

SUBORDER  1.     SAXIFRAGEJE. 

Petals  imbricate  in  aestivation  ;  carpels  united,  the  summits  dis- 
tinct, forming  a  beaked  capsule.  Herbs. 

1.  SAXIFRlGA. 

Lat.  saxum,  &rock,frangere,  to  break ;  often  growing  in  the  clefts  of  rocks. 

Sepals  5,  more  or  less  united,  often  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ova- 
ry ;  petals  5,  entire,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  calyx  ;  stamens  10  ; 
anthers  2-celled,  with  longitudinal  dehiscence  ;  capsule  of  2  connate 
carpels,  opening  between  the  2  diverging,  acuminate  beaks  (styles)  ; 
seeds  00.—^ 

1.  S.  VIRGINIENSIS.     Michx.  (S.  Virginica.  Bin.}  Early  Saxifrage. 

Lsvs.  mostly  radical,  spatulate-obovate,  crenately  toothed,  pubescent,  short- 
er than  the  broad  petiole  ;  scape  nearly  leafless,  paniculately  branched  above ; 
fls.  many,  cymose ;  cal.  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  ovary ;  pet.  oblong,  much 
exceeding  the  calyx. — An  early  and  interesting  plant,  on  rocks  and  dry  hills, 
Can.  and  U.  S.  Scape  4 — 12'^high,  pubescent,  annual.  Leaves  rather  fleshy, 
9 — 13"  by  6 — 12''.  Flowers  in  rather  dense  clusters,  white  or  tinged  with  pur- 
ple, in  early  spring. 


HEBCHBRA.  LXV.    SAXIFRAGACEJS.  279 

2.  PENNSYLVANIA.     Tall  Saxifrage. 

Las.  radical,  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  acute,  tapering  at  base,  denticulate; 
scape  nearly  leafless ;  branches  alternate,  with  close  cymes  forming  a  diffuse 
panicle ;  fls.  pedicellate  ;  pet.  linear-lanceolate,  but  little  longer  than  the  calyx. 
— Larger  than  the  foregoing,  common  in  wet  meadows,  Me.  to  Ohio.  Leaves 
fleshy,  pale  green,  5 — 8'  by  1 — 2',  on- a  broad  petiole.  Scape  2 — 3f  high,  gross, 
hollow,  hairy  and  viscid,  branched  into  a  large,  oblong  panicle  of  yellowish 
green  flowers  of  no  beauty.  May. 

3.  S.  AIZOON.  Jacq. 

Lies,  mostly  radical,  rosulate,  spatulate,  obtuse,  with  cartilaginous,  white 
teeth,  and  a  marginal  row  of  impressed  dots  ;  fls.  corymbose-paniculate  ;  col. 
(and  ped.  glandular- viscid)  tube  hemispherical,  as  long  as  the  5-toothed  limb ; 
pet.  obovate ;  sty.  divergent,  longer  than  the  calyx. — Southern  shores  of  Lake 
Sup.  (Pitcher,  in  T.  &  G.  1.  p.  566)  on  shady,  moist  rocks.  Stem  5 — 10'  high. 
Fls.  white.  Jl. 

4.  S.    AIZOlDES. 

Caespitose,  leafy ;  Ivs.  alternate,  linear-oblong,  more  or  less  ciliate,  slight- 
ly mucronate,  thick,  flat,  mostly  persistent ;  flowering  stems  annual ;  fls.  panicu- 
late, sometimes  solitary ;  sep.  ovate,  slightly  coherent  with  the  ovary ;  pet.  ob- 
long, longer  than  the  sepals ;  stigmas  depressed ;  caps,  rather  thick,  as  long  as 
the  styles. — In  the  clefts  of  rocks,  Willoughby  Mt.,  Westmore,  Vt.  500f  above 
W.  Lake,  Wood,  N.  to  the  Arctic  sea.  Barren  stems  short,  with  densely  crowded 
leaves;  flowering  ones  ascending,  2 — 4' long,  with  scattered  leaves.  Leaves 
4 — 6"  long,  about  2"  wide.  Pedicels  bracteate.  Flowers  yellow,  dotted. 

5.  S.  OPPOSITIFOLIA.     Opposite-leaved  Saxifrage. 

Lvs.  opposite,  rather  crowded,  obovate,  carinate,  ciliate,  obtuse,  punctate, 
persistent;  fls.  solitary;  cal.  free  from  the  ovary;  pet.  large,  obovate,  5- veined, 
longer  than  the  stamens. — In  the  same  locality  as  the  above,  Wood.  Stems 
purplish,  very  branching  and  diffuse.  Leaves  bluish-green,  1 — 2"  in  length, 
narrowed  and  clasping  at  base.  Flowering  stems  annual,  1 — 3'  long.  Flow- 
ers light  purple,  large  and  showy. 

Obs.— I  discovered  this  and  the  foregoing  species  in  the  above  locality,  in  Aug.  1845,  when  they  had 
passed  flowering. 

6.  S.    RIVULARIS. 

St.  weak,  ascending,  3 — 5-flowered;  radical  Ivs.  petiolate,  reniform,  cre- 
nately  lobed ;  cauline  lanceolate,  subentire ;  calyx  lobes  broad-ovate,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  ovate  petals,  but  much  shorter  than  the  thick,  short-beaked  capsules. 
— White  Mts.,  N  H.,  Oakes,  N.  to  Arc.  Am.  A  very  small  species,  with  white, 
bracteate  flowers.  Stems  about  2'  high,  annual,  with  alternate  leaves. 
2.  SULLIVANTIA.  Torr. 

In  honor  of  Wm.  S.  Sullivant,  author  of  Musci  Alleghanensis,  &c. 

Calyx  campanulate,  coherent  with  the  base  of  the  ovary ;  segments 
ovate,  acute ;  petals  oval-spatulate,  unguiculate,  inserted  on  the  sum- 
mit of  the  calyx  tube,  and  twice  as  long  as  its  lobes  ;  stamens  5,  in- 
serted with  the  petals,  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  capsule  2-beaked,  2- 
celled  ;  seeds  00,  ascending ;  testa  wing-like,  not  conformed  to  the 
nucleus. — ^J-  Lvs.  mostly  radical,  palmate-veined.  Fls.  in  a  loose  pani- 
cle, small,  ichite. 

S.  OHIONIS.  Torr. 

A  diffuse,  weak-stemmed  plant,  first  discovered  in  Highland  Co.,  Ohio  ! 
by  him  whose  name  it  bears.  Stem  annual,  very  slender,  8— 16'  long,  ascend- 
ing, glandular.  Radical  leaves  roundish,  cordate,  lobed  and  toothed,  1—2' 
diam.,  on  long  petioles.  Cauline  leaves  mostly  very  small,  bract-like,  cuneate 
at  base,  3 — 5-toothed  at  summit.  May,  Jn. 

3.  HEUCHfiRA. 

In  honor  of  Prof.  Heucher,  botanic  author,  Wittemberg,  Germany. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  coherent  with  the  ovary  below,  segments  obtuse;  co- 

24* 


280  LXV.   SAXIFRAGACE^:.  TIARELLA. 

rolla  inferior,  of  5  small,  entire  petals,  inserted  with  the  5  stamens 
on  the  throat  of  the  calyx ;  capsule  1 -celled,  2-beaked,  many-seeded. 
— %  Lvs.  radical^  long-petioled. 

1.  H.  AMERICANA.     Alum-root. 

Viscid-pubescent;  Ivs.  roundish,  cordate,  somewhat  7-lobed,  lobes  short 
and  roundish,  crenate-dentate,  teeth  mucronate ;  -panicle  elongated,  loose ;  pedi- 
cels divaricate ;  cal.  short,  obtuse ;  pet.  spatulate,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx ; 
sta.  much  exserted. — A  neat  plant,  rare  in  the  southern  parts  of  N.  Eng.  and 
N.  Y.,  frequent  at  the  W. !  and  S.  Leaves  all  radical,  2 — 3£'  diam.,  on  peti- 
oles 2 — 8'  in  length.  Scape  2 — 4f  high,  paniculate,  nearly  |  this  length.  Pe- 
duncles 2 — 3-flowered.  Calyx  campanulate,  more  conspicuous  than  the  purplish- 
white  petals.  May,  Jn. — Root  astringent,  hence  the  common  name. 

2.  H.  PUBESCENS.  Ph.     (H.  grandiflora.  Raf.} 

Scape  naked,  minutely-pubescent  above,  and  with  the  long  petioles,  gla- 
brous below;  ITS.  glabrous,  orbicular-cordate,  7 — 9-lobed,  lobes  rounded,  and 
with  rounded,  mucronate,  eiliate  teeth ;  ped.  cymose,  dichotomous,  joints  flexu- 
ous,  almost  geniculate ;  fls.  large ;  pet.  longer  "than  the  included  stamens ;  sty. 
exserted. — Mts.  Penn.,  Md !  Va.  Scape  1— 2f  high.  Leaves  3 — 5'  diam.,  the 
veins  beneath  with  a  few  scattered  hairs.  Flowers  5 — 6"  long,  purple.  May,  Jn. 

3.  H.  RICHARDSONI.  R.  Br. 

Scape  (naked)  and  petioles  hairy  and  rough ;  Ivs.  orbicular-cordate,  with 
a  deep  sinus,  5 — 7-lobed,  lobes  obtuse,  incisely  crenate,  ciliate  ;  panicle  rather 
contracted ;  cal.  somewhat  oblique ;  pet.  ciliolate,  somewhat  unequal,  about  the 
length  of  the  sepals;  sta.  a  little  exserted;  sty.  included. — Prairies  and  bottoms, 
la. !  to  Mo.,  N.  to  Can.  Scape  1 — 2f  high.  '  Leaves  glabrous  above,  veins  be- 
neath hairy.  Flowers  6 — 7"  long.  May. 

4,  MITEL  LA.    Tourn. 

A  Lat.  diminutive  from  mitra,  a  mitre.    See  Tiarella. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  campanulate;  petals  5,  pectinately  pinnatifid,  insert- 
ed on  the  throat  of  the  calyx  ;  stamens  5  or  10,  included  ;  styles  2, 
short ;  capsule  1 -celled,  with  2  equal  valves. — '4- 

1.  M.  DIPHYLLA.     Currant-leaf.     Bishop's  Cap. 

Lvs.  cordate,  acute,  sublobate,  serrate-dentate,  radical  ones  on  long  peti- 
oles, cauline  2,  opposite,  subsessile. — Very  common  in  the  woods  of  N.  Eng.  to 
Can.  and  Ky.  Stem  a  foot  or  more  high,  bearing  the  pair  of  leaves  near  the 
midst.  Leaves  1 — 3'  long,  nearly  as  wide,  hairy,  on  hispid  petioles  2 — 6'  long. 
Flowers  on  short  pedicels,  arranged  in  a  long,  thin  spike  or  raceme,  and  most 
beautifully  distinguished  by  the  finely  divided  white  petals.  Seeds  black  and 
shining.  May — Jn. 

2.  M.  NUDA.     (M.  prostrata,  MX.  M.  cordifolia.  Lam.')  Dwarf  Mitella. 
Lvs.  orbiculate-reniform,  doubly  crenate,  with  scattered  hairs  above ;  scape 

filiform,  few-flowered,  naked  or  with  a  single  leaf;  pet.  pinnatifid  with  filiform 
segments. — A  very  delicate  species,  growing  in  damp,  rich,  shady  woodlands 
at  Potsdam,  N.  Y.,  and  in  Northern  N.  Eng.  Leaves  and  stems  light  green, 
pellucid.  Scape  4 — 6'  high,  terminating  in  a  thin  raceme  of  white  flowers, 
with  finely  pinnatifid  petals.  They  are  erect  or  prostrate,  and  send  out  creep- 
ing stolons  from  the  base.  Leaves  £ '  long  and  of  nearly  the  same  width.  Jn. 

5.  TIARELLA. 

Lat.  tiara,  a  mitre  or  some  other  head-dress,  from  the  resemblance  of  the  capsule. 

Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  obtuse ;  petals  5  ;  entire,  the  claws  in- 
serted on  the  calyx  ;  stamens  10,  exserted,  inserted  into  the  calyx  ; 
styles  2  ;  capsule  1 -celled,  2-valved,  one  valve  much  larger. — %  Flow- 
ers white. 

T.  CORDIFOLIA.     Mitre-wort.     Gem-fruit. 

Lvs.  cordate,   acutely  lobed,  mucronate-dentate,  pilose ;  scape  racemose ; 


HYDRANGEA.  LXV.    SAX1FRAGACE.E.  '281 

stolons  creeping. — Common  in  rocky  woods  Can.  to  Penn.,  and  generally  asso- 
ciated with  Mitella  diphylla,  which  plant,  in  its  general  aspect,  it  much  resem- 
bles. The  scape  arises  from  a  creeping  root-stock  about  10'  high,  often  bear- 
ing a  leaf.  Leaves  2 — 3'long,-f-as  wide,  hairy,  and  on  hairy  petioles  4 — 6' 
long.  Racemes  1 — 2£'  long ;  fls.  wholly  white,  with  minute  bracts.  May,  Jn. 

6.    CHRYSOSPLENIUM.    Tourn. 

Gr .  ypvtros,  gold,  <nrX>/v,  the  spleen;  on  account  of  the  medicinal  qualities. 

Calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary,  4 — 5-lobed,  more  or  less  colored  inside ; 
corolla  0;  stamens  8 — 1 0,  superior,  short ;  styles  2  ;  capsule  obcor- 
date,  compressed,  1 -celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded. — S?nall,  aquatic 
kerbs. 

C.  AMERICANUM.     Schw.  (C.  oppositifolium.  Michx.}     Watej-carpet. 

Lvs.  opposite,  roundish,  slightly  crenate,  tapering  to  the  petiole. — A  small 
plant,  in  springs  and  streams,  spreading  upon  the  muddy  surface.  Stem  square, 
3 — 6  inches  long,  divided  in  a  dichotomous  manner  at  top.  Leaves  opposite, 
£'  in  length,  smooth.  Calyx  4-cleft,  greenish-yellow,  with  purple  lines.  Corol- 
la 0.  Stamens  8,  very  short,  with  orange-colored  anthers,  which  are  the  only 
conspicuous  part  of  the  flower.  The  terminal  flower  is  sometimes  decandrous. 
Apr.  May. 

SUBORDER  2  — E SCALL.OHTIEJE. 

7.  I  T  E  A  . 

Gr.  name  for  the  willow ;  from  a  resemblance  of  foliage. 

Calyx  small,  with  5,  subulate  segments  ;  petals  5,  lance-linear,  in- 
flexed  at  the  apex,  inserted  on  the  calyx  ;  stamens  5,  inserted  into 
the  calyx  ;  styles  united  ;  capsule  2-celled,  2-furrowed,  8 — 12-seeded. 
— A  shrub  with  alternate,  simple  leaves,  and  a  simple,  spicate,  terminal 
raceme  of  white,  flowers. 
I.  VIRGINICA. 

Margins  of  swamps  and  sluggish  streams,  N.  J.  and  Penn.  to  Flor. 
Shrub  about  Gf  high.  Leaves  1£ — 3'  long,  qval-acuminate,  serrulate,  on  short 
petioles.  Capsule  oblong,  acuminate  with  the  style,  its  two  carpels  separating 
in  maturity.  May,  Jn. 

SUBORDER.  3.— H  YDRAKTGEJE. 

Petals  valvate.  Capsules  2-celled.  Leaves  opposite,  exstipulate.  SHRUBS. 

8.  HYDRANGEA. 

Ch .  vfiwp,  water,  a-yytov,  &  vessel ;  because  the  cultivated  species  require  so  copious  a  supply  of  water. 

Marginal  flowers  commonly  sterile,  with  a  broad,  rotate,  4 — 5-cleft, 
colored  calyx,  and  with  neither  petals,  stamens  nor  styles,  fertile  fl. 
Calyx  tube  hemispherical,  adherent  to  the  ovary,  limb  4 — 5-toothed, 
persistent ;  petals  ovate,  sessile  ;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  5 
capsule  2-beaked,  opening  by  a  foramen  between  the  beaks  ;  seeds 
numerous. — Shrubs  with  opposite  leaves.  Fls.  cymose,  generally  radiant. 

1.  H.  ARBORESCENS.     (H.  vulgaris.  Michx.}  Common  Hydrangea. 

Lvs.  ovate,  obtuse  or  cordate  at  base,  acuminate,  serrate-dentate,  nearly 
smooth ;  fls.  in  fastigiate  cymes. — An  elegant  shrub,  native  in  the  Middle  and 
Western  States  !  cultivated  in  the  Northern,  attaining  the  height  of  5  or  6f  on 
its  native  shady  banks.  Fertile  flowers  small,  white,  becoming  roseate,  very 
numerous.  The  cultivated  varieties  have  either  the  marginal  flowers  radiate 
or  all  sterile  and  radiate,  f 

2.  H.  auERCiFOUA.  Bartram.  Oak-leaved  Hydrangea. — Lvs.  deeply  sinuate- 
lobed,  dentate,  tomentose  beneath ;  cymes  paniculate,  radiant,  the  stcrtie  flmcers 
very  large  and  numerous.— A  beautiful  shrub,  native  of  Flor.,  not  uncommon 


282  LXVI.    HAMAMELACE^E.  HAMAMELIS. 

in  gardens.    Height  4 — 5f.    Leaves  very  large.    Sterile  flowers  with  roundish 
sepals,  dull  white,  becoming  reddish,  very  showy,  f 

3.  H.  HORTENSIS.  Changeable  Hydrangea. — Lvs.  elliptical,  narrowed  at  each 
end,  dentate-serrate,  strongly  veined,  smooth  ;  cymes  radiant ;  Jls.  mostly  sterile. 
— Probably  native  of  China,  where  it  has  long  been  cultivated.  Stems  1 — 3f 
high.  Leaves  large.  Barren  flowers  very  numerous  and  showy,  at  first  green, 
passing  successively  through  straw-color,  sulphur-yellow,  white,  purple,  and 
pink.  The  perfect  flowers  are  central  and  much  smaller.  It  thrives  in  large 
pots  of  peat  mixed  with  loam,  abundantly  watered.  The  flowers  endure  sever- 
al months,  f 

SUBORDER  4,— P  HIL.ADELPHEJS. 

Petals  convolute  in  aestivation.  Capsule  3 — 4-celled,  loculicidal.  Shrubs. 
9.    PHILADELPHIA. 

Name  from  Philadelphia,  king  of  Egypt. 

Calyx  4 — 5-parted,  half-superior,  persistent :  corolla  4 — 5-petaled  ; 
style  4-cleft ;  stamens  20 — 40,  shorter  than  the  petals ;  capsule  4- 
celled,  4-valved,  with  loculicidal  dehiscence  ;  seeds  many,  arilled. — 
Handsome  flowering  shrubs.  Lvs,  opposite,  exstipulate. 

1.  P.  GRANDIFLORUS.  Willd.  (P.  inodorus.  Michx.)  Large-flowered  Syringa. — 
Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  denticulate,  3-veined,  axils  of  the  veins  hairy ;  stig.  4, 
linear ;  sty.  undivided. — A  very  showy  shrub,  6f  high,  native  at  the  South,  cul- 
tivated in  shrubberies.     Branches  smooth,  long  and  slender.    Flowers  large,  in 
a  terminal  umbel  of  2  or  3,  white,  nearly  inodorous.  Calyx  divisions  conspicu- 
ously acuminate,  and  much  longer  than  the  tube.    Jn. — -The  upper  leaves  are 
often  entire  and  quite  narrow,  f 

2.  P.  CORONARIUS.     False  Syringa. — Lvs.  ovate,  subdentate,  smooth  ;  sty.  dis- 
tinct.— Native  of  S.  Europe.    A  handsome  shrub,  often  cultivated  in  our  shrub- 
beries.     The  flowers  are  numerous,  white,  showy,  resembling  those  of  the 
orange  both  in  form  and  fragrance,  but  are  more  powerful  in  the  latter  respect. 
It  grows  5 — 8f  high,  with  opposite,  smooth,  ovate,  stalked  leaves,  and  opposite, 
reddish  twigs  bearing  leafy  clusters  of  flowers,  f 

ORDER  LXVI.  HAMAMELACE.E. 

Shrubs.    Lvs.  alternate,  dentate,  the  veinlets  running  direct  from  the  mid-vein  to  the  margin.    Stip.de- 

Cal.  adherent  to  the  ovary,  4-cleft.  [ciduoua. 

Cor.— Petals  4,  linear. 

Sta.  8,  those  opposite  the  petals  barren  (or  many  and  all  fertile,  with  no  petals.) 

Ova.  2-celled,  ovules  solitary. 

PV. — Capsule  coriaceous,  the  summit  free  from  the  calyx,  2-beaked,  2-celled. 

Genera  10,  species  15,  natives  of  N.  America  and  Japan.    No  remarkable  properties  have  been  dis- 
covered. 

HAMAMELIS. 

Gr.  apa,  with,  jurjXoi',  fruit;  i.  e.  flowers  and  fruit  together  on  the  tree. 

Calyx  4-leaved  or  cleft,  with  an  involucel  of  2—3  bracts  at  base  ; 
petals  4,  very  long,  linear ;  sterile  stamens  scale-like,  opposite  the 
petals,  alternating  with  the  4  fertile  ones  ;  capsule  nut-like,  2-celled, 
2-beaked. — Shrubs  or  small  trees. 

H.  VIRGINIANA.     Witch  Hazel. 

Lvs.  oval  or  obovate,  acuminate,  crenate-dontate,  obliquely  cordate  at  base, 
on  short  petioles  ;  Jls.  sessile,  3 — 4  together  in  an  involucrate,  axillary,  subses- 
sile  glomerule. — U.  S.  and  Can.  A  large  shrub,  consisting  of  several  crooked, 
branching  trunks  from  the  same  root,  as  large  as  the  arm,  and  10— 12f  high. 
Leaves  nearly  smooth,  3 — 5'  long,  |  as  wide.  Petioles  4'  long.  Calyx  downy. 
Petals  yellow,  curled  or  twisted,  f  long.  Capsule  woody,  containing  2  nuts. — 
This  curious  shrub  is  not  unfrequent  in  our  forests,  and  amidst  the  reigning 


LXVII.    UMBELLIFERjE. 


283 


desolations  of  autumn  and  winter,  this  alone  puts  forth  its  yellow  blossoms. 
The  small  branches  were  formerly  used  for  "  divining  rods,"  to  indicate  the 
presence  of  the  precious  metals  and  of  deep  springs  of  water,  and  there  are  even 
at  this  day,  persons  who  deem  a  denial  of  these  virtues  to  the  witch  hazel,  an 
oifence  little  short  of  heresy. 


ORDER  LXVII.     UMBELLIFEKJE.— UMBELLIFERS. 


Lvs.  usually  divided,  simple  or  compound,  with  sheathing  petioles. 
Fts.  arranged  in  umbels,  mostly  whits,  often  yellow,  pink,  blue, 
Cal.  adhering  to  the  ovary,  entire  or  5-toothed. 


, 
or  greenish. 


Cor.— Petals  5,  usually  inflected  at  the  point,  imbricate  in  aestivation. 

Sta.  5,  alternate  with  the  petals  and  inserted  with  them  upon  the  disk. 

Ova.  inferior,  2-celled,  surmounted  by  the  fleshy  disk  which  bears  the  stamens  and  petals. 

Sty.  2,  distinct,  or  united  at  their  thickened  bases.    Stig.  simple. 

Fr.  dry,  consisting  of  2  coherent  carpels,  separating  from  each  other  by  their  faces  (commissure)  into  two 

halves  (merocarps). 
Carpophore, — the  slender,  simple,  or  forked  axis  by  which  the  carpels  are  borne,  cohering  to  it  by  the 

faces  of  the  commissure. 
Ribs.— A  definite  number  of  ridges  traversing  the  carpels,  the  larger  ones  (primary)  alternating  with  the 

smaller  (secondary). 
Vittcc. — Little  linear  receptacles  of  colored  volatile  oil,  imbedded  in  the  substance  of  the  pericarp,  just 

beneath  the  intervals  of  the  ribs  and  the  commissure. 

Genera  267,  species  1500.— This  is  a  vast  and  well  defined  natural  order,  native  of  damp  places,  way- 
sides, groves,  &c.,  in  the  cool  parts  of  the  world.  Very  few  are  found  in  tropical  countries  except  upon 
the  mountains. 

Properties  aromatic,  stimulant  and  carminative,  depending  upon  a  volatile  oil  residing  in  the  vittaB  of 
the  fruit,  in  the  roots,  <fec.  The  herbage  is  frequently  pervaded  by  an  acrid,  narcotic  principle,  rendering 
it  very  poisonous.  Of  this  nature  is  the  Conium  maculatum  (hemlock),  Cicuta  virosa,  jEthusa  Cynapium 
(fools  parsley) ,  besides  many  others  which  have,  at  least,  a  suspicious  character.  But  the  fruit  is  never 
poisonous,  and  is  usually  stimulant  and  aromatic,  as  caraway,  anise,  dill,  coriander,  &c.  Even  the  roots 
and  herbage  of  other  species  are  wholesome  and  nutritive,  as  the  carrot,  parsnep,  sweet  cisely,  celery 
arid  Archangelica.  The  gum-resin,  assafoztida,  exudes  from  incisions  in  the  Ferula  of  Persia;  the  gwtn 
galbanum  is  the  product  of  Galbanum  omcinale,  an  Indian  species. 

The  genera  of  the  Umbelliferse  are  numerous,  and  not  easily  distinguished.  The  characters  by  which 
De  Candolle  has  more  successfully  than  any  other  author  divided  this  order  into  tribes  and  genera,  are 
chiefly  founded  upon  the  number  and  development  of  the  ribs,  the  presence  or  absence  of  the  vitta,  and 
the  form  of  the  albumen,  particularly  at  the  commissure.  These  parts,  therefore,  minute  as  they  are,  will 
require  the  special  attention  of  the  student. 


10 


TIG.-  4|-.~1-  zi?ja  aurea,  with  its  compound,  naked  umbel,  &c.  2.  A  flower  enlarged  3  The  fruit 
with  its  filiform  ribs  and  two  persistent  styles.  4.  Cross.section,  showing  the  two  caroels'with  the  vitto 
and  flat  commissure.  5.  Umbel  of  Osmorhiza  longistylis  in  fruit.  6.  A  flower  enlarged  7  The  fruit 
with  the  merocarps  separating  from  the  base  and  supported  by  the  bifid  carpophore.  8  'Surmit  of  the 
fruit  of  O.  brevurtyha.  9.  Fruit  of  Conium  maculatum,  with  the  undulate-crenulate  ribs  10.  Cross  sec- 
tion, showing  the  grooved  commissure  and  involute  albumen,  n.  Radiant  flower  of  Coriandrum 
12.  Vertical  section  of  the  globose  fruit,  showing  the  minute  embryo. 


-284:  LXVII.    UMBELLIFER^E.     ,  HYDROCOTTLE. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 
*  Plants  native  or  naturalized. 

$  Seeds  flattish  inside.  Slum.  8 

f  Fr.  laterally  compressed.  \  Seeds  grooved  inside.  Conium.  28 

$  Petals  radiant.  .  Heracleum.  23 

i  Fr.  dorsally  compressed.  (.  Petals  all  equal.  .  Conioselinum.  18 

( with  smooth  ribs.  .  Ligusticum.     17 

{  of  entire  bracts.  LFr.  scarcely  compressed,  \  with  bristly  ribs.    .  Osmorhiza.       27 

\  Kays  2—4.      .       .  Sanicula.           3 

( Fr.  very  bristly.    ( Rays  many.    .        .  Daucus.            25 

<  several.  £  Fruit  not  bristly Discopleurum.   5 

of  cleft  bracts,  (one  only,  bipinnafifid F.rigenia.          29 

(  Cal.  limb  ^  Leaves  3-parted,     .       .  Ciyptotcenia.      9 

o                                                                   /  obsolete,  it  Leaves  finely  divided.    .  Cfi.cerophytlum.26 

£      JS  <                    (Fr.  laterally  compressed.  (  Calyx  limb  5-toothed.               .       .  Cicuta. 

\S                                                                   ^  the  margin  singly  winged.        .       .  Archemora.       21 

g                       l  Fr.  dorsally  compressed,  c  the  margin  doubly  winged.      .        .  Arcfatngelica.   20 

p  Unvoluc.  0.  L  Fruit  scarcely  compressed,  ovoid-globose JEthusa.             16 

$  Lvs.  linear.       .  Crantzia.            2 

<  with  4—30  pedicellate  or  subsessile  flowers.  <  Lvs.  roundish.  Hydrocotyle.       1 

Umbels  simple,  ( densely  capitate,  with  50  or  more  sessile  flowers.            .       .  Eryngium.        4 


(  Carpels  with  5  winged  ri 
\  Carpels  with  5  filiform  ribs. 
Involucels  minute.  (  Carpels  smooth,  ribs  obsolete. 


Thaspium.  15 

Zizia.  10 

Polyt&nia.  24 

Bupleurum.  6 

Pastinaca.  22 


Involucels  very  large.    Leaves  simple,  perfoliat 
Flowers  yellow.  (  Involucels  0.    Fruit  much  compressed  dorsally. 

*  *  Cultivated  exotics,  not  naturalized. 

( Fruit  laterally  ^  roundish.          .  Apium.             13 

(Petals  all  equal.  <  compressed,    if  oval.          .       .  Carum.             11 

( Involucre  0,  or   <                             (Fruit  not  compressed.       .        .  Pimpinella.      12 

<  of  1  entire  bract.  (  Petals  radiant Conundrum.    30 

$  white.  (  Involucre  of  a  few  cleft  bracts Petroselinum.  14 

Flowers  ( yellow Fceniculum.     19 

SUBORDER  1.— O  RTHOSPERMJE. 

The  inner  surface  of  the  seeds  and  albumen  flat  or  nearly  so. 
1.   HYDROCOTtLE. 

Gr.  vSup,  water,  KOTV\TI,  a  vessel;  the  concave  leaf  often  holds  water. 

Calyx  obsolete ;  petals  equal,  ovate,  spreading,  entire,  the  point 
not  inflected ;  styles  shorter  than  stamens  ;  fruit  laterally  flattened, 
the  commissure  narrow;  carpels  3-ribbed,  without  vittae. — Herba- 
ceous^ creeping ',  usually  aquatic  plants.  Umbels  simple.  Involucre  few- 
leaved. 

1.  H.  AMERICANA.     Pennywort. 

Smooth  and  shining;  st.  fiJiform,  procumbent;  Ivs.  reniform-orbicular, 
slightly  lobed,  crenate ;  umbels  sessile,  3 — 5-flowered ;  fr.  orbicular. — %  A  small, 
delicate  plant,  growing  close  to  the  moist  earth  beneath  the  shade  of  other  vege- 
tables, Can.  to  S.  Car.  Stems  branching,  2 — 6'  long.  Leaves  thin,  1—2'  diam., 
on  petioles  2 — 3'  long.  Flowers  greenish -white,  small,  nearly  sessile,  in  sim- 
ple, capitate,  sessile,  axillary  umbels.  Jn.— Aug. 

2.  H.  INTERRUPTA.  Muhl.     (H.  vulgaris.  Michx.} 

Smooth;  Ivs.  peltate,  orbicular,  crenate;  umbels  capitate,  proliferous,  sub- 
sessile,  about  5-flowered ;  fr.  acute  at  base. — Tj.  In  wet  places,  New  Bedford, 
Mass.  T.  A.  Greene,  rare.  Root  and  stem  creeping.  Leaves  almost  centrally 
peltate,  thin,  8—10"  diam.  Petioles  2—3'  long.  Peduncles  longer  than  the 
petioles.  Flowers  subsessile,  in  close  umbels  which  become  whorls  in  inter- 
rupted spikes  by  other  umbels  being  successively  produced  on  the  extending 
peduncle.  Jn. 

3.  H.  UMBELLATA.     Umbellate  Pennywort. 

Smooth ;  Ivs.  peltate,  orbicular,  crenate,  emarginate  at  base,  on  long  peti- 
oles ;  scapes  about  as  long  as  the  petioles ;  umbels  simple,  often  proliferous  ;fts. 
pedicellate. — 1\.  In  ponds  and  bogs,  Mass. !  to  La.,  rare.  Stems  creeping,  often 
submersed,  several  inches  long.  Leaves  8—12"  diam.,  notched  at  base  so  as  to 
appear  reniform.  Petioles  a  little  eccentric,  and  with  the  scapes  slender,  float- 
ing or  erect,  and  4 — 6'  long.  Umbels  20 — 30-flowered,  the .  upper  pedicel  often 
prolonged  and  umbellate.  May— Jl. 


ERYNGIUM.  LXV1I.    UMBELLIFER.E.  285 

4.  H.  RANUNCULolDEs.  Linn.  f.    (H.  cymbularifolia.  Muhl.) 
Glabrous ;  Ivs.  roundish-reniform,  3 — 5-lobed,  crenate ;  petioles  much  longer 

than  the  peduncles ;  umbels  5 — 10-flowered,  capitate ;  fr.  roundish,  smooth. — In 
water,  Penn.  to  Ga.  Stems  weak,  1— 2f  long.  Leaves  1 — 2'  diam.,  the  middle 
lobe  smaller  than  the  others.  Petioles  2— 3' long.  Peduncle  about  1' long.  Jl.  Aug. 

2.  CRANTZIA.    Nutt. 

In  honor  of  Prof.  Crantz,  author  of  a  monograph  on  the  Umbelliferse. 

Calyx  tube  subglobose,  margin  obsolete  ;  petals  obtuse  ;  fruit  sub- 
globose,  the  commissure  excavat'ed,  with  2  vittoe ;  carpels  unequal,  5- 
ribbed,  with  a  vitta  in  each  interval. — Small,  creeping  herbs  with  line- 
ar or  flliform,  entire  leaves.  Umbels  simple,  involucrate. 

C.  LINEATA.    Nutt.  (Hydrocotyle.    Michx.} 

Lvs.  cuneate-lir-ear,  sessile,  obtuse  at  apex,  and  with  transverse  veins, 
shorter  than  the  peduncles. — Muddy  banks  of  rivers,  Mass. !  to  La.  Stems  sev- 
eral inches  long,  creeping  and  rooting  in  the  mud.  Leaves  1 — 2'  by  1 — 2", 
often  linear  and  appearing  like  petioles  without  laminae.  Umbels  4 — ^-flower- 
ed. Peduncles  £  longer  than  the  leaves.  Involucre  4 — 6-leaved.  Fruit  with 
red  vittae.  May— Jl. 

3.  SANICtJLA.    Tourn. 

Lat.  sanare,  to  cure  ;  on  account  of  the  reputed  virtues  as  a  vulnerary. 

Flowers  9  £  ^  ;  calyx  tube  echinate,  segments  acute,  leafy ;  pe- 
tals obovate,  erect,  with  a  long,  inflected  point;  fruit  subglobose, 
armed  with  hooked  prickles  ;  carpels  without  ribs  ;  vittas  nnmerous. — 
^  Umbel  nearly  simple.  Rays  few,  with  many -flowered,  capitate  umbel- 
lets.  Involucre  of  few,  often  cleft  leaflets,  involucel  of  several,  entire. 

5.  MARILANDICA.     Sanicle. 

Lvs.  5-parted,  digitate,  mostly  radical ;  Ifts.  or  segments,  oblong,  incisely 
serrate ;  sterile  fls.  pedicellate,  fertile  sessile ;  calyx  segments  entire. — In  low 
woods,  thickets,  U.  S.,  and  Can.,  common.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  dichotomously 
branched  above,  smooth,  furrowed.  Radical  leaves  on  petioles  6 — 12'  long,  3- 
parted  to  the  base,  with  the  lateral  segments  deeply  2-parted.  Segments  2—4/ 
long,  J  as  wide,  irregularly  and  mucronately  toothed.  Cauline  leaves  few, 
nearly  sessile.  Involucres  6-leaved,  serrate.  Umbels  often  proliferous.  Um- 
bellets  capitate.  Flowers  mostly  barren,  white,  sometimes  yellowish.  Fruit 
densely  clothed  with  hooked  bristles.  Jn. 

4.  ERYNGIUM.    Tourn. 

Gr.  spvyeiv,  to  belch ;  a  supposed  remedy  for  flatulence. 

Flowers  sessile,  collected  in  dense  heads  ;  calyx  lobes  somewhat 
leafy ;  petals  connivent,  oblong,  emarginate  with  a  long  inflexed 
point ;  styles  filiform  ;  fruit  scaly  or  tuberculate,  obovate,  terete,  with- 
out vittae  or  scales. — Herbaceous  or  suffruticose.  Fls.  blue  or  white, 
bracteate  ;  lower  bracts  involucrate,  the  others  smaller  and  paleaceous. 

1.  E.  AQ.UATICUM.     Button  Snake-root. 

Lvs.  broadly  linear,  parallel- veined,  ciliate  with  remote  soft  spines  ;  bracts 
tipped  with  spines,  those  of  the  involucels  entire,  shorter  than  the  ovate-globose 
heads. — Low  grounds  on  prairies,  la. !  111.,  &c.  A  remarkable  plant,  appearing 
like  one  of  the  Endogense.  Very  glaucous.  Stem  simple,  1— 5f  high.  Leaves 
often  1— 2f  long,  J— 1 J'  wide.  Heads  pedunculate,  £—1'  diam.  Flowers  white, 
inconspicuous.  Jl.  Aug. 

2.  E.  VIRGINIANUM.    Lam.  (E.  aquaticum.     MicHx.} 

Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  uncinately  serrate,  tapering  to  both  ends ;  invol.  of 
7—8  linear  leaflets,  longer  than  the  heads,  3-cleft  or  spinose-dentate  ;  scales  tri- 
cuspidate. — 7J.  Marshes,  N.  J.  to  Ohio,  Prof.  Lock !  and  La.  Stem  hollow, 
3 — 4f  high,  branched  above.  Leaves  6 — 10'  by  5 — 10",  upper  ones  much  small- 


286  LXVII.    UMBELLIFER^E.  CICUTA. 

er     Heads  numerous,  less  than  V  diam.    Flowers  pale  blue  or  nearly  white. 
Jl.'  Aug. 

5.  DISCOPLEURA.    DC. 

Gr.  Jtffrfo?,  the  disk  ;  n\evpa,  a  rib ;  i.  e.  the  disk  and  ribs  (of  the  fruit)  united. 

Calyx  teeth  subulate,  persistent ;  petals  ovate,  entire,  with  a  mi- 
nute, inflexed  point ;  fruit  ovate,  often  didymous  ;  carpels  5-ribbed, 
the  3  dorsal  ribs  filiform,  subacute,  prominent,  the  2  lateral  united, 
with  a  thick  accessory  margin  ;  intervals  with  single  vittse,  seeds  sub- 
terete. — CD  Lvs.  much  dissected.  Umbels  compound.  Bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre cleft.  Fls.  white. 

D.  CAPILLACEA.  DC.     (Ammi.  Spreng.)     Bishop-weed. 

Erect  or  procumbent;  umbels  3 — 10-rayed;  Ifts  oftJie  invol.  3 — 5,  mostly  3- 
cleft ;  fr.  ovate.— In  swamps  near  the  coast,  Mass.  !  to  Ga,  Stem  much 
branched,  1 — 2f  high.  Leaves  very  smooth,  ternately  dissected,  with  subulate, 
spreading  segments.  Umbels  axillary,  pedunculate,  spreading.  Involucre  leaf- 
lets about  3,  with  setaceous  segments.  Involucels  filiform,  longer  than  the  um- 
bellets.  Jl.— Nov. 

6.  BUPLEURUM.     Tourn. 

Gr.  POVS,  an  ox,  ir\evpov,  a  rib ;  from  the  ribbed  (veined)  leaves  of  some  of  the  species. 

Calyx  margin  obsolete  ;  petals  somewhat  orbicular,  entire,  with  a 
broad,  closely  inflexed  point ;  fruit  laterally  compressed  ;  carpels  5- 
ribbed,  lateral  ones  marginal ;  seed  teretely  convex;  flattish  on  the 
face.- — Herbaceous  or  shrubby.  Lvs.  mostly  simple.  Invol.  various. 
Fls.  yellow. 

B.  ROTUNDIFOLIUM.     Modesty.     Thorough-wax. 

L/vs.  roundish-ovate,  entire,  perfoliate ;  invol.  0 ;  involucels  of  5,  ovate, 
mucronate  bracts  ;  fr.  with  very  slender  ribs,  intervals  smooth,  mostly  without 
vittse. — In  cultivated  grounds  and  fields,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  and  la. !  rare.  Stem 
If  or  more  high,  branching.  Leaves  1 — 3'  long,  f  as  wide,  rounded  at  base, 
acute  at  apex,  very  smooth.  Umbels  5 — 9-rayed.  Involucels  longer  than  the 
umbellets.  Fruit  crowned  with  the  wax-like  shining  base  of  the  styles  (stylo- 
podium).  Jl.  Aug. 

7.  CICUTA. 

A  Latin  name  used  by  Virgil  (Ec.  2d  and  5th)  but  of  unknown  application. 

Calyx  margin  of  5,  broad  segments ;  petals  obcordate,  the  points 
inflected ;  fruit  subglobose,  didymous ;  carpels  with  5  flattish,  equal 
ribs,  2  of  them  marginal ;  intervals  filled  with  single  vittse,  com- 
missure with  2  vittse  ;  carpophore  2-parted  ;  seeds  terete. — ^  Aquatic 
poisonous  herbs.  Leaves  compound.  Stems  hollow.  Umbels  perfect. 
Invol.  few-leaved  or  0.  Involucels  many-leaved.  Fls.  white. 

1.  C.  MACULATA.     Water  Hemlock.     Spotted  Cowbane. 

St.  streaked  with  purple ;  lower  Ivs.  triternate  and  quinate ;  upper  biter- 
nate  ;  segments  lanceolate,  mucronately  serrate ;  umbels  terminal  and  axillary. 
— Common  in  wet  meadows,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  3 — 6f  high,  smooth,  striate, 
jointed,  hollow,  glaucous,  branched  above.  Petioles  dilated  at  base  into  long, 
abrupt,  clasping  stipules.  Leaflets  or  segments  1 — 3'  long,  f — f '  wide,  finely 
serrate,  the  veins  mostly  running  to  the  notches,  rarely  to  the  points  !  Umbels 
rather  numerous,  naked,  2 — 4'  broad.  Involucels  of  5 — G  short,  narrow,  acute 
bracts.  Fruit  1%"  diam.,  10-ribbed,  crowned  with  the  permanent  calyx  and 
styles.  Jl.  Aug. — The  thick,  fleshy  root  is  a  dangerous  poison,  but  sometimes 
used  in  medicine. 

2.  C.  BULBIFERA.     Bulbiferous  Cicuta.     Narrow-leaved  Hemlock. 

Axils  of  the  branches  bulbiferous ;  Ivs.  biternately  divided ;  Ifts,  linear,  with 
remote,  divergent  teeth ;  umbels  terminal  and  axillary. — In  wet  meadows,  Penn. 


ZIZIA.  LXVII.   UMBELLIFERJE.  287 

to  Can.  Stem  3 — if  high,  round,  striate,  hollow,  green,  branching.  Leaves 
various,  those  of  the  stem  generally  biternate,  of  the  branches  ternate.  Leaf- 
lets or  segments  2 — 4'  long,  1 — 4"  wide,  linear  or  lance-linear,  smooth,  with 
slender  teeth.  Bulblets  often  numerous,  opposite,  and  within  the  axils  of  the 
bracteate  petioles.  Umbels  terminal.  Involucre  0.  Umbellets  of  close,  small, 
white  flowers,  and  slight  involucels.  Aug. 

8.  SIUM. 

Celtic  siio,  water ;  that  is,  a  genus  of  aquatic  plants. 

Calyx  margin  5-toothed  or  obsolete  ;  petals  obcordate,  with  an  in- 
flexed  point ;  fruit  nearly  oval ;  carpels  with  5  obtusish  ribs,  and 
several  vittee  in  each  interval;  carpophore  2-parted. — %  Aquatic. 
Lvs.  pinnately  divided.  Umbels  perfect,  with  partial  and  general  many- 
leaved  involucra.  Fls.  white. 

1.  S.  LATIFOLIUM.     Water  Parsnep. 

St.  angular,  sulcate ;  Ifls.  oblong-lanceolate,  acutely  serrate,  acuminate ; 
col.  teeth  elongated. — A  tall  plant  in  swamps  and  ditches,  N.  J.  to  la. !  and  Can. 
Stem  about  3f  high,  smooth,  hollow,  with  7  deep-furrowed  and  prominent  an- 
gles. Leaflets  or  segments  4 — 6'  long,  1—2'  broad,  equally  serrate,  in  about  4 
pairs,  with  an  odd  one,  those  submerged,  if  any,  pinnatifid.  Petioles  embrac- 
ing the  stem.  Umbels  large,  with  many-flowered  rays.  Flowers  small,  white. 
Jl.  Aug. 

2.  S.  LINEARE.  Michx.    (S.  latifolium,  /?.  lineare.  Bw.) 

St.  angular,  sulcate ;  Ifts.  9 — 11,  linear  and  lance-linear,  finely  serrate, 
acute ;  col  teeth  obsolete. — More  common  than  the  last,  in  swamps,  N.  J.  to 
la. !  and  Can.  Stem  2 — 4f  high,  smooth,  with  7  prominent  angles.  Leaflets 
2—4'  long,  2 — 4"  (rarely  10")  wide,  the  odd  and  lower  ones  petiolulate,  middle 
pairs  sessile.  Umbels  1J — 2£7  broad.  Involucre  of  5  or  6  linear  bracts,  J  as 
long  as  the  15 — 21  rays.  Umbellets  with  numerous,  small,  white  flowers. 
Fruit  roundish,  crowned  with  the  broad,  yellowish  stylopodium.  Jl.  Aug. 

9.  CRYPTOT^ENIA.     DC. 

Gr.  icpviTTto,  to  conceal,  raivta,  a  wreath  or  border;  from  the  obsolete  border  of  calyx. 

Margin  of  the  calyx  obsolete  ;  petals  with  an  inflexed  point ;  fruit 
linear-oblong  or  ovate-oblong ;  ;  carpels  with  5  obtuse  ribs ;  carpo- 
phore free,  2-parted  ;  vittae  very  narrow,  twice  as  many  as  the  ribs. 
— %  Lvs.  3-parted,  lobed  and  toothed.  Umbels  compound,  with  very  un- 
equal rays.  Invol.  0.  Involucels  few-leaved.  Fls.  white. 

C.  CANADBNSIS.  DC.     (Sison  Canadense.    Linn.)    Hone-wort. 

Lvs.  smooth ;  Ifts.  or  segments  rhomboid-ovate,  distinct,  entire  or  2 — 3- 
lobed,  doubly  serrate,  lateral  ones  oblique  at  base ;  umbels  numerous,  irregular, 
axillary  and  terminal.— Common  in  moist  woods.  Stem  erect,  1 — 2f  high.  Lower 
petioles  2 — 6'  long,  clasping.  Leaflets  3,  2 — 3'  long,  1 — 2'  wide,  petiolulate. 
Umbels  paniculate,  of  3 — 5  very  unequal  rays.  Umbellets  of  4 — 6  unequal 
pedicels  and  minute  involucels.  Flowers  small,  white.  Fruit  near  3"  long, 
oblong-elliptic.  Jl. 

10.  ZIZIA.     Koch. 

Calyx  margin  obsolete  or  minutely  toothed  ;  petals  carinate,  apex 
acuminate,  inflexed  ;  fruit  roundish  or  oval,  didymous  ;  carpels  5- 
ribbed,  lateral  ribs  marginal ;  intervals  with  1 — 3  vittse,  commis- 
sure with  2 — 4  ;  carpophore  2-parted  ;  seeds  plano-convex. — %  Lvs. 
divided.  Umbels  perfect.  Invol.  0.  Involucels  few-leaved.  Fls.  yellow. 

1.  Z.  AUREA.  Koch.  (Smyrnium.  Linn.  Thaspium.  Nutt.  ?)  Golden  Alexanders. 

Lvs.  biternate ;  Ifts.  oval-lanceolate,  serrate;  umbelkts  with  short  rays. — 
Hills  and  meadows,  U.  S.  and  Can.     Stems  1 — 2f  high,  branching  above,  rather 
slender,  erect,  hollow,  angular-furrowed,  smooth  as  well  as  every  other  part  of 
25 


288  LXVII.    UMBELLIFER^E.  PETROSELINUM. 

the  plant,  and  furnished  with  few  leaves.  The  lower  leaves  are  on  -long  peti- 
oles, the  leaflets  with  coarse  serratures,  and  sometimes  quinate.  The  umbels 
are  about  2  inches  broad,  of  10 — 15  rays,  the  umbellets  £  inch  broad,  dense. 
Flowers  numerous,  orange-yellow.  Fruit  oval,  brown,  with  prominent  ribs. 
Root  black,  Jufted.  •  June. 

2.  Z.  INTEGERRIMA.  DC.    (Smvrnium.  Linn.)     Golden  Alexanders. 

Lsvs.  biternate ;  Ifts.  oblique,  oval,  entire,  smooth  and  glaucous. — Rocky 
woods,  &c.,  N.  Y.  to  Ohio  and  La.,  rare.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  branching  above. 
Radical  leaves  often  triternate,  cauline  biternate,  all  petiolate.  Segments  1 — 1 J' 
long,  £  as  wide,  mucronate,  lateral  oblique  at  base,  odd  one  often  2 — 3-lobed. 
Umbels  terminal,  loose,  on  a  long  peduncle.  Rays  unequal,  slender,  spread- 
ing, 1 — 3'  long,  with  minute  involucels.  Fruit  roundish,  compressed  laterally. 
May,  Jn. 

11.  CARUM, 

From  Caria,  the  native  country  of  the  plant,  according  to  Pliny. 

Calyx  margin  obsolete  ;  petals  obovate,  emarginate,  trie  point  in- 
flexed  ;  styles  dilated  at  base,  spreading  ;  fruit  oval,  compressed  lat- 
erally ;  carpels  5-ribbed,  lateral  ribs  marginal ;  intervals  with  single 
vittse,  commissure  with  2. — Herbs  with  dissected  leaves.  Umbels  per- 
fect. Involucra  various.  FLs.  white. 

C.  CARVI.  Caraway. — Lvs.  somewhat  bipinnatifid,  with  numerous  linear 
segments ;  invol.  1-leaved  or  0 ;  involucels  0. — Native  of  Europe,  &c.  Stem 
about  2f  high,  branched,  smooth,  striate.  Lower  leaves  large,  on  long  petioles, 
with  tumid,  clasping  sheaths.  Umbels  on  long  peduncles,  involucrate  bract, 
when  present,  linear-lanceolate.  Jn. — Cultivated  for  its  fine  aromatic  fruit,  so 
well  known  in  domestic  economy.  •£ 

12.  PIMPINELLA. 

Calyx  limb  obsolete  ;  petals  obcordate,  a  little  unequal ;  disk  0 ; 
flowers  perfect  or  diclinous  ;  styles  capillary,  as  long  as  fruit ;  fruit 
ovate,  ribbed,  with  convex  intervals. — European  herbs,  mostly  ^,  with 
pinnately,  many-parted  leaves,  and  white  flowers.  Umbels  compound. 
Invol.  0. 

P.  ANISUM.  Anise. — Radical  Ivs.  incisely  trifid ;  cauline  ones  multifid, 
with  narrow-linear  segments,  all  glabrous  and  shining ;  umbels  large,  many- 
rayed. — Native  of  Egypt.  The  aromatic  and  carminative  properties  of  the 
fruit  are  well  known. 

13.  APIUM. 

Celtic  apon,  water ;  the  plants  grow  in  watery  situations. 

Calyx  margin  obsolete ;  petals  roundish,  with  a  small,  inflexed 
point ;  fruit  roundish,  laterally  compressed  ;  carpels  5-ribbed,  the 
lateral  ribs  marginal ;  intervals  with  single  vittse ;  carpophore  undi- 
vided.— European  herbs.  Umbels  perfect,  naked. 

A.  GRAVEOLENS.  Celery. — Lower  Ivs.  pinnately  dissected,  on  very  long  peti- 
oles, segments  broad-cuneate,  incised ;  upper  Ivs.  3-parted,  segments  cuneate, 
lobed  and  incisely  dentate  at  apex.—  (g)  Native  of  Britain.  Stem  2 — 3f  high, 
branching,  furrowed.  Radical  petioles  thick,  juicy,  If  in  length.  Umbels  with 
unequal,  spreading  rays.  Flowers  white. — The  stems  when  blanched  by  being 
buried,  are  sweet,  crisp  and  spicy  in  flavor,  and  used  as  salad.  Jn. — Aug.  £ 

14.  PETROSELINUM.    Hoffm. 

Gr.  Trerpa,  <re\ivov}  stone-parsley;  from  its  native  habitat. 

Calyx  margin  obsolete ;  petals  roundish,  with  a  narrow,  inflexed 
point ;  fruit  ovate,  compressed  laterally ;  carpels  5-ribbed  ;  intervals 


LiGusTicrjM.  LXVII.    UMBELLIFER^E.  289 

with  single  vittae,  commissure  with  2 ;  carpophore  2-parted. — European 
herbs.      Umbels  perfect.     Invol.  few-leaved.     Involucel  many-leaved. 

P.  SATIVUM.  Hoffm.  (Apium  Petroselinum.  Wittd.}  Parsley. — Lvs.  decom- 
pound, segments  of  the  lower  ones  cuneate-ovate,  terminal .  ones  triad,  all  in- 
cised, cauline  segments  lance-linear,  subentire;  invalids  of  3-^-5  subulate 
bracts. — (g)  From  Sardinia  and  Greece.  Stem  2 — 4f  high,  branched.  Leaves 
smooth  and  shining,  with  numerous,  narrow  segments.  Petals  white.  Jn. — 
C  ultivation  has  produced  several  varieties.  Esteemed  as  a  pot-herb,  for  soups,  &c.;{: 

15.   THASPIUM.    Nutt. 
From  the  Isle  of  Thaspia,  which  gave  name  to  the  ancient  allied  genus  Thapsia. 

Calyx  margin  5-toothed;  petals  elliptic,  with  a  long,  inflexed 
point ;  fruit  elliptical,  not  compressed  laterally ;  carpels  convex,  with 
5  winged  ribs ;  intervals  with  single  vittae,  commissure  with  2. — '4- 
Umbels  without  an  involucre.  Involucels  3-leaved,  lateral. 

1.  T.  CORDATUM.  Nutt.  (Smyrnium  cordatum.  MX.  Zizia  cordatum.  DC.) 
Radical  Ivs.  simple,  cordate,  crenate,  cauline  ones  ternate,  stalked ;  segments 
acute,  serrate;  umbels  terminal. — Shady  hills  and  barrens,  U.  S.  and  Can. 
Stem  erect,  slightly  branched,  smooth,  2— 3f  high.  Root  leaves  on  long  stalks, 
roundish-heart-shaped,  the  rest  ternate,  becoming  only  3-parted  above,  all  light 
green.  Umbels  dense  with  yellow  flowers.  Fruit  black,  oval,  with  3  promi- 
nent, paler,  winged  ridges  on  each  side.  May,  Jn. 

(3.  atropurpureum.  (Thapsia  trifoliata.  Linn.)  Fls.  dark  purple. — N.  J.,  Perm. 
3.  T.  BARBINODE.  Nutt.    (Ligusticum  barbinode   Mickx.) 
St.  pubescent  at  the  nodes ;  lower  Ivs.  triternately  divided,  upper  biternately, 
segments  cuneate-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  unequally  and  incisely  serrate, 
entire  towards  the  base ;  umbels  terminal  and  opposite  the  leaves ;  fr.  elliptical, 
the  ribs  alternately  broader. — River  banks,  Can.  and  U.  S.     Stem  2 — 3f  high, 
angular  and  grooved,  branching  above.     Leaves  smooth,  upper  ones  suboppo- 
site;  segments  1 — 2'  by  | — 1?'.    Rays  about  2' long,  each  about  20-flowered. 
Petals  deep  yellow.    Jn. 

16.   ^ETHUSA. 

Gr.  at  00),  to  burn;  on  account  of  its  poisonous  acridity. 

Calyx  margin  obsolete  ;  petals  obcordate,  with  an  inflexed  point ; 
fruit  globose-ovate;  carpels  with  5  acutely  carinated  ribs;  lateral 
ones  marginal,  broader ;  intervals  acutely  angled,  with  single  vittse, 
commissure  with  2. — CD  Poisonous  herbs.  Invol.  0.  Involucels  l-sided. 
Fls.  white. 

jE.  cYNAPirjM.     Fool's  Par  sky. 

Lvs.  bi-  or  tripinnately  divided,  segments  cuneate,  obtuse ;  involucels  3- 
leaved,  pendulous,  longer  than  the  partial  umbels. — In  waste  grounds,  Ms.,  rare. 
Stem  about  2f  high,  green,  striate.  Leaves  with  numerous,  narrow,  wedge- 
shaped  segments,  uniform,  dark  green,  flat.  Leaflets  of  the  involucels  linear, 
long,  deflected,  and  situated  on  the  outside.  Jl.  Aug. — The  plant  somewhat  re- 
sembles parsley,  but  is  distinctly  marked  by  the  involucels,  and  by  its  disagree- 
able odor.  It  is  said  to  be  poisonous. 

17.   LIGUSTICUM. 

One  species  was  said  to  be  native  of  Liguria ;  hence  the  name. 

Calyx  teeth  minute  or  obsolete  ;  petals  obovate,  emarginate,  with 
an  inflexed  point ;  fruit  nearly  terete,  or  slightly  compressed  late- 
rally; carpels  5-ribbed,  with  numerous  vittae. — %  Lvs.  ternately 
divided.  Involucels  many-leaved.  Fls.  white. 

1.  L.  SCOTICUM.     Sea  Lovage. 

Stem  Ivs.  biternate,  the  upper  ones  ternate ;  lateral  Ifts.  oblique,  the  terminal 
one  rhomboid ;  bracts  of  the  involucres  numerous,  linear. — Sea  coast.  Root  thick, 


290  LXVII.   UMBELLIFERJE.  ARCHANGELICA. 

tapering.  Stem  a  foot  high,  nearly  simple,  striate,  smooth.  Leaves  petiolate. 
Leaflets  1 — 2£'  long,  dark  green,  smooth  and  shining,  entire  at  base,  serrate 
above.  Fruit  4 — 5"  long.  Jl. 

2.  L.  ACTJEFOLIUM.  Michx.    (Thaspium.  Nutt.) 

Lvs.  triternate,  with  ovate,  dent-serrate  leaflets  ;  umbels  numerous,  panicu- 
late ;  invol.  and  involucels  of  about  3,  short,  subulate  leaves. — Banks  of  the  St. 
Lawrence.  Michx.  Topsfield  and  Scituate,  Mass.  Oakes.  Russel.  S.  States, 
rare.  Plant  3 — 6f  high.  Leaflets  2 — 3'  long,  lateral  ones  trapeziform.  Umbels 
on  long,  verticillate  peduncles,  terminal  one  abortive. 

18.   CONIOSELINUM.    Fisch. 

Name  compounded  of  Cmiwn  and  Selinum. 

Calyx  teeth  obsolete  ;  petals  obovate,  with  an  inflected  point ;  fruit 
compressed  on  the  back ;  carpels  with  5  winged  ribs,  lateral  ones 
marginal  and  much  the  broadest ;  intervals  with  1 — 3  vittso,  commis- 
sure with  4 — 8. — CD  Smooth.  St.  hollow.  Lvs.  on  very  large,  inflated 
petioles.  Invol.  various.  Involucels  5 — 7 -leaved. 

C.  1  CANADENSE.  Torr.  &  Gray.  (Selinum.  Michx.  Cnidium.  Spr.} 
Lvs.  ternately  divided,  divisions  bipinnate,  with  oblong-linear  lobes ;  invol. 
0,  or  2 — 3-leaved ;  Jr.  oblong-oval ;  vitta  solitary  in  the  dorsal  intervals,  2 — 3  in 
the  lateral. — In  wet  woods,  Maine  to  Wisconsin  !  but  not  common.  Stem  3 — 5f 
high.  Leaves  much  compounded,  the  ultimate  segments  pinnatifid  with  linear- 
oblong  lobes.  Umbels  compound.  Petals  white,  spreading.  Styles  slender, 
diverging.  Fruit  about  2"  long.  Aug.  Sept. 

19.  FCENICULUM.    Adans. 
Lat.  diminutive  offasnum,  hay ;  from  the  resemblance  of  its  odor. 

Calyx  margin  obsolete ;  petals  revolute.  with  a  broad,  retuse  apex ; 
fruit  elliptic-oblong,  laterally  subcompressed  ;  carpels  with  5  obtuse 
ribs,  marginal  ones  a  little  broader  ;  intervals  with  single  vittse,  com- 
missure with  2. —  Umbels  perfect,  with  no  invol.  or  involucels. 

F.  VULGARE.  Gaert.  (Anethum.  Willd.)  Fennel. — Lvs.  biternately  dissect- 
ed, segments  linear-subulate,  elongated ;  rays  of  the  umbel  numerous,  unequal, 
spreading;  carpels  turgid,  ovate-oblong. — Native  of  England,  &c.  Cultivated 
in  gardens.  Stem  3 — 5f  high,  terete,  branched.  Leaves  large  and  smooth, 
finely  cleft  into  numerous,  very  narrow  segments.  Flowers  yellow.  Jl. — The 
seeds  are  warmly  aromatic.  ^ 

20.  ARCHANGELICA.    Hoffm. 

So  named  for  its  preeminence  in  size  and  virtues  among  the  Umbelliferae. 

Calyx  teeth  short ;  petals  equal,  entire,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  with 
the  point  inflexed ;  fruit  dorsally  compressed,  with  3  carinate,  thick 
ribs  upon  each  carpel,  and  2  marginal  ones  dilated  into  membrana- 
ceous  wings ;  vittse  very  numerous.— %  Umbels  perfect.  Involucels 
mani 


1.  A.  ATROPURPUREA.     Hoffm.  (Angelica  triquinata.  MX.}  Angelica. 

St.  dark  purple,  furrowed ;  petioles  3-parted,  the  divisions  quinate  ;  Ifts.  in- 
cisely  toothed,  odd  leaflet  of  the  terminal  divisions  rhomboidal,  sessile,  the 
others  decursive. — Among  the  largest  of  the  umbelliferae,  well  known  for  its  aro- 
matic properties,  common  in  fields  and  meadows,  Northern  and  Western  States. 
Stem  4 — 6f  high,  1 — 2£x  in  thickness,  smooth,  hollow,  glaucous.  Petioles  large, 
inflated,  channeled  on  the  upper  side,  with  inflated  stipules  at  base.  Leaflets 
cut-serrate,  the  terminal  one  sometimes  3-lobed,  the  lateral  ones  of  the  upper  di- 
vision decurrent.  Umbels  3,  terminal,  spherical,  6—8'  diam.  without  the  in- 
volucre ;  umbellets  on  angular  stalks  and  with  involucels  of  subulate  bracts 
longer  than  the  rays.  Flowers  greenish  white. 

2.  A.  HIRSUTA.     Torr.  &Gray.  (Angelica.    MuJd.} 

St.  striate,  the  summit  with  the  umbels  tomentose-hirsute;  Ivs.  bipinnate- 


HERACLEUM.  XLVII.   UMBELLIFER^E.  291 

ly  divided,  the  divisions  quinate,  segments  oblong,  acutish,  the  upper  pair  con- 
nate but  not  decurrent  at  base. — Dry  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Stem  simple,  erect, 
straight,  3— 5f  high.  Leaves  on  petioles  6 — 10'  long.  Leaflets  1 — 2j'  long,  i 
as  wide,  mostly  ovate-oblong,  often  tapering  at  base.  Umbels  3  or  4,  on  long, 
velvety  peduncles,  2 — 4'  broad.  Rays  unequal,  spreading,  densely  tomentose. 
Involucre  0.  Involucels  of  4 — 6  bracts,  about  as  long  as  the  rays.  Jl.  Aug. 

3.  A.    PEREGRlNA.       Nutt. 

St.  striate,  pubescent  at  summit;  Its.  ternately  divided,  the  divisions 
quinate,  segments  incisely  serrate  ;  umbel  with  many  slender  rays ;  invol.  0 ;  in- 
rolucels  of  many  leaflets,  as  long  as  the  umbellets. — Sea  coast,  Me.  and  Mass., 
Pickering.  Marginal  ribs  of  the  fruit  thick  and  obtuse. 

4.  A.  O.FFICINALIS.     Hoffm.  (Angelica,  Linn.}    Garden  Angelica. 

St.  smooth,  round,  striate  ;  Irs.  bipinnately  divided  into  lobate,  subcordate, 
acutely  serrate  segments,  the  terminal  one  3-lobed ;  sheaths  large  and  saccate. 
Said  to  be  native  in  Labrador,  &c.  Cultivated  in  gardens  occasionally  for  the 
sake  of  the  stalks,  which  are  to  be  blanched  and  eaten  as  celery.  £ 

21.  ARCHEMORA.     DC. 

A  fanciful  name  from  Archemorus,  who,  according  to  mythology,  died  by  swallowing  a  bee. 

Calyx  limb  5-toothed ;  petals  obcordate  with  an  inflexed  point ; 
fruit  oval,  lenticular,  compressed  on  the  back  j  carpels  with  5  ribs, 
marginal  ones  broadly  winged ;  intervals  with  single  large  vittse, 
commissure  with  4 — 6  ;  seeds  fiat.— ^  Invol.  0.  or  few-leaved.  Involr 
/-leaved. 


A.  RIGIDA.  DC.  (CEnanthe.  Nutt.}  Water  Dropwort.     Cow-bane. 

St.  rigid,  striate,  smooth;  Ivs.  pinnately  divided,  smooth,  Ifts.  3 — 11,  ob- 
long-lanceolate or  ovate,  entire  or  remotely  toothed,  sessile ;  umbels  spreading, 
smooth. — Swamps,  Mich,  to  Flor.  and  La.  Stem  2 — 4f  high,  slender,  terete. 
Leaflets  2 — 4'  by  3 — 9",  varying  in  outline  in  the  same  plant.  Umbels  2 — 3, 
of  many  slender  rays.  Petals  white.  Fruit  with  subequal  greenish  ribs,  and 
large,  purple  vittae  filling  the  intervals.  Commissure  white.  Sept. — Said  to  be 
poisonous. 
/?.  (CEnanthe  ambigua.  Nutt.}  Lfts.  long^-linear,  mostly  entire. 

22.   PASTINACA.     Tourn. 
Lat.  pastus,  food  or  repast ;  from  the  nutritive  properties  of  the  root. 

Calyx  limb  5-toothed  ;  petals  broad-lanceolate,  with  a  long  inflexed 
point ;  fruit  much  compressed,  oval,  with  a  broad  margin  ;  carpels 
with  5  nearly  obsolete  ribs  ;  intervals  with  single  vittas  ;  carpophore 
2-parted  ;  seeds  flat. — (D  Rt.  fusiform.  Invol.  mostly  0  ;  involucels  0 
or  few-leaved.  Fls.  yellow. 

P.  SATIVA.     Common  Parsnep.     Wild  Parsnep. 

Lvs.  pinnate,  downy  beneath ;  Ifts.  oblong,  incisely  toothed,  the  upper  one 
3-lobed. — @  The  parsnep  is  said  to  have  been  introduced,  but  it  grows  wild  abun- 
dantly in  fields,  by  fences,  &c.  The  root  is  fusiform,  large,  sweet-flavored, 
esculent,  as  every  one  knows,  in  its  cultivated  state,  but  in  its  wild  state  becomes 
hard,  acrid  and  poisonous,  and  much  dwindled  in  size.  Stem  3f  high,  erect,  fur- 
rowed, smooth,  branching.  Umbels  large,  terminal.  Flowers  yellow,  small. 
Fruit  large,  flat.  The  abundance  of  saccharine  matter  in  the  cultivated  root, 
renders  it  wholesome  and  nutritious.  Jl. 

23.  HERACLEUM. 

Named  after  the  hero  Hercules ;  it  being  a  rank,  robust  plant. 

Calyx  limb  of  5  small,  acute  teeth  ;  petals  obcordate,  with  the  point 
inflexed,  often  radiant  in  the  exterior  flowers,  and  apparently  deeply 
2-cleft ;  fruit  compressed,  flat,  with  a  broad,  flat  margin,  and  3  ob- 
tuse, dorsal  ribs  to  each  carpel ;  intervals  with  single  vittse ;  seeds 
25* 


293  LXVII.   UMBELLIFERJE.  CHJEROPHYLLUM. 

flat. — Stout  herbs,  with   large   umbels.     Invol.   dedduous.     Involucels 


H.    LANATUM. 

Lvs.  ternate,  petiolate,  tomentose  beneath;  Ifls.  petioled,  round-cordate, 
lobed ;  fr.  orbicular. — Penn.  to  Lab.  W.  to  Oreg.  A  large,  coarse-looking,  um- 
belliferous plant,  growing  about  moist,  cultivated  grounds.  Stem  about  4f  high, 
thick,  furrowed,  branching,  and  covered  with  spreading  hairs.  Leaves  very 
large,  on  channeled  stalks.  Leaflets  woolly  underneath,  irregularly  cut-lobed 
and  serrated.  At  the  top  of  the  stem  and  branches  are  its  huge  umbels,  often  a 
foot  broad,  with  spreading  rays,  and  long-pointed,  lanceolate  involucels.  In- 
volucre of  lanceolate,  deciduous  leaflets.  Petals  deeply  heart-shaped,  white.  Jn. 

24.  POLYTJENIA.     DC. 

Calyx  limb  5-toothed  ;  petals  with  a  long  inflexed  point ;  fruit  oval, 
glabrous,  lenticularly  compressed  on  the  back,  with  a  thickened, 
corky  margin  ;  ribs  obscure  or  obsolete  ;  commissure  with  4 — 6  vittaB ; 
seeds  plano-convex. — A  smooth  herb,  with  bipinnately  divided  leaves. 
Invol.  0.  Involucel  of  setaceous  bracts. 

P.  NUTTALLII.    DC. 

Prairies  and  barrens,  Western  States !  &c.  Stem  furrowed,  scabrous  or 
nearly  smooth.  Lower  leaves  on  long  petioles,  segments  kicisely  toothed,  upper 
ones  3-cleft,  lobes  entire  or  with  lateral  teeth.  Umbels  terminal  and  opposite 
the  leaves,  about  2'  broad.  Fruit  large,  (3"  long)  tumid  and  smooth,  with  a 
thick,  corky  pericarp,  and  the  flavor  of  turpentine.  May. 

25.  DAUCUS.    Tourn. 
ACIVKOS,  the  ancient  Greek  name  of  the  carrot. 

Calyx  limb  5-toothed,  petals  emarginate  with  an  inflected  point ; 
the  2  outer  often  largest  and  deeply  2-cleft ;  fruit  oblong ;  carpels 
with  5  primary,  bristly  ribs,  and  4  secondary,  the  latter  more  promi- 
nent, winged,  and  divided  each  into  a  single  row  of  prickles,  and  hav- 
ing single  vittse  beneath ;  carpophore  entire,  free. — (D  Invol.  pinnali- 
Jid.  Involucels  of  entire  or  3-cleft  bracts.  Central  jl.  abortive. 

D.  CAROTA.     Carrot. 

St.  hispid ;  petioles  veined  beneath ;  Ivs.  tripinnate  or  pinnatifid,  the  seg- 
ments linear,  acute  ;_umbels  dense,  concave. — The  word  kar  in  Celtic  signifies 
red,  hence  carrot.  IN  aturalized  in  fields  and  by  roadsides,  abundant  in  the  Mid. 
States.  Root  fusiform.  Stem  2— 3f  high,  branching.  Leaves  numerous, 
divided  in  a  thrice  pinnatifid  manner,  pale  green.  Umbels  large  and  very  com- 
pact, with  white  flowers  blooming  all  the  summer.  Cultivation  has  produced 
several  varieties.  Jl. — Sept.  §  $ 

SUBORDER  2.— C  AMPYL.OSPERMJE. 
The  inner  surface  of  the  seed  deeply  furrowed,  or  with  involute  margins. 

26.   CH.EROPHYLLUM. 

Calyx  limb  obsolete ;  petals  obovate,  emarginate,  point  inflexed ; 
fruit  laterally  compressed  ;  carpels  with  5  obtuse,  equal  ribs  ;  inter- 
vals with  2  vittce,  commissure  deeply  sulcate. — Lvs.  bi-  or  triternate, 
segments  incisely  cleft  or  toothed.  Invol.  0,  or  few-leaved.  Involucel 
many-leaved. 

C.  PROCUMBENS.  Lam.     (Scandix  procumbens.  Linn.} 

Decumbent  or  assurgent,  nearly  glabrous ;  segments  of  the  Ivs.  pinnatifid, 

with  oblong,  obtuse  lobes ;  umbels  diffuse,  few-flowered,  often  simple ;  invol.  0 ; 

fr.  linear-oblong. — ®  or  (g)  Moist  woods,  Ohio,   Clark !  Ky.  Short,  to  N.  J. 

Stems  1 — 2f  long,  pubescent  when  young,  diffuse,  slender.     Segments  of  the 


ERIGENIA.  LXVII.   UMBELLIFEROUS.  293 

leaves  about  4"  by  1".  Umbels  quite  irregular,  often  with  leaves  in  the  place 
of  the  involucre.  Rays  1 — 4, 1 — 4-flowered,  about  2'  long.  Petals  white.  Apr.  May. 

27.  OSMORHlZA.    Raf. 

Gr.  ooy/77,  perfume,  pi£a,  root;  from  the  anisate,  aromatic  root. 

Calyx  margin  obsolete ;  petals  oblong,  nearly  entire,  the  cuspidate 
point  inflexed  ;  styles  conical  at  base  ;  fruit  linear,  very  long,  clavate, 
attenuate  at  base  ;  carpels  with  5  equal,  acute,  bristly  ribs  ;  intervals 
without  vittae ;  commissure  with  a  deep,  bristly  channel. — %•  Lvs. 
biternately  divided^  with  the  umbels  opposite.  Invol.  few-leaved  ;  involu- 
cels  4 — 7 '-leaved.  Fls.  white. 

1.  O.  LONGISTYLIS.  DC.    (Uraspermum.  Claytoni.   Nutt.}    Sweet  Cicely. 
Sty.  filiform,  nearly  as  long  as  the  ovary ;  fr.  clavate. — A  leafy  plant, 

very  common  in  woods,  Can.  to  Va.,  1 — 3f  high,  with  inconspicuous  umbels 
of  white  flowers.  Root  branching,  fleshy,  of  an  agreeable,  spicy  flavor.  Stem 
erect,  branching  above,  nearly  smooth.  Root  leaves  on  long,  slender  stalks,  the 
upper  stem  leaves  sessile,  both  decompound,  the  ultimate  "divisions  often  pin- 
nate ;  leaflets  irregularly  divided  by  clefts  and  sinuses  into  lobes  and  teeth,  the 
lobes  broadly  ovate,  slightly  pubescent.  Involucres  of  linear  bracts  longer  than 
the  rays.  Fruit  blackish,  an  inch  in  length,  much  more  acute  at  the  base  than 
at  the  summit,  crowned  with  the  persistent  styles.  May,  Jn. 

2.  O.  BREVISTYLIS.  DC.    ( U .  hirsutum.  Bw.}     SJwrt-stykd  Cicely. 

Sty.  conical,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  breadth  of  the  ovary ;  fr.  somewhat 
tapering  at  the  summit. — Common  in  woods,  Can.  to  Penn.  W.  to  Oreg.  The 
general  aspect  of  this  species  is  very  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding,  but  the  root 
is  destitute  of  the  anise-like  flavor  of  that  species,  being  disagreeable  to  the  taste. 
The  plant  is  more  hairy,  and  with  more  deeply  cleft  divisions  in  the  leaves. 
Involucre  deciduous.  Umbels  with  long,  diverging  rays,  of  which  but  few 
prove  fertile.  The  fruit  is  similar  to  the  last,  but  crowned  with  convergent,  not 
with  spreading  styles.  May,  Jn. 

28.   CONIUM. 
Gr.  Kuveiov,  hemlock,  from  KWI/OJ,  a  top ;  because  it  causes  dizziness. 

Calyx  margin  obsolete  ;  petals  obcordate,  with  an  acute,  inflected 
point ;  fruit  ovate,  laterally  compressed  ;  carpels  with  5,  acute,  equal, 
undulate-crenulate  ribs,  lateral  ones  marginal ;  intervals  without  vit- 
tse  ;  seeds  with  a  deep,  narrow  groove  on  the  face. — (D  Poisonous  kerbs. 
Lvs.  decompound.  Invol.  and  involucels  3 — 5-leaved,  the  latter  unilate- 
ral. Fls.  white. 

C.  MACULATUM.     Poison  Hemlock. 

St.  spotted  ;  Ivs.  tripinnate ;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  pinnatifid ;  fr.  smooth. — Grows 
in  waste  grounds,  way-sides.  A  well  known  poisonous  plant.  Stem  much 
branched,  about  4f  high,  very  smooth,  round,  hollow,  with  purplish  spots.  The 
lower  leaves  are  very  large,  several  times  pinnate,  bright  green,  on  long,  sheath- 
ing foot-stalks.  Umbels  terminal,  the  involucre  of  6 — 8  lanceolate  bracts,  the 
involucels  with  the  inner  half  wanting.  Flowers  small,  white.  Fruit  with  un- 
dulate or  wrinkled  ribs.  The  plant  is  a  powerful  narcotic,  exhaling  a  disa- 
greeable odor  when  bruised.  Used  in  medicine.  Jl.  Aug.  § 

SUBORDER  3.— C  CELOSPERMJB. 

Seeds  incurved  at  base  and  apex. 

29.ERIGENIA.    Nutt. 
Gr.  rjpiysvsia,  daughter  of  the  early  spring ;  for  its  early  flowering. 

Calyx  limb  obsolete  ;  petals  flat,  entire ;  fruit  contracted  at  the 
commissure ;  carpels  3-ribbed,  ovate-reniform. — %  Rt.  tuberous.  Radi- 


294  LXVIII.    ARALIACE^E.  ARALIA 

ceil  leaf  triternately  decompound.     Involucrate  Ivs.   solitary ,  biternately 
compound.     Involucels  of  3 — 6  entire,  linear-spatulate  bracts. 

E.  BULBOSA.  Nutt.  (Sison.  MicJix.  Hydrocotyle  composita.  PA.) 
A  small,  early-flowering  herb,  along  the  shady  banks  of  streams,  Western 
N.  Y.  (Tarr.  fy  Gray.}  W.  to  Ohio !  and  Mo.  Plant  4—6'  high,  with  2—4 
leaves,  the  lower  one  radical,  numerously  divided,  the  divisions  incisely  cleft 
into  narrow  segments ;  the  upper  ones  bract-like,  similarly  divided,  each  sub- 
tending a  3-rayed  umbel  of  white  flowers.  March,  Apr. 

30.  CORIANDRUM. 

Gr.  KopiS,  a  bug ;  on  account  of  the  smell  of  the  leaves. 

Calyx  with  5  conspicuous  teeth  ;  petals  obcordate,  inflexed  at  the 
point,  outer  ones  radiate,  bifid  ;  fruit  globose  ;  carpels  cohering,  with 
5  depressed,  primary  ribs,  and  4  secondary,  more  prominent  ones  ; 
seeds  concave  on  the  face. — (D  Smooth.  Invol.  0  or  \-leaved.  Invo- 
lucels 3-leaved,  unilateral. 

C.  SATIVUM.  Coriander. — Lvs.  bipinnate,  lower  ones  with  broad-cuneate 
leaflets,  upper  with  linear  ones ;  carpels  hemispherical. — Native  of  Europe,  &c. 
This  well  known  plant  is  cultivated  chiefly  for  the  seeds,  which  are  used  as  a 
spice,  as  a  nucleus  for  sugar-plums,  &c.  Stem  2f  high.  Leaves  numerously 
divided,  strong-scented.  Umbels  with  only  the  partial  involucra.  Flowers 
white.  Jl.  $ 

ORDER  LXVIII.     ARALIACE^E. — ARALIADS. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs,  with  the  habit  of  umbellifers. 

Cal.  superior,  entire  or  toothed. 

Cor.— Petals  5— 10,  deciduous,  rarely  0,  valvate  in  aestivation. 

Sta.  equal  in  number  to  the  petals,  and  alternate  with  them.    Anth.  introrse. 

Ova.  crowned  with  a  disk,  2  or  many-celled.    Ovules  solitary.    Styles  as  many  as  cells. 

Fr.  baccate  or  drupaceous,  of  several  one-seeded  cells. 

Genera  21,  species  160,  nearly  allied  to  Umbelliferae,  from  which  they  are  distinguished  chiefly  by  the 
several-celled  ovary  and  fleshy  fruit.    They  are  natives  of  northern  temperate  climes  of  both  hemis- 

£ie  res.— Several  species  are  well  known  in  medicine,  &c.,  as  ginseng,  spikenard,  sarsaparilla,  &c.    The 
tter  is  sometimes  substituted  for  the  sarsaparilla  of  the  shops. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

( Flowers  perfect Aralia.    1 

t  compound.  ?  Flowers  polygamous Panax.    2 

Leaves  <  simple,  angular  and  lobed Hedera.  3 

1.  ARALIA. 

Calyx  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  limb  short,  5-toothed  or  entire  ; 
petals  5,  spreading,  apex  not  inflexed;  stamens  5 — 10;  styles  5, 
spreading  ;  berry  crowned  with  the  remains  of  the  calyx  and  styles, 
mostly  5-celled  and  5-seeded. — Lvs.  compound.  Fls.  in  simple,  solitary 
or  racemose  panicles. 

1.  A.  NUDICAULIS.     Wild  Sarsaparilla. 

Nearly  stemless ;  If.  solitary,  decompound ;  scape  naked,  shorter  than  the 
leaf;  umbels  few. — 1\.  A  well  known  plant,  found  in  woods,  most  abundant  in  rich 
and  rocky  .soils,  Can.  to  Car.  and  Tenn.  It  has  a  large,  fleshy  root,  from  which 
arise  a  leaf-stalk  and  a  scape,  but  no  proper  stem.  The  former  is  long,  sup- 
porting a  single,  large,  compound  leaf,  which  is  either  3-ternate  or  3-quinate. 
Leaflets  oval  and  obovate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate.  The  scape  is  about  a  foot 
high,  bearing  3  simple  umbels  of  greenish  flowers.  Jn.  Jl. 

2.  A.  RACEMOSA.     Petlymorrel.     Spikenard. 

St.  herbaceous,  smooth;  Ivs.  decompound;  pcd.  axillary,  branching,  um- 
belled.— TJ.  In  rocky  woods,  Can.  to  the  S.  States.  Stem  3— 4f  high,  dark  green 
or  reddish,  arising  from  a  thick,  aromatic  root.  The  leaf-stalks  divide  into  3 
partitions,  each  of  which  bears  3  or  5  large,  ovate,  serrate  leaflets.  Umbels 
numerous,  arranged  in  branching  racemes  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves  or 


HEDERA.  LXVIII.    ARALIACE.E.  295 

branches.  The  root  is  pleasant  to  the  taste,  and  highly  esteemed  as  an  ingre- 
dient in  small  beer,  &c.  July. 

3.  A.  HISPIDA.     Wild  Elder.     Bristly  Aralia. 

St.  shrubby  at  base,  hispid ;  Ivs.  bipinnate ;  Ifts.  ovate,  cut-serrate ;  umbels 
on  long  peduncles. — 9|  Common  in  fields,  about  stumps  and  stone-heaps,  N.  Eng. 
to  Va.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  the  lower  part  woody  and  thickly  beset  with  sharp, 
stiff  bristles,  the  upper  part  branching,  herbaceous.  Leaflets  many,  ending  in 
a  long  point,  ovate,  smooth.  Umbels  many,  simple,  globose,  axillary  and  ter- 
minal, followed  by  bunches  of  dark-colored,  nauseous  berries.  The  plant  ex- 
hales an  unpleasant  odor.  Jl.  Aug. 

A.  SPINOSA.     Angelica  Tree. 

Arborescent ;  st.  and  petioles  prickly ;  Ivs.  bipinnate  ;  Ifts.  ovate,  acuminate, 
sessile,  glaucous  beneath ;  umbels  numerous,  forming  a  very  large  panicle ; 
invol.  small,  few-leaved. — Damp  woods,  Penn.  to  Flor.  and  La.  Shrub  8 — 12f 
high,  with  the  leaves  all  crowded  near  the  summit.  Flowers  white.  Aug. — 
Emetic  and  cathartic.  ^ 

2.  PAN  AX. 

Gr.  irav,  all,  CLKOS ,  a  remedy  ;  i.  e.  a  panacea,  or  universal  remedy. 

Dioeciously  polygamous.  £  Calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary,  limb  short, 
obsoletely  5-toothed  ;  petals  5  ;  stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals  ; 
styles  2 — 3  ;  fruit  baccate,  2 — 3-celled  ;  cells  1 -seeded.  &  Calyx 
limb  nearly  entire  ;  petals  and  stamens  5. — Herbs  or  shrubs.  Lvs. 
3  (in  the  herbaceous  species),  palmately  compound.  Fls.  in  a  solitary, 
simple  umbel. 

1.  P.  TRIFOLIUM.     Ground  Nut.     Dwarf  Ginseng. 

Rt.  globose,  tuberous ;  Ivs.  3,  verticillate,  3 — 5-foliate ;  Ifts.  wedge-lanceo- 
late, serrate,  subsessile ;  sty.  3  ;  berries  3-seeded. — Common  in  low  woods,  Can. 
to  S.  States.  The  globular  root  is  deep  in  the  ground,  and  nearly  £'  diam., 
connected  with  the  stem  by  a  short,  screw-like  ligament.  The  stem  arises  3 — • 
6'  above  the  surface,  smooth,  slender,  simple.  At  the  summit  is  a  whorl  of  3 
compound  leaves,  with  a  central  pednncle  terminating  in  a  little  umbel  of  pure 
white  flowers.  Leaflets  generally  3,  nearly  or  quite  smooth.  Barren  and  fer- 
tile flowers  on  different  plants,  the  latter  without  stamens,  succeeded  by  green 
berries,  the  former  with  a  single,  abortive  style.  May. 

2.  P.  Q.UINQ.UEFOLIUM.     Ginseng. 

Rt.  fusiform  ;  Ivs.  3,  verticillate,  5-foliate  ;  Ifts.  oval,  acuminate,  serrate, 
petiolate ;  ped.  of  the  umbel  rather  shorter  than  the  common  petioles. — Not  un- 
common in  rocky  or  mountainous  woods,  Can.  to  the  mountains  of  the  South- 
ern States.  Root  whitish,  thick  and  fleshy.  Stem  round,  smooth,  If  high, 
with  a  terminal  whorl  of  3  compound  leaves,  and  a  central  peduncle  bearing 
a  simple  umbel.  Leaves  on  round  and  smooth  foot-stalks,  consisting  of  5, 
rarely  3  or  7  obovate  leaflets.  The  flowers  are  small,  yellowish,  on  short  pedi- 
cels. The  barren  ones  borne  on  separate  plants  have  larger  petals  and  an  en- 
tire calyx.  The  fertile  ones  are  succeeded  by  berries  of  a  bright  scarlet  color. 
The  root  is  in  little  estimation  as  a  drug  with  us,  but  it  enters  into  the  compo- 
sition of  almost  every  medicine  used  by  the  Chinese  and  Tartars.  Jn.  Jl. 

3.  HEDfiRA. 

Celtic  hedra,  a  cord ;  from  the  vine-like  habit. 

Calyx  5-toothed ;  petals  5,  dilated  at  the  base ;  berry  5-seeded, 
surrounded  by  the  permanent  calyx. — European  shrubby  plants,  climb- 
ing or  erect,  with  simple,  evergreen  leaves  and  green  flowers. 

H.  HELIX.  English  Ivy. — St  and  Ranches  long  and  flexible,  attached  to  the 
earth  or  trees  or  walls  by  numerous  radicating  fibres  ;  Ivs.  dark  green,  smooth, 
with  white  veins,  petiolate,  lower  ones  5-lobed,  upper  ovate ;  fls.  in  numerous 
umbels,  forming  a  corymb ;  ferry  black,  with  a  mealy  pulp. — Native  of  Britain. 
There  are  several  varieties  in  gardens,  f 


296  LXIX.    CORNACE^E.  CORNUS. 


ORDER  LXIX.     CORNACE^.— CORNELS. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  seldom  herbs,  without  stipules. 

Lvs.  opposite  (alternate  in  one  species),  with  pinnate  veinlets.    Hairs  fixed  by  the  centre. 

Cal.— Sepals  adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  minute,  4  or  5-toothed  or  lobed. 

Car.— Petals  4  or  5,  distinct,  alternate  with  the  teeth  of  the  calyx. 

Sta.  of  the  same  number  as  petals  and  alternate  with  them. 

Ova.  1  or  2-celled.    Fruit  a  baccate  drupe,  crowned  with  the  calyx. 

Genera  9,  species  40.  They  are  natives  throughout  the  temperate  zone  of  both  continents.  The  order 
is  distinguished  for  its  bitter  and  astringent  bark.  That  of  Cornus  florida  is  an  excellent  tonic,  similar  in 
its  action  to  the  Peruvian  bark.  Cornus  is  the  only  N.  American  genus. 

CORNUS. 
Lat.  cornu,  a  horn ;  from  the  hardness  of  the  wood  of  some  species. 

Galyx  4-toothed,  segments  small ;  petals  4,  oblong,  sessile ;  sta- 
mens 4;  style  1  ;  drupe  baccate,  with  a  2  or  3-celled  nut. — Trees, 
shrubs  or  perennial  herbs.    Lvs.  (mostly  opposite),  entire.    Fls.  in  cymes, 
often  involucrate.     Floral  envelops  valvate  in  aestivation. 
*  Flowers  cymose.     Involucre  0.     Shrubs. 

1.  C.  STOLONIFERA.  Michx.     (C.  alba.     Wang.}     White-berried  Cornel  or 
Dog-wood. — St.  often  stoloniferous ;  branches  spreading,  smooth;  shoots  vir- 

gate  ;  Ivs.  broad-ovate,  acute,  pubescent,  hoary  beneath;  cymes  naked,  flat;  ber- 
ries white. — A  small  tree,  N.  and  W.  States,  and  Can.,  8— lOf  in  height,  with 
smooth,  slender,  spreading  branches,  which  are  commonly  red,  especially 
in  winter.  It  often  sends  out  from  its  base  prostrate  and  rooting  stems, 
with  erect  shoots.  Leaves  distinctly  veined,  minutely  pubescent,  and  whitish 
tomentose  beneath,  petiolate  and  pointed.  Flowers  in  terminal  cymes,  white, 
followed  by  bluish-white  drupes.  According  to  Dr.  Bigelow,  it  sometimes  blos- 
soms twice  a  year.  May,  Jn. 

2.  C.  SERICEA.     Red  Osier. 

Branches  spreading  ;  branchlets  woolly ;  Ivs.  ovate,  rounded  at  base,  acu- 
minate, ferruginous,  pubescent  beneath ;  cymes  depressed,  woolly ;  drupes  bright 
blue. — U.  S.  and  Can.  A  variety  has  leaves  tapering  at  base.  A  shrub  about 
8f  high,  with  opposite,  dusky,  purple  branches,  and  dark-red  shoots.  Leaves  2 
— 4'  long,  \  as  wide,  varying  from  ovate  and  oval  to  lanceolate,  nearly  smooth 
above,  with  rather  prominent  veins;  petioles  \ — 1' long.  Flowers  yellowish- 
white  appearing  in  June. 

3.  C.  CIRCINATA.     Round-leaved  Cornel  or  Dog-wood. 

Branches  verrucose ;  Ivs.  orbicular  or  very  broadly  oval,  white  tomentose 
beneath ;  cymes  spreading,  depressed ;  drupes  light-blue. — A  shrub  some  6f  high, 
Can.  to  Md.,  W.  to  la.  Stem  greyish,  upright,  with  opposite,  cylindrical, 
green,  spotted  or  warty  branches.  Leaves  large,  about  as  broad  as  long,  oppo- 
site, acuminate,  covered  with  a  white,  thick  down  on  the  under  side.  Flowers 
white.  Berries  hollowed  at  base,  soft,  crowned  with  the  remains  of  the  style.  Jn. 

4.  C.  PANICULATA.     White  or  Panicled  Cornel. 

Branches  erect,  smooth ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  acute  at  base, 
scabrous  above,  hoary  beneath ;  cymes  paniculate ;  drupes  white. — A  handsome 
shrub,  lOf  high,  common  in  low  woodlands  and  thickets,  N.  and  W.  States  and 
Can.  It  has  numerous  and  very  branching  stems,  covered  with  a  greyish  bark, 
the  shoots  chestnut^colored.  Leaves  small,  (1 — 2'  long,  £ — f '  wide).  Petioles 
1 — 4"  long.  Flowers  small,  white  in  all  their  parts,  in  many  small,  conical 
cymes,  succeeded  by  small  drupes. 

5.  C.    ALTERNIFOLIA. 

Lvs.  alternate,  oval,  acute,  hoary  beneath ;  branches  alternate,  verrucose ; 
drupes  purple,  globose. — A  small  tree,  N.  and  W.  States  and  Can.,  about  twice 
the  height  of  the  last,  in  moist  woods.  The  branches  are  smooth,  even,  spread- 
ing from  the  upper  part  of  the  stem,  and  forming  a  depressed  summit.  Bark 
greenish,  marked  with  warty  streaks.  Leaves  irregularly  scattered  along  the 
branches,  oval-lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  veined,  whitish  underneath,  on  rather 
long  stalks.  Flowers  pale  buff-color,  in  a  loose  cyme.  Jn. 


VISCUM.  LXX.  LORANTHACEjE.  297 

*  *  Flowers  umbellate.    Involucre  4-kaved,  petaloid. 

6.  C.  FLORIDA.     Flowering  Dog-wood. 

Arboreus ;  Ivs.  opposite,  ovate,  acuminate,  entire ;  fls.  small,  in  a  close, 
cymose  umbel  or  head,  surrounded  by  a  very  large,  4-leaved,  obcordate  involu- 
cre.— A  tree  from  20 — 30f  in  height,  very  ornamental  when  in  flower.  Woods, 
U.  S.  and  Can.  The  wood  is  very  hard  and  compact,  covered  with  a  rough 
bark,  which  is  extremely  bitter,  and  used  in  medicine  as  a  tonic.  The  leaves, 
which  at  flowering-time  are  but  partially  expanded,  are  acutely  ovate,  nearly 
smooth,  veiny,  pale  underneath.  The  true  flowers  are  inconspicuous,  greenish- 
yellow,  but  the  involucre  is  very  large  and  showy,  of  veiny,  white,  obovate 
leaves,  ending  in  a  callous  point,  which  is  turned  up  or  .down  so  abruptly  as  to 
give  an  emarginate  appearance  to  the  leaf.  Drupe  red.  May. 
7.  C.  CANADENSIS.  Low  Cornel  or  Dog-wood. 

Herbaceous,  low ;  upper  Ivs.  whorled,  veiny,  on  short  petioles ;  st.  simple. 
— A  small,  handsome  plant,  common  in  woods,  nearly  throughout  N.  Am.  N. 
of  lat.  39°,  remarkable  for  its  large,  white  involucre.  Rhizoma  creeping,  woody. 
The  flowering  stems  erect,  4 — 8'  high,  bearing  2  small  stipules  in  the  middle, 
and  a  whorl  of  6  leaves  at  the  top,  two  of  which  are  larger,  placed  a  little  lower 
and  opposite.  An  umbellate  cyme  of  flowers  arises  from  the  centre  of  the  whorl, 
and  with  its  large,  showy  involucre  of  4  white  leaves,  might  easily  be  taken  for 
a  single  flower.  They,  are  succeeded  by  a  bunch  of  red  berries.  The  barren 
stems  support  a  whorl  of  4  equal  leaves.  May,  Jn. 

ORDER  LXX.     LORANTHACEJE.— LORANTHS. 

St.  parasitical,  half-shrubby,  dichotpmous. 

Lvs.  evergreen,  opposite,  fleshy,  without  stipules. 

Fls.  dioecious  and  small,  whitish  or  greenish-yellow,  sometimes  perfect  and  brilliant. 

Col.  adnate  to  the  ovary  in  perfect  flower,  limb  3— 5-cleft  or  obsolete. 

Cor.  of  3— 4  or  8  petals,  cohering  in  a  tube,  sometimes  distinct,  inserted  into  the  epigynous  disk. 

Sta.  as  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite  to  them,  or  to  the  sepals  when  the  pet.  are  0. 

Ova.  l-cel!ed,  ^yith  a  single  suspended  ovule.    Sty.  simple  or  0. 

Fr.  baccate,  with  one  anatropous  seed. 

Genera  23,  species  412,  about  equally  distributed  throughout  the  tropical  regions  of  Asia  and  America. 
They  possess  the  remarkable  property  of  rooting  firmly  on  other  plants  and  living  upon  their  juices. 
They  are  slightly  astringent. 

VISCUM.    Tourn. 

c?  or  9  cT. — c?  Calyx  with  4  (3 — 5)  triangular,  erect  segments,  val- 
vate  in  aestivation ;  anthers  as  many  as  the  sepals,  and  inserted  on 
them  ;  corolla  0.  9  Limb  of  the  calyx  obsolete  ;  petals  4,  fleshy,  epi- 
gynous ;  stamens  0 ;  stigma  sessile ;  berry  fleshy,  1 -seeded. — Lvs.  very 
rarely  alternate  or  scale-like. 

V.  FLAVESCENS.  Ph.  (V.  album.  Walt.  V.  verticillatum.  Nutt.*)  Misseltoe. 

Branches  opposite,  sometimes  verticillate,  terete ;  Ivs:  cuneate-obovate,  3- 
veined,  obtuse;  spikes  axillary,  solitary,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves;  berries 
white,  semi-transparent.— A  yellowish  green,  succulent  parasite  inserted  on  the 
branches  of  aged  trees,  N.  J.  W.  to  la.  and  the  Southern  States  !  Stems  1— IK 
high,  rather  thick,  much  branched.  Leaves  9— 16"  by  4—9",  smooth  and  entire, 
on  short  petioles.  Flowers  small,  sterile  ones  mostly  3-parted.  Berry  with  a 
viscous  pulp.  Apr.  May. 


298  LXXI.   CAPRIFOLIACE./E.  LONICERA. 

",*Mft*S«^  -'-.  \ 

SUBCLASS  II.     MONOPETAL  M. 
Floral  envelops  consisting  of  both,  calyx  and  corolla,  the  latter  com- 
posed of  petals  more  or  less  united  (monopetalous). 

i 

ORDER  LXXI.     CAPRIFOLIACE.M—  HONEYSUCKLES. 

Shrubs  rarely  herbs,  often  twining,  with  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

Fls.  cymose  and  often  fragrant. 

Cal.  adherent  to  the  ovary  (superior),  the  limb  5-  (rarely  4-)  cleft  or  toothed. 

Cor.  tubular  or  rotate,  regular  or  irregular.  [the  tube. 

Sta.  as  many,  or  one  less  than  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  alternate  with  them  and  inserted  on 

Ova.  3-  (rarely  4  or  5-)  celled.    Style  1.    Stig.  1—4. 

Fr.  baccate,  fleshy  or  dry,  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx  lobes.    Seeds  pendulous. 

Genera  14,  species  220,  chiefly  natives  of  the  northern  temperate  regions,  and  occasionally  found  in  the 
alpine  parts  of  the  tropical  zone. 

Properties.—  The  fever-root  (Triosteum  perfbliatum)  is  a  mild  cathartic,  and  in  large  doses  emetic  :  the 
dried  and  roasted  berries  are  sometimes  substituted  for  coffee.  The  leaves  and  bark  of  the  elder  are  both 
emetic  and  cathartic;  the  ftowers  are  sudorific,  and  the  berries  laxative.  The  beauty  and  fragrance  of 
the  honeysuckles  in  cultivation  are  well  known  to  every  one. 

The  order  consists  of  two  distinct  tribes  ;  Lonicerese  and  Sambuceae.     . 
Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

J  few-seeded  ......  Lonicera.  l 

{  Berry  1—  3-celled,  (  many-seeded  ......  Diervilla.  2 

(  Shrubs.  £  Berry  4-celled,  2-seeded  ........  Symphoricarpus.  4 

<  J  Stamens  4.    Trailing,  evergreen  ......  Linntea.  5 

(tubular.  (Herbs.   £  Stamens  5.    Stem  erect,  simple  ......  Triosteum.  3 

>  simple  leaves,        ......  Viburnum.  7 

Corolla  (  rotate,  regular.    Shrubs  with  5  pinnate  leaves  .......  Sambucus.  6 


TRIBE  1. 

Corolla  tubular,  the  limb  often  irregular.     Style  filiform. 
1.  LONICERA. 

In  honor  of  Adam  Lonicer,  a  physician  of  Frankfort,  in  the  16th  century. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  tube  subglobose  ;  corolla  infundibuliform  or  cam- 
panulate,  limb  5-cleft,  often  labiate  ;  stamens  5,  exserted  ;  ovary  2  —  3- 
celled  ;  berry  few-seeded  ;  stigma  capitate.  —  A  genus  of  climbing  or 
erect  shrubs,  with  opposite  and  often  connate  leaves. 

§  Stems  climbing.     Flowers  sessile,  verticillate.    CAPRIFOLIUM. 

1.  L.  HIRSUTA.  Eaton.     (C.  pubescens.   Goldie.')     Hairy  Honeysuckle. 
L/vs.  hairy  above,  soft-villose  beneath,  veiny,  broad-oval,  abruptly  acumi- 

nate, the  upper  pair  connate-perfoliate  ;  fls.  in  verticillate  spikes  ;  cor.  ringent  ; 
fil.  bearded.  —  A  shrubby  climber,  rather  rare,  in  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Mich,  and 
Can.,  twining  about  trees  to  the  height  of  15—  20f.  The  whole  plant  is  more 
or  less  hairy.  Leaves  pale  green,  not  shining,  the  edges  and  the  upper  side 
ciliate  with  scattered  hairs.  The  flowers  are  large,  numerous,  greenish-yellow, 
in  whorled,  axillary  and  terminal  clusters.  Limb  of  corolla  spreading.  Style 
and  stamens  exsert.  Jn. 

2.  L.  PARVIFLORA.  Lam.  (C.  parviflorum.  PA.)  Small-flowered  Honeysuckle. 
I/vs.  smooth,  shining  above,  glaucous  beneath,  oblong,  all  sessile  or  con- 

nate, the  upper  pair  perfoliate  ;  fls.  in  heads  of  several  approximate  whorls  ; 
cor.  ringent;  tube  short,  gibbous  at  base  ;  fil.  bearded.  —  A  small,  smooth,  shrubby 
climber,  in  rocky  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  8  —  1  Of  long.  Leaves  wavy  and 
revolute  on  the  margin,  very  glaucous  on  the  under  side.  Flowers  rather  small. 
Corolla  1'  in  length,  yellow,  tinged  with  dull  red,  gibbous  at  the  base,  the  short 
limb  in  curled  segments.  Stamens  and  style  exserted.  Berries  orange-colored. 
May,  Jn. 

/?.  ?  Sullivantii.  L-vs.  pubescent  beneath,  all  except  the  upper  pair  distinct. 
the  lower  ones  petiolate.  —  Ohio,  W.  S.  Sullivant!  S.  Car.  Miss  Carpenter!  Per- 
haps distinct. 


LONICERA.  LXX1.   CAPRIFOLlACEjE.  299 

3.  L.  PLAVA.  Sims.    (C.  Fraseri.  Ph.}    Yellow  Honeysuckle^ 

Lvs.  ovate,  glaucous  beneath,  with  a  cartilaginous  margin,  upper  pair 
connate-perfoliate  ;  spikes  terminal,  of  close  whorls  ;  cor.  smooth,  tube  slender, 
gibbous  at  base,  limb  somewhat  ringent;  fll.  smooth. — A  beautiful  shrub, 
scarcely  twining,  mountains,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  W.  to  Wisconsin.  Often  cultivated. 
Leaves  deciduous,  obtuse,  abruptly  contracted  at  base,  except  the  upper  perfo- 
liate  pair.  Flowers  in  heads  of  about  10,  fragrant.  Corolla  an  inch  or  more 
in  length,  the  tube  much  longer  than  the  limb,  bright  yellow.  Upper  lip  much 
broader  than  the  lower,  in  4  segments.  Jn.  Jl.  f 

4.  L.  GRATA.  Ait.    (C.  gratum.  Ph.}    Evergreen  Honeysuckle. 

Lvs.  evergreen,  obovate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  the  upper  pair  con- 
nate-perfoliate ;  flu.  in  sessile,  terminal  and  axillary  whorls  ;  cor.  ringent,  tube 
long,  slender,  not  gibbous  at  base. — A  beautiful  climbing  species,  damp  wood- 
lands. N.  Y.,  Penn.  and  Western  States.  Leaves  opposite  or  in  3s,  margin 
revolute.  Flowers  large  and  very  fragrant,  5  or  6  in  each  whorl;  Corolla  pale 
yellow  within,  becoming  reddish  without.  Stamens  exserted.  Berries  red. 
The  leaves  are  very  obtuse,  ending  in  a  short,  abrupt  point.  Jn. 

5.  L.  sEMPERvlRENs.  Ait.  (C.  sempervirens.  Michx.}  Trumpet  Honeysuckle. 
Lvs.  oblong,  evergreen,  the  upper  ones  connate-perfoliate ;  fls.  in  nearly 

naked  spikes  of  distant  whorls ;  cor,  trumpet-shaped,  nearly  regular,  ventricose 
above. — In  moist  groves  and  borders  of  swamps,  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  and  La.  Com- 
mon in  cultivation,  where  few  flowers  are  found  more  beautiful,  although  they 
are  deficient  in  fragrance.  Stem  woody,  twining  with  the  sun.  Leaves  ovate 
or  elliptical,  oi  a  dark,  perennial  green  above.  Corolla  trumpet-shaped,  nearly 
2'  long,  dilated  at  the  mouth,  with  5  short,  nearly  regular  segments,  of  a  fine 
scarlet  without  and  yellow  within.  May — Aug.  f 

6.  L.  PERICLYMENUM.  Tourn.     (C.  Periclymenum.  Linn.}     Woodbine  Honey- 
suckle.— Lvs.  deciduous,  all  distinct,  elliptical,  on  short  petioles;  fls.  in  ovate, 
imbricate,  terminal  heads ;  cor.  ringent. — A  woody  climber,  native  of  Europe, 
cultivated  and  nearly  naturalized.    Flowers  yellow  and  red,  fragrant,  succeeded 
by  red  berries.     May — Jl.  f 

/?.  quercifolia.     (Oak-leaved  Honeysuckle.}    Lvs.  sinuate-lobed. 

7.  L.  CAPRIPOLIUM.    (Caprifolium  Italicum.  R.  <$•  £.)    Italian  Honeysuckle. — 
Lvs.  deciduous,  the  upper  pair  perfoliate-connate ;  fls.  in  a  terminal  verticil ; 
cor.  ringent. — Native  of  Europe.     Greatly  admired  in  cultivation  for  its  beauty 
and  fragrance.    Flowers  of  various  hues,  red,  yellow  and  white.    Jn. — Aug.  f 

§  §  Stem  erect.     Flowers  pedunculate,  geminate.    XYLOSTEUM. 

8.  L.  CILIATA.  Muhl.     (Xylosteum  ciliatum.  PL)     Fly  Honeysuckle. 
Lvs.  ovate,  subcordate,  ciliate ;  corolla  limb  with  short  and  subequal  lobes; 

tube  saccate  at  base ;  sty.  exserted  ;  berries  distinct. — A  branching,  erect  shrub, 
3 — 4f  high,  found  in  woods,  Me.  to  Ohio  and  Can.  Leaves  thin,  oblong-ovate, 
often  cordate  at  the  base,  somewhat  ciliate  on  the  margin,  and  villose  beneath 
when  young.  Flowers  pale  straw-yellow,  in  pairs  at  the  top  of  the  peduncle, 
with  an  obtuse  spur  turned  outwards  at  the  base.  Berries  ovoid,  red,  in  pairs, 
but  not  connate,  3 — 5-seeded.  June. 

9.  L.  OBLONGIFOLIA.  Hook.     (X.  oblongifolium.   Goldie.} 

Lvs.  oblong  or  oval,  velvety-pubescent  beneath ;  corolla  limb  deeply  bila- 
biate; tube  gibbous  at  base;  ped.  long,  filiform,  erect;  berries  connate  or  united 
into  one,  globose,  purple,  bi-umbilicate. — A  shrub  3 — 4f  high,  in  swamps,  Can. 
and  N.  Y.  Leaves  almost  sessile,  1 — 2'  long,  peduncles  of  equal  length.'  Co- 
rolla hairy,  greenish- yellow  outside,  purplish  inside,  the  lower  lip  nearly  entire, 
the  upper  one  4-lobed,  erect.  Berries  marked  with  the  remains  of  the  two 
calyces.  Jn. 

10.  L.  COERULEA.    (X.  villosum.   MX.    X.  Solonis.    Eat.}     Blue-fruited 
Honeysuckle.— Lvs.  oval-oblong,  ciliate,  obtuse,  villous  both  sides,  at  length 

smoothish ;  ped.  short,  reflexed  in  fruit ;  bracts  longer  than  the  ovaries  ;  berries 
connate  or  united  into  one,  deep  blue. — A  low  shrub,  in  rocky  woods  Mass 
and  N.  Y.,  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay.    Stem  2f  high,  with  small  leaves  and  pairs  of 
26 


300  LXXI.  CAPRIFOLIACE./E.  SYMPHORICARPU». 

small,  yellow  flowers,  which  are  longer  than  their  peduncles.    Leaves  ovate, 
oval,  obovate  and  oblong,  ending  abruptly.    May,  June. 

11.  L.  TARTARICA.  Tartarian  Honeysuckle. — Stems  erect,  much  branched; 
Ivs.  ovate,  cordate,  obtuse,  smooth,  shining  and  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath, 
entire,  on  short  petioles  ;  peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  2-flowered ;  segments  of  the 
corolla  oblong,  obtuse,  equal. — An  elegant  and  much  admired  shrub,  from  Rus- 
sia. Grows  from  4  to  1  Of  high.  Leaves  1 — 2'  by  | — !£',  coriaceous.  Flowers 
small,  pale  purple,  varying  to  pure  white,  fragrant.  Apr. — Jn.  •}• 

2.    DIERVILLA.     Tourn. 
In  honor  of  Dierville,  a  French  surgeon,  discoverer  of  the  original  species. 

Calyx  tube  oblong,  limb  5-cleft;  corolla  twice  as  long,  funnel- 
shaped  ;  limb  5-cleft  and  nearly  regular  ;  stamens  5 ;  capsular  fruit 
2-celled  (apparently  4-celled  from  the  projecting  placentae),  many- 
seeded. — Shrubs,  with  opposite,  serrate,  deciduous  leaves. 

D.  TRIFIDA.  Mcench.  (D.  Tournefortii.  Michx.  D.  Canadensis.  Muhl.')  Bush. 

Honeysuckle. — Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  on  short  petioles ;  ped.  axillary  and 
terminal,  1 — 3  flowered ;  caps,  attenuate  above. — A  low  shrub,  not  uncommon 
in  hedges  and  thickets,  Can.  to  Car.  Stem  about  2f  high,  branching.  Leaves 
2 — 4'  by  1 — !£',  finely  serrate,  ending  in  a  long,  narrow  point.  Ovaries  slender, 
4 — 5"  long,  about  half  the  length  of  the  greenish  yellow  corolla.  Stamens  and 
style  much  exserted.  Stigma  capitate.  Jn. 

3.  TRIOSTEUM. 

Gr.  Tpetg,  three,  OVTEOV,  a  bone;  from  the  three  bony  seeds. 

Calyx  tube  ovoid,  limb  5-parted,  segments  linear,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  corolla  ;  corolla  tubular,  gibbous  at  base,  limb  5-lobed,  subequal ; 
stamens  5,  included  ;  stigma  capitate,  lobed  ;  fruit  drupaceous,  crown- 
ed with  the  calyx,  3-celled,  3-seeded  ;  seeds  ribbed,  bony. — ^  Herba- 
ceous, rarely  suffruticose. 

T.  PERFOLIATUM.     Fever-wort. 

IJKS.  oval-acuminate,  connate  ;  fls.  axillary,  verticillate  or  clustered. — A 
coarse,  unattractive  plant,  growing  in  rocky  woods.  Stem  simple,  stout,  erect, 
round,  hollow,  3 — 4f  high,  covered  with  soft,  clammy  hairs.  Leaves  6'  by  3', 
entire,  abruptly  contracted  at  base,  yet  always  connate,  nearly  smooth  above, 
pubescent  beneath.  Flowers  sessile,  in  clusters  of  5  or  6.  Corolla  dull  pur- 
ple, viscid-pubescent,  the  limb  in  5  rounded  lobes.  Fruit  a  rather  dry  drupe, 
somewhat  3-sided,  crowned  with  the  long,  leafy,  spreading  calyx  segments, 
orange-colored  when  mature,  containing  3  bony  nuts  or  seeds.  June. — The 
root  is  large  and  fleshy,  and  in  much  repute  in  medicine,  having  many  of  the 
properties  of  Ipecacuanha. 

4.  SYMPHORICARPUS. 

GT.  trvv,  together,  ^£pw,  to  bear,  xapiros,  fruit;  bearing  fruit  in  close  clusters. 

Calyx  tube  globose,  limb  4 — 5-toothed  ;  corolla  funnel-shaped  or 
bell-shaped,  the  limb  in  4 — 5  subequal  lobes ;  stamens  4 — 5,  inserted 
on  the  corolla ;  stigma  capitate  ;  berry  globose,  4-celled,  2-seeded 
(2  opposite  cells  abortive). — Small  shrubs,  with  entire  Ivs.  and  small  fls. 

1.  S.  RACEMOSUS.  Michx.     (Symphoria.  Pm.)     Snow-berry. 

Fls.  in  terminal,  loose,  interrupted,  often  leafy  racemes ;  cor.  campanu- 
late,  densely  bearded  within ;  sty.  and  sta.  included. — A  smooth,  handsome  shrub, 
2 — 3f  high,  common  in  cultivation,  and  native  in  Western  N.  Y.,  Canada,  &c. 
Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  the  margin  often  wavy,  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  paler 
beneath,  on  short  petioles.  Corolla  rose-color,  the  throat  filled  with  hairs.  Ber- 
ries large,  round  or  ovoid,  of  a  snowy  white,  and  very  ornamental  when  ma- 
ture. July,  Aug. 

2.  S.  OCCIDENTALIS.  R.  Br.     Wolf-berry. 

IA>S.  ovate,  obtusish ;  spikes  dense,  axillary  and  terminal,  subsessile,  nod- 


VIRURNUM.  LXXI.   CAPRIFOLIACE^.  301 

ding ;  cor.  somewhat  funnel-form,  densely  bearded  inside  ;  st-a.  and  bearded  style 
exserted. — Woods,  Mich,  to  Wis.  Lapham!  and  Can.  Shrub  2 — If  high. 
Leaves  1—3'  by  §—2';  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  paler  beneath.  Corolla 
rather  larger  and  more  expanded  than  in  the  last,  purplish-white.  Berries 
white.  July. 

3.  S.  VULGARIS.  Michx.  (Lonicera  symphoricarpus.  Linn.  Symphoria 
glomerata.  Nutt.} — Lvs.  roundish-oval ;  spikes  axillary,  subsessile,  capi- 
tate and  crowded ;  cor.  campanulate,  lobes  nearly  glabrous ;  sta.  and  bearded 
style  included. — River  banks,  Penn.  to  Mo.  and  S.  States.  Shrub  2— 3f  high. 
Branches  purplish  and  often  pubescent.  Leaves  1 — 2'  by  f — !£',  somewhat 
pubescent.  Corolla  greenish-red.  Berries  purple. 

5.  LINN^E  A.     Gron. 
In  honor  of  Carl  Von  Linne,  the  most  profound  of  naturalists,  ancient  or  modern. 

Calyx  tube  ovate,  limb  5-parted,  deciduous  ;  bracteoles  at  base  2  ; 
corolla  campanulate,  limb  subequal,  5-lobed  ;  stamens  4,  2  longer 
than  the  other  2  ;  berry  dry,  3-celled,  indehiscent,  1 -seeded  (2  cells 
abortive). — A  trailing,  evergreen  herb,  widely  disseminated  throughout 
the  northern  temperate  zone. 

L.  BOREALIS.  Gron.     Twin-flower. 

The  only  species,  native  of  moist,  shady,  rocky  soils,  generally  in  evergreen 
woods,  from  lat.  39°  to  the  Arc.  Sea.  It  has  long,  creeping,  filiform,  brownish 
stems,  rooting  and  branching  their  whole  length,  and  covering  the  ground  in 
large  patches.  Leaves  small,  opposite,  petiolate,  roundish,  with  obtuse  lobes  or 
teeth,  and  scattered  hairs.  Peduncles  filiform,  slightly  hairy,  about  3'  high 
(the  only  erect  part  of  the  plant),  the  lower  part  leafy,  the  upper  furnished  with 
a  pair  of  minute,  linear,  opposite  bracts,  and  terminating  with  2  pedicellate, 
nodding  flowers.  The  corolla  is  rose-colored  and  very  fragrant.  Jn. 

TRIBE  2.  SAMBUCE^E.    . 
Corolla  regular,  rotate.    Stigmas  3 — 5,  nearly  sessile. 

6.  SAMBUCUS. 

Lat.  sambuca,  a  musical  instrument,  said  to  have  been  made  of  the  elder. 

Calyx  small,  5-parted ;  corolla  5-cleft,  segments  obtuse ;  stamens 
5  ;  stigma  obtuse,  small,  sessile  ;  berry  globose,  pulpy,  3-seeded. — 
Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs,  with  pinnate,  or  bipinnate  Ivs.  Fls.  in  cymes. 

1.  S.  CANADENSIS.     Common  Elder. 

St.  shrubby;  cymes  5-parted;  Ivs.  nearly  bipinnate  ;  Ifts.  oblong-oval,  acu- 
minate, smooth.— A  common,  well  known  shrub,  6 — lOf  high,  in  thickets  and 
waste  grounds,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  filled  with  a  light  and  porous  pith,  espe- 
cially when  young.  Leaflets  in  3  or  4  pairs  with  an  odd  one,  serrate,  the  lower 
ones  often  binate  or  trifoliate.  Petioles  smooth.  Flowers  numerous,  in  very 
large  (2f  broad  in  la !)  level-topped  cymes,  white,  with  a  heavy  odor.  Berries 
dark  purple.  May — Jl. 

2.  S.  PUBENS.  Michx.     Panicled  Elder. 

St.  shrubby ;  cymes  paniculate  or  pyramidal ;  Ifts.  oval-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, in  2  or  3  pairs,  with  an  odd  one,  and,  with  the  petiole,  pubescent  beneath. 
— A  common  shrub,  in  hilly  pastures  and  woods,  Hudson's  Bay  to  Car.,  growing 
about  6f  high,  often  more  or  less.  Leaves  simply  and  unequally  pinnate. 
Leaflets  sharply  serrate,  very  pubescent  when  young.  Flowers  in  a  close,  ovoid 
thyrsus  or  panicle.  Corolla  white.  Berries  scarlet,  small.  Jn. 
/?.  leiccocarpa.  Berries  white. — Catskill  Mountains.  T.  <$•  G. 

7.  VIBURNUM. 

Lat.  viere,  to  tie  ;  for  the  pliancy  of  the  twigs  of  some  of  the  species. 

Calyx  small,  5-toothed,  persistent ;  corolla  limb  5-lobed,  segments 
obtuse ;  stamens  5,  equal,  longer  than  the  corolla ;  stigmas  mostly 


302  LXX1.   CAPRIFOLIACE^E.  VIBURNUM. 

sessile  ;  drupe  1 -seeded. — Shrubs  or  small  trees.     Lvs.  simple,  petiolate. 
Fls.  cymose^  sometimes  radiant. 

*  Cymes  radiant,  the  marginal  flowers  muck  larger  than  the  others  and  neutral. 

1.  V.  LANTANOIDES.     Hobble-bush.      Wayfaring  Tree. 

Lvs.  orbicular-cordate,  abruptly  acuminate,  unequally  serrate ;  pet.  and 
veins  covered  with  a  ferruginous  down ;  cymes  sessile ;  jr.  ovate. — A  shrub,  very 
ornamental  when  in  flower.  It  is  rather  common  in  the  rocky  woods  of  N. 
Eng.  and  N.  Y.,  which  it  adorns  in  early  spring  with  its  large  cymes  of  bril- 
liant white  flowers.  Height  about  5f.  Branches  long  and  crooked,  often  trail- 
ing and  rooting.  Leaves  very  large,  covered  with  a  rusty  pubescence  when 
young,  at  length  becoming  green,  the  dust  and  down  remaining  only  upon  the 
stalk  and  veins.  The  radiant,  sterile  flowers  of  the  cyme  are  near  1'  diam.,  from 
a  greenish  color  becoming  white,  flat,  with  5  rounded  lobes.  Inner  flowers 
much  smaller,  fertile.  May. 

2.  V.  OPULUS.     /?.  Americana.  Ait.  T.  &  G.     (V.  Oxycoccus.  PA.)  High 
Cranberry. — Smooth ;  Ivs.  3-lobed,  3-veined,  broader  than  long,  rounded  at 

base,  lobes  divaricate,  acuminate,  crenately  toothed ;  petioles  glandular ;  cymes 
pedunculate. — A  handsome  shrub,  8 — 12f  high,  in  woods  and  borders  of  fields,' 
N.  States  and  Brit.  Am.  Stems  several  from  the  same  root,  branched  above. 
Leaves  with  large,  remote,  blunt  teeth,  the  stalks  with  2  or  more  glands  at  base, 
channeled  above.  Cymes  bordered  with  a  circle  of  large,  white,  barren  flow- 
ers, like  the  preceding  species.  Fruit  resembles  the  common  cranberry  in  fla- 
vor, and  is  sometimes  substituted  for  it.  It  is  red,  very  acid,  ripens  late,  re- 
maining upon  the  bush  after  the  leaves  have  fallen.  June. 

/?.  roseum.  Guelder  Rose.  Snow-ball. — Lvs.  rather  acute  at  base,  longer  than 
broad,  lobes  acuminate,  with  acuminate  teeth ;  petioles  glandular ;  fls.  all  neu- 
tral, in  globose  cymes. — Native  of  Europe.  This  variety  is  the  popular  shrub 
so  generally  admired  and  cultivated  as  a  companion  of  the  Lilac,  Snowberry, 
Philadelphus,  &c.  Its  dense,  spherical  cymes  are  wholly  made  up  of  barren 
flowers. 

*  *  Cymes  not  radiant.    Flowers  all  similar  and  fertile.    Leaves  lobed  or  incised. 

4.  V.  ACERIFOLIUM.     Maple-leaved  Viburnum.     Dockmackic. 

Lvs.  subcordate,  acuminate,  3-veined,  3-lobed,  acutely  serrate ;  pet.  with- 
out glands ;  cymes  on  long  peduncles. — A  shrub,  4 — 6f  high,  with  yellowish 
green  bark,  growing  in  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Leaves  broad,  rounded  and 
sometimes  cordate  at  base,  divided  into  3  acuminate  lobes  with  sharp  serra- 
tures,  a  form  not  very  unlike  that  of  the  maple  leaf,  the  under  surface,  as  well 
as  the  younger  branches  a  little  downy.  Branches  straight,  slender,  very  flexi- 
ble, ending  with  a  pair  of  leaves  and  a  long-stemmed,  cymose  umbel  of  white 
flowers.  Fruit  oval,  compressed.  Stamens  much  exserted.  June. 

5.  V.  PAUCIFLORUM.  Pvlaie.     Few-flowered  Viburnum. 

Nearly  smooth  in  all  its  parts ;  Ivs.  roundish,  slightly  3-lobed  or  incised 
at  summit,  mostly  5- veined  from  the  base;  cymes  small  and  pedunculate,  termi- 
nating the  very  short  lateral  branches ;  fil.  much  shorter  than  the  corolla. — A 
small  shrub,  with  white  flowers,  Mansfield  Ml.,  Vt.  Macrae,  White  Mts.,  N.  H. 
Bobbins,  N.  to  Newfoundland. 

6.  V.  LENTAGO.     Sweet  Viburnum. 

Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  acutely  and  finely  uncinate-serrate ;  petiole  with 
undulate  margins. — A  common,  tree-like  shrub,  in  rocky  woods,  Can.  to  Ga. 
and  Ky.  Height  10 — 15f.  Leaves  smooth,  conspicuously  acuminate,  about  3' 
long  and  half  as  wide,  their  petioles  with  a  curled  or  wavy,  dilated  border  on 
each  side.  Flowers  white,  in  broad,  spreading  cymes,  succeeded  by  well-fla- 
vored, sweetish  berries  of  a  glaucous  black.  Jn. 

7.  V.  NUDUM.     Naked-stalked  Viburnum.     Withe  Rod. 

Smooth ;  Ivs.  oval-oblong,  revolute  at  the  edge,  subcrenulate ;  pet.  naked ; 
cymes  pedunculate. — A  shrub  or  small  tree,  10 — 15f  high,  in  swamps,  U.  S. 
Leaves  elliptical,  punctate,  coriaceous,  the  margin  more  or  less  rolled,  nearly 
entire,  smooth  as  well  as  every  other  part,  and  when  full  grown,  3  or  4  inches 


LXXII.   RUBIACE^E.  303 

long.  Cymes  large,  on  peduncles  an  inch  or  two  in  length,  with  caducous  bracts. 
Flowers' numerous,  white.  Berries  dark  blue,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom, 
sweetish  when  ripe.  June. 

/3.  cassinoldes.  (V.  pyrifolium.  Lam.)  Lvs.  ovate,  oval  or  often  rhomboidal, 
acuminate,  acute,  obtuse  or  even  emarginate  on  the  same  twig ;  margin  finely 
serrate ;  fr.  oblong-ovoid. 

8.  V.  PRUNIFOLIUM.     Black  Haw.     Sloe. 

Lvs.  smooth,  roundish-obovate,  acutely  serrate,  with  uncinate  teeth ;  peti- 
oles margined  with  straight,  narrow  wings. — In  woods  and  thickets,  N.  Y.  to  Ga. 
A  shrub  or  small  tree,  10 — 20f  high,  the  branches  spreading,  some  of  them  often 
stinted  and  naked,  giving  the  plant  an  unthrifty  aspect.  Leaves  about  2'  long 
and  nearly  as  wide,  on  short  petioles,  slightly  margined.  Cymes  rather  large, 
terminal,  sessile.  Flowers  white,  succeeded  by  oval,  blackish  berries  which  are 
sweet  and  eatable.  June. 

9.  V.  DENTATUM.    Arrow-wood. 

Nearly  smooth ;  Ivs.  roundish-ovate,  dentate-serrate,  subplicate,  on  long 
stalks;  cymes  pedunculate. — A  shrub,  8 — 12f  high,  not  uncommon  in  damp 
woods  and  thickets,  Can.  to  Ga.  It  is  called  arrow- wood  from  the  long,  straight, 
slender  branches  or  young  shoots.  Leaves  roundish,  2 — 3'  diam.,  the  upper 
pair  .oval,  the  veins  beneath  prominent,  parallel  and  pubescent  in  their  axils. 
Flowers  white,  succeeded  by  small,  roundish,  dark  blue  berries.  June. 

10.  V.  PUBESCENS.  Downy  Viburnum. 

Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  dentate-serrate,  subplicate,  villous  beneath  and 
somewhat  hairy  above,  on  short  stalks ;  stipules  2,  subulate ;  cymes  pedunculate ; 
fr.  oblong. — In  dry,  rocky  woods  and  thickets,  Can.  to  Car.  rare.  A  shrub, 
about  6f  high.  Leaves  about  2'  long,  each  with  a  pair  of  short,  hairy,  subulate 
appendages  (stipular  V\  at  the  base  of  the  very  short  petiole.  Cymes  small,  few- 
flowered.  Flowers  rather  larger  than  those  of  the  foregoing  species,  white.  Jn. 
11.  V.  TINUS.  Laurestine. — Lvs.  ovate,  entire,  their  veins  with  hairy  tufts 
beneath. — An  exceedingly  beautiful  evergreen  shrub,  from  Europe.  Height 
4 — 5f.  Leaves  acute,  veiny,  dark  shining  green  above,  paler  beneath.  Flowers 
white,  tinged  with  red,  very  showy.  Degrees  of  pubescence  variable. 

ORDER  LXXII.     RUBIAC^JE.— MADDERWORTS. 

Trees,  shrubs,  and  herbs.    Lvs.  opposite,  sometimes  verticillate,  entire. 

Stip.  between  the  petioles,  sometimes  resembling  the  leaves. 

Cal.—  Tube  more  or  less  adherent  (superior  or  half-superior),  limb  4— 5-cleft. 

Cor.  regular,  inserted  upon  the  calyx  tube,  and  of  the  same  number  of  divisions. 

Sta.  inserted  upon  the  tube  of  corolla,  equal  in  number  and  alternate  with  its  segments. 

Ova.  2-  (rarely  more)  celled.    Style  single  or  partly  divided. 

Fr.  various.     Seeds  one,  few  or  many  in  each  cell. 

Genera  299,  species  2982.  It  is  generally  divided  into  two  Suborders,  viz.,  KtellattR  and  Cinchonecz,  to 
which  a  third,  Loganiecc.  (which  has  no  representatives  at  the  North)  is  appended  by  Torrey  and  Gray. 

The  species  of  the  first  Suborder,  Stellatao,  are  common  in  the  northern  parts  of  both  continents  ;  the 
two  other  Suborders  chiefly  prevail  in  warm  or  torrid  regions. 

Properties.— A  very  important  family,  furnishing  many  useful  products.  The  madder,  one  of  the  most 
important  of  dyes,  is  furnished  by  the  root  of  Rubia  tinctoria.  A  similar  coloring  matter  is  possessed  by 
several  species  of  Galium.  Among  the  CincJiomcB  we  find  Cinchona  and  Cephaelis  furnishing  two  of 
the  most  valuable  of  all  medicines.  Peruvian  bark,  a  powerful  febrifuge,  well  known  and  appreciated 
everywhere,  is  the  product  of  several  species  of  the  former,  viz.,  Cinchona  micranthia,  C.  condaminea, 
C.  lanceolata,  C.  magnifolia.  &c.,  all  natives  of  Peru.  Their  febrifugal  properties  depend  upon  the  pres- 
ence ol  two  alkalies,  Cinchonia  and  Quinia,  both  combined  with  Kinicacid.  Ipecacuanha,  the  prince 
of  all  emetics,  is  the  product  of  the  root  of  CephSelisIpecacuanha,  a  little  shrubby  plant  with  creeping 
roots,  in  the  damp  forests  of  Brazil.  Several  other  species  of  Cinchoneae  afford  substitutes  for  the  true 

Cqffeeis  the  hard  albumen  of  the  seeds  of  Coffea  Arabica,  a  tree  of  moderate  size,  with  a  light  brown 
trunk  and  a  conical  shaped  head.  Leaves  shining,  light  green.  Flowers  white,  fragrant.  The  berries 
are  black  when  ripe.  Coffee  is  said  to  have  been  used  in  Ethiopia  from  time  immemorial.  In  Paris  and 
London  it  seems  not  to  have  been  in  general  use  earlier  than  the  year  1700.  but  since  that  time,  enough 
has  been  drank  in  Europe  and  America  to  float  the  British  navy. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

( Leaves  (and  interpetiolar  leaf-like  stipules)  in  verticils.    .        .        .  Galium.  i 

(  Ovary  with  2  corollas  ! MitcheUa.  -2 

I  Capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded.          .  Hedyotis.  3 

1  Ovary   <  Carpels  2,  l-seede,d,  l  indehiscent.     .  Spermacoce.  4 

I  Leaves     $  Herbs,  t simple.  (  Carpels  2,  l-seeded,  both  indehiscent.  Diodia.  5 

s  adherent.  L  opposite.  (Shrubs,  v.-ith  flowers  m  globose  heads Cephalanthus.  6 

Ovary  ( nearly  free  from  the  calyx.    Leaves  opposite.        ....  Kvi^clia  7 

26* 


304  LXX11.   RUBIACE^E.  GALIUM. 

SUBORDER  1. — S  T  E  tr  L<  A  T  JE  . 

Calyx  wholly  adherent  (superior)  to  the  ovary  which  is  two-celled, 

two-seeded.     Leaves  verticillate.     Herbs. 

1.  GALIUM. 

Gr.  yaAa,  milk;  the  flowers  of  one  species  (G.  verum)  are  used  in  coagulating  milk. 

Calyx  minute,  4-toothed  ;  corolla  rotate,  4-cleft ;  stamens  4,  short ; 
styles  2  ;  carpels  2,  united,  1 -seeded,  indehiscent. — Herbs,  with  slen- 
der•,  ^-angled  stems.-  Lvs.  verticillate. 

*  Fruit  smooth. 

1.  G.  ASPRELLUM.  Michx.     Rough  Cleavers  or  Clivers. 

St.  diffuse,  very  branching,  rough  backwards;  Ivs.  in  6s,  5s or  4s,  lanceo- 
late, acuminate  or  cuspidate,  margin  and  midvein  retrorsely  aculeate ;  ped. 
short,  in  2s  or  3s. — l|-Common  in  thickets  and  low  grounds,  Can.  and  Northern 
States.  Stem  weak,  2 — 5f  long,  leaning  on"  other  plants,  and  closely  adhering 
to  them  by  its  minute,  retrorse  prickles.  Leaves  5 — 8"  by  2 — 3".  Flowers 
white,  small  and  numerous.  Fruit  minute,  smooth,  often  slightly  hispid  when 
young.  Jl. 

2.  G.  TRIFIDUM.     Dyers'  Cleavers.     Goose-grass. 

St.  decumbent,  very  branching,  roughish  with  retrorse  prickles ;  Ivs.  in  5s 
and  4s,  linear-oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  rough-edged ;  parts  of  the  flower 
mostly  in  3s. — Tj.  In  low,  wet  grounds,  Can.  and  U.  S.  It  is  one  of  the  smallest 
of  the  species.  Leaves  3 — 6"  by  1 — 2",  often  cuneate  at  base.  Peduncles 
mostly  in  3s,  and  axillary.  Flowers  small,  white.  Jl. 

(3.  tinctorium.  Torr.  (G.  tinctorium.  Linn.} — St.  nearly  smooth  ;  Ivs.  of  the 
stem  in  6s,  of  the  branches  in  4s ;  ped.  2 — 3-flowered ;  parts  of  the  flower  in  4s. — A 
somewhat  less  slender  variety  than  the  first.  The  root  is  said  to  dye  a  perma- 
nent red. 

y.  latifolium.  Torr.  (G.  obtusum.  Bw.) — Lvs.  in  4s,  oblanceolate,  obtuse ; 
ped.  3-flowered ;  parts  of  the  flower  in  4s. 

3.  G.  VERUM.     Yellow  Bedstraw. 

Erect ;  Ivs.  in  8s,  grooved,  entire,  rough,  linear ;  fls.  densely  paniculate. — 
n\.  Found  in  dry,  open  grounds,  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston,  probably  introduced. 
Bigelow.  Root  long,  fibrous.  Stem  slender,  erect,  1 — 2f  high,  with  short,  op- 
posite, leafy,  unequal  branches.  Leaves  deflexed,  linear,  with  rolled  edges. 
Flowers  numerous,  small,  yellow,  in  small,  dense,  terminal  panicles.  Jn. — 
The  roots  dye  red.  The  flowers  are  used  in  England  to  curdle  milk.  § 

4.  G.  CONCINNUM.     Torr.  &  Gray. 

St.  decumbent,  diffusely  branched,  retrorsely  scabrous  on  the  angles ;  Ivs. 
in  6s,  linear,  glabrous,  1-veined,  scabrous  upwards  on  the  margins ;  ped.  fili- 
form, twice  or  thrice  trichotomous,  with  short  pedicels;  lobes  of  the  corolla 
acute.  Dry  woods  and  hills,  Mich.,  Ky.  T.  fy  G.  la. !  Stems  very  slender, 
10 — 15'  high.  Leaves  in  numerous  whorls,  5 — 8"  by  1",  slightly  broader  in  the 
middle.  Flowers  minute  and  numerous,  white.  Jn. 

*  *  Fruit  hispid. 

5.  G.  APARINE.     Common  Cleavers. 

St.  weak,  procumbent,  retrorsely  prickly ;  Ivs.  in  8s,  7s  or  6s,  linear-oblan- 
ceolate,  mucronate,  rough  on  the  midvein  and  margin;  ped.  axillary,  1— 2-flow- 
ered. — ©  In  wet  thickets,  Can.  and  Northern  States  to  la.  Plummer!  Stems 
several  feet  long,  leaning  on  other  plants,  and  closely  adhering  by  their  hooked 
prickles  to  everything  in  their  way.  Leaves  12 — 20"  by  2 — 3".  Flowers  nu- 
merous, small,  white.  Fruit  rather  large,  armed  with  hooked  prickles.  Jn. — 
The  root  will  dye  red.  The  herbage  is  valued  as  a  domestic  remedy.  §  1 

6.  G.  TRIFLORUM.  Michx.     Tri-flowering  Galium. 

St.  weak,  often  procumbent,  smoothish,  shining ;  Ivs.  in  5s  and  6s,  lanceo- 
late, acuminate-cuspidate,  1-veined,  scarcely  ciliate  on  the  margin;  ped.  elon- 
gated, axillary,  3-  (rarely  2  )  flowered  at  the  extremity ;  fls.  pedicellate ;  Jr. 


HEDYOTIS.  LXXII.   RUBIACE./E.  305 

hispid  with  hooked  hairs. — 7J.  Grows  in  moist  thickets  and  woods,  Can.  and 
U.  S.  Stem  1 — 3f  long,  slightly  branched.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  \  as  broad,  often 
obovate.  Flowers  greenish- white,  small.  Fruit  whitish  with  its  uncinate 
clothing.  Jl. 

7.  G.  BOREALE.     (G.  septentrionale.  Z?w.)     Northern  Galium. 

St.  erect,  smooth ;  Ivs.  in  4s,  linear-lanceolate,  rather  acute,  3-veined, 
smooth ;  fls.  in  a  terminal,  pyramidal  panicle. — %  Grows  in  rocky,  shady  places, 
Northern  States  and  Brit.  Am.  Stems  If  or  more  high,  several  together, 
branched  above.  Leaves  12 — 20"  by  2 — 9",  tapering  to  an  obtusish  point. 
Flowers  numerous,  small,  white,  in  a  thyrse-like  panicle  at  top  of  the  stem. 
Fruit  small.  Jl. 

8.  G.  PILOSUM.  Ait.     (G.  puncticulosum.  Michx.}     Hairy  Galium. 

St.  ascending,  hirsute  on  the  angles ;  Ivs.  in  4s.,  oval,  indistinctly  veined, 
hirsute  both  sides  and  punctate  with  pellucid  dots  ;  ped.  several  times  forked, 
each  division  2 — 3-flowered ;  fls.  pedicellate. — %  A  rare  species,  found  in  dry 
woods  and  sterile  soils,  Mass. !  to  la. !  and  Tex.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  acutely  4- 
angled,  mostly  with  few,  short,  spreading  branches,  sometimes  much  branched. 
Leaves  9 — 12"  by  4 — 8",  obtusish,  very  hairy  as  well  as  the  stem  and  fruit. 
Flowers  purplish.  Jn. 

9.  G.  ciRCjEZANs.  Michx.     Circaa-like  Galium. 

St.  erect  or  ascending,  smooth ;  Ivs.  in  4s,  oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  3- 
veined,  smoothish,  ciliate  on  the  margins  and  veins ;  ped.  divaricate,  few-flow- 
ered ;  jr.  subsessile,  nodding. — 1\.  Grows  in  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  about 
If  in  height,  with  a  few  short  branches  near  the  top,  or  simple.  Leaves  1 — 2' 
by  4 — 8".  Flowers  on  very  short,  reflexed  pedicels,  scattered  along  the  (usually 
2)  branches  of  the  dichotomous  peduncle.  Fruit  covered  with  little  hooks  as  in 
Circaea.  Jl. — The  leaves  have  a  sweet  taste  like  liquorice. 

#.  1  lanceolatum.  Torr.  (G.  Torreyi.  BW.}  Very  smooth ;  Ivs.  lanceolate ; 
fr.  sessile. — A  fine  variety  7  with  larger  leaves  (2'  or  more  in  length).  Flowers 
purple. 

y.  7  montanum.  T.  &  G.  (G.  Littelli.  Oakes.}  Dwarf;  Ivs.  obovate.— White 
Mts.  Oakes. 

SUBORDER  2. — C  I  N  C,H  O  M"  E  JE . 

Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary.     Leaves  opposite  (rarely  verticillate). 
Stipules  between  the  petioles,  often  united  with  them  into  a  sheath. 

2.   MITCHELLA. 

In  honor  of  Dr.  John  Mitchell,  an  English  resident  in  Virginia. 

Flowers  2  on  each  double  ovary ;  calyx  4-parted  ;  corolla  funnel- 
shaped,  hairy  within  ;  stamens  4,  short,  inserted  on  the  corolla ;  stig- 
mas 4 ;  berry  composed  of  the  2  united  ovaries. — Evergreen  herbs, 
smooth  and  creeping,  with  opposite  leaves. 

M.  RE  PENS.     Partridge  Berry. 

St.  creeping ;  Ivs.  roundish-ovate,  petiolate. — A  little  prostrate  plant  found 
in  woods  throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  furnished  with  flat,  coriaceous, 
dark  green  leaves,  and  producing  small,  bright  red  berries,  remarkably  distin- 
guished by  their  double  structure,  and  remaining  on  the  plant  through  the  win- 
ter. The  corollas  are  white  or  tinged  with  red,  very  fragrant.  Fruit  well  fla- 
vored but  dry  and  lull  of  stony  seeds.  Jn. 

3.  HEDYOTIS. 

Gr.  rfvs,  sweet,  (ctvff)  oro?,  the  ear;  said  to  cure  deafness. 

Calyx  tube  ovate,  limb  4-parted  ;  corolla  4-lobed  ;  stamens  4,  in- 
serted on  the  corolla  ;  stigma  2-lobed  ;  capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded. 
— Herbs,  rarely  shrubs.  Lvs.  opposite.  Stip.  connate  with  the  petiole. 


306  LXXII.   RUBIACE^E.  SPERMACOCB. 

§  Corolla  hypocrater-iform,  with  a  long  tube,  limb  glabrous.     Peduncles 
1-flowered.     HOUSTONIA.     Linn. 

1.  H.  CCERULEA.  Hook.   (Hous.  coerulea.  Linn.}    Dwarf  Pink.  Innocence. 
Radical  Ivs.  ovate-spatulate,  petiola.te ;  sts.  erect,  numerous,  dichotomous ; 

ped.  filiform,  1 — 2-flowered. — An  elegant  little  plant,  found  in  moist  grounds, 
fields  and  road-sides,  Can.  and  U".  S.  Its  blossoms  appear  early,  and  are  usu- 
ally found  in  patches  of  considerable  extent,  covering  the  surface  of  the  ground 
with  a  caruUan  hue.  The  cauline  leaves  are  small,  opposite,  lance-ovate. 
Stems  very  slender,  forked,  3 — 5'  high,  each  branch  bearing  a  flower.  Corolla 
pale  blue,  yellowish  at  the  centre.  May — Aug. 

2.  H.  MINIMA.  T.  &  G.     (Houstonia.  Beck.} 

Glabrous,  simple  or  dichotomously  branching ;  Ivs.  linear-spatulate,  much 
attenuated  to  the  base  ;  ped.  axillary  and  terminal,  often  longer  than  the  leaves ; 
sds.  10 — 15  in  each  cell,  oval,  smooth,  concave  on  the  face. — Prairies,  &c.,  Mo. ! 
Tenn. !  to  La.  Very  small  and  delicate,  1 — 3'  high.  Leaves  about  5"  by  1". 
Flowers  rose-color.  Mar. — May. 

§  §  Corolla  infundibuliform,  often  hairy  inside.     Flowers  in  terminal 
racemes.     AMPHIOTIS.     DC. 

3.  H.  CILIOLATA.  Torr.  (Hous.  Canadensis.  Muhl.')  Clustered  Dwarf  Pink, 
Radical  Ivs.  ovate,  obtuse,  narrow  at  the  base,  ciliate  on  the  margin ;  cau- 
line ones  ovate-spatulate,   sessile ;  corymbs  terminal,  pedicellate ;  ped.  tricho- 
tomous  ;  divisions  of  the  calyx  lance-linear. — Banks  of  lakes  and  rivers,  Onta- 
rio !  Niagara !  W.  to  Ohio.     A  little  plant,  stouter  than  the  last.     Root-leaves 
numerous,  stem-leaves  few.     Stems  smooth,  4-angled,  branched  above,  and 
bearing  a  corymbose  cluster  of  numerous  pale  purple  flowers.     Calyx  half-ad- 
herent, its  lobes  about  half  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla.     May — July. 

4.  H.  LONGIFOLIA.  Hook.   (Houstonia  longif.  Gaert.')  Long-leaved  Dwarf 
Pink. — Radical  Ivs.  oval-elliptic,  narrowed  to  each  end ;  cauline  linear  or 

lance-linear,  1-veined  ;  fls.  in  small,  paniculate  cymes. — 1\_  Dry  hills,  N.  and 
Mid.  States !  to  Ark.  and  Flor.  Much  more  slender  than  the  next,  Stems 
erect,  5 — 12'  high,  4-angled,  smooth  or  ciliolate  on  the  angles.  Leaves  9 — 15" 
by  2— -3/x,  cauline  sessile,  rather  acute  at  each  end,  all  smooth.  FloAvers  2  or  3 
together,  on  very  short  pedicels,  pale-purple,  with  deeper-colored  striae  in  the 
throat.  Jn.  Jl. 

/?.  1  (H.  temiifolia.  Null.')     St.  very  branching ;  Ivs.  very  narrow;  ped.  fili- 
form ;  fls.  smaller. 

5.  H.  PURPUREA.  Torr:  &  Gray.     (Houstonia.  Linn.) 

St.  ascending,  clustered,  branching,  4-angled ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  3 — 5- 
veined,  closely  sessile  ;  cymes  3 — 7-flowered,  often  clustered ;  calyx  segments 
lance-linear,  longer  than  the  capsule. — Mid.  and  W.  States !  in  woods  and  on 
river  banks.  A  very  delicate  flowerer,  about  If  high.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  £  as 
wide.  Corolla  (purple,  T.  ($•  G1.)  white,  scarcely  tinged  with  purple.  May — Jl. 
§  §  §  Corolla  rotate,  tube  very  short.  Seeds  50 — 60  in  each  cell.  Flowers 
mostly  glomerate  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  ELATINELLA.  Torr.  <fy  Gray. 

6.  H.  GLOMERATA..     Creeping  Green-head. 

St.  assupgent,  branching ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  pubescent,  narrowed  at 
the  base  into  a  short  petiole  or  sessile  ;  fls.  glomerate  in  the  axils  and  terminal; 
A  plant  varying  in  size  from  1 — 2'  to  as  many  feet,  found  in  swamps,  &c.,  N. 
Y.  to  La.  Leaves  £'  in  length,  apparently  connate  from  the  stipules  adhering 
to  each  side  of  the  petiole.  Stipules  2-cleft  into  narrow  subulate  divisions. 
Calyx  in  4  deep,  leaiy  divisions  which  are  much  longer  than  the  white,  rotate 
corolla.  Stamens  scarcely  exserted.  Style  very  short.  Capsule  opening  cross- 
wise. Jn.— Sept. 

4.  SPERMACOCE. 
Gr.  ffTrepfia,  seed,  CKCO^??,  a  point;  alluding  to  the  pointed  seeds. 

Calyx  tube  ovoid,  limb  2 — 4-parted  ;  corolla  tubular,  limb  spread- 
ing, 4-lobed  ;  stamens  4  ;  stigma  2-cleft ;  fruit  dry,  2-celled,  crowned 


SPIGELIA.  LXXII.   RUB1ACEJE.  307 

with  the  calyx ;  seeds  2,  peltate,  furrowed  on  the  face. — Mostly  her- 
baceous and  tropical.     Fls.  small,  axillary,  sessile,  whorled, 

S.    GLABRA.    Michx. 

Glabrous,  procumbent  at  base;  Ivs.  opposite,  lanceolate,  entire;  whorls 
many-flowered;  cal.  4-toothed  (rarely  5) ;  cor.  funnel-form,  short,  hairy  in  the 
throat ;  anthers  included  in  the  tube ;  stig.  subsessile. — River  banks,  Western 
States !  Stem  1 — 2f  long,  terete,  with  4  prominent  lines,  branched.  Leaves 
2 — 3/  by  |. — i/  }  tapering  to  each  end.  Flowers  white,  8 — 20  in  a  whorl,  sub- 
tended by  the  subulate  bracts  of  the  stipules.  Jl.  Aug. — Resembles  some  of 
the  Labiatse. 

5.  DIODIA. 

Or.  Jif,  twice,  odovs,  tooth ;  alluding  to  the  two  calyx  teeth  crowning  the  ovary. 

Calyx,  corolla,  stamens,  style  and  fruit,  as  in  Spermacoce,  except 
that  the  (2  or  3)  1 -seeded,  separable  carpels  are  both  indehiscent ; 
seeds  oval,  peltate. — American,  chiefly  tropical  herbs,  ivith  the  habit  of 
Spermacoce  in  all  respects  save  the  indehiscent  carpels. 

1.  D.  VIRGINIANA.     (Spermacoce.  A.  Rich.} 

Procumbent,  nearly  glabrous  or  hirsute ;  Ivs.  lanceolate-linear,  sessile, 
entire ;  bristles  of  the  stipules  longer  than  the  sheaths ;  As.  solitary,  opposite ;  co- 
rolla, tube  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx ;  sta.  exserted ;  sty.  deeply  2-cleft,  the 
lobes  filiform. — 1\.  Damp  places,  111.  to  Ga. !  and  La.  Stem  1 — 2f  long,  some- 
what 4-sided.  Leaves  1 — 2'  by  2 — 4",  1-veined,  often  with  smaller  ones  fasci- 
cled in  the  axils.  Corolla  5"  long,  hairy  inside.  May — Sept. 

2..  D.  TERES.  Walt.     (Spermacoce  diodina.  Michx.} 

Procumbent  or  ascending,  hairy  or  scabrous ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  sessile, 
rough-edged,  acute,  much  longer  than  the  sheaths  or  fruit ;  fls.  solitary  or  several 
in  each  axil ;  cor.  funnel-form,  with  a  wide  tube,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx ; 
fr.  somewhat  hairy  and  4-sided. — Sandy  fields,  N.  J.  to  111.  Mead !  and  South- 
ern States.  Stems  rather  rigid,  much  branched,  5 — 18'  long,  brownish.  Leaves 
about  1'  by  2".  Corolla  reddish-white,  shorter  than  the  reddish-brown  bristles. 

6.  CEPHALANTHUS. 

Gr.  Kedtahr),  ahead,  avSos,  a  flower;  flowers  growing  in  dense  heads. 

Calyx  limb  4-toothed  :  corolla  tubular,  slender,  4-cleft ;  stamens  4 ; 
style  nmch  exserted. — Shrubs  with  opposite  leaves  and  short  stipules. 
Fls.  in  globose  heads,  without  an  invol. 

C.  OCCIDENTALJS.    Button  Busk. 

Lrs.  opposite,  and  in  3s,  oval,  acuminate,  entire,  smooth ;  hds.  peduncu- 
late.— A  handsome  shrub,  frequenting  the  margins  of  ponds,  rivers  and  brooks, 
U.  S.  and  Can.  It  is  readily  distinguished  by  its  spherical  heads  of  flowers, 
which  are  near  1'  diam.,  resembling  the  globular  inflorescence  of  the  sycamore 
(Platanus  occidentalis).  Height  about  6f.  Leaves  spreading,  entire,  3 — 5'  by 
2 — 3'.  The  flowers  are  tubular,  with  long,  projecting  styles,  and  are  inserted 
on  all  sides  of  the  round  receptacle.  July. 

SUBORDER  3.— S  PIGEL.IEJE. 

Calyx  persistent,  almost  entirely  free  from  the  ovary.     Leaves  oppo- 
site, with  intermediate  stipules. 
7.   SPIGELIA. 

In  honor  of  Adrian  Spigelius,  Prof,  of  Anat.  and  Surg.  at  Padua,  1578—1625. 

Calyx  5-parted,  segm.  linear-subulate  ;  cor.  narrowly  funnel-form, 
limb  5-cleft,  equal ;  stam.  5  ;  anth.  convergent ;  caps,  didymous,  2- 
celled,  few-seeded. — Herbaceous  or  suffrutescent.  Lvs.  opposite.  Stip- 
ules small,  interpetiolar.  Fls.  sessile,  in  terminal  spikes. 


308  LXXIIi.   VALERIANACE^E.  FEDIA. 

S.  MARYLANDICA.     Pink-root.     Worm-grass. 

Erect,  simple,  nearly  glabrous ;  st.  square ;  Ivs.  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  margin  and  veins  scabrous-pilose;  spikes  3 — 8-flowered; 
cor.  tube  4  times  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  anth.  exserted ;  Lobes  of  the  cor.  lance- 
olate ;  caps,  glabrous,  shorter  than  the  calyx. — %.  In  woods,  Penn.  to  Flor.  W. 
to  111.  Mead,  and  Tenn.  Miss  Carpenter!  An  elegant  dark  green  herb,  a  foot 
high.  Leaves  3 — 4'  by  If — 2|',  entire,  often  ovate-acuminate,  the  stipules 
scarcely  perceptible.  Flowers  1£ — 2'  long,  somewhat  club-shaped,  scarlet  with- 
out, yellow  within.  Style  exserted.  June. — A  celebrated  anthelmintic. 

ORDER  LXXIII.     VALEEIANACExE.— VALERIANS. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

Cal.  adherent,  the  limb  either  membranous  or  resembling  a  pappus. 

Cor.  tubular  or  runnel-form,  4 — 5-lobed,  sometimes  spurred  at  base. 

Sta.  distinct,  inserted  into  the  corolla  tube,  alternate  with,  and  generally  fewer  than  its  lobes. 

Ova.  inferior,  with  one  perfect  cell,  anfl  two  abortive  ones. 

Sds.  Solitary,  pendulous,  in  a  dry,  indehiscent  pericarp. 

Genera  12,  species  185,  widely  diffused  in  temperate  climates  The  true  valerian  of  the  shops,  used  in 
hysteria,  epilepsy,  «fcc.,  is  a  product  of  Valeriana  offieinalis.  The  roots  of  several  other  species  possess  a 
heavy  odor,  and  are  tonic,  antispasmodic,  febrifugal,  &c.  The  spikenard  (John  xii.  3,  &c.)  of  old,  valued 
aa  a  perfume  and  a  stimulant,  is  from  the  root  of  Nardostachys  Jatamunsi. 

Genera. 

Limb  of  the  calyx  at  length  a  plunrose  pappus,  deciduous Valeriana.  1 

Limb  of  the  calyx  toothed  and  persistent,  or  obsolete .       .       .    Fedia.         2 

1.  VALERIANA. 

Dedicated  to  king  Valerius,  a  patron  and  friend  of  botanists.    Linn. 

Calyx  at  first  very  small,  at  length  forming  a  plumose  pappus  ; 
corolla  funnel-form,  regular,  5-cleft ;  stamens  3  ;  fruit  1 -celled,  1- 
seeded. — ^  Lvs.  opposite^  mostly  pinnately  divided.  Fls.  in  close  cymes. 

1.  V.  SYLVATICA.     0.  uliginosa.      Wild  Valerian. 

St.  erect,  striate,  simple ;  radical  Ivs.  ovate  or  subspatulate,  undivided ; 
cauline  ones  pinnately  divided,  segments  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  subserrate, 
the  terminal  one  often  dentate ;  lobes  of  the  stig.  minute,  2  or  3 ;  fr.  ovate,  com- 
pressed, smooth. — Stem  1 — 2f  high.  Swamps,  Vt. !  to  Mich.,  very  rare. 
Plant  nearly  smooth.  Leaves  ciliate  with  scattered  hairs ;  those  of  the  root 
petioled,  sometimes  auriculate  at  base,  those  of  the  stem  with  4 — 8  lateral 
segments  and  a-  large  terminal  one.  Flowers  numerous,  rose-colored,  appear- 
ing in  July. 

2.  V.  PAUCIFLORA.  Michx. 

Glabrous,  erect  or  decumbent,  often  stoloniferous  at  base ;  radical  Ivs. 
ovate,  cordate,  slightly  acuminate,  on  long  petioles,  crenate-serrate ;  cauline 
pinnately  3 — 7-parted ;  Ifts.  ovate,  terminal  one  much  the  largest ;  cymules  few- 
flowered,  corymbose ;  corolla  tube  long  and  slender. — Ohio !  to  Va.  and  Tenn. 
Stem  mostly  simple,  1 — 2f  high.  Leaves  of  the  succors  mostly  undivided,  1 — 
If  by  | — H',  petioles  1 — 4/  long.  Flowers  pale  purple,  |'  in  length.  Jn.  Jl. 

3.  V.  CILIATA.  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Simple,  smooth  and  somewhat  fleshy;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  some  of  them 
pinnately  cleft  into  3 — 7  lance-linear,  acute  segments,  margins  densely  and 
minutely  ciliate,  mostly  attenuated  to  the  base  ;  cauline  ones  few,  with  linear 
segments ;  panicle  compound ;  fr.  compressed,  4-ribbed,  crowned  with  the  late 
calyx  limb  of  10  or  12  plumose  setae. — Low  grounds,  Can.,  Wis. !  Ohio !  Root 
yellowish,  fusiform.  Stem  1 — 3f  high.  Root-leaves  many,  3 — 8'  long,  seg- 
ments 2— 4"  wide.  Flowers  white,  in  a  close  panicle,  which  is  greatly  expand- 
ed in  fruit.  June. 

2.  FEDIA.     Adans. 

Perhaps  from J '(Edits;  on  account  of  the  strong  odor  of  some  of  the  species. 

Calyx  limb  3 — 6-toothed  and  persistent,  or  obsolete  ;  corolla  tu- 
bular, 5-lobed,  regular  ;  stamens  2  or  3  ;  fruit  2  or  3-celled,  1 -seeded. 
— ©  Lvs.  opposite,  sessile.  One  or  two  cells  of  the  fruit  abortive. 


DIPSICUS.  LXXIV.    DIPSACE^E.  309 

1.  F.  FAGOPYRUM.  Torr.  &  Gray.    (Valerianella  radiata.  Manch.)   Wild 
Corn-salad  or  Lamb  Lettuce. — St.  dicnotomous,  nearly  smooth ;  Ivs.  oblong- 

spatulate,  subentire ;  fr.  3-sided,  obscurely  2 — 3-toothed  at  the  summit. — West- 
ern N.  Y.  to  Ohio !  Stem  8 — 18'  in  height.  Bracts  lanceolate,  acute.  Fruit 
resembling  that  of  buck-wheat  (Polygonum  Fagopyrum)  in  form,  containing 
one  large  seed  and  two  empty  cells.  Flowers  white.  June. 

2.  F.  RADIATA.  Michx. 

Lvs.  entire,  or  toothed  towards  the  base,  obtuse ;  fls.  white ;  fr.  ovoid,  pu- 
bescent, somewhat  4-angled,  obscurely  1-toothed  at  apex ;  empty  cells  not  di- 
vergent, but  with  a  groove  between  them ;  fertile  cell  flatfish,  broader  than  the 
other  2. — Low  grounds,  Mich. !  Ohio  !  to  La.  Stem  6—12'  high,  dichotomous 
like  the  other  species,  smooth.  Leaves  oblong,  more  or  less  tapering  to  the 
base,  1 — 2'  by  2 — I".  Fruit  less  than  1"  long,  at  length  nearly  smooth.  May. 

3.  F.  OLITORIA.  Vahl.     Pawnee  Lettuce. 

Fr.  compound,  oblique,  at  length  broader  than  long,  not  toothed  at  apex ; 
fertile  cell  larger  than  both  the  others ;  empty  cells  united,  but  with  a  groove 


4.  F.  UMBILICATA.  W.  S.  Sullivant. 

Fruit  subglobose,  inflated,  apex  1-toothed,  the  anterior  face  deeply  umbili- 
cate,  sterile  cells  several  times  larger  than  the  fertile  one ;  bracts  subspatulate- 
linear,  not  ciliate. — Columbus,  Ohio,  Sullivant !  Plant  smooth  in  all  its  parts, 
1 — 2f  high,  many  times  dichotomous.  Leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  clasping,  dilated 
and  coarsely  dentate  at  base,  1J' — 3'  by  3 — 10".  Flowers  in  numerous  cymules, 
corymbosely  arranged.  Fruit  nearly  1"  diam.,  with  1  rib  at  the  back  produced 
into  a  tooth  at  apex,  and  a  conspicuous  depression  in  front. 


ORDER  LXXIV.     DIPSACE^.— TEASELWORTS. 

Herbs  or  loio  shrubs,  with  whorled  or  opposite  leaves. 

Fls.  collected  upon  a  common  receptacle  and  surrounded  by  a  many-leaved  involucre. 

Cal.  adherent,  often  pappus-like,  surrounded  by  a  scarious.involucel. 

Cor.  tubular,  somewhat  irregular,  the  limb  4— 5-parted. 

Sta.  •!,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  often  unequal.    Anthers  distinct. 

Ova.  inferior,  one-celled,  one-ovuled.    Style  one,  simple. 

Fr.  dry,  indehiscent,  with  a  single  suspended  seed. 

Genera  6,  species  150.  The  order  is  nearly  allied  to  the  Composite.  The  species  are  all  natives  of 
the  temperate  regions  of  the  Eastern  continent,  none  of  them  American.  Their  properties  are  unimpor- 
tant. One  of  the  species  below  is  useful  in  dressing  cloth. 

1.   DIPSlCUS. 

Gr.  <5ti//aa),  to  thirst;  alluding  to  the  water  held  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

Flowers  in  heads  ;  involucre  many-leaved ;  involucel  4-sided  ;  calyx 
superior;  corolla  tubular,  4-cleft;  fruit  1 -seeded,  crowned  with  the 
calyx. — ©  Plants  large,  hairy  or  prickly.  Lvs.  opposite,  connate  (some- 
times distinct}  at  base. 

1.  D.  SYLVESTRIS.  Mill.     Wild  Teasel. 

Lvs.  connate,  sinuate  or  jagged;  hds.  cylindrical;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
longer  than  the  head  of  flowers,  slender  and  pungent,  bent  inwards. — A  tall, 
naturalized,  European  plant,  growing  in  hedges  and  by  road-sides,  Mass,  to  la. ! 
Stem  about  4f  high,  angled  and  prickly,  with  the  opposite,  lance-shaped  leaves 
united  around  it.  Flowers  bluish,  in  a  large  oval  or  cylindrical  head  whose 
bracts  or  scales  are  not  hooked  as  in  the  next  species,  but  straight.  July.  § 

2.  D.  FULLONTJM.  Fullers'  Teasel. — Lvs.  connate,  entire  or  serrate ;  hd.  cylin- 
drical ;  bracts  hooked ;  invol.  spreading. — A  cultivated,  European  plant.  Root 
fleshy,  tapering.  Stem  erect,  furrowed,  prickly,  hollow,  about  5f  high.  Leaves 
two  at  each  node,  united  at  their  bases  around  the  stem  in  such  a  way  as  to 
hold  a  quantity  of  water.  Flowers  whitish,  in  large,  oval  or  ovoid  heads.  Cul- 


310  LXXV.    COMPOSITE. 

tivated  for  the  use  of  the  clothiers  (fullonum},  who  employ  the  heads  with  their 
hard,  hooked  scales  to  raise  the  nap  upon  woollen  cloths.  For  this  purpose 
they  are  fixed  around  the  circumference  of  a  revolving  drum.  Flowers  in  July.  $ 

2.   SCABIOSA. 
Lat.  scabies,  leprosy ;  plants  said  to  be  useful  in  cutaneous  diseases. 

Flowers  in  heads  ;  involucre  many-leaved  ;  involucel  nearly  cylin- 
drical, with  8  little  excavations  ;  calyx  limb  consisting  of  5  setae, 
sometimes  partially  abortive. — %•  Large,  mostly  European  herbs  with 
opposite  leaves. 

1.  S.  sucdsA.     Devil' s-bit. — Rt.  premorse ;  stem  Ivs.  remotely  toothed ;  Ms. 
offls.  nearly  globose ;  cor.  in  4  equal  segments. — In  gardens,  though  rarely  cul- 
tivated.    The  stem  is  about  If  high.     Corolla  violet,  f 

2.  S.  ATROPURPUREA.     Mourning  Bride. — Dos.  pinnatifid  and  incised ;  hds.  of 
fls.  radiant ;  receptacle  cylindric ;  outer  crown  of  the  seed  short,  lobed  and  crenate. — 
A  beautiful  species,  2— -4f  high,  with  dense  heads  of  dark  purple  flowers,  f 


ORDER  LXXV.     COMPOSITE— ASTERWORTS. 

Plants  herbaceous  or  shrubby. 

Lvs.  alternate  or  opposite,  without  stipules,  simple  though  often  much  divided. 

Fls.  collected  into  a  dense  head  (capitulum),  upon  a  common  receptacle,  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of 

many  bracts  (scales). 
Cal.  closely  adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  limn  wanting,  or  membranaceous  and  divided  into  bristles,  hairs, 

&c. ,  called  pappus. 

Cor.  superior,  consisting  of  5  united  petals,  either  ligulate  or  tubular. 
Sta.  5,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.    Anth.  cohering  into  a  cylinder. 

Ova.  inferior,  1-celled,  1-ovuled.    Style  2-cleft,  the  inner  margins  of  the  branches  occupied  by  the  stigmaa. 
Fr.  an  achenia,  dry,  indehiscent,  1-seeded,  crowned  with  the  pappus. 

This  is  the  most  extensive  and  most  natural  of  all  the  orders  of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  always  distin- 
guished at  sight  by  the  capitate  ftowers  and  the  united  anthers.  It  comprehends  1005  genera  (at  present 
known,  1846),  and  about  9000  species  ;  being  nearly  one-ninth  of  all  the  species  of  flowering  plants.  The 
general  inflorescence  is  centrifugal,  that  is,  the  central  o;  terminal  heads  are  first  developed,  while  the 
inflorescence  of  the  heads  is  centripetal,  the  outer  flowers  first  expanding.  In  color  the  flowers  are  vari- 
ous ;  sometimes  those  of  the  disk  and  ray  are  of  different  colors,  again  they  are  all  of^the  same,  but  in  the 
former  case  the  disk  florets  are  almost  always  yellow. 

This  immense  order  is  diffused  throughout  all  countries  of  the  globe,  but  in  very  different  proportions. 
According  to  HumboldL  they  constitute  about  one-seventh  of  the  Phtenogamous  Flora  of  Germany,  one- 
eighth,  ot'France,  one-fifteenth,  of  Lapland,  one-sixth,  of  North  America  (north  of  Mexico),  and  one-half, 
of  Tropical  America.  In  New  Holland  they  are  in  the  proportion  of  about  one-sixteenth,  according  to 
Brown,  while  in  the  island  of  Sicily  they  are  pne-half  The  Liguliflora;  are  said  to  be  most  abundant  in 
cold  regions,  and  the  Tubuliflorae  in  hot  regions.  The  Labiatiflora?  are  almost  exclusively  confined  to 
South  America.  In  the  northern  parts  of  the  world  the  Composite  are  universally  herbaceous,  but  towards 
the  tropics  they  gradually  become  frutescent  and  even  trees.  In  Chili  they  are  generally  shrubs,  and  on 
the  island  of  St.  Helena  they  are  trees. 

Properties,  §-c.—  The  Composite?  furnish  comparatively  few  useful  products.  A  bitter  principle  per- 
vades the  whole,  which,  when  combined  with  resin  and  astringent  mucilage,  becomes  tonic  and  febrifu- 
gal, as  in  the  camomile,  colt's-foot,  thoroughwort,  goldenrod,  &c.  Some  are  anthelmintics  from  the 
prevalence  of  the  resinous  principle,  as  tansey,  Artemisia,  Vernonia.  Others  are  aromatic  and  extremely 
bitter,  as  wormwood  and  all  the  species  of  Artemisia.  Other  species  are  very  acrid,  as  mayweed.  The 
Jerusalem  artichoke  (Helianthus  tuberosus),  the  vegetable  oyster  (Tragopogon),  the  true  artichoke 
(Cynara),  lettuce,  dandelion  and  a  few  others,  are  the  only  species  useful  for  food.  The  order  abounds  in 
ornamental  plants  of  the  highest  interest  to  the  florist,  and  of  easy  culture.  Among  these  are  the  splen- 
did Dahlias  and  Chinese  Chrysanthema,  with  the  numerous  progeny  of  Aster,  Helianthus,  Xeranthemum, 
Coreopsis  and  multitudes  of  others,  constituting  the  richest  ornaments  of  the  autumnal  flower  garden. 

The  inflorescence  of  the  Composite  is  peculiar,  and  its  real  nature  often  complex  and  obscure.  The 
following  definitions  jof  terms  are  given  with  reference  to  this  prder  only,  and  if  understood,  will  remove 
many  difficulties  that  lie  in  the  student's  way  in  the  investigation  of  this  subject. 

Capitulum  or  head  (compound  flmoer  of  the  earlier  botanists) ;  a  collection  of  flowers  (florets)  on  a 
common  receptacle  (rachis),  as  in  Aster,  Helianthus,  &c. 

Involucre  (calyx  by  analogy)  is  the  lower  and  outer  envelope  of  the  head. 

Scales ;  the  modified  leaves  or  bracts  composing  the  involucre. 

MonophyllovJ  involucre  ;  where  the  scales  are  united  by  their  edges. 

Polyphyllous  involucre ;  where  the  scales  are  distinct. 

Simple  involucre ;  where  the  scales  are  equal  and  arranged  in  a  single  row.  [short  ones. 

Calyculate  involucre  ;  where  a  single  row  of  scales  is  surrounded  at  base  by  an  outer  row  of  very 

Imbricated  involucre  ;  where  the  scales  are  in  several  rows,  the  outer  ones  becoming  gradually  shorter. 

The  Receptacle  or  rachis  is  the  dilated  extremity  of  the  peduncle,  inclosed  by  the  involucre,  and  upon 
which  the  flowers  stand.  It  is 

Columnar,  flat,  conical  or  depressed,  according  to  its  form  ; 

Paleaceous  or  chaffy,  where  the  flowers  are  subtended  by  chatty  scales  which  are  analogous  to  bracts  ; 

Alveolate,  where  it  presents  the  appearance  of  a  honey-comb,  each  flower  having  been  surrounded  by  a 
membranous  rim  or  involucel ; 

Areolate,  where  the  alveoli  are  reduced  to  a  mere  line ; 

Fimbrillate,  where  the  alveoli  are  split  into  teeth  or  bristles ; 

Naked,  when  smoothish.  being  destitute  of  chaff,  alveoli,  bristles,  &c. 


LXXV.   COMPOSITE. 


311 


The  flmoers  are  moreover  said  to  be 

Of  the  disk,  where  they  stand  in  or  near  the  centre  of  the  head; 

Of  the  ray,  when  they  stand  in  the  outer  circle  or  circumference  of  the  head; 

Ligulate  (strap-shaped),  when  the  limb  is  split  on  one  side  and  spread  open  in  the  form  of  a  strap. 

Tubular,  when  they  are  monopetalous  with  a  regular  limb.    The  heads  are  termed 

Homogamous,  where  they  consist  wholly  of  perfect  flowers; 

Heterosramovs,  where  the  flowers  of  the  disk  are  perfect  or  staminate,  while  those  of  the  ray  or  margin 
are  pistillate  or  neutral : 

Radiant,  where  the  flowers  are  all  ligulate,  as  in  the  dandelion ; 

Radiate,  where  those  of  the  ray  or  margin  only  are  ligulate,  the  rest  being  tubular,  as  in  Aster; 

Discoid,  where  all  the  flowers  are  tubular,  aa  in  the  thoroughiovrt ; 

Monoecious,  where  the  same  head  has  both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers ; 

Hcteroctphqlous,  where  the  same  individual  plant  has  some  of  its  heads  wholly  of  staminate,  and  others 
wholly  of  pistillate  flowers. 

Dioecious,  where  the  same  species  has  some  of  its  individuals  with  staminate  heads  only,  and  9thers 
with  pistillate  heads  only.  The  anthers  are  usually  appendiculate,  that  is,  prolonged  at  the  summit  into 
a  membranous  appendage.  The  achenia  are  termed 

Rostrate,  when  they  are  prolonged  at  the  summit  into  a  slender  neck  supporting  the  pappus,  as  in  the 
dandelion; 

Compressed,  when  they  are  flattened  parallel  with  the  diameter  of  the  head ; 

Obcompressed,  when  flattened  parallel  with  the  circumference  of  the  head. 


FIG.  47.— 1.  Helianthus  stramosus— head  radiate.  2.  Vertical  section  of  the  head,  showing  the  scales 
of  the  involucre,  and  a  single  disk-flower  remaining  upon  the  convex  receptacle.  3.  A  perfect  disk-flower 
magnified,  showing  the  achenium,  the  2  awns  of  the  pappus,  the  5-toothed  tubular  corolla,  the  5  stamens 
united  around  the  branched  style,  and  the  chaff-scale  at  base.  4.  Head  (radiate)  of  Solidago  ctesia. 
5.  A  pistillate,  ligulate  flower  of  the  ray.  6.  A  perfect  disk  fl.  7.  A  (radiant)  head  of  Taraxacum  Dens- 
leonis.  8.  A  perfect,  ligulate  fl.  9.  Achenium,  with  its  long  beak  and  plumose  pappus.  10.  A  (radiant) 
head  of  Nabalus  altissimus.  11.  A  flower.  12.  Lappa  major,  head  discoid.  13.  A  flower.  14.  One  of 
the  hooked  scales.  15.  A  (discoid)  head  of  Eupat9rium  purpureum.  16.  A  flower.  17.  Ambrosia  arte- 
misiafolia.  18.  Staminate  head  enlarged.  19.  Pistillate  involucre  enlarged.  20.  The  fertile  flower. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

{ Leaves  alternate.    .       .       .    §  l 

$  Corollas  cyanic,  I  Leaves  opposite  or  verticillate.  §  2 

(  discoid.  ?  Corollas  yellow §3 

( Leaves  alternate.  .  .  .  §  4 

!  f  Rays  yellow.  .  \  Leaves  opposite  or  all  radical.  §5 

[_..{_  .  $  Leaves  opposite  or  all  radical.  §6 


. 
Heads  (.radiant 


radiate.  (  Rays  cyanic. 


$  Leaves  opposite  or  all  radical. 
£  Leaves  alternate.    .       .       . 


27 


312 


f  Plants 
unarmed. 


§1. 


LXXV.   COMPOSITE. 

£  Pappus  capillary.  . 

Scales  much  imbricated.  ( Pappus  plumose.  . 
^spreading,  petaloid.   . 
,  Scales  in  2  series,  .  .    I  erect,  greenish.  . 

'  Flowers  all  perfect.  (.Scales  in  l  row  or  series ~£ 

l  Receptacle   $  Heads  heterogamous. 

f  Scales   <  not  chaft'y.     (.  Heads  dioecious, 
colored.  (  Receptacle  chaffy 

t  Fls.  all  t  Invol.  imbricated.    . 
<  equal.  ( Invol.  calyculate.    . 
Scales  ^  Herbs.  (  Ray  flowers  larger,  sterile.    . 
I  Fls.  not  all  perfect.  I  green.  £  Shrubby.    Heads  dioecious. 

(  Scales  acute- 5  Achenia  smooth 

f  with  spinose    <  cuspidate.  .  .  (  Achenia  rugose,  4-angled. 

J  leaves (  Scales  emarginate-mucronate 

Heads  homog«mous. 


.Plants  armed.  I  with  spinose  heads  only.  (.  Heads  heterocephalous. 


Vernonia. 

Liatris. 

Hymenopappus. 

Elephantopus. 

Cacalia. 

Gnaphalium. 

Antennaria. 

Filag-o. 

Pluchea. 

Erechtites. 

Centaurea, 

Baccharis. 

Cirsium. 

Onopordon. 

Cynara. 

Lappa. 

Xanthium. 

Eupatorium. 


i  Receptacle  flat. 

<  homogamous.  { Receptacle  conical.  Conoclimum. 

$  Heads  many,  ( heterocephalus Ambrosia. 

( erect.  {.  Head  solitary,  terminal Sclerolepis. 

\  Stem  herbaceous,  (.  climbing  and  twining Mikcmia. 

§  2.  \  Stem  shrubby.    Heads  monoecious .  Iva. 

(  Heads  corymbose.        .  Tanacetum. 

$  erect.  (  Heads  racemose.   .        .  Artemisia. 

C dry,  (spreading,  petaloid,  yellow.      .  Xeranthemu/m. 

S  green.      .  Senecio. 

$  erect,  close,  £  yellowish.  Bigelovia. 

f  Corollas  £  Scales  unarmed,  (.herbaceous,  (spreading  and  loose.     .  Carthamus. 

{Leaves     <  all  equal.  (Scales  of  the  involucre  doubly  spinose Cnieus. 

alternate.  (  Outer  corollas  enlarged  and  sterile Amberboa. 

J  Awns  of  the  achenia  re trorsely  hispid Bidens. 

Leaves  opposite.  { Awns  of  the  achenia  upwardly  hispid Coreopsis. 

$  Heads  small.  Solidago. 
f  Involucre 
I  imbricated, 
f  flat  or     i  Involuc.  no 
J  convex.  I  imbricated. 


f  Receptacle  not  chaffy,  (.conical  or  globose. 


Pappus  simple.  ( Hds.  ve 

Pappus  double.   Hds.  midl.  size.  Chrysopsis. 


Inula. 


J 


Outer  scales  very  short  or  0.   .  Senecio. 

Outer  scales  equal  to  the  inner.  Calendula. 

Ray  flowers  pistillate.     .        .  Helenium. 

Ray  flowers  neutral.        .       .  Leptopoda, 

£  Achenia  quadrangular.     .  Rtulbeckia. 

(  Pappus  minute  or  0.  { Achenia  compressed.        .  Lepachys. 

(  Rays    \  Pappus  of  2  caducous  awns.    Achenia  wingless.  Helianthus. 

<  sterile.  (  Pappus  of  2  persistent  awns.    Achenia  winged.  Actinomeris. 
Receptacle  chafly.  (  Rays  fertile.    Ach.  obcompressed  (parallel  with  the  scales).  Silphium. 

t  Awns  of  ach.  retrorsely  hispid.  Bidens. 

<  Involucre  double.  \  Awns  of  ach.  erectly  hispid.     .  Coreopsis. 

{Rays sterile.  \  Involucre  imbricate  in  3  or  more  rows.    .        .        .  Helianthus. 

$  Achenia  obovoid,  thick.  .       .  Polymnia. 
(  disk  sterile.  .  .  .    I  Achenia  obcompressed,  winged.  Silphiwm. 

$  Receptacle  nearly  flat.     .       .  Verbesina. 

Rays  fertile,  (  disk  perfect.  .  .  .  ;  Receptacle  conical.  .       .       .  Heliopsis. 

J  ^  Scales  5,  united  in  1  row.         .  Tagetes. 

£  pinnate.  ^Sc.  in  2  rows,  outerrow  distinct.  Dysodia. 

$  Lvs.  opposite,  ( undivided.    Scales  distinct.       .        .        .  Arnica. 

§  5.  I  Recept.  not  chaffy.  I  Leaves  radical,  appearing  after  the  solitary  head.     .        .  Tussilago. 

$  Rays  white,  shorter  than  scales.  Eclipta. 

J  Receptacle  flat.  (Rays  rose  color Coreopsis. 

$  simple.  I  Receptacle  conical,  with  large  paleae.     .       .       .  Zinnia. 

(  Leaves  opposite,  (pinnately  divided.    Inner  invol.  of  8  united  scales.        .       .  Dahlia. 

\  Heads  corymbose Nardosmia. 

(.  Head  solitary,  heterog-amous Bellis. 

$  Achenia  silky.    Rays  about  5.   .  Sericocarpus. 

'Pappus  t  copious.  I  Achenia  smoothish.  Rays  6—100.  Aster. 

iimple,  { of  2  short  bristles  and  several  minute  ones.  Boltonia. 

$  Heads  middle  size.      .        .        .  Diplopappus. 

.  Pappus  double.     { Heads  very  large.        .        .        .  Callistephus. 

',  Pappus  capillary.    Invol.  subsimpie.    Rays  20—200.  Erigeron. 


§  6.  (  Leaves  all  radical. 


f  alveolate. 


f  Receptacle  J 
not  chafly,  C  smoothish.  (  Pappus  none. 


§7. 


t  Receptacle  chaffy.  L  Leaves  unc 


i& 


Involucre  depressed,  broad. 
.  I  Involucre  hemispherical.    . 
£  Rays  pistillate. 
5  Disk  fls.  yellow.  \  Rays  neutral. 
fLvs.  finely  divided.  ( Disk  fls.  white.    Rays  pistillate. 

$  3  or  4. 

J  Rays  very  short,  white,  1 5. 
divided.   (  Rays  very  large,  purple.     . 

$  in  2—3  rows. 

J  Scales  of  the  invol.  equal.  ( in  1  row. 
J  Flowers  yellow.  (  Outer  scales  shortest,  pappus  capillary. 

Lvs.  radical.  ;  Flowers  white ;  pappus  plumose 

J  Pappus  single,  bristly.     

J  Lvs.  unarmed.  <Pap.  double,  outer  scaly.  Cynthia. 
(Fls.  yellow.  ( Lvs.  spinose-dentate ;  pappus  very  white.  Sonch.vs. 
C  Achenia^  Flowers  blue.    Pappus  small,  scaly.     .        .  .     Cichorium. 

not  rost.  (  Fls.  whitish  or  cream  color.    Pap.  copious,  capillary.      Nabalus. 
C  with  a  fili-  $  Involucre  with  calyculate  scales.    .        .    Lactuca. 
Achenia<  form  beak.   I  Involucre  without  calyculate  scales.      .     Tragopos-on 
Lvs.  caulme.  L rostrate.  (  with  a  short,  thick  beak;  involucre  imbricate.    .       .    Mulgedium. 


Leucanthemum. 

Chrysanthemum 

Anthemis. 

Maruta. 

Achillea. 

Verbesina. 

Partheninm. 

Echinacea. 

Troximon. 

Krigia. 

Taraxicum. 

Leontodon. 

Jlieracium. 


SCLEROLEPIS.  LXXV.    COMPOSITE.  313 

SUBORDER  1.— T  UBUL.IFlrORJE. 

Corolla  of  the  perfect  or  disk  flowers  tubular,  regular,  the  limb  5-cleft, 

or  lobed. 

TRIBE  1.    VERNOXIACEJ3. 

Heads  discoid,  homogamous.   Branches  of  the  style  subulate,  hispid  throughout. 
1.    VERNONIA.     Schreb. 

Named  for  "Wm.  Vernon,  an  English  botanist  who  traveled  in  America  in  search  of  plants. 

Flowers  all  tubular  ;  involucre  semicylindric,  of  ovate,  imbricated 
scales  ;  receptacle  naked ;  pappus  double,  the  exterior  chaffy ;  the 
interior  capillary. — *2|.  Herbs  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  mostly  alternate. 

1.  V.  NOVEBORACENSIS.  Willd.     New  York  Vernonia.     Iron-weed. 

L/vs.  numerous,  lanceolate,  serrulate,  rough;  cyme  fastigiate;  scales  of 
involucre  filiform  at  the  ends. — A  tall,  showy  plant  with  numerous  large,  dark 
purple  flowers,  found  in  meadows  and  other  moist  situations,  U.  S.  Stem 
branching  at  top,  reddish,  3 — 6f  high.  Leaves  crowded,  paler  beneath,  radical 
ones  often  lobed.  Cymes  terminal,  flat-topped,  compound.  Scales  and  corollas 
deep  purple,  the  former  ending  in  long,  thread-like  appendages.  Sept. 

(3.  prcealta.  Less.  (V.  prsealta.  Willd.")  St.  and  Ivs.  beneath  pubescent ;  scales 
nearly  destitute  of  the  filiform  appendages. — Rather  taller  than  the  preceding. 

2.  V.  FASCICULATA.  Michx.     Iron-weed. 

St.  tall,  striate  or  grooved,  tomentose ;  Ivs.  narrow-lanceolate,  tapering  to 
each  end,  serrulate,  lower  ones  petiolate ;  /ids.  numerous,  in  a  somewhat  fas- 
tigiate cyme;  invol.  ovoid-campanulate ;  scales  appressed,  mucronulate  or 
obtuse. — Woods  and  prairies  Western  States,  very  common  !  A  coarse,  pur- 
plish-green weed  3 — lOf  high.  Leaves  4 — 8'  by  1 — 2',  smooth  above.  Cymes 
compact,  or  loose.  Heads  large,  or  small.  Corollas  showy,  dark  purple,  twice 
longer  than  the  involucre.  Jl.  Aug. 
/?.  Taller  and  more  branching,  with  smaller  heads. — Woods,  la. ! 

2.    ELEPHANTOPUS. 
Gr.  eXf^aj,  elephant,  TTOVS,  foot;  alluding  to  the  form  of  the  leaves  in  some  species. 

Heads  3 — 5-flowered,  glomerate  ;  flowers  all  equal ;  involucre  com- 
pressed, the  scales  about  8,  oblong,  dry,  in  2  series  ;  corolla  palmate- 
ligulate,  5-cleft,  segments  acuminate  ;  achenia  ribbed,  hairy  ;  pappus 
chaffy-setaceous. — ^  Erect ,  with  alternate^  subsessile  leaves.  Corolla 
viokt  purple. 

E.  CAROLINIANUS.  Willd. 

St.  branched,  leafy,  hairy ;  Ivs.  scabrous  and  somewhat  hairy,  ovate  or 
oval-oblong,  obtuse,  crenate-serrate,  lower  ones  on  petioles,  upper  ones  subses- 
sile ;  hds.  terminal  and  subterminal. — Dry  soils,  Penn.,  Ohio  !  to  Flor.  and  La. 
Stem  20 — 30'  high,  flexuous,  the  branches  divaricate.  Lower  stem  leaves  5 — T 
by  3 — 5',  upper  about  2'  by  li',  the  highest  oblong,  smaller,  subtending  the 
small  heads  in  the  form  of  an  involucre.  Jl. — Sept. 

TRIBE  2.     EUPATORIACEJE. 

Heads  discoid  or  radiate.  Branches  of  the  style  much  elongated,  obtuse, 
minutely  pubescent  towards  the  summit  outside.  Anthers  not  cordate. 
Leaves  mostly  opposite. 

Section  1.    Heads  discoid,  liomogamous. 
3.  SCLEROLEPIS.    Cass. 

Gr.  vK\t]pos,  hard,  Osiris,  a  scale. 

Head  many-flowered ;  scales  of  the  involucre  equal,  linear,  in  2 


314  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  EUPATORIUM. 

series ;  receptacle  naked ;  corolla  5-toothed,  enlarged  at  the  throat ; 
branches  of  the  style  much  exserted  ;  achenia  5-angled,  crowned  with 
a  cup-shaped  pappus  of  5,  obtuse,  horny  scales. — ^  Aquatic,  glabrous, 
simple,  with,  1 — 3  terminal  heads.  Lvs.  verticillate.  Fls.  purple. 

S.  VERTICILLATA.  Cass.     (Sparganophorus.  Michx.} 

In  shallow  water,  N.  J.  to  Flor.  Stem  decumbent  at  base,  1— 2f  high. 
Leaves  in  numerous  whorls  of  about  6,  linear-setaceous,  entire,  1'  in  length. 
Head  commonly  solitary,  at  top  of  the  stem.  Jl.  Sept. 

4.   EUPATORIUM. 

Dedicated  to  Eupater,  king  of  Pontus,  who  first  used  the  plant  in  medicine. 

Flowers  all  tubular ;  involucre  imbricate,  oblong ;  style  much  ex- 
serted, deeply  cleft ;  anthers  included  ;  receptacle  naked,  flat ;  pappus 
simple,  scabrous  ;  achenia  5-angled. — ^  Herbs,  with  opposite  or  verti- 
cillate leaves.  Hds.  corymbose.  Fls.  of  the  cyanic  series,  that  is,  white, 
blue,  red,  fyc..  never  yellow. 

*  Leaves  verticillate.     Flowers  purple.-f 

1.  E.  FISTULOSUM.  Barratt.     (E.  purpureum.   Willd.  in  part.    E.  macu- 
latum.  Linn,  in  part.    E.  purpureum.  y.  angustifolium.   T.  $•  G.)  Trum- 
pet-weed.— St.  fistulous,  glabrous,  glaucous-purple,  striate  or  fluted ;  Ivs. 

in  about  12  whorls  of  6s,  largest  in  the  middle  of  the  stem,  rather  finely  glan- 
dular-serrate ;  midvein  and  veinlets  livid  purple  ;  corymb  globose,  with  vvhorled 
peduncles. — Thickets,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  very  abundant  in  the  Western  States  ! 
Height  6 — lOf,  hollow  its  whole  length.  Leaves,  including  the  1'  petiole,  8'  by 
2'.  Corymb  often  If  diam.  Flowers  purple.  The  glaucous  hue  and  suffused 
redness  of  this  majestic  plant  are  most  conspicuous  in  flowering-time.  It  does 
not  appear  to  possess  the  acrid  properties  of  E.  maculatum.  July — Sept. 

2.  E.  MACULATUM.     (E.  purpureum,  /?.  Darl.)     Spotted  Eupatorium. 

St.  solid,  striate,  hispid  or  pubescent,  greenish  and  purple,  with  numerous 
glands  and  purple  lines;  the  glands  on  the  stem  and  leaves  give  out  an  acrid 
effluvium  in  flowering-time  ;  Ivs.  tripli- veined,  3 — 5  in  a  whorl. — Low  grounds, 
U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  4 — 6f  high.  Leaves  petiolate,  6 — T  by  3 — 4',  strongly 
serrate.  Flowers  purple.  July — Sept. 

/?.  urticcefolium.  Barratt.  Height  4 — 5f;  st.  solid,  slender;  Ivs.  thin,  much 
longer  than  the  usual  form  of  E.  maculatum. 

3.  E.  PURPUREUM.  "Linn.no.tofDC.  Willd.  nor  PL  (E.  verticillatum.  Willd.) 
St.  solid,  glabrous,  green,  sometimes  purplish,  with  a  purple  band  at  the 

joints  about  1'  broad ;  Ivs.  feather-veined,  in  whorls  of  3, 4  and  5,  smooth  above, 
with  a  soft  pubescence  beneath  along  the  midvein  and  veinlets,  coarsely  serrate. 
— Dry  woods  or  meadows,  common,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  6f  high.  Leaves 
thin  and  soft,  9 — 12'  (including  the  1'  petiole)  by  3 — 4'.  Corymb  lax,  pale  pur- 
ple, varying  to  whitish.  Aug.  Sept. 

0.  album.  Barratt.  (E.  tritbliatum.  Darl.}  Fls.  dull  white ;  Ivs.  5  in  a  whorl, 
large  and  distant. — It  occurs  also  with  4  leaves  in  a  whorl — a  tall  variety, 
upper  leaves  subfalcate  ;  also  with  3  leaves  in  a  whorl — tall  and  slender. 

4.  E.  TERNIFOLIUM.    Ell.  (in  part.) 

St.  solid,  somewhat  hispid  and  glandular,  greenish,  with  purple  dots  and 
lines ;  Ivs.  mostly  3  in  a  whorl,  the  upper  and  last  whorls  smooth  and  finely  ser- 
rate. » 
0.  vesiculosum.  Barratt.  St.  atriate,  purplish,  solid,  2 — 3f  high. — Abundant 
in  meadows  and  pastures.  A  handsome  variety,  with  a  profusion  of  purple 
flowers  in  a  large,  spreading  corymb.  The  leaves  present  a  vesicular  appear- 
ance in  a  remarkable  degree  on  their  upper  surface. 

*  *  Leaves  opposite.     Heads  3 — 5-flowered. 

5.  E.  HYSSOPIFOLIUM.     Narrow-leaved  Eupatorium. 

Lvs.  opposite  (the  upper  ones  alternate),  often  verticillate,  linear-lanceo- 

t  This  section  according  to  Dr.  Barratt.    See  preface. 


EUPATORIUM.  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  315 

late,  tripli- veined,  punctate,  lower  ones  subserrate,  tipper  ones  entire. — A  more 
delicate  species,  smooth  in  all  its  parts,  or  minutely  pubescent,  in  dry  fields, 
Mass. !  to  La.  Stem  about  2f  high,  branching,  with  numerous  narrow  leaves, 
which  are  mostly  opposite,  and  a  spreading  corymb  at  the  summit.  Heads 
5-flowered.  Outer  scales  shortest,  the  others  shorter  than  the  purplish  flowers. 
Aug.  Sept. 

6.  E.    LEUCOLEPIS.    T.  &  G.     (E.  glaucescens.    0.  kucolepis.   DC.    E. 
linearifolium.  MX.) — St.  mostly  simple  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  or  linear,  obtuse, 

closely  sessile,  serrate,  lower  ones  obscurely  tripli- veined ;  corymb  fastigiate, 
canescent ;  hds.  5-flowered ;  scales  8 — 10,  scarious  at  the  summit,  as  long  as  the 
flowers.— Sandy  fields,  N.  J.  to  La.  Stem  2— 3f  high.  Leaves  1£— 2J  by  \— f ', 
glaucous-green  both  sides,  divaricate  with  the  stem,  upper  ones  linear  and  en- 
tire. Corolla  dilated  at  mouth,  with  short,  obtuse  lobes,  white.  Aug. — Oct. 

7.  E.  ALTISSIMUM.     (Kuhnia  glutinosa.  DC.}     Goldenrod  Eupatorium. 
St.  pubescent-tomentose,  tall,  corymbose  at  the  summit ;  Ivs.  lanceolate, 

acutely  serrate  above  the  middle,  pubescence  tapering  to  each  end,  subsessile, 
conspicuously  3- veined ;  hds.  5-flowered ;  scales  8 — 12,  obtuse,  pubescent. — 
Woods  and  sandy  soils,  Penn.  and  Western  States,  Plummer!  Stem  round, 
striate,  3— 7f  high.  Leaves  3 — 4'  by  £ — f ',  much  resembling  those  of  Solidago 
Canadensis ;  small  ones  often  fascicled  in  the  axils.  Corymb  compound,  con- 
sisting of  many  simple,  subcapitate  ones.  Corollas  whitish,  nearly  twice  as 
long  as  the  scales.  Sept.  Oct. 

8.  E.  ALBUM.     (E.  glandulosum.  Michx.}     White-flowered  Eupatorium. 

St.  pubescent ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  strongly  serrate,  sessile,  scabrous  or 
pubescent,  acute,  obscurely  3-veined ;  corymb  fastigiate ;  hds.  5-flowered ;  scales 
8—14,  lance-linear,  setaceously  acuminate,  scarious  on  the  margin,  and  much 
longer  than  the  flowers ;  ach.  glandular. — Sandy  fields,  Penn.  to  La.  Stem 
about  2f  high,  numerously  divided  above.  Leaves  2 — 3'  by  £ — 1',  upper  ones 
entire  and  alternate.  Involucre  concealing  the  flowers,  and  with  them  copious- 
ly sprinkled  with  resinous  dots,  whitish.  Aug. — Oct. 

9.  E.  TEUCRIFOLIUM.  Willd.    (E.  verbenaefolium.  MX.   E.  pubescens.  Pers.) 
Hairy  Eupatorium. — Lvs.  opposite,   sessile,  distinct,  ovate,  rough,  veiny, 

the  lower  ones  doubly  serrate,  the  upper  ones  subserrate  or  entire ;  st.  panicu- 
late, pubescent,  with  fastigiate,  corymbose  branches  above. — Mass. !  to  La. 
Plant  hairy,  2 — 3f  high,  with  a  somewhat  panicled  corymb  of  white  flowers. 
The  upper  leaves  are  often  entire.  Involucre  5-flowered,  with  twice  as  many 
scales  in  two  rows.  Closely  allied  to  the  following,  but  is  much- more  rough.  Aug. 

10.  E.  SESSILIFOLIUM.     Sessile-leaved  Eupatorium. 

Lrs.  opposite,  sessile,  distinct,  amplexicaul,  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  at 
the  base,  very  smooth,  serrate ;  st.  smooth. — Plant  2 — 4f  high,  in  rocky  woods, 
Mass,  to  la. !  and  Ga.  Stem  slender,  erect,  branching  at  top  into  a  corymb 
with  white  flowers.  Leaves  large,  tapering  regularly  from  the  somewhat  trun- 
cate base  to  a  long  point,  with  small  serratures,  paler  beneath.  Flower-stalks 
downy.  Heads  5-flowered,  with  twice  as  many  scales  in  two  rows.  Sept. 

11.  E.  ROTUNDIFOLIUM.  Willd.     Hoarhound. 

Lvs.  opposite,  sessile,  distinct,  roundish-ovate,  subcordate  at  base,  3-veined 
and  veinleted,  coarsely  serrate,  scabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath ;  hds.  about 
5-flowered,  inner  scales  acuminate,  as  long  as  the  flowers. — A  slender  species, 
in  dry  fields,  N.  J.  and  S.  States.  Stem  2— 3f  high,  roughish.  Leaves  1 — 2j' 
long,  |  as  wide,  mostly  obtuse.  Heads  fastigiate-corymbose.  Involucre  very 
pubescent,  outer  scales  shorter  than  the  inner.  Flowers  white.  Pappus  longer 
than  corolla.  Styles  much  exserted.  Aug.  Sept. 

12.  E.  PUBESCENS.  Muhl.     (E.  ovatum.  Bw.}     Hairy  Eupatorium. 

St.  hirsute ;  Ivs.  opposite,  sessile,  ovate,  acute,  obtusely  dentate,  rough, 
pubescent ;  corymb  fastigiate ;  invol.  about  8-flowered. — A  large,  rough  plant, 
3 — if  high-  growing  in  dry  grounds,  N.  H. !  to  Penn.  Distinguished  by  its 
opposite,  broadly  ovate  leaves,  and  its  strong  pubescence.  Involucre  of  about 
12  pubescent  scales,  the  outer  much  the  shortest.  Aug 
27* 


316  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  CONOCLINIUM. 

*  *  *  Leaves  opposite.    Heads  8 — ^-flowered. 

13.  E.  PERFOLIATUM.     ThoToughwort.    Boneset. 

Lvs.  connate-perfoliate,  very  pubescent.— A  common,  well  known  plant, 
on  low  grounds,  meadows,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Abundant.  Stem  1 — 5f  high, 
round,  rough  and  hairy.  Each  pair  of  leaves  are  so  united  at  the  base  as  to 
constitute  a  single  lamina,  centrally  perforated  by  the  stem,  and  placed  at  right 
angles  to  it ;  they  are  rough,  rugose,  serrate,  tapering  to  a  long  point,  and  both 
combined,  are  8 — 14'  in  length.  Heads  about  12-flowered,  clustered  in  large, 
terminal  corymbs.  Corollas  white.  Aug. — The  plant  is  bitter,  and  is  used  in 
medicine  as  a  tonic. 

14.  E.  RESINOSDM.  Torr. 

St.  minutely  tomentose ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  closely  sessile,  tapering  to 
a  long  acumination,  divaricate  with  the  stem,  slightly  viscidly  glandular  both 


confined  to  the  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.,  where  it  was  first  found  by  Dr.  Torrey. 

15.  E.  AGERATolDEs.     Nettle-leaved  Eupatorium. 

St.  smooth,  somewhat  branched ;  Ivs.  on  long  petioles,  subcordate,  ovate, 
acuminate,  dentate,  3-veined,  nearly  smooth ;  corymbs  compound ;  invoL  simple, 
smooth. — Rocky  hills  and'  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  round,  2 — 4f  high, 
and  with  the  whole  plant  nearly  smooth.  Leaves  large,  3 — 6'  long,  2 — 4'  broad 
at  base,  coarsely  toothed,  petioles  1 — 2'  long.  Heads  numerous,  in  small  clus- 
ters, constituting  a  compound  corymb.  Involucre  scales  mostly  in  a  row,  con- 
taining 12  or  more  flowers  of  a  pure  white.  Aug.  Sept. 

16.  E.  AROMATICUM.     Aromatic  Eupatorium. 

St.  rough,  pubescent,  corymbose  at  summit;  Ivs.  petiolate,  opposite,  sub- 
cordate,  lance-ovate,  acute,  3-veined,  obtusely  serrate,  smoothish ;  invol.  simple, 
pubescent. — A  handsome  species,  in  low  woods,  Mass,  to  La.  Whole  plant 
slightly  pubescent,  about  2f  high.  Leaves  2 — 4'  long,  |  as  wide,  on  petioles 
less  than  an  inch  long.  Heads  of  the  flowers  large,  10 — 15-flowered,  white  and 
aromatic,  in  small  corymbs.  Scales  about  equal.  Aug.  Sept. 

17.  E.  sERorlNUM.  Michx. 

St.  puberulent,  diffusely  branched ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  lance-ovate,  acute,  sharp- 
ly serrate,  tripli-veined,  nearly  glabrous ;  corymbs  compound ;  hds.  12 — 15- 
flowered;  scales  10 — 12,  scarious-edged,  very  pubescent.  111.  Mead,  to  Ga. 
Stem  4 — 6f  high,  somewhat  paniculate  above.  Leaves  4 — 6'  by  f — !£',  upper 
ones  nearly  entire,  and  somewhat  scattered,  lower  ones  opposite,  with  large, 
irregular  serratures.  Sept.  Oct. 

5.   MIKANIA.     Willd. 

In  honor  of  Professor  Mikan,  of  Prague. 

Flowers  all  tubular  ;  involucre  4 — 6-leaved,  4 — 6-flowered ;  recep- 
tacle naked ;  pappus  capillary,  simple,  scabrous ;  anthers  partly  ex- 
serted  ;  achenia  angled. — Mostly  climbing  herbs.  Lvs.  opposite. 

M.  SCANDENS.  Willd.     Climbing  Boneset. 

St.  smooth ;  Ivs.  cordate,  repand-toothed,  acuminate,  the  lobes  divaricate, 
rather  unequal ;  hds.  in  pedunculate,  axillary  corymbs. — A  climbing  plant  of 
wet  thickets,  Mass.  !  to  Ga.,  rather  rare.  Every  part  smooth.  Leaves  2 — 3'  by 
1 — 2',  on  petioles  1 — 2'  long,  apex  tapering  to  a  long  point.  Branches  short, 
nearly  naked,  each  bearing  a  small  corymb  of  whitish,  or  pink-colored  flowers. 
Aug.  Sept. 

6.  CONOCLINIUM.     DC. 

Gr.  KWVOS,  cone,  K\ivr),  bed  or  receptacle. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  receptacle  conical.  Character  otherwise  as 
in  Eupatorium. — %  Herbaceous  or  sufruticose.  Lvs.  opposite,  petiolate, 
serrate.  Fls.  blue  or  purple,  in  crowded  corymbs. 


LIATRIS.  LXXV.  COMPOSITE.  317 

C.  C03LEST1NUM.  DC.  (Coslestina  coeralea.  Spreng.  Eupatorium  celes- 
tinum.  Linn.} — Herbaceous,  nearly  glabrous,  much  branched ;  Ivs.  deltoid- 
ovate,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base,  tapering  to  an  obtusish  apex,  crenate- 
serrate,  veiny ;  petioles  slender,  about  half  as  long  as  the  lamina ;  corymbs  nu- 
merous, subumbellate ;  scales  numerous,  setaceous. — Hedges,  thickets,  roadsides, 
&c.,  Penn.  and  S.  and  W.  States!  Stem  1 — 2jf  high,  terete,  with  opposite 
branches.  Leaves  1 — 2£'  long,  §  as  wide.  Flowers  20—50  in  a  head,  of  a 
light  or  sky-blue,  reddish  in  fading.  Aug.  Sept. 

7.   LIATRIS. 

Gr.  \i,  an  emphatic  prefix,  arpcof,  invulnerable;  used  as  a  vulnerary. 

Flowers  all  tubular ;  involucre  oblong,  imbricate ;  receptacle  naked  ; 
pappus  plumose,  copious ;  achenia  obconic,  10-striate;  styles  much 
exserted. — %  herbs  or  shrubs.  Root  tuberous.  St.  simple.  Los. 
alternate.  Fls.  cyanic. 

*  Heads  16 — 6Q-flowered. 

1.  L.  SQUARROSA.  Willd.     Blazing  Star. 

Smooth  or  scabrous-pubescent ;  Ivs.  linear,  lower  ones  attenuated  at  base ; 
roc.  flexuous,  leafy  ;  hds.  few,  sessile  or  nearly  so ;  invol.  ovate-cylindric ;  scales 
large,  squarrose-spreading,  outer  larger,  leafy,  inner  mucronate-acuminate, 
scarcely  colored ;  fls.  numerous  ;  pappus  plumose. — A  splendid  plant,  native 
(in  N.  Y.  according  to  Prof.  Eaton}  Penn.  to  Flor.  and  W.  States !  Stem  2 
— 3f  high,  thickly  beset  with  long,  linear  leaves.  Heads  5 — 20,  with  brilliant 
purple  flowers.  Aug.  f 

2.  L.    CYLINDRACEA.    Michx. 

St.  low,  slender  and  very  leafy,  smooth  or  somewhat  hirsute ;  Ivs.  rigid, 
linear,  mostly  1-veined ;  hds.  few,  sessile  or  pedicellate,  cylindrical,  15 — 20- 
flowered ;  scales  short,  close,  rounded  or  obtuse  and  abruptly  mucronate  at  apex. — 
Prairies  and  barrens,  Mich,  to  Mo.  Stem  6 — 18'  high.  Leaves  2 — 5'  by  2 — 4". 
Heads  1'  long,  rarely  solitary,  sometimes  10  or  12,  mostly  about  5.  Flowers 
bright  purple. 

3.  L.  SCARIOSA.     Gay  Feather. 

Scabrous-pubescent ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  lower  oir  long  petioles,  upper  linear 
and  much  smaller ;  hds.  remotely  racemed ;  invol.  globose-hemispherical ;  scales 
obovate,  very  obtuse,  purplish  ;  fls.  numerous ;  pappus  scabrous. — A  beautiful 
plant,  4 — 5f  high,  in  woods  and  sandy  fields,  Mass.  (Richard!}  to  111. !  and  La. 
Stem  rather  stout,  whitish  above.  Leaves  numerous,  entire,  lower  3 — 9'  long, 
upper  1 — 3'  by  1 — 3",  rough-edged.  Heads  5 — 20,  1'  diam.,  in  a  long  raceme, 
each  20 — 40-flowered.  Corolla  purple.  Aug.  f 

*  *  Heads  5—  15-flowered. 

4.  L.  GRAMINIFOLIA.  Willd.     Torr.  &  Gray.     Grass-leaved  Liatris. 
Glabrous  or  with  scattered  hairs ;  st.  slender  and  simple ;  Ivs.  linear,  1- 

veined;  hds.  7 — 12-flowered,  spikes  or  racemes  sometimes  paniculate  below; 
involucre  acute  at  base  ;  scales  many,  obtuse,  appressed,  outer  row  shorter ;  ach. 
hairy. — N.  J.  to  Ala. 

/?.  1  dubia.  (L.  pilosa.  /?.  dubia.  Ph.  L.  dubia.  Bart.}  Inflorescence 
sometimes  compound  below,  or  partly  paniculate. — Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  Stem 
2— 3f  high.  Leaves  3 — 6'  by  2 — 4".  Heads  rather  small.  Sept.  Oct. 

5.  L.  SPICATA.  Willd.     Slender-spiked  Liatris. 

Lvs.  lance-linear,  smoothish,  punctate,  ciliate,  lower  ones  narrowed  at 
base ;  hds.  in  a  long,  terminal  spike,  nearly  sessile ;  Ifts.  of  the  invol.  oblong, 
obtuse  ;  fl,s.  about  8 ;  pappus  scabrous-plumose. — Native  from  N.  J.  and  Mich. ! 
to  Flor.  and  La.  Abundant  in  prairies.  A  beautiful  species,  often  cultivated. 
Stem  2 — 5f  high.  Heads  numerous,  with  bright  purple  flowers.  Aug.  f 

/?.  resinosa.  T.  &  G.  (L.  resinosa.  Nutt.}  Plant  smaller;  hds.  about  5- 
flowered. 

6.  L.  PYCNOSTACHTA.  Michx.     Thick-spiked  Liatris. 

Simple,  more  or  less  hirsute,  very  leafy;  Ivs.  rigid,  ascending,  straight 


318  LXXV.  COMPOSITE.  ASTER. 

lower  ones  long,  lanceolate,  veined,  obtuse,  upper  short,  narrow-linear ;  spike 
dense  and  thick,  long  and  bracted  below ;  hds.  numerous,  cylindrical,  sessile, 
5-flowered ;  scales,  appressed,  with  acute,  scarious  and  colored  squarrose  tips% — 
Prairies,  111. !  to  Tex.  A  stout  species,  distinguished  from  L.  spicata  chiefly  by 
its  acute,  squarrose  scales  and  few-flowered  heads.  Stem  3 — 5f  high.  Spikes 
cylindrical,  10 — 20'  long. 
ft.  T.  &  G.  (L.  brachystachya.  Nutt.}  St.  and  itwol.  nearly  glabrous. 

Section  2.    Heads  radiate. 

8.  TUSSILAGO. 

Altered  from  the  Lat.  tuaste,  cough ;  considered  a  good  expectorant. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  flowers  of  the  ray  9>  those  of  the  disk  c?; 
involucre  simple  ;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  capillary. — "4-  Lvs.  radi- 
cal. Fls.  yellow,  with  very  narrow  rays. 

T.  FARFARA.     CoWs-foot. 

A  low  plant,  in  wet  places,  brook  sides,  N.  and  Mid.  States,  and  is  a  cer- 
tain indication  of  a  clayey  soil.  Scape  scaly,  about  5'  high,  simple,  appearing 
with  its  single,  terminal,  many-rayed,  yellow  head,  in  March  and  April,  long 
before  a  leaf  is  to  be  seen.  Leaves  arising  after  the  flowers  are  withered,  5 — 8' 
by  3 — 6',  cordate,  angular,  dentate,  dark  green  above,  covered  with  a  cotton- 
like  down  beneath,  and  on  downy  petioles.  §  ? 

9.   NARDOSMIA.    Cass. 
Gr.  vapdog,  spikenard,  00-^77,  smell;  from  the  fragrance  of  the  flowers. 

Heads  many-flowered,  somewhat  9  cT;  flowers  of  the  ray  9>  of  the 
disk  £ ,  but  abortive  in  the  sterile  plant ;  involucre  simple  ;  recep- 
tacle flat,  naked  ;  pappus  capillary. — %  Lvs.  radical.  Fls.  cyanic. 
The  ray  flowers  of  the  sterile  heads  are  in  a  single  row  ;  of  the  fertile 
heads  in  several,  but  very  narrow. 

N.  PALMATA.  Hook.     (Tussilago.  Ait.') 

Scape -with  a  fastigiate  thyrse  or  corymb ;  Ivs.  roundish-cordate,  5 — 7-lobed, 
tomentose  beneath,  the  lobes  coarsely  dentate. — In  swamps,  Fairhaven,  Vt., 
Robbins.  Sunderland,  Mass.*  Hitchcock.  W.  to  R.  Mts.  Very  rare.  A  coarse, 
acaulescent  plant,  with  large,  deeply  and  palmately-lobed  leaves,  and  a  stout 
scape  covered  with  leaf-scales  and  1 — 2f  high.  The  heads  are  fragrant,  nume- 
rous, with  obscure  rays,  those  of  the  barren  plants  almost  inconspicuous.  May. 

TRIBE  3.     ASTEROIDEJE. 

Heads  radiate,  rarely  discoid.     Branches  of  the  style  more  or  less  flattened  and 

linear,  equally  pubescent  above  outside.    Leaves  mostly  alternate. 

Section  1.    Heads  radiate.    Rays  cyanic. 

10.   ASTER. 

Gr.  affrrjp,  a  ttJUufc-  from  the  radiated  flowers. 

Involucre  oblong,  imbricate ;  scales  loose,  often  with  green  tips, 
the  outer  spreading  ;  disk  flowers  tubular,  $  ;  ray  flowers  9  >  in  one 
row,  generally  few  (6 — 100),  ligulate,  oblong,  3-toothed  at  apex, 
finally  revolute  ;  receptacle  flat,  alveolate  ;  pappus  simple,  capillary, 
scabrous  ;  achenium  usually  compressed. — A  large  genus  of  %  herbs, 
very  abundant  in  the  V.  S.,  flowering  in  late  summer  and  autumn.  Lvs. 
alternate.  Disk  fls.  yellow,  changing  to  purple,  ray  flowers  blue,  purple 
01"  white,  never  yellow. 

§  Scales  imbricate,  with  appressed,  greenish  tips.     Rays  6 — 15.     Lower 
leaves  cordate,  petiolate.     Heads  corymbose.     BIOTIA.  DC. 

1.  A.  CORYMBOSUS.  Ait.     (Eurybia  corymbosa.  Cass.}     Corymbcd  Aster. 

St.  corymbose-fastigiate,  smooth  ;  branches  hairy;  tvs.  ovate,  acutely  ser- 


ASTER.  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  319 

rate,  acuminate,  the  lower  ones  cordate,  petiolate ;  petioles  naked ;  invol.  oblong, 
imbricate  with  closely  appressed,  obtuse  scales. — Common  in  dry  woods,  N.  and 
Mid.  States.  Stem  2f  high,  smooth,  often  reddish,  more  or  less  flexuous. 
Leaves  large,  mostly  smooth,  lower  ones  cordate-acuminate,  with  sharp  serra- 
tures,  middle  ones  ovate,  upper  ones  becoming  lanceolate.  Flowers  in  a  broad, 
flat-topped  corymb,  large,  very  open,  with  about  6  long,  narrow,  white  rays.  Aug. 

2.  A.  MACROPHYLLUS.  Willd.    (Eurybia  macrophylla.  Coss.)   Large-leaved, 
Aster. — St.  branched,  diffuse ;  Ivs.  ovate,  petiolate,  serrate,  rough,  upper 

ones  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  lower  ones  cordate,  petiolate  ;  petioles  somewhat 
winged ;  invol.  cylindric,  closely  imbricate  with  oblong,  acute  scales. — Distin- 
guished for  its  very  large  root  leaves  which  are  6 — 10'  by  3 — 5'.  Grows  in 
woods,  N.  States  and  Can.  Stem  furrowed,  1 — 2f  high.  Leaves  nearly  smooth. 
Rays  about  13,  white  or  pale  blue.  Sept. 

§  §  Scales  imbricated,  with  spreading,  green  tips.  Rays  12 — 30.  Pap- 
pus bristles  rigid,  some  of  them  thickened  upwards.  Heads  large, 
corymbose.  Lower  leaves  never  cordate,  cauline  sessile,  rigid.  CALLI- 
ASTRUM.  T.  &  G. 

3.  A.  RADULA.  Ait.     Rasp-leaved  Aster. 

St.  erect,  simple  below,  angular ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  narrowed 
towards  the  base,  sessile,  serrate,  rugose  and  rough ;  invol.  imbricate,  scales 
appressed,  with  small,  spreading  green  tips. — Moist  groves  and  hedges,  Me.  to 
Penn. !  Not  common.  Height  1 — 3f.  Distinguished  for  its  stiff,  narrow, 
sharply  serrate  leaves  which  abundantly  clothe  the  straight,  smooth  stem. 
Branches  nearly  naked,  undivided,  each  having  a  single  large  head,  rarely 
more.  Rays  numerous,  short,  white  or  purplish.  The  lower  leaves  are  some- 
times ovate-lanceolate.  Aug.  Sept. 

4.  A.  SPECTABILIS.  Ait.     Shovry  Aster. 

St.  erect ;  Ivs.  somewhat  scabrous,  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  entire,  lower 
ones  serrate  in  the  middle ;  branches  corymbose ;  hds.  hemispherical,  with  nu- 
merous, squarrose-spreading,  ciliate  scales. — A  low  Aster  of  pine  barrens,  Mass. ! 
to  Ky.  Stem  straight,  1 — 2f  high,  branching  above  into  a  nearly  simple  co- 
rymb of  10 — 15  heads,  which  are  large  and  showy,  with  many  long,  blue  rays. 
Sept. — Nov. 

5.  A.  GRACILIS.  Nutt.     Slender  Aster. 

St.  minutely-pubescent,  corymbose  at  summit ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  in- 
cisely  and  remotely  serrulate,  narrowed  to  the  sub-clasping  base;  corymb 
loose,  spreading;  scales  linear-oblong,  whitish,  with  green,  spreading  tips  ;  rays 
about  12. — Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  Stems  clustered,  12— 14'  high,  purplish,  leafy, 
slender.  Leaves  1 — 2£'  long,  glabrous,  opaque,  lower  ones  somewhat  spatu- 
late.  Corymb  simple  or  compound.  Rays  pale  violet,  about  as  long  as  the 
involucre.  Sept. 

§  §  §  Scales  green,  or  with  green  tips.     Rays  00.     Pappus  bristles  soft, 
none  of  them  thickened  upwards.    Achenia  compressed.    ASTER  proper. 
*  Lower  leaves  cordate,  petiolate.     Heads  paniculate. 

6.  A.  CORDIFOLIUS.     Heart-leaved  Aster. 

St.  paniculate,  smoothish ;  lower  Ivs.  cordate,  hairy  beneath,  sharply  ser- 
rate, acuminate,  petiolate ;  petioles  winged ;  invol.  closely  imbricate,  the  scales 
with  short,  green  tips. — Common  in  rocky  woods,  N.  and-  W.  States.  Stem 
smooth  below,  more  or  less  pubescent  above,  a  little  flexuous,  striate,  2f  high, 
with  a  handsome  panicle  of  racemes  at  top  of  numerous,  rather  small  flowers. 
Rays  10 — 15,  pale  blue  varying  to  white.  Lower  leaves  large,  cordate,  with  a 
deep  sinus  at  base,  the  serratures  very  acute,  the  summit  ending  in  a  long, 
acute  point,  slightly  rough  above,  hairy  and  paler  beneath.  Petioles  more  or 
less  winged,  hairy.  Above,  the  leaves  are  gradually  reduced  to  small  or  mi- 
nute bracts.  Sept. 

7.  A.  SAGITTIFOLIUS.     Arrow-leaved  Aster. 

St.  with  racemose  branches  above,  smooth ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, sessile,  serrate  in  the  middle,  radical  ones  ovate,  oblong,  cordate-sagittate, 


320  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  ASTER. 

serrate,  petiolate ;  invol.  scales  loose,  lanceolate. — Low  woods,  N.  and  W.  States 
and  Can.  Stem  2 — 4f  high,  dividing  into  many  ascending,  rigid  branches,  with 
numerous  and  crowded  heads,  forming  a  compound  panicle  of  racemes.  Heads 
small,  each  with  about  12  rays,  which  are  white  or  with  various  shades  of 
blue.  Leaves  becoming  smaller  above,  lanceolate  and  even  linear.  Sept. 

8.  A.  UNDULATUS.     Wave-leaf  Aster. 

St.  paniculate,  hispid;  branches  secund,  leafy,  1-flowered;  Ivs.  oblong- 
cordate,  amplexicaul,  very  entire,  hairy,  somewhat  undulate  or  crenate-serrate, 
lower  ones  ovate,  cordate,  subserrate,  with  winged  petioles. — Native  of  dry 
woods,  U.  S.  Plant  rough,  about  2f  high,  with  slender  branches.  Lower 
leaves  on  long  winged  petioles,  cordate,  acuminate,  upper  ones  becoming  nar- 
row-ovate and  clasping.  Flowers  pale  blue,  solitary,  fdrm'ing  a  loose  panicle 
of  somewhat  one-sided  racemes.  Aug.  Sept. 

9.  A.  AZUREUS.  Lindl.    (A.  Oolentangiensis.  Riddcll.} 

Scabrous ;  st.  and  racemose  paniculate  branches  rigid ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,  cor- 
date, slightly  serrate,  on  hairy  petioles,  middle  and  upper  ones  lanceolate  and 
linear,  acute  at  each  end,  sessile,  entire,  highest  subulate ;  hds.  broadly  obconic  ; 
scales  oblong-linear,  acute,  appressed. — Woods  and  prairies,  Western  States. 
Stem  about  2f  high.  Leaves  of  several  forms  between  the  lowest  cordate  to 
the  small,  subulate,  numerous  iloral  .ones .  of  the  slender  branches.  Racemes 
rather  remote,  panicled,  with  middle-sized  heads.  Rays  blue. 

10.  A.  SHORTII.  Hook.     Short s  Aster. 

Slender  and  nearly  glabrous,  simple  or  somewhat  branched  above ;  Ivs. 
lance-ovate,  cordate,  petiolate,  long-acuminate,  subentire,  upper  ones  sessile 
and  obtuse  at  base ;  /ids.  middle-size,  racemose  or  racemose-paniculate,  rather 
numerous;  invol. broad-cam panulate;  scales scarious,  close,  green-tipped,  shorter 
than  the  disk  flowers. — A  distinct  and  beautiful  species,  on  rocky  banks  of 
streams,  Ohio !  to  Ark.  Stem  a  little  flexuous,  2 — 4f  high.  Lower  leaves  about 
5'  by  H',  the  others  successively  diminished  upwards  to  the  flowers  where  they 
are  minute.  Rays  violet  blue. 

*  *  Lower  leaves  never  cordate.     Cauline  leaves  clasping  and  cordate  or 
auriculate  at  base. 

11.  A.  PATENS.     (A.  amplexicaulis.   Willd.')     Spreading  Aster. 

St.  simple,  paniculate  .above,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  cordate,  clasping 
the  stem,  acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  pubescent ;  panicle  loose,  few- 
flowered  ;  scales  imbricate,  lanceolate,  lax,  the  points  herbaceous. — Grows  in 
moist  grounds,  Northern  States.  Stem  2— 3f  high,  slender,  branching  above 
into  a  loose,  terminal  panicle.  Leaves  large,  (3—6'  long)  on  the  stem,  becom- 
ing small  and  bracteate  on  the  branches.  Heads  solitary  on  the  ends  of  the 
leafy  branchlets,  large,  with  20 — 30  violet-colored  rays.  Aug. — Nov. 

12.  A.  LJEVIS.  (A.  muta-bilis.  Linn.  A.  amplexicaulis.  Muhl.}  Smooth  Aster. 
Very  smooth ;  st.  angular ;  branches  simple,  1-flowered ;  Ivs.  subamplexi- 

caul,  remote,  oblong,  entire,  shining,  radical  ones  subserrate ;  invol.  closely 
imbricate,  the  scales  broadly-linear,  rigid,  thickened  and  herbaceous  at  the 
apex. — A  very  smooth  and  beautiful  species,  2 — 3f  high,  growing  in  low  grounds. 
Stem  polished,  green,  often  somewhat  glaucous.  Leaves  rather  fleshy,  broadest 
at  base,  the  lower  ones  tapering  to  a  winged  petiole.  Flowers  large  and  showy, 
with  numerous  rays  of  a  fine  blue,  becoming  purple.  Sept. — Nov. 

0.  levigatus.    (A.  laevigatus.   Willd.}    Lvs.  long,  linear-lanceolate. 

Y.  cyajieus.  (A.  cyaneus.  Ph.}  St.  and  Ivs.  conspicuously  glaucous. — These 
are  beautiful  varieties,  especially  the  latter,  which  is  perhaps  the  most  beauti- 
ful of  all  the  asters. 

13.  A.  CONCINNUS.  Willd.,  not  of  Nees.     Elegant  Aster. 

St.  simple,  paniculate  at  the  summit,  pubescent;  Ivs.  lanceolate  and  lance-  • 
linear,  narrowed  and  clasping  at  the  base,  remotely  serrate,  upper  ones  entire ; 
invol.  closely  imbricate,  scales  green  at  the  tip. — Woods,  Northern  States! 
A  slender  species,  1— 2f  high.     Branches  of  the  panicle  rather  short  and  re- 
mote.   Leaves  3 — 5'  long,  acuminate,  varying  from  i — 1'  in  width,  smooth  ex- 


ASTER.  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  321 

cept  the  mid- vein  beneath ;  branch  leaves  few  and  much  smaller.  Heads  mid- 
dle-size, with  10 — 15  bluish  purple  rays.  Sept. — Nov. 

14.  A.  PUNICEUS.     Red-stalked  Aster. 

St.  hispid,  paniculate ;  Ivs.  amplexicaul  and  more  or  less  auriculate  at 
base,  lanceolate,  serrate,  roughish  above ;  invol.  loose,  longer  than  the  disk, 
the  scales  linear-lanceolate,  long  and  revolute,  nearly  equal  and  2-rowed. — A 
large,  handsome  aster,  common  in  swamps  and  ditches,  sometimes  in  dry  soils, 
N.  States  and  Can.  Stem  4 — 6f  high,  generally  red,  (at  least  on  the  south  side), 
furrowed,  hispid.  Lower  leaves  with  remote  serratures,  rough-edged  and  rough 
on  the  upper  surface,  all  acuminate  and  narrowed  at  base.  Flowers  large  and 
showy.  Rays  50 — 80,  long  and  narrow,  pale  purple.  Aug. — Oct. 

15.  A.  FRENANTHolDES.  Muhl.     Prenanthes-liJce  Aster. 

St.  hairy  or  pubescent  above,  corymbose-paniculate ;  Ivs.  oval-lanceolate, 
serrate,  acuminate,  attenuate  at  base  into  a  long  winged  petiole  which  is  au- 
riculate at  the  insertion  ;  invol.  imbricated  with  several  rows  of  linear,  green- 
tipped,  spreading  scales.  Grows  in  low  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Ky.  Stem  2 — 3f  high, 
with  a  terminal,  corymbose  panicle  of  large  heads  on  short  peduncles.  Rays 
showy,  pale  blue. — Leaves  remarkable  for  the  long,  winged  petiole,  which  is 
dilated  at  its  base  into  rounded,  auriculate  segments.  Branch  leaves  smaller, 
nearly  entire.  Sept.— Nov. 

16.  A.  AMETHYSTlNus.  Nutt.     Amethystine  Aster. 

Hirsute ;  st.  racemose-paniculate ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  rough, 
acute,  with  somewhat  auriculate  appendages  at  the  clasping  base ;  invol.  of 
equal  scales. — Eastern  Mass.,  Nuttall,  &c.  Heads  small,  with  azure  rays. 
Aug.— Oct. 

17.  A.  NOVJE  ANGLIC.     New  England  Aster. 

Fls.  terminal,  crowded,  somewhat  fastigiate ;  st.  hispid,  paniculate ;  Ivs. 
linear-lanceolate,  amplexicaul,  auriculate  at  base ;  scales  of  involucre  equal,  lax, 
linear-lanceolate,  rather  longer  than  the  disk. — A  large  and  beautiful  aster,  in 
fields,  meadows  and  shades,  more  common  in  the  W.  States !  than  in  N.  Eng.  ! 
Stem  4 — 6f  high,  straight,  erect,  viscidly  hairy,  colored.  Leaves  very  numer- 
ous, narrow,  entire,  with  2  auricular  appendages  at  base.  Flowers  large,  in  a 
kind  of  loose,  paniculate  corymb.  Ray-flowers  deep  purple,  numerous  (75 — 
100).  Sept.  f 

*  *  *  Leaves  neither  cordate  nor  auriculate,  the  margin  serrate. 
t  Scales  not  spreading. 

18.  A.  TRADESCANTI.     Tradescanfs  Aster. 

Branches  virgate,  paniculate;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  remotely  serrate,  sessile, 
smooth ;  invol.  closely  imbricate ;  st.  round,  slender,  smooth. — A  fine  species, 
with  numerous  leaves,  growing  in  fields,  Mass,  to  La.  Stem  rigid,  brownish, 
about  3f  high,  with  numerous  slender,  racemose  branches.  Lower  stem-leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate,  4'  long,  gradually  reduced  in  size  upwards.  Heads  small, 
numerous,  with  pale  purple  rays.  Aug. — Oct. 

(l.fragilis.T.&Gr.  (A.  fragilis.  Willd.}  Cauline  leaves  serrulate  or  entire, 
short ;  heads  much  scattered  on  the  branches. 

19.  A.  MISER.  Ait.  T.  &  G.    (A/miser,  divergens,  diffusus  and  pendulus. 
Ait.')     Starved  Aster. — St.  racemose-paniculate,  hairy  or  pubescent ;  Ivs. 

sessile,  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  in  the  middle ;  invol.  imbricated  with  acute 
scales;  rays  short. — A  very  variable  species  common  in  old  fields,  hedges,  TJ.  S. 
and  Can.  In. height  it  varies  from  6  to  30',  and  in  luxuriance  proportionately 
to  the  moisture  or  fertility  of  the  soil.  The  stem  is  very  branching  or  nearly 
simple,  bearing  a  large,  compound,  racemose  panicle  or  a  few  simple  racemes. 
Leaves  varying  from  narrow-lanceolate  to  broad-oval,  1 — 5'  in  length.  Heads 
usually  numerous,  small,  with  small  white  or  purple  rays. 

/?.  diffusus.  Branches  spreading,  diffuse ;  Ivs.  elliptical-lanceolate,  more  or 
less  narrowly  so,  midvein  hairy  beneath;  hds.  often  sessile,  forming  short, 
crowded  spikes  or  long  virgate  ones. 

Y.  hirsuticaulis.  T.  &  G.    (A.  hirsuticaulis.  Lindl.}    St.  hirsute ;   Ivs.  long 


322  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  ASTER. 

and  narrow,  midvein  hirsute ;  hds.  racemose  or  spicate,  upper  in  short,  dense 
bunches;  scales  linear. 

20.  A.  SIMPLEX.  Willd.     (A.  salicifolius.  Darl.)     Willow-leaved  Aster. 

Glabrous ;  st.  racemose-paniculate  above ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  en- 
tire, the  margins  scabrous,  lower  ones  serrate ;  scales  loosely  imbricated,  linear- 
subulate. — Another  variable  species  in  low  grounds,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem 
] — 51' high,  somewhat  corymbose.  Leaves  2 — 4'  by  5 — 10",  very  smooth  both 
sides,  tapering  to  a  slender  point ;  those  of  the  branches  and  branchlets  propor- 
tionately smaller.  Heads  rather  few,  middle  size,  on  the  short  branchlets.  Sept. 

ft.  altior.  Branches  hirsute  or  pubescent ;  hds.  above  the  middle  size,  with 
blue  rays. — Stem  4 — 6f  high. 

y.  humilior.  Branches  pubescent,  with  short,  crowded  spikes  of  small  heads ; 
rays  pale  blue. — Stem  1 — 2f  high. 

i.  recurvatus.  Diffuse,  with  long,  spreading  or  recurved  branches ;  hds.  loosely 
racemed ;  rays  bluish- white. — Western ! 

21.  A.  TENUIFOLIUS.     Narrow-leaved  Aster. 

St.  smooth,  erect,  paniculate-branching,  with  1-flowered  branchlets;  Ivs. 
linear-lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end,  long-acuminate,  entire,  with  roughish 
margins,  the  lower  ones  often  serrate  in  the  middle  ;  invol.  scales  lax,  acute. — 
Grows  in  moist  fields,  Can.  to  Va.  Stem  leaves  2 — 4'  long,  those  of  the  branches 
and  branchlets  proportionately  smaller.  Heads  small,  with  numerous  (20—30), 
long,  pale  purple  rays.  Sept. 

22.  A.  GREENEI.  Torr.  &  Gray.     Greene's  Aster. 

St.  glabrous,  racemosely  branched;  Ivs.  glabrous,  subclasping,  remotely 
appressed-serrulate,  scabrous  above,  lower  narrow-lanceolate,  upper  short,  nu- 
merous, ovate-lanceolate;  hds.  rather  small,  on  short,  bracted  peduncles." — Near 
Boston.  Dr.  B.  D.  Greene,  Dr.  Pickering.  Cauline  leaves  3 — 5'  long,  ramial 
leaves  much  smaller. 

23.  A.  NOVI-BELGII.     New  York  Aster. 

Glabrous ;  st.  terete,  stout,  often  glaucous ;  Ivs.  rather  rigid,  lanceolate, 
acute,  the  lower  subserrate  and  subclasping ;  hds.  racemose  or  corymbose ;  scales 
rather  loosely  imbricated,  lanceolate,  subequal,  with  acute  green  tips ;  rays 
numerous. — A  smooth,  handsome  Aster  in  Western  and  Southern  States,  not 
common.  Stem  2 — 4f  high,  with  few,  straight,  somewhat  corymbose  branches. 
Leaves  4 — 6'  long,  tapering  to  each  end,  rough-edged,  upper  ones  much  smaller. 
Heads  rather  large.  Rays  pale  blue,  expanding  9 — 12".  Aug. — Oct. 

1 1  Scales  spreading  or  squarrose  at  tip. 

24.  A.  LAXUS.     Loose-stalked  Aster. 

St.  loosely  corymbose-panicled  above ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
rough-edged,  lower  ones  subserrate,  those  of  the  stem  subreflexed,  of  the  branches 
much  spreading ;  invol.  imbricate,  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  reflexed  at  the  apex. 
— Fields,  Mass.,  N.  Y.  Stem  2— 3f  high,  with  small,  bluish  flowers.  Sept.  Oct. 

25.  A.  LAXIFOLIUS.  Nees.     Loose-leaved  Aster. 

St.  scabrous  ;  roc.  compound ;  branches  racemose  at  the  summit  or  slightly 
compound;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  elongated,  mucronately  serrulate,  attenuate 
at  each  end.  clasping  at  base,  scabrous  above ;  scales  squarrose. 

y.  Icetiflorus.  T.  &  G.  St.  slender,  with  long,  filiform,  spreading  branches ; 
Ivs.  rather  rigid  and  very  scabrous ;  roc.  loose,  the  pedicels  nearly  leafless. — 
Ohio  and  Wis.  Described  by  Drs.  Torrey  fy  Gray  as  a  very  graceful  plant  of 
considerable  size,  with  very  long,  narrow  leaves,  and  numerous,  long,  showy, 
pale  purple  rays. 

26.  A.  LONGIPOLICTS.  Lam.     (A.  laevigatus.  Ph.}    Long-kaved  Aster. 
Glabrous ;  st.  very  branching,  branches  many-flowered ;  Ivs.  subamplexi- 

caul,  linear-lanceolate,  lower  ones  serrate,  smooth;  invol. scales  lax,  lanceolate, 
nearly  equaling  the  disk. — Fields  and  thickets,  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Stem  3f  high. 
Leaves  pale  below,  shining  above,  smooth  both  sides,  the  lower  ones  4—6'  long. 
Heads  numerous,  showy,  with  25—30  light  blue  rays.  Nov. 


ASTER.  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  323 

*  *  *  *  Leaves  neither  cordate  nor  auriculate,  the  margin  entire  or  subentire. 
t  Scales  erect. 

27.  A.  SERICEUS.  Vent.    (A.  argenteus.  Michx.}    Silk-leaved  Aster. 

Sts.  slender,  clustered,  glabrous  below,  silky-pubescent  and  branched 
above  ;  Ivs.  clothed  on  both  sides  with  a  dense,  appressed,  silky-canescent  pubes- 
cence, lance-oblong,  entire,  acute  and  mucronate,  sessile ;  hds.  large,  mostly 
solitary,  terminal  on  the  short,  leafy  branchlets ;  scales  lanceolate,  silky-canes- 
cent  like  the  leaves,  spreading  at  tip. — A  singularly  elegant  Aster,  with  shin- 
ing, silvery  foliage,  prairies !  and  river  banks!  Wis.  and  Iowa,  to  Miss.  Stem 
1— 2f  high.  Lower  leaves  2 — 3'  by  f — If,  the  upper  much  smaller.  Rays 
deep  violet-blue.  Aug. — Oct.  f 

28.  A.  coNcSLOR.     One-colored  Aster. 

St.  subsimple,  erect,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  lance-oblong,  entire,  mucronate,  gray- 
ish, with  a  minute,  silky  pubescence  both  sides,  upper  ones  cuspidate-acumi- 
nate ;  roc.  terminal,  virgate,  simple  or  somewhat  compound,  elongated ;  scales 
lanceolate,  silky,  acute,  appressed. — Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Flor.  A  slender  and 
virgate  plant,  1 — 3f  high,  sometimes  branched  below.  Root  often  tuberous. 
Leaves  !£'  by  J7,  reduced  in  size  upwards.  Heads  in  a  long  raceme,  with  blue 
rays  and  a  rust-colored  pappus. 

29.  A.  TURBINELLUS.    Lindl. 

Smooth  or  slightly  scabrous ;  branches  and  branchlets  very  slender ;  Ivs. 
lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end,  acute,  slightly  clasping,  entire,  those  of  the 
branches  linear,  and  of  the  branchlets  subulate  ;  invol.  turbinate,  acute  at  base, 
as  long  as  the  disk  flowers ;  scales  imbricated  in  many  rows,  linear,  obtuse, 
with  short  green  tips. — Woods  and  river  bottoms,  111.  Mead,  Mo.,  &c.  to  La. 
Stems  2f  high,  with  the  branches  numerous  and  somewhat  corymbose.  Lower 
leaves  3 — 5'  by  f — It',  the  others  gradually  reduced  upwards  to  the  scales  of 
the  obconic  or  top-shaped  involucre.  Heads  middle-size,  with  blue  rays  and 
brownish  pappus.  Sept. 

30.  A.  DUMOSUS.     Bushy  Aster. 

Nearly  smooth ;  branches  racemose-panicled ;  Ivs.  numerous,  smooth,  li- 
near, sessile,  entire  or  subserrate,  those  of  the  branches  very  short ;  invol.  cyl- 
indrical, closely  imbricate. — About  2f  high,  in  dry  shades  and  borders  of  woods, 
U.  S.  Stem  much  branched,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent,  with  long,  linear 
leaves,  those  of  the  branches  smaller  and  becoming  very  minute. — Heads  mid- 
dle sized,  scattered,  solitary,  with  about  24  purplish  white  rays.  Ctuite  varia- 
ble. Sept. 

0.  foliosus.  (A.  foliosus.  Ait.)  St.  racemose-compound;  Ivs.  acute,  often  ser- 
rulate ;  scales  narrower,  subacute. 

y.  strictior.  (A.  fragilis.  Lindl.}  Somewhat  paniculate ;  branch  leaves  rather 
numerous  and  appressed. 

31.  A.  CARNEUS.     Flesh-colored  Aster. 

Smooth ;  st.  dividing  into  many  straight,  racemose,  leafy  branches ;  Ivs. 
uniform,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire,  the  lower  ones  tapering  to  a  ses- 
sile base,  the  upper  amplexicaul ;  scales  acute,  much  shorter  than  the  disk. — A 
handsome  bushy  Aster  by  fences,  &c.  (Claremont !)  N.  H.,  W.  to  la.  Rare. 
Stem  about  2f  long,  often  purple.  Stem  leaves  3 — 5'  by  £ — £',  branch  leaves 
much  smaller.  Heads  numerous,  middle-size,  somewhat  secund,  each  with 
20 — 30  pale  purple,  narrow  rays.  Sept.  Oct. 

32.  A.  GRAMINIFOLIUS.     Ph.     Grass-leaved  Aster. 

Subpubescent ;  st.  slender,  branched  above ;  lower  Ivs.  very  numerous,  nar- 
row-linear; ped.  slender,  1-flowered;  scales  linear-subulate,  loose,  scarcely  im- 
bricated.— N.  H.  Eddy,  in  the  N.  Am.  Fl.,  Vol.  II.,  p.  503.  Branches  simple, 
leafy,  naked  at  the  end,  1-flowered,  somewhat  corymbose.  Rays  15—25,  much 
longer  than  the  disk,  purple  or  rose-colored. 

1 1  Outer  scales  spreading  or  squarrose. 

33.  A.  ERicolDES.    Heath-like  Aster. 

Nearly  or  quite  smooth;   branches  virgate,  spreading,  paniculate;   Ivs. 
linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  verv  smooth,  those  of  the  branches  subulate  and  ap- 
28 


324  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  ASTER. 

proximate,  short,  of  the  stem  long,  of  the  root  oblong-spatulate ;  invol.  some- 
what squarrose, — Grows  in  rocky  fields,  in  most  of  the  States.  Stem  1— 3f 
high,  with  numerous  brittle  branches  and  branchlets  forming  a  thick  bush  and 
terminated  each  by  a  single  pale  purple  flower.  Leaves  rather  numerous,  the 
cauline  ones  3'  in  length.  Heads  small,  about  20-rayed.  Sept. 

34.  A.  MULTIFLORUS.     Many-flowered  Aster. 

Hairy  or  pubescent ;  st.  diffusely  branched  ;  Ivs.  linear,  entire,  sessile,  pu- 
bescent, margins  subciliate ;  invol.  imbricate,  squarrose,  linear  or  spatulate, 
with  oblong,  ciliate  scales. — A  very  branching,  diffuse  species,  with  very  nu- 
merous, small  flowers  crowded  on  the  racemose  branches,  each  with  abo'ut  12 
white  rays.  Stem  variously  pubescent,  1 — 2f  high.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  obtuse, 
very  narrow.  Rocks  and  dry  fields,  U.  S.  Variable.  Sept. 

35.  A.  PRJEALTUS.     Poir.  (A.  salicifolius.  Ait.}     Willow-leaved  Aster. 

St.  corymbosely-paniculate,  with  hairy  lines  above  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  close- 
ly sessile  or  subamplexicaul,  smooth  and  shining  above,  with  a  rough  margin, 
subserrate  or  entire,  acute,  the  lower  ones  narrowed  towards  the  base ;  invol. 
loosely  imbricated  with  acute,  green-tipped,  linear  scales. — Common  in  moist 
woods  and  by  streams  (N.  H.  toWis.  Laphamf),  varying  from  2  to  3f  in 
height.  The  stem  is  slender,  often  flexuous,  green  or  often  purple,  dividing 
above  into  flowering  branches,  arranged  in  a  sort  of  corymbose  panicle  of  large 
and  showy  blue  flowers.  Aug. — Oct. 

36.  A.  ELODES.    Torr.  &  Gray.     Swamp  Aster. 

Glabrous  and  very  smooth;  branches  corymbose-paniculate;  Ivs.  linear- 
lanceolate,  entire,  shining,  thick,  upper  ones  somewhat  clasping;  invol.  closely 
imbricated  in  several  rows  of  linear,  green-pointed,  spreading  scales. — In 
swamps,  Mass,  to  Va.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  with  very  smooth  foliage  and  large, 
showy,  blue  flowers.  Aug.  Sept. 

37.  A.  OBLONGIFOLIUS.    Nutt.    (and  A.  graveolens.    Nutt.}     Oblong-leaved 
Aster. — St.  rigid,  diffusely  branched,  hairy ;  brandies  spreading,  with  loose 

and  irregular  branchlets ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  mucronate,  partly  clasp- 
ing, entire,  rough-edged,  abruptly  reduced  on  the  branches  and  branchlets  ;  has. 
solitary,  terminal  on  the  slender  branchlets  ;  involucre  scales  nearly  equal,  green, 
spreading. — Prairies,  &c.  Western  States!  Plant  1 — 2f  high,  often  glandular- 
viscid.  Cauline  leaves  12—20"  by  3—5" ;  those  of  the  branches  6"  by  2",  of 
the  branchlets  3"  by  £",  indistinguishable  from  the  scales.  Rays  purple.  Pap- 
pus brownish.  Sept.  Oct. 
§  §  §  §  Scales  imbricated,  scarious  on  the  margins,  destitute  of  green  tips. 

38.  A.  ACUMINATUS.  Michx.     Acuminate  Wood  Aster. 

St.  simple,  flexuous,  angular,  branching  into  a  corymbose  panicle  above ; 
Ivs.  broad-lanceolate,  narrowed  and  entire  at  the  base,  serrate  and  acuminate ; 
invol.  scales  lax,  linear. — Mountains  and  woods,  Can.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.  Stem  a 
foot  high,  rough,  downy.  Leaves  large,  unequally  and  remotely  serrate  above, 
and  ending  in  a  long,  acuminate  point.  Panicle  corymbose,  terminal,  few- 
flowered,  nearly  or  quite  naked.  The  leaves  are  mostly  situated  just  below  the 
corymb,  sometimes  scattered.  Heads  rather  large,  with  about  15  long,  white 
rays.  Aug. 

39.  A.  NEMORALIS.  Ait.     (A.  Isedifolius.  Ph.    A.  uniflorus.  MX.}     Wood 
Aster. — Branches  corymbed  or  0 ;  ped.  1-flowered,  nearly  naked,  filiform  ; 

Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  veinless,  revolute-margined,  roughish; 
scales  of  the  involucre  very  acute,  loose,  shorter  than  the  disk  ;  rays  about  20. — 
A  handsome  plant,  in  swampy  woods,  N.  H.  Starrs!  Mass.  Robbins!  to  N.  J. 
Rather  rare.  Stem  slender,  10— 20' high.  Leaves  numerous,  10 — 18"  by  2—  4", 
rarely  subdentate.  Heads  large,  few,  often  but  one,  terminating  the  simple 
axis.  Rays  large,  white  or  pale  purple.  Sept.  Oct. 

40.  A.  FTARMicdlDEs.  T.  &  G.   (Heliastrum  album.  DC.   Chrysopsis  alba. 
Nutt.}— St.   corymbose-fasti giate   above;    Ivs.    linear-lanceolate,    acute, 

rough-margined,  entire,  lower  ones  dentate,  attenuated  into  a  short  petiole ; 
rays  short. — A  very  distinct  Aster,  low  and  leafy,  found  in  rocky  soils,  by  streams 
and  lakes,  Vt.  Bobbins,  to  Mo.  Rare.  Stems  clustered,  simple,  each  bearing 


DIPLOPAPPUS.  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  325 

a  spreading  panicle  of  heads  which  are  below  the  middle  size  and  furnished 
with  snow-white  rays.  July— Sept. 

41.  A.  FLEXUOSUS.  Nutt.     (A.  sparsiflorus.  Ph.}     Few-flowered  Aster. 

St.  branching,  slender,  flexuous,  very  smooth ;  Ivs.  long  and  succulent,  the 
lower  ones  sublanceolate-linear,  upper  ones  subulate;  branches  leafy,  1-flow- 
ered;  invol.  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  appressed;  rays  numerous,  shorter 
than  the  involucre.  Grows  in  salt  marshes,  Mass,  to  Flor.  The  whole  plant 
very  smooth,  If  high,  with  large,  purple  flowers;  disk  yellow.  Aug. — Oct. 

42.  A.  LINIFOLIUS.     (A.  subulatus.  Michx.}     Sea  Aster. 

St.  paniculate,  much  branched  from  the  base ;  Ivs.  long,  linear,  very  acute, 
the  uppermost  subulate ;  mwZ.^cylindric  with  subulate  scales  ;  radical  hds.  mi- 
nute.— An  annual  species,  found  in  salt  marshes,  Mass,  to  Car.  Stem  12 — 18' 
high,  very  smooth,  thick,  reddish.  Leaves  smooth,  sessile.  The  plant  is  very 
branching,  with  numerous  short-rayed,  small,  purple  flowers.  Aug. 

11.  SERICOCARPUS.     Nees. 

Gr.  oriptKos,  silken,  «ap7roj,  fruit;  from  the  character  of  the  genus. 

Heads  few-flowered;  ray-flowers  4 — 6,  9;  disk-fls.  6 — 10,  $;  in- 
volucre oblong,  imbricated ;  scales  appressed,  with  green,  spreading 
tips ;  receptacle  alveolate ;  achenium  obconic,  very  silky ;  pappus 
simple. — ^  Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and  close  corymbs.  Rays  white. 

1.  S.  SOLIDAGINEUS.  Nees.     (Aster  solidaginoides.  Michx.} 

Smooth ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  entire,  sessile,  obsoletely  3- veined, 
rough  on  the  margin ;  corymb  fastigiate ;  Ms.  aggregate,  subsessile,  5-rayed ; 
scales  obtuse,  white,  with  green  tips. — In  woods,  Can.  to  La.  Not  common. 
Stem  slender,  simple,  about  2f  high.  Leaves  smooth,  pale  green,  1 — 2'  by  3 — 
5".  Heads  rather  small,  in  a  level-topped  corymb.  Involucre  oblong.  Scales 
imbricate,  appressed,  with  conspicuous  green  tips.  Rays  long,  white.  Jl.  Aug. 

2.  S.  coNYzolDEs.  Nees.    (Aster.   Willd.    Conyza  asteroides.  Linn.} 

St.  somewhat  pubescent,  simple,  corymbose  at  top ;  Ivs.  oval-lanceolate, 
smooth  beneath,  slighly  3-veined,  narrowed  at  base,  acute,  the  upper  ones  ses- 
sile, nearly  entire,  the  lower  narrowed  into  the  petiole,  serrate  ;  invol.  cylindri- 
cal, the  scales  oval,  obtuse,  appressed,  slightly  reflexed  at  summit ;  rays  5,  short. 
— Common  in  woods  and  thickets,  Mass,  to  Flor.  Stems  somewhat  5-angled, 
1 — 2f  high.  Leaves  somewhat  fleshy.  Ray  short,  but  longer  than  the  disk, 
white.  July,  Aug. 

12.  DIPLOPAPPUS.    Cass. 

Gr.  JiTrXooj,  double,  TTaTTTrof,  pappus;  from  the  character. 

Heads  many-flowered:  ray-fls.  about  12,  9;  disk-fls.  £;  involucre 
imbricate  ;  receptacle  flat,  subalveolate  ;  pappus  double,  the  exterior 
very  short,  interior  copious,  capillary  ;  achenium  compressed. — % 
Lvs.  entire,  alternate.  Rays  cyanic.  Disk  yellow. 

1.  D.  LINARIIFOLIFS.  Hook.     (Aster  linariifolius.  Linn.} 

St.  straight,  roughish ;  branches  1-flowered,  fastigiate ;  scales  of  invol.  im- 
bricate, carinate,  as  long  as  the  disk ;  Ivs.  linear,  entire,  1-veined,  mucronate, 
carinate,  rough,  rigid,  those  of  the  branches  recurved. — A  handsome  species, 
in  dry  woods,  along  streams,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  rather  rare.  Stems  subsimple, 
purplish,  about  a  foot  high,  decumbent  at  base.  Leaves  numerous,  rigidly  up- 
right or  recurved,  obtuse,  with  a  small,  mucronate  point,  pale  beneath,  shining 
above.  Branchlets  near  the  top,  leafy,  each  with  one  rather  large  and  showy, 
violet-colored  head.  Aug.  Sept. 

2.  D.  UMBELLATUS.  Hook.    (A.  amygdalinus.  Michx.  A.  umbellatus.  Ait.} 
St.  smooth,   straight,   simple;   corymb  fastigiate;    Ivs.  long,   lanceolate, 

smooth,  attenuate-acuminate  at  each  end,  rough  on  the  margin ;  invol.  scales 
obtusely  lanceolate. — A  tall,  handsome  plant,  growing  in  low  grounds,  river 
banks  and  fields,  N.  Eng.  to  La.  Stem  3— 4f  high  (in  dry  fields  but  1—2), 


326  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  ERIGERON. 

purplish,  channeled,  simple,  smooth,  branching  above  into  a  large,  level-topped, 
compound  corymb  of  showy  flowers.  Leaves  narrow,  entire,  4—6'  in  length, 
those  of  the  branchlets  smaller.  Rays  about  12,  white.  Disk  yellow.  Aug.  Sept. 
/?.  amygdalinus.  St.  roughish  above,  green  ;  branches  of  the  corymb  divaricate; 
Ivs.  broader. — Gluite  different  in  aspect  from  variety  a.  Common. 

3.  D.  CORNIFOLIUS.  Less.     (Aster  cornifolius.  Muhl.} 

St.  smooth  below,  scabrous  and  slightly  paniculate  above,  few-flowered ; 
Ivs.  elliptical,  acuminate,  entire,  tapering  to  the  base,  with  scattered  hairs, 
rough-edged ;  invol.  scales  imbricate,  shorter  than  the  disk.  Grows  in  woods, 
N.  and  Mid.  States.  Whole  plant  nearly  smooth,  erect,  1 — 2f  high.  Leaves 
acute  at  the  base,  paler  beneath,  on  very  short  stalks.  Flowers  few,  large ; 
outer  scales  very  short.  Rays  about  10,  white.  July,  Aug. 

13.  ERIGfiRON. 

Gr.  rjp,  the  spring,  yspwv,  an  old  man ;  because  it  is  hoary  early  in  the  season. 

Heads  many-flowered,  subhemispherical ;  ray-flowers  9  very  nu- 
merous (40 — 200),  narrow,  linear  ;  flowers  of  the  disk  $ ;  receptacle 
flat,  naked  ;  involucre  nearly  in  1  row  ;  pappus  generally  simple. — 
Herbs  with  alternate  leaves.  Rays  cyanic. 

§  Rays  longer  than  the  involucre.     Mostly  i\.. 

1.  E.  BELLIDIFOLIUM.  Muhl.     (E.  pulchellum.  MX.}    Robin's  Plantain. 
Hirsute ;  radical  Ivs.  obovate,  obtuse,  subserrate ;  stem  Ivs.  remote,  mostly 

entire,  lance-oblong,  acute,  clasping ;  Ads.  3 — 7,  in  a  close,  terminal  corymb ; 
rays-  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  involucre,  linear-spatulate. — Dry  fields  and 
thickets,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  erect,  simple,  sometimes  stoliniierous,  \ — 2f 
high.  Leaves  2 — 3'  by  6 — 9",  mostly  broadest  above  the  middle.  Rays  60 — 
100,  bluish  (rarely  reddish)-purple.  This  is  our  earliest  species,  flowering  in 
May  and  June.  Resembles  the  following. 

2.  E.  PHILADELPHICUM.     (E.  purpureum.  Ait.}  Narrow-rayed  Robin's  PI. 
Pubescent  or  hirsute ;  Ivs.  thin,  lower  spatulate,  crenate-dentate,  upper  ob- 

long-oblanceolate,  narrowed  to  the  clasping  (sometimes  cordate-auriculate) 
base,  subserrate ;  hds.  few,  on  long,  slender  peduncles ;  rays  very  numerous, 
filiform,  more  than  twice  longer  than  the  involucre. — Woods  and  pastures 
throughout  N.  Am.  Stem  slender,  1 — 3f  high.  Leaves  2 — 4'  by  6 — 9",  lower 
much  attenuated  at  base,  upper  acute.  Rays  150 — 200 !  reddish-purple  or  flesh- 
colored,  nearly  as  slender  as  hairs.  Jn. — Aug. 

(3. 1  Ricardi.     Cauline  Ivs.  cordate-ovate.    Meriden,  N.  H.  Richard ! 

y.  St.  stout,  with  coarsely  serrate  leaves. 

3.  E.  HETEROPHYLLUM.  Muhl.     (E.   annuum.  Pers.}     Common  Fteabane. 
White-weed. — St.    hispid  with   scattered   hairs,  branching ;   Ivs.  hirsute, 

coarsely  serrate,  the  lowest  ovate,  contracted  at  base  into  a  winged  petiole,  stem 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  acute,  the  highest  lanceolate;  rays  very  numer- 
ous and  narrow. — A  common  weed,  in  fields  and  waste  grounds,  Can.  to  Penn. 
and  Ky.  Stem  thick,  2 — 4f  high,  striate,  terminating  in  a  large,  diffuse,  co- 
rymbose panicle  of  large  heads.  Rays  white  or  purplish,  100  or  more,  short. 
June. — Aug. 

4.  E.  STRIGOSUM.     Fleabane.     White-weed.     Daisy. 

Hairy  and  strigose  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end,  entire  or  with  a 
few  large  teeth  in  the  middle,  lower  ones  3- veined  and  petiolate ;  panicle  co- 
rymbose ;  pappus  double. — A  rough  weed  in  grassy  fields,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem 
about  2f  high,  slender,  furrowed,  with  close,  short,  stiff  hairs,  and  bearing  a 
large,  loose  corymb.  Leaves  also  with  close-pressed  bristles,  sessile.  Rays 
very  narrow,  white.  June — Oct. 

(3.  (E.  integerrifolium.  Bw.}  St.  simple,  smooth ;  Ivs.  entire,  pubescent ;  fis. 
corymbed.  Rays  100—150.  ' 

§  §  Rays  shorter  than  the  involucre.     Plants  CD  or  @. 

5.  E.  DIVARICATUM.  Michx. 

Decumbent  and  diffusely  branched, hirsute ;  Ivs.  linear  and  subulate;  hds. 


DAHLIA.  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  327 

very  small,  loosely  corymbose ;  rays  minute. — Dry  soil,  Western  States  !  S.  to 
La.  Plant  of  a  greyish  or  bluish  aspect,  3 — 6'  high,  but  at  length  spreading 
1— 2f.  Leaves  4 — 12"  by  £ — 1".  Rays  purplish.  June — Aug. 

6.  E.  CANADENSE.     Canadian  or  Common  Fleabane. 

Invol.  oblong ;  rays  numerous,  (40 — 50),  crowded,  minute ;  pappus  simple ; 
st.  hairy,  paniculate ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  lower  ones  subserrate. — A  very  common  an- 
nual plant  of  no  beauty,  growing  by  roadsides,  and  in  fields,  throughout  N.  Am. 
Stem  i— 9f !  high,  branching,  hairy  and  furrowed.  Leaves  very  narrow,  with 
rough  edges.  Flowers  white,  very  numerous,  small,  of  mean  appearance,  ir- 
regularly racemose  upon  the  branches,  and  constituting  a  large,  oblong  panicle. 
The  plant  varies  greatly  in  size,  according  to  the  soil.  Aug. — Nov. 

14.   CALLISTEPHUS.     Cass. 

Gr.  KaXXoj,  beautiful,  credos,  a  crown;  characteristic  of  the  pappus. 

Kay-flowers  9 ,  numerous  ;  disk-flowers  $ ;  involucre  hemispheri- 
cal ;  receptacle  subconvex ;  pappus  double,  each  in  1  series,  outer 
series  short,  chaffy-setaceous,  with  the  setae  united  into  a  crown  ;  in- 
ner series  of  long,  filiform,  scabrous,  deciduous  setae. — (D  Exotics. 
Lvs.  alternate. 

C.  CHINENSIS.  Ness.  (Aster  Chinensis.  Linn.)  China  Aster. — St.  hispid; 
branches  divergent,  1-flowered ;  Ivs.  ovate,  coarsely  dentate,  petiolate,  cauline 
ones  sessile,  cuneate  at  base. — Said  to  be  originally  from  China.  Stem  about 
18'  high,  with  long  branches,  each  terminated  by  a  single,  large  head.  Rays 
dark  purple.  Disk  yellow.  July — Sept. — Cultivation  has  produced  many  beau- 
tiful and  even  splendid  varieties,  double  and  semi-double,  with  white,  blue,  red, 
flaked  and  mottled  rays,  f 

15.  BELLIS. 

Lat.  lellus,  pretty ;  a  term  quite  appropriate  to  the  genus. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  rays  $  ;  disk  $  ;  involucre  hemispherical, 
of  equal  scales ;  receptacle  subalveolate,  conical ;  pappus  0. — Low 
herbs,  either  (D  and  caulescent  or  %  and  acaulescent.  Hds.  solitary. 

B.  PERENNIS.  Garden  Daisy. — Root  creeping ;  scape  naked,  single-flowered ; 
Ivs.  obovate,  crenate. — 7|_  Native  of  England  and  other  parts  of  Europe,  nearly 
naturalized  in  some  parts  of  N.  England  in  cultivated  grounds.  Scape  3  or  4' 
high,  with  a  single  white  flower  which  is  single,  double  or  quilled  in  the  differ- 
ent varieties.  Blossoms  in  the  spring  and  summer  months. 

16.  DAHLIA. 

In  honor  of  Andrew  Dahl,  a  Swedish  botanist,  pupil  of  Linnaeus. 

Involucre  double,  the  outer  series  of  many  distinct  scales,  the  inner 
of  8  scales  united  at  base  ;  receptacle  chaffy ;  pappus  0. — %  SpkndM 
Mexican  herbs.  Lvs.  pinnate,  opposite. 

1.  D.  VARIABILIS.  Desf.     (D.  superflua.    Ait.) — St.  green;  rachis  of  the  Ivs. 
winged;  Ifts.  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  puberulent  or  nearly  smooth;   outer 
wye!  reflexed ;  ray  fls.  9,  sterile  or  fertile. — These  superb  and   fashionable 
plants  are  natives  of  sandy  meadows  in  Mexico.    They  have  coarse  andrough- 
ish  leaves,  resembling  those  of  the  common  elder,  but  the  flowers  are  large  and 
beautiful,  sporting  into  innumerable  varieties,  single  and  double,  of  every  con- 
ceivable shade  of  scarlet,  crimson,  purple,  red,  rarely  yellow,  blooming  from 
July  until  arrested  by  frost. 

2.  D.  COCCINEA.  Cav.    (D.  frustranea.  Ait.) — St.  frosty,  or  hoary,  hollow; 
Ivs.  with  the  rachis  naked;  Ifts.  roughish  beneath;  outer  invol.  spreading;  rays 
neuter. — Stems  about  4f  high.    Foliage  rather  glaucous.    Rays  scarlet,  saffron- 
color  or  yellow,  never  purple  or  white. — The  Dahlias  are  generally  cultivated 
by  the  divisions  of  the  tuberous  roots,  which,  as  soon  as  the  frost  blackens  the 
tops,  are  to  be  taken  up  and  preserved  through  the  winter  in  a  drv  place,  free 
from  frost: 

^o?V«'*' 

i  t  «.i  Ji  r  PT  T  V^';  V  V 


328  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  SOLIDAQO. 

17.  BOLTONIA. 

In  honor  of  J.  B.  Bolton,  author  of"  Ferns  of  Great  Britain,"  &c.,  1788. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  ray  flowers  9  >  in  a  single  series,  those  of 
the  disk  tubular.  £  ;  scales  in  2  series,  appressed,  with  membranous 
margins ;  receptacle  conic,  punctate ;  achenia  flat,  2  or  3-winged : 
pappus  of  minute  setae,  2  ( — 4)  of  them  usually  lengthened  into  awns. 
— 1J.  Glabrous,  branching  herbs.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  entire,  sessile.  Hds. 
loosely  corymbose.  Rays  purplish-white. 

1.  B.    GLASTIFOLIA.    L'Her. 

Lvs.  lanceolate  and  oblanceolate,  acute,  tapering  to  the  narrow  base,  lower 
ones  sometimes  serrate ;  Ms.  on  short  peduncles,  in  a  somewhat  contracted 
corymb ;  branches  leafy ;  ach.  obcordate,  conspicuously  winged,  pubescent,  with 
2  awns  nearly  its  own  length. — Prairies  and  banks  of  streams,  111.  Jenney! 
Penn.  to  N.  Car.  This  plant  resembles  an  Erigeron,  but  is  very  smooth,  3 — 6f 
high.  Stem  leaves  2 — 4'  by  i — f ' ;  branch  leaves  of  the  same  form  but  smaller. 
Rays  about  30,  expanding  9".  Jl.  Aug. 

2.  B.  ASTERolDEs.  L'Her.     (B.  diffusa,  Ett.?    Chrysanthemum  Caroli- 
nianum.   Walt.') — Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  all  entire,  nar- 
rowed to  the  base,  those  of  the  branches  subulate,  minute ;  Ms.  on  long  pedun- 
cles, in  a  diffuse  and  loosely  paniculate  corymb ;  branches  and  branchkts  very 
slender  and  nearly  naked;  ach.  ovate  or  somewhat  obcordate,  smooth,  2-awned. — 
Prairies,  &c.  la. !  111.  to  Ga.  and  La.    A  very  smooth  plant,  between  an  Aster 
and  an  Erigeron,  with  a  diffusely  branched  summit,  3 — 7f  high.     Leaves  2 — 5' 
or  6'  by  \ — £',  reduced  upwards  to  setaceous  bra.cts  1 — 2"  in  length.    Heads 
terminating  the  filiform  branchlets.    Rays  expanding  1".    Aug.  Sept. 

Section  3.    Heads  radiate*    Rays  yellow. 

18.  SOLI  DA  GO. 

Lat.  solidari,  to  unite ;  from  the  vulnerary  qualities  of  the  plants. 

Flowers  of  the  ray  about  5,  9  >  remote,  of  the  disk  £ ;  involucre  ob- 
long, imbricate,  with  appressed  scales  ;  receptacle  punctate,  narrow  ; 
pappus  simple,  capillary,  scabrous. — %  Herbs,  very  abundant  in  the 
U.  S.  Stem  erect,  branching  near  the  top.  Lvs.  alternate.  Hds.  small, 
with  1 — 15  (very  rarely  0)  small  rays.  Fls.  yellow  (one  species  whitish), 
expanding  in  the  autumnal  months. 
§  1.  Stems  much  branched,  corymbose.  Leaves  all  linear,  entire,  sessile. 

1.  S.  LANCEOLATA.  Ait.     Grass-leaved  Goldenrod. 

St.  angular,  hairy,  much  branched;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  3-veined, 
rough-margined,  slightly  hispid  on  the  veins  beneath  ;  corymbs  terminal,  fasti- 
giate. — In  woods  and  meadows,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Distinguished  from  most  other 
species  by  its  flat-topped  corymb.  Stem  2 — 4f  high,  with  numerous,  very  long 
and  narrow  leaves,  which  are  distinctly  3-veined  and  acutely  pointed,  smaller 
ones  often  fascicled  in  the  axils.  Flowers  in  terminal,  crowded  clusters.  In- 
volucre ovate.  The  whole  plant  is  fragrant.  Sept. 

2.  S.   TENUIFOLIA.    Ph. 

St.  angular,  smooth,  with  many  fastigiate  branches ;  Ivs.  linear,  spread- 
ing, obscurely  3-veined,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  the  axils  leafy ;  corymb  ter- 
minal, consisting  of  clustered  heads ;  rays  about  10,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  disk. 
— Meadows  near  the  sea-coast,  Mass. !  to  La.  AlsoWis.  Dr.  Lapham!  A  very 
slender  species,  distinguished  from  S.  lanceolata  by  the  extreme  narrowness  of 
the  leaves  and  the  thinner,  more  open  corymb,  which  is  often  reduced  to  a  few 
heads.  The  leaves  bear  tufts  of  smaller  ones  in  their  axils,  and  are  punctate 
with  resinous  dots.  Aug. — Oct. 

§  2.  Stem  simple,  corymbose  above.     Lower  leaves  lanceolate,  petiolate. 

3.  S.  RIGIDA.     Hard-leaved  Goldenrod. 

St.  stout,  rough  and  hairy ;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  rough  with  minute  hairs, 


SOLIDAGO.  LXXV.    COMPOSITE.  329 

those  of  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  very  entire,  lower  ones  serrate ;  flowering 
branches  paniculate,  with  close,  short  racemes ;  rays  elongated ;  involucre  scales 
obtuse.— A  tall  species,  in  dry  fields  and  rocky  woods,  Ct.  to  Mo.  and  Tex. 
Abundant  in  the  western  prairies !  Stem  3 — 5f  high,  round,  striate,  with  rigid 
leaves,  of  which  the  radical  ones  are  sometimes  near  a  foot  long.  Heads 
larger  than  in  any  other  species  described  in  this  Flora.  Rays  7 — 9,  about 
3"  by  1",  deep  yellow.  Aug.  Sept. 

4.  S.  OHIENSIS.  Riddell. 

Glabrous ;  lower  Ivs.  lanceolate,  obtuse,  entire  or  serrulate  above,  tapering 
to  long  petioles,  upper  oblong-lanceolate,  abruptly  acute,  sessile,  entire ;  Ms. 
numerous,  15 — 20-flowered,  rather  large,  in  a  dense,  fastigiate  corymb. — Mead- 
ows and  prairies,  western  N.  Y.  to  la. !  A  perfectly  smooth  species,  2 — Sfhigh. 
Stem  simple,  reddish,  leafy.  Leaves  of  a  firm  texture,  the  radical  6 — 8'  by 
1 — 11^  on  petioles  of  equal  length,  middle  cauline,  about  2'  by  5".  Heads 
about  6-rayed.  Sept.  Oct. 

5.  S.  RIDDELLII.  Frank.  (S.  Mexicana.     /?.  Hook.}    RidMVs  Solidago. 
Stout  and  nearly  glabrous,  corymbosely  branched;  radical  Ivs.  very  long, 

lance-linear,  entire,  acute,  on  long,  margined,  carinate  petioles,  cauline  Ivs. 
clasping  at  base,  arcuate,  carinate,  narrow,  acute,  entire  ;  branches  leafy  ;  hds. 
20 — 24-flowered,  densely  clustered  in  a  compound,  fastigiate  corymb. — Wet 
prairies  Ohio  !  Wis.  to  Mo.,  not  uncommon.  A  well  marked  species,  15 — 30' 
high.  Radical  leaves  12 — 18'  long,  almost  grass-like,  cauline  3 — 6'  by  £',  with 
a  strong  mid-vein,  and  generally  much  recurved.  Rays  small,  6 — 9.  Sept. 

§  3.  Heads  in  glomerate,  axillary  clusters. 

6.  S.  SGIUARROSA.     Muhl.     Ragged  Goldenrod. 

St.  stout,  simple,  erect,  thickly  pubescent  above;  Ivs.  smooth,  lower  ones 
very  broad,  oval-spatulate,  serrate,  acute,  upper  ones  lanceolate-elliptic,  high- 
est, entire ;  roc.  glomerate,  rigid  and  pubescent ;  scales  squarrose  with  spread- 
ing green  tips ;  hds.  many-flowered  ;  rays  10 — 12,  elongated. — A  handsome  spe- 
cies, found  on  rocky  hills,  Can.  to  Penn.  Stem  3 — 5f  high.  Heads  very 
large,  forming  a  long  terminal  spike  of  short,  dense,  axillary  fascicles  or  ra- 
cemes. Sept. 

7.  S.  C.ESIA.     Ait.  (S.  axillaris.  PA.)  JBlue-stemmed  Goldenrod. 

St.  erect,  round,  smooth  and  glaucous,  often  flexuous ;  Ivs.  smooth,  linear- 
lanceolate,  lower  ones  serrate ;  roc.  axillary,  erect. — A  very  elegant  species,  in 
thickets  and  dry  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  1 — 3f  high,  of  a  bluish-purple 
color,  terete  and  slender,  somewhat  flexuous,  simple  or  branched.  Leaves 
2 — 5'  long,  ending  in  a  long  point,  sessile,  glaucous  beneath.  Racemes  axilla- 
ry, numerous,  short.  Flowers  of  a  deep,  rich  yellow.  Rays  5 — 7,  once  and  a 
half  the  length  of  the  involucre.  Aug. 

/?.  flexicaulis.  (S.  flexicaulis.  Ph.  not  of  Linn.}  St.  flexuous,  angular;  Ivs. 
ovate-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  subcapitate  racemes. — Leaves  about  2'  by  £'. 
Rays  pale  yellow. 

8.  S.  LATIFOLIA.  Muhl.  (S.  macrophylla.     Bw.    S.  flexicaulis.  0.  Ph.} 
St.  somewhat  flexuous,  angular,  stnooth ;  Ivs.  broadly  ovate,  acuminate 

at  each  end,  deeply  serrate,  smooth ;  petioles  marginal ;  roc.  axillary  and  ter- 
minal.— A  singular  and  very  distinct  species,  common  in  dry  woods  and  by 
rocky  streams,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  slender,  not  always  perfectly  smooth, 
about  2f  high.  Leaves  3 — 5'  by  2 — 4',  with  acute,  often  long-acuminate  serra- 
tures.  Clusters  very  short,  axillary,  the  stem  ending  with  a  long  terminal  one. 
Heads  few.  Sept. 

9.  S.  BICOLOR.     (Aster  bicolor.  Nees.}     Two-colored  Goldenrod. 

Hairy ;  st.  simple ;  Ivs.  elliptical  entire,  acute  at  each  end,  lower  ones  ser- 
rate, short-stalked ;  roc.  short,  dense,  leafy,  erect ;  invol.  scales  obtuse. — In 
woods  and  dry  hills,  Can.,  N.,  Mid.  &  W.  States.  A  species  remarkably  dis- 
tinguished among  the  solidagos  by  having  white  rays.  Stem  generally  simple, 
2f  high,  a  little  hairy.  Leaves  hairy  on  both  sides,  mostly  entire,  gradually  re- 
duced in  size  upwards.  Flowers  in  numerous  close,  short,  axillary  clusters, 


330  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  SOLIDAGO. 

forming  a  long,  terminal,  interrupted  spike.    Rays  about  8,  very  short,  yellow- 
ish-white, obscure.    July.  Aug. 
0.  concolor.  T.  &  G.  (S.  hirsuta.  Nutt.}    Flowers  all  yellow. — Penn. 

§  4.  Heads  in  erect,  terminal^  simple  or  compound  racemes,  not  secund. 

10.  S.  PUBERULA.    Nutt. 

Plant  puberulent;  st.  simple,  terete;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  entire,  attenuated  at 
each  end,  radical  ones  subserrate ;  rac.  spicate,  axillary,  erect  and  condensed ; 
ped.  pubescent ;  invol.  scales  linear-lanceolate,  acute ;  rays  about  10,  elongated. 
— Found  in  low  woods,  Maine,  Ms.  Stem  straight,  purplish,  2 — 3f  high,  ter- 
minating in  a  long,  thyrsoid  spike  of  dense,  appressed  racemes.  Leaves  very 
minutely  pubescent  both  sides,  the  lowest  on  dense,  winged  stalks.  Heads 
rather  large,  bright  yellow.  Aug.  Oct. 

11.  S.  STRICTA.  Ait.     Upright  Goldenrod. 

Smooth;  st.  strict,  erect,  simple;  caulinelvs.  lanceolate,  very  entire,  rough- 
edged,  radical  ones  serrate,  very  long ;  rac.  paniculate,  erect ;  ped.  smooth. — In 
wet  woods,  Northern  States.  Stem  (and  every  other  part)  very  smooth,  about 
2f  high.  Leaves  2 — 4 — 8'  by  i — £ — 1',  lower  attenuated  at  base  into  a  long, 
winged  petiole.  Panicle  terminal,  close,  composed  of  short,  dense,  appressed 
racemes.  Heads  12 — 18-flowered.  Aug. 

12.  S.  SPECIOSA.  Nutt.     Showy  Goldenrod. 

St.  smooth,  simple ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  entire  and  scabrous  on  the  margin, 
thick,  the  radical  and  lower  ones  subserrate,  very  broad ;  rac.  erect,  numerous, 
ibrming  a  terminal,  thyrsoid  panicle ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  involucre,  pu- 
bescent; rays  large,  6 — 8. — Woods,  Mass.!  to  Ohio  and  Ga.  A  very  tall, 
showy  species,  sometimes  6f  high.  Stem  stout,  often  purple,  iurrowed.  Leaves 
ample,  some  of  them  6'  by  3'.  Heads  exceedingly  numerous,  with  conspicu- 
ous rays  of  a  rich  yellow,  in  a  large,  showy,  pyramidal  panicle.  Aug'.  Oct. 
/?.  angustata.  T.  &  G.  (S.  erecta.  DC.}  Panicle  slender,  spicate. — N.  J. 

13.  S.  THYRSOIDEA.  Meyer.     (S.  virgaurea.  Bw.}     T/iyrsoid  Goldenrod. 
St.  simple,  flexuous,  very  smooth,  pubescent  above ;  Ivs.  smooth,  ovate, 

sharply  serrate,  acute,  the  lower  ones  on  long  petioles,  the  upper  ones  subses- 
sile,  lanceolate  ;  rac.  mostly  simple,  short ;  hds.  large,  with  conspicuous  rays. — 
A  very  fine  goldenrod.  in  woods  on  the  sides  of  the  White  Mts.,  and  at  Fran- 
conia  Notch,  N.  H. !  '  Also  "  on  the  sides  of  Killington  Peak  and  Mansfield 
Mt.,  Vt."  Robbins.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  long,  slender  stalks  of  the  lower, 
ovate  leaves,  and  for  the  large,  deep  yellow  heads  which  exceed  in-  size  those 
of  most  other  species.  Stem  1 — 3f  high,  racemes  axillary  and  terminal,  usu- 
ally in  a  thyrse-like  panicle.  Aug. 

14.  S.  VIRGAUREA.     European  Goldenrod. 

St.  flexuous,  furrowed,  pubescent  at  top;  ?tem  Ivs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  lower 
ones  oval,  attenuated  at  both  ends ;  rac.  erect,  ray  elongated,  flowers  large. — This 
is  the  only  species  common  to  the  two  continents.  One  of  its  numerous  varie- 
ties is  seen  scattered  here  and  there  on  the  lower  summits  of  the  White  Mts. ! 
scarcely  on  Mt.  Washington  peak.  The  flowers  are  very  few,  often  one  only, 
but  larger  than  those  of  most  other  species,  and  of  a  rich,  golden-yellow.  Stem 
often  purple,  2 — 3'  high,  simple,  with  axillary  and  terminal  flowers.  Aug. 

15.  S.  HUMILIS.  Ph.     Low  or  Humble  Aster. 

Glabrous ;  st.  simple,  erect ;  radical  Ivs.  oblanceolate,  petiolate,  obtuse 
and  crenate-serrate  at  apex,  the  cauline  lanceolate,  acute,  the  upper  linear,  en- 
tire; rac.  simple  or  paniculate  ;  scales  oblong;  rays  short. — On  limestone  rocks, 
at  Winooski  Falls,  Colchester,  also  on  the  Winooski  and  Onion  rivers,  Vt. 
Robbins.  Stem  6 — 12'  high,  somewhat  glutinous.  Raceme  slender,  strict. 
Leaves  of  the  stem  about  2'  by  3 — 4",  serrulate.  Heads  middle  size,  6 — 8- 
rayed.  Aug.  Sept. 

/?.  Taller;  hds.  more  numerous,  in  short,  glomerate  clusters,  forming  a  dense, 
slender,  interrupted  raceme.     Near  the  Willey  House !  White  Mts. 

§  5.  Heads  in  secund  racem.es.     Leaves  evidently  tripli-veined. 

16.  S.  NEMORALIS.     Field  Aster. 

St.  subtomentosc;  cauline  Ivs.  oblanceolate,  sessile,  hispid,  nearly  entire, 


SOUDAGO.  LXXV.    COMPOSITE.  331 

commonly  with  tufts  of  smaller  ones  in  their  axils,  radical  ones  subcuneiform, 
serrate;  rac.  paniculate,  secund;  rays  5 — 7. — A  common,  starved-looking  spe- 
cies with  a  greyish,  dusty  aspect,  bearing  a  dense  panicle  of  deep  yellow  flow- 
ers. Height  1 — 2f.  In  dry,  sterile  fields  and  by  roadsides,  U.  S.  and  Can. 
Heads  small,  but  with  conspicuous  rays.  Panicle  composed  of  many  short 
racemes,  inclining  to  one  side,  or  often  of  a  single,  terminal,  recurved  one. 
Often  the  stem  divides  into  branches,  each  bearing  a  panicle.  Sept. 

17.  S.  CANADENSIS.     Canadian  Goldenrod. 

St.  downy;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  3- veined,  rough;  rac.  paniculate, 
secund,  recurved ;  rays  short. — In  old  fields,  hedges,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.  Com- 
mon. From  18'  to  5f  high.  Stem  furrowed,  terminated  by  a  copious  panicle 
which  inclines  to  one  side.  Leaves  sessile,  3'  long,  sometimes  nearly  entire, 
and  perhaps  a  little  downy.  Heads  almost  innumerable,  very  small,  with  very 
obscure,  yellow  rays.  Aug. — Oct. 

/?.  procera.  T.  &  G.  (S.  procera.  Ait.)  St.  villous ;  Ivs.  rough,  villous  be- 
neath ;  hds.  larger  and  with  larger  rays.  In  low  grounds,  4 — 7f  high.  Leaves 
distinctly  3-veined. 

18.  S.  sERorlNA.  Willd.     Smooth  Goldenrod. 

St.  round,  striate,  smooth ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate ;  rac. 
secund,  recurved,  paniculate;  ped.  pubescent;  hds.  small,  15 — 20-flowered. — A 
smooth  species,  in  meadows  and  thickets,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  3 — 6f  high, 
very  smooth,  often  glaucous  or  purple.  Leaves  3 — 5 — 7'  long,  about  |  as 
wide,  smooth,  margin  scabrous,  slightly  toothed,  upper  ones  entire.  Flowers  nu- 
merous, forming  a  more  or  less  compact  panicle  inclined  at  summit.  Rays 
about  8,  small.  Sept. — Variable. 

19.  S.  GIGANTEA.  Ait.     Gigantic  Goldenrod. 

St.  smooth,  striate  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  margin  rough,  scabrous  above 
and  on  the  margin  and  on  the  veins  beneath ;  rac.  paniculate ;  branches  pubes- 
cent; ped.  and  pedicels  hairy. — A  large,  showy  species,  in  low.  open  grounds, 
U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  green,  sometimes  purplish,  4 — 7f  high,  often  much 
branched  above.  Leaves  2 — 4 — 7'  long,  about  £  as  wide,  acuminate  at  each 
end,  often  with  divergent  teeth.  Heads  about  as  large  as  in  the  last.  Panicle 
often  diffuse,  on  spreading,  leafy  branches.  Aug. — Oct. 

20.  S.  CILIARIS.  Willd. 

St.  angular,  smooth ;  Ivs.  elliptic-lanceolate,  subserrate  and  scabrous  on 
the  margin,  smooth  both  sides,  sub-3- veined ;  rac.  paniculate ;  pedicels  (elon- 
gated) smooth  ;  bracts  (often)  ciliate ;  rays  short. — In  the  public  lands  about  Ft. 
Niagara,  N,  Y.  In  these  specimens  the  whole  plant  is  smooth  except  the  mar- 
gins of  the  leaves.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  striate.  Leaves  subcoriaceous,  radical 
ones  petiolate.  Racemes  thin,  spreading.  Aug.  Sept. 

21.  S.  MISSOURIENSIS.  Nutt. 

Glabrous,  low,  simple,  slender ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  tapering  to  each  end, 
very  acute  and  rough-edged,  lower  ones  with  acute,  slender  serratures,  radical 
oblanceolate,  petiolate  ;  rac.  small,  in  a  dense,  pyramidal  or  somewhat  corym- 
bose panicle ;  hds.  small,  12 — 15-flowered. — A  delicate  species,  1 — 2f  high,  in 
dry  prairies,  111.  and  Mo. !  Leaves  smooth  and  shining,  lower  3 — 4'  by  3 — 5", 
the  others  gradually  reduced  upwards  to  minute  bracts.  Rays  about  8.-  Jl.  Aug. 
§  6.  Heads  in  secund  racemes.  Leaves  feather-veined,  all  entire. 

22.  S.  SEMPERVlRENs.     (S.  Isevigata.  Ait.)    Evergreen  Goldenrod. 

St.  smooth ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  somewhat  succulent,  smooth,  entire  and  sca- 
brous on  the  margin,  closely  sessile ;  rac.  paniculate  ;  pedicels  scabrous-pubes- 
cent ;  rays  elongated. — Marshes  along  the  coast,  and  river  banks,  within  the 
influence  of  the  water.  Stem  3 — 6f  high,  purplish,  somewhat  glaucous,  with 
numerous  long  and  narrow  leaves.  Heads  large.  Rays  about  8,  long  and 
narrow.  Sept. 

23.  S.  ODORA.  Ait.     Sweet-scented  Goldenrod. 

St.  round,  pubescent,  slender ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  abrupt,  and 
sessile  at  base,  very  entire,  smooth,  punctate  with  pellucid  dots,  rough-ef 
rac.  paniculate.— In  dry,  fertile  woodlands  and  sunny  hills,  U.  S.  and 


332  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  SOLIDAGO. 

Stem  2 — 3f  high,  yellowish-green.  Leaves  1|— 3'  by  3—5",  with  a  strong,  yel- 
lowish midvein,  but  no  veinlets.  Panicle  inclined.  Racemes  2 — 3'  long, 
spreading,  each  generally  with  a  leaf  at  base,  and  a  simple  row  of  small  heads 
on  the  upper  side.  Jl. — Sept. — The  only  species  of  solidago  which  has  proper- 
ties generally  considered  either  agreeable  or  useful.  The  leaves  are  aromatic 
and  yield  by  distillation  a  fragrant  volatile  oil  from  the  pellucid  reservoirs. 
They  are  a  good  substitute  for  tea,  and  have  been  exported  to  China: 

§  7.  Heads  in  secund  racemes.     Leaves  feather-veined,  the  lower  serrate. 

24.  S.  PA  TULA.  Muhl.     Spreading  Goldenrod. 

St.  smooth,  angular-striate ;  Ivs.  elliptic,  acute,  serrate^  very  scabrous 
above,  smooth  beneath,  lower  ones  oblong-spatulate ;  rac.  paniculate,  spreading ; 
pedicels  pubescent. — In  wet  places,  Can.  N.  and  W.  States,  not  common.  Stem 
2 — 4f  high,  virgate,  often  purple,  strongly  angled,  with  leafy  branches  at  top. 
Stern  leaves  1 — 2'  long,  £  as  wide,  radical  ones  2  or  3  times  larger,  all  perfectly 
smooth  beneath,  although  quite  rough  backwards  above.  Racemes  short,  on 
the  ends  of  the  spreading  branches,  with  large  heads.  Sept. 

25.  S.  NEGLECTA.  Torr.  &  Gray.     Neglected  Solidago. 

Si.  smooth ;  Ivs.  rather  thick,  smooth,  varying  from  ovate-lanceolate  to 
narrow-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  feather-veined,  entire,  the  lower  and 
radical  ones  serrate ;  rac.  secund,  dense,  somewhat  spreading,  on  elongated, 
slender,  suberect  branches,  which  are  somewhat  leafy  at  base ;  ach.  smooth. — 
Grows  in  swamps,  N.  H. !  to  ku,  rather  rare.  Stems  2 — 4f  high,  straight, 
round,  dividing  at  top  into  several  nearly  erect  branches,  forming  an  elongated 
panicle.  The  leaves  are  sometimes  nearly  tripli-veined,  often  very  scabrous 
on  the  margin.  Racemes  short.  Heads  middle-size,  10— 20-flowered.  Scales 
obtuse.  Aug.  Sept. 

26.  S.  ARGUTA.  Ait.     Sharp-notched  Goldenrod. 

St.  erect,  straight,  smooth;  Ivs.  smooth,  acutely  and  unequally  serrate, 
with  diverging  teeth,  cauline  ones  elliptical,  sessile,  highest  ones  entire  and 
small,  radical  ones  oblong-ovate,  attenuate  at  base  into  winged  petioles;  rac. 
paniculate,  secund,  dense ;  hds.  middle  size ;  rays  about  10. — In  meadows  and 
woods,  U.  S.  (from  lat.  38°)  N.  to  the  Arc.  Circle.  A  smooth  plant  2 — 3f  high, 
with  a  large,  dense,  corymbose  panicle  of  very  numerous  heads.  Racemes 
recurved,  a  ringer's  length,  the  compound  pedicels  roughish,  bracted.  Aug.  Sept. 
B.  juncea.  (S.  juncea.  Ait.)  Lvs.  lanceolate,  lower  ones  serrate,  upper  ones 
entire ;  st.  brownish,  striate ;  rays  twice  as  long  as  the  involucre ;  'panicle  Jess 
dense. 

27.  S.  MUHLENBERGII.  Torr.  &  Gray.     (S.  arguta.  Muhl.) 

St.  furrowed,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  smooth  both  sides,  strongly  and  sharply  ser- 
rate, the  radical  ones  ovate,  petiolate,  cauline  ones  elliptical-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate at  each  end ;  rac.  secund,  short,  remote,  axillary,  spreading ;  pedicels 
pubescent;  hds.  15 — 20-flowered;  scales  linear,  obtuse. — In  damp  woods  and 
thickets,  N.  H. !  to  Penn.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  generally  simple,  bearing  a  long, 
open  panicle.  Leaves  large,  notched  with  very  acute  or  acuminate  teeth,  feather- 
veined.  Heads  middle  size,  with  6 — 8  rather  large  rays.  Aug. — Oct. 

28.  S.  ALTISSIMA.     (S.  rugosa.    Willd.)     Tall  Goldenrod. 

St.  erect,  hairy;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  lower  ones  deeply  serrate,  rough  and 
wrinkled. — A  very  variable  species,  the  tall,  rough  varieties  of  which  are  com- 
mon about  the  borders  of  fields,  in  hedges,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.  Stem  rough 
with  hairs,  erect,  3 — 5f  high,  much  branched  at  top.  Leaves  variously  toothed 
or  serrate,  numerous  both  upon  the  stem  and  branches.  Branches  widely 
spreading,  each  terminating  in  a  recurved  panicle  with  the  flowers  turning  up- 
wards. Scarcely  two  of  the  plants  look  alike.  The  branches  are  very  widely 
spread,  or  but  little  diverging,  with  few  and  scattered  heads,  or  with  numerous 
heads ;  the  leaves  are  equally  or  unequally  serrate,  hairy  or  woolly.  Aug. — Oct. 

29.  S.  LINOIDES.    Solander. 

Smooth ;  st.  slender,  simple ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  finely  serrate  and  scabrous 
on  the  margin,  radical  ones  petiolate,  upper  entire  ;  hds.  small,  in  short,  secund, 
at  length  spreading  racemes;  scales  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  appressed  ;  rays  1 — 4, 


CHRYSOPSIS.  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  333 

short. — A  small  species,  near  Boston,  Greene  in  N.  Am.  PI.,  ii.  216.  Stem 
12 — 20'  high.  Leaves  1 — 5'  by  3 — 6"  wide.  Panicle  small,  usually  turned  to 
one  side.  Sept.  Oct. 

30.  S.  ULMIFOLIA.  Muhl.    Elm-leaved  Solidago. 

St.  glabrous,  with  hairy  branches ;  Ivs.  thin,  elliptic-ovate,  serrate,  acumi- 
nate, sessile,  tapering  to  the  base,  smooth  above,  villous  beneath ;  roc.  panicu- 
late, recurved-spreading ;  ped.  villous ;   rays  3 — 5,  short. — In  woods  and  low 
f  rounds,  Northern  and  Western  States !    A  very  distinct  species,  more  resem- 
ling  the  elm  in  its  slender,  arched  branches  than  in  its  leaves.     Stem  striate, 
about  3f  high,  rarely  with  scattered  hairs.    Radical  leaves  tapering  to  winged 
petioles,  and  hairy  both  sides,  with  coarse  and  unequal  serratures,  upper  ones 
entire,  middle  ones  about  3'  by  H'.    Rays  deep  yellow.    Aug.  Sept. 

31.  S.    ELLIPT1CA.    Alt. 

St.  erect,  glabrous,  leafy ;  Ivs.  elliptical,  acute  at  each  end,  obscurely  ser- 
rate, glabrous,  upper  ones  sessile,  entire ;  racemes  short,  recurved,  paniculate ; 
hds.  middle  size,  about  7-rayed;  scales  narrow,  acute. — Salt  marshes,  R.  L 
Olney !  Near  New  York,  T.  <$•  G.  Stem  3 — 5f  high,  bearing  a  close,  somewhat 
leafy,  pyramidal  panicle.  Leaves  2 — 4'  by  \ — H',  rough-edged,  the  serratures 
appressed  and  rather  remote.  Rays  oblong,  rather  large,  pale  yellow.  Oct. 

19.  ECLIPTA. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  ray  fls.  9  numerous  narrow  ;  disk  $  tubu- 
lar, mostly  4-toothed  ;  scales  10 — 12,  in  2  rows,  leafy,  lance-ovate ; 
receptacle  flat ;  chaff  bristly  ;  achenia  somewhat  angular  or  2-edged  ; 
pappus  0. — ®  Herbs  strigose  with  rigid  hairs,  erect  or  procumbent.  Lvs. 
opposite,  axillary  and  terminal^  solitary.  Fls.  white. 
E.  ERECTA.  (E.  procumbens.  Michx.} 

St.  often  decumbent ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong,  tapering  to  each  end, 
subserrate ;  ped.  much  longer  than  the  heads ;  scales  or  leaves  of  the  involucre 
acuminate. — Damp  soils,  Md.  to  111.  Mead!  S.  to  Flor.  Stem  often  rooting  at 
the  lower  joints,  1 — 3f  long,  with  an  elastic,  thread-like  fibre.  Leaves  8 — 14" 
by  2—5",  rough,  obscurely  tripli-veined.  Heads  small,  with  minute  flowers 
and  short  rays.  The  juice  turns  black,  and  is  said  to  dye  wool  black.  Jn. — Sept. 
/?.  brachypoda.  T.  &  G.  (E.  brachypoda.  Michx.}  Ped.  scarcely  longer  than 
the  heads. 

20.   CHRYSOPSIS.    Nutt. 

Gr.  icpvffos,  gold,  oi//tj,  appearance;  for  the  showy,  yellow  flowers. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  ray-flowers  9  >  disk-flowers  $  ;  involucre  im- 
bricate; receptacle  subalveolate,  flat;  pappus  double,  the  exterior 
short,  interior  copious,  capillary  ;  achenium  hairy,  compressed. — % 
Hairy  herbs,  with  alternate  and  entire  leaves. 

1.  C.  FALCATA.  Ell.    (Inula  falcata.  PA.) 

Woolly  and  villous ;  Ivs.  sessile,  linear,  very  acute,  subfalcate,  spreading, 
veins  pilose  on  both  sides ;  hds.  in  axillary  corymbs ;  invol.  pilose. — A  low, 
leafy  plant,  in  dry,  sandy  soil,  near  the  sea,  Mass,  to  N.  J.  Stem  thick,  leafy, 
about  8'  high.  Heads  small,  bright  yellow,  in  crowded,  axillary  corymbs. 
Rays  3-toothed  at  the  apex.  Sept.  Oct. 

2.  C.  MARIANA.  Nutt.     (Inula  Mariana.  Linn.} 

Hairy «  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  the  upper  ones  sessile,  acute,  the 
lower  ones  spatulate  and  generally  obtuse ;  corymb  simple ;  invol.  viscidly  pu- 
bescent.— Sandy  barrens,  N.  J.,  Md. !  to  Flor.,  common.  The  stem  and  leaves 
are  clothed  with  scattered,  long,  silky  hairs.  Plant  about  2f  high.  Lower 
leaves  taper  at  base  into  petioles.  The  corymb  of  flowers  is  terminal,  nearly 
or  quite  simple.  Heads  large,  16 — 20  rayed,  yellow,  on  viscid  glandular  pe- 
duncles. Aug.  Oct. 

3.  C.  VILLOSA.  Nutt.    (Amellus.  Ph.    Diplopappus.  Hook.} 

Erect,  leafy,  villous-pubescent  and  strigose ;  Ivs.  entire,  sessile,  ciliate  be- 


334  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  BACCHARIS. 

low,  lower  ones  oblong-spatulate,  upper  ones  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate ;  hds. 
large,  solitary  and  terminal,  somewhat  fastigiately  corymbose ;  scales  linear- 
subulate.— Prairies,  111.  to  Oreg.  Stem  1— 2f  high.  Leaves  1—2'  by  3—5", 
whitish  and  rough.  Rays  about  25,  oblong-linear,  entire,  golden  yellow.  Jl.  Sept. 

21.  INIJLA. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  involucre  imbricate  ;  ray-flowers  numerous, 
9 ,  disk  flowers  £ ;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  simple,  scabrous  ;  an- 
thers with  2  bristles  at  base. — ^  Coarse  European  herbs,  with  alter- 
nate leaves  and  yellow  flowers. 

I.  HELENIUM.     Elecampane. 

Lvs.  amplexicaul,  ovate,  rugose,  downy  beneath ;  invol.  scales  ovate. — A 
large  herbaceous,  coarse-looking  plant,  common  by  road-sides,  N.  Eng.  to 
111.  Stem  4 — 6f  high,  furrowed,  branching  and  downy  above.  Radical  leaves 
very  large  (1— 3f  by  6 — 12'),  serrate,  those  of  the  stem  clasping.  Flowers  large, 
solitary,  terminal,  of  a  bright  yellow.  Rays  linear,  with  2  or  3  teeth  at  the 
end.  The  medicinal  virtues  of  the  plant  have  long  been  esteemed.  These  are 
tonic  and  expectorant.  Flowers  in  July  and  Aug. 

Section  3.    Heads  discoid. 

22.  BIGELO  VIA.     DC. 

In  honor  of  Dr.  Jacob  Bigelow,  the  well-known  author  of  "  Florula  Bostoniensis,"  &c. 

Heads  3 — 4-flowered,  the  flowers  all  tubular,  £ ;  involucre  cylin- 
drical, as  long  as  the  flowers  ;  scales  rigid,  linear,  closely  imbricated  ; 
receptacle  pointed  by  a  scale-like  cusp  ;  achenia  obconic,  hirsute ; 
pappus  bristles  in  one  series. — ^J-  Glabrous,  slender.  Lvs.  alternate, 
entire.  Hds.  fastigiately  corymbose,  with  yellow  fls.  and  colored  scales. 

B.  VIRGATA.  DC.    (Chrysocoma  virgata.     Nutt.} 

Smooth  in  all  its  parts  ;  st.  virgately  branched  from  near  the  base ;  branch- 
es corymbose-fastigiate  above  ;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear,  1-veined,  the  cauline  line- 
ar-spatulate ;  scales  glutinous. — Swamps,  N.  J.,  &c.  A  plant  resembling  Soli- 
dago  tenuifolia  in  aspect,  I — 2f  high.  Leaves  2 — 3'  by  1 — 2",  rather  firm  and 
somewhat  remote.  Fls.  bright  yellow,  the  scales  also  yellowish.  Aug. — Oct. 

23.  PLUCHEA.    DC. 

Heads  many-flowered,  those  of  the  margin  9,  of  the  centre  ?  but 
sterile  ]  involucre  imbricated ;  receptacle  flat,  naked  ;  style  undivid- 
ed ;  pappus  capillary,  simple. — Strong-scented  herbs,  with  alternate 
leaves  and  corymbs  of  purple  flowers. 

1.  P.    CAMPHORATA.    DC.     (Conyza  camph.     Muhl.     C.    Marilandica. 
Michx.}    Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  pubescent,  acute,  serrate,  ser- 

ratures  mucronate  ;  fls.  in  crowded  corymbs. — 7J.  A  fleshy,  strong-scented  plant, 
native  of  salt  marshes,  Mass,  to  Flor.  Stem  a  foot  high,  thick,  downy,  with  al- 
ternate leaves  and  axillary  branches.  Flowers  light  purple.  Aug. 

2.  P.  FCBTIDA.  DC.     (Baccharis.     Linn.    Conyza  camphorata.  PA.) 
Erect,  nearly  glabrous,  very  leafy ;  Ivs.  broadly  lanceolate,  acute  or  acu- 
minate at  each  end,  petiolate,  feather- veined,  obtusely  subserrate ;  hds.  numer- 
ous, in  paniculate  corymbs ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,"  acute. — A  strong-scented 
plant,  in  open,  hilly  grounds,  Western  States.     Stem  1 — 2f  high,  subsimple. 
Leaves  4 — T  by  1£ — 3',  sprinkled  with  minute  dots  ;  petioles  £ — 1'  long.  Heads 
numerous.    Aug. — Oct. 

24.  BACCHARIS. 

From  Bacchus,  wine  ;  from  its  fragrance  resembling  that  of  wine. 

Heads  many-flowered,  9  c?  ;  involucre  imbricate,  cylindric  or  ovate, 
with  subcoriaceous,  ovate  scales ;  sterile  flowers  with  the  stamens  ex- 


SILPHIUM.  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  335 

serted  ;  receptacle  naked ;  pappus  capillary. — Shrubby  plants,  with 
alternate  leaves  and  white  flowers. 

B.  HALIMIFOLIA.   Groundsel  Tree. 

Shrubby;  Ivs.  obovate,  incisely  dentate  above,  the  highest  ones  lanceo- 
late ;  panicle  compound,  leafy ;  fascicles  pedunculate. — This  is  almost  the  only 
arborescent  plant  of  this  order  found  in  the  Northern  States.  It  is  6 — 12f  high, 
growing  on  sea-coast  and  river  alluvion.  Every  part  is  covered  with  white 
dust.  The  fertile  heads  growing  upon  separate  plants  are  in  large,  loose,  ter- 
minal panicles,  and  furnished  with  very  long,  slender  pappus.  Corollas  white. 
Sept.  The  beauty  of  this  shrub  entitles  it  to  cultivation. 

TRIBE  4.     SENECIONIDEJE. 

Heads  radiate  or  discoid.  Branches  of  the  style  linear,  hairy  or  hispid  at 
the  apex,  which  is  either  truncated  or  produced  into  a  conical  or  elongated  ap- 
pendage. Leaves  opposite  or  alternate. 

Section  1.    Heads  radiate. 

25.   ARNICA. 

Involucre  of  equal,  lanceolate  scales,  I  or  2  rowed;  ray-flowers  9, 
disk?;  receptacle  flat,  with  scattered  hairs  ;  pappus  single,  rigid  and 
serrulate. — %  St.  simple.     Lvs.  opposite.     Fls.  yellow. 
A.  MOLLIS. 

St.  pubescent,  erect ;  Ivs.  pubescent,  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  thin,  veiny, 
dentate,  ovate-lanceolate  and  oblong;  radical  ones  stalked,  cauline  sessile; 
hds.  few ;  invol.  hairy,  with  acuminate  scales ;  ach.  hairy. — An  alpine  plant 
found  in  ravines  on  the  White  Mts.,  and  also,  according  to  Torrey  <$•  Gray,  on 
the  Mts.  in  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y.  Stem  1— 2f  high,  with  several  pairs  of  sessile 
leaves,  and  1 — 5  yellow  heads  of  middle  size.  Leaves  2—5  inches  in  length, 
the  upper  ones  broad  at  the  base,  the  lower  tapering  to  a  winged  petiole,  often 
acute  but  not  acuminate. 

26.  POLYMNIA. 

The  name  of  one  of  the  ancient  Muses ;  why  applied  to  this  plant  is  not  obvious. 

Involucre  double,  outer  of  4  or  5  large,  leafy  scales,  inner  of  10 
leaflets,  concave  ;  ray-flowers  pistillate,  few  ;  disk  sterile  ;  receptacle 
chaffy  ;  pappus  none. — %  Clammy  herbs.  Lvs.  opposite.  Fls.  yellow. 

1.  P.  CANADENSIS.     Leaf-cup. 

Viscid- villous;  ITS.  denticulate,  petiolate,  acuminate,  lower  pinnatifid,  up- 
per 3-lobed  or  entire. — A  coarse,  broad-leaved,  hairy-viscid  plant,  3 — 5f  high, 
Niagara  Falls !  Stem  with  opposite  leaves  and  spreading  branches.  Flowers 
light-yellow,  the  rays  short,  surrounded  by  the  concave  leaflets  of  the  double 
calyx  in  such  a  manner  as  to  form  a  sort  of  cup,  hence  called  leaf-cup.  Leaves 
feather-veined,  3 — 8'  long,  and  nearly  as  wide,  lobes  deeply  divided  and  acu- 
minate. Heads  i'  diam.  June. 

2.  P.  UVEDALIA.     Yellow  Leaf-cup. 

Lvs.  opposite,  3-lobed,  acute,  decurrent  into  the  petiole,  lobes  sinuate- 
angled;  rays  elongated. — In  highland  woods.  Stem  3 — 6f  high.  Lower  leaves 
very  large.  Flowers  large,  yellow,  the  rays  much  longer  than  the  involucre. 
July. — Neither  of  these  plants  has  been  found  in  N.  Eng.,  and  they  are  rare  in 
N.  Y.,  but  not  uncommon  in  the  Western  States ! 

27.  SILPHIUM. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  ray-flowers  numerous,  in  2  or  3  rows,  fer- 
tile, outer  row  ligulate  ;  disk  flowers  sterile  ;  involucre  campanulate, 
scales  in  several  series,  leafy  and  spreading  at  summit ;  receptacle 
small,  flat,  chaffy  ;  achenia  broad,  flat,  obcompressed,  crowned  with  a 


336  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  PARTHENIUM. 

2-toothed  pappus. — %  Stout,  coarse,  resinous  herbs.     Hds.  large.     Fls. 
yellow. 

1.  S.  LACINIATUM.     Rosin-weed.     Polar  Plant. 

Very  rough,  with  white,  hispid  hairs;  Ivs.  alternate,  pinnately  parted, 
lower  petiolate,  segments  sinuate-lobed  or  entire ;  hds.  spicate,  distant ;  scales 
of  involucre  ovate,  appendaged  and  squarrose  at  apex. — Western  States !  to 
Tex.,  producing  columns  of  smoke  in  the  burning  prairies  by  its  copious  resin. 
Stem  3 — lOf  high.  Lower  leaves  1 — 2f  long,  much  divided,  resembling  those 
of  some  thistles.  Heads  4 — 8,  very  large,  with  large,  yellow  rays.  Jl. — Sept. 

2.  S.  TEREBINTHINACEUM.     Prairie  Burdock. 

St.  andped.  glabrous;  Ivs.  mostly  radical,  ovate  and  ovate-oblong,  cor- 
date, dentate-serrate,  obtuse,  scabrous,  on  long  petioles ;  hds.  few,  paniculate ; 
scales  roundish  and  oval,  glabrous. — Prairies,  Western  !  and  Southern  States. 
Plant  exuding  resin.  Stem  4 — 8f  high,  nearly  naked  and  simple.  Leaves 
erect,  scabrous,  rigid,  1 — 2f  long,  7 — 16'  wide.  Involucre  globose.  Rays  15 — 
25,  1'  long.  Achenia  narrowly  2-winged.  July — Sept. 

/?.  pinnatifidum.  T.  &  G.  (S.  pinnatifidum.  Ell.}  Las.  more  or  less  deeply 
lobed  or  pinnatifid. 

3.  S.  TRIFOLIATUM.     Ternate-leaved  Silphium. 

St.  glabrous  and  often  glaucous,  terete  or  6-sided ;  cauline  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
acute,  scabrous  above,  smooth  below,  remotely  dentate,  on  very  short  petioles, 
verticillate  in  3s  or  4s ;  upper  ones  opposite ;  hds.  loosely  cyinose,  on  rather 
long  peduncles ;  scales  broadly  ovate,  rather  obtuse,  smooth ;  ach.  oval,  with  2 
short  teeth. — Dry  woods  and  prairies,  Ohio,  Sullivant !  and  Southern  States. 
Stem  4— 6f  high.— Leaves  4— 6'  by  1—2".  Rays  12—16,  expanding  about  2J'. 

4.  S.    INTEGRIFOLIUM.    Michx. 

Scabrous ;  st.  quadrangular,  striate,  simple ;  Ivs.  opposite,  sessile,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  entire  or  slightly  dentate ;  hds.  in  a  close  corymb ;  scales  squarrose  ; 
ach.  roundish,  broadly  winged,  with  2  long  teeth. — Western  States !  S.  to  Ga. 
Stem  very  rigid,  3 — 7f  high.  Leaves  rigid,  broad  and  clasping  at  base,  3—6' 
long,  |  as  wide,  rather  variable  in  form.  Heads  middle-size.  Rays  12—20, 1' 
in  length.  Achenia  twice  as  large  as  in  the  preceding  species.  July,  Aug. 

/5.  ternatum.  Wood.  St.  6-sided;  Ivs.  ternately  verticillate. — Prairies!  with 
the  common  form ;  apparently  connecting  this  with  S.  trifoliatum,  from  which 
it  is  nevertheless  quite  distinct  in  habit. 

5.  S.  PERFOLIATUM  (and  S.  connatum.  Linn.}     Cup-plant. 

St.  square ;  Ivs.  large,  thin,  opposite,  connate-perfoliate,  ovate,  coarsely 
toothed,  narrowed  towards  the  base ;  hds.  in  a  trichotomous  cyme,  the  central 
on  a  long  peduncle  ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  squarrose  ;  ach.  broadly  obovate,  winged, 
emarginate. — Along  streams,  &c.,  Mich. !  to  Tenn.  A  coarse,  unattractive 
plant,  quite  distinct,  although  variable.  Stem  4 — 7f  high.  Leaves  8 — 14'  by 
4—7',  the  upper  pairs  forming  a  cup  with  their  connate  bases.  Heads  large, 
with  15—25  ravs. 

28.   PARTHENIUM. 

Gr.  TrapSsvos,  a  virgin ;  from  its  medicinal  efficacy. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  ray-flowers  5,  somewhat  ligulate,  fertile ; 
disk-flowers  tubular,  sterile  :  involucre  hemispherical ;  scales  in  2 
series,  outer  ovate,  inner  orbicular ;  receptacle  conical,  chaffy ;  ache- 
nia  5,  compressed,  cohering  with  2  contiguous  paleaB. — American  herbs 
with  alternate  leaves. 

P.    INTEGRIFOLIUM. 

St.  pubescent,  striate,  erect;  Ivs.  hispid-scabrous,  lance-ovate,  coarsely 
dentate- crenate,  coriaceous,  lower  petiolate,  upper  sessile;  hds.  many,  tomen- 
tose,  corymbed—  TJ.  Dry  soils,  Middle  and  Western  States !  Stem  rigid,  3— 5f 
high.  Radical  petioles  If  long.  Leaves  4 — 12' long,  £  as  wide.  Heads  white, 
with  5  very  short,  cucullate,  white  rays.  July — Sept. 


RUDBECKIA.  LXXV.    COMPOSITE.  337 

29.  HELIOPSIS. 

Gr.  r/Aioj ,  the  sun,  oi//ij,  appearance ;  flowers  radiant  like  the  sun. 

Involucre  imbricate,  with  ovate,  subequal  scales  ;  rays  linear,  large, 
9 ;  disk  $ ;  receptacle  chaffy,  conical,  the  paleae  lanceolate  ;  achenia 
4-sided  ;  pappus  0. — ^  Lvs.  apposite.     Hds.  large.     Fls.  yellow. 
H.  L.KVIS.  Pers.     (Helianthus.  Linn.}    Ox-eye. 

St.  smooth ;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  coarsely  serrate,  petiolate,  3-veined,  smooth 
beneath,  upper  ones  usually  lanceolate,  lower  ones  more  or  less  truncate  at 
base.— A  large,  symmetrical  plant,  in  hedges  and  thickets,  U.  S.  Stem  an- 
gular, striate,  di-  or  trichotomously  branched  above,  3 — 5f  high.  Leaves  2 — 6' 
by  1— 4',  acute,  distinctly  3-veined.  Branches  thickened  at  the  summit,  each 
terminating  with  a  large,  solitary,  yellow  head.  Rays  lanceolate,  broad  at  base 
and  obtuse  at  summit,  June,  Jl. 

0.  gracilis.  T.  &  G.  (H.  gracilis.  Nutt.}  Small  and  slender ;  Ivs.  scabrous, 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  base. — 2f  high. 

y.  scabra.  T.  &  G.  (H.  scabra.  Hook.}  St.  and  Ivs.  scabrous  and  yellowish- 
green  ;  Ivs.  somewhat  deltoid,  distinctly  truncate  at  base. — 6f  high.  Common 
in  la. ! 

30.  RUDBECKIA. 

Dedicated  to  the  celebrated  Olaus  Rudbeck,  prof,  of  Botany  at  Upsal,  Sweden. 

Involucre  scales  nearly  equal,  leafy,  in  a  double  row,  6  in  each ; 
ray-flowers  neutral ;  disk  perfect ;  receptacle  conic,  with  unarmed 
palese  or  chaff;  pappus  0,  or  a  4-toothed  margin. — ^  Lvs.  alternate. 
Hds.  large.  Rays  yellow. 

*  Disk  pale  green  or  purplish. 

1.  R.    LACINIATA. 

Glabrous;  lower  Ivs.  pinnate,  segments  3-lobed,  upper  ones  ovate  ;  pappus 
crenate. — In  the  edges  of  swamps  and  ditches,  Can.  and  U.  S.  A  tall,  showy 
plant,  resembling  Helianthus,  from  which,  however,  it  is  readily  distinguished 
by  its  conical  disk.  Stem  round,  branching,  6 — 8f  high.  Leaves  alternate, 
ample,  rough,  upper  ones  generally  ovate,  the  rest  variously  divided,  toothed  or 
cut,  petiolate.  Flowers  large,  terminal.  Rays  1 — 2'  long,  oblanceolate,  bright 
yellow,  spreading  or  drooping.  Aug. 

2.  R.    SUBTOMENTOSA.    Ph. 

St.  branching,  tomentose-pubescent ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  hispid-scabrous  above, 
softly  subtomentose  beneath,  serrate,  the  lower  deeply  3-lobed  or  3-parted,  up- 
per undivided,  ovate,  acuminate ;  hds.  corymbose  ;  scales  numerous,  spreading ; 
disk  purplish-brown ;  rays  large,  spreading. — A  coarse,  rough  species,  3 — 4f 
high,  prairies,  &c.,  Western  and  Southern  States.  Stem  angular,  marked  with 
brown  lines.  Leaves  3 — 5'  long,  on  petioles  1 — 24"  long.  Rays  deep  or  orange 
yellow,  10 — 15,  about  1'  long.  July,  Aug. 

*  *  Disk  dark  'purple. 

3.  R.  TRILOBA. 

Hirsute ;  branches  panicled,  spreading ;  lower  cauline  Ivs.  mostly  3-lobed, 
coarsely  serrate,  acuminate ;  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  clasping,  ser- 
rate or  entire ;  radical  ones  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  crenate-dentate  or  incisely 
lobed,  petiolate ;  hds.  rather  small,  disk  dark  purple,  ovoid ;  rays  about  8,  broad- 
oval,  rather  longer  than  the  linear,  reflexed  scales. — Fields,  Middle  and  Western 
States.  A  handsome  species,  2 — 4f  high,  very  branching.  Leaves  2 — 4'  long, 
3-veined.  Rays  deep  yellow,  6 — 10"  long,  f  as  wide.  Chaff  cuspidate-awned 
at  the  summit.  Aug.  Sept. 

4.  R.  HIRTA.     Rough  Cone-flower. 

Very  hirsute  or  hispid ;  st.  simple  or  somewhat  branched;  ped.  naked; 
Ivs.  ovate-spatulate,  3-veined,  petiolate,  denticulate,  the  upper  ones  sessile, 
ovate-lanceolate ;  invol.  scales  numerous,  narrow,  imbricated  in  3  rows ;  rays 
spreading. — A  showy  plant,  in  dry  soils,  Mass.  Richard !  Western  N.  Y. !  to 
La.  and  la. !  Stems  subsimple  or  branching  from  the  base,  covered  with  prickly 


338  LXXV.  COMPOSITE.  ZINNIA, 

prominences,  each  branch  leafless  towards  the  summit  and  bearing  a  large  head 
with  12 — 15  bright  yellow  rays.  These  are  an  inch  long,  and  surround  a  broad- 
ly conical  disk  of  dark  purple  or  dark  brown  chaif  and  flowers.  July — Sept.  f 

5.  R.  FULGIDA.  Ait.     (R.  chrysomela.  Michx.    R.  spatulata.  PA.) 

SL  hirsute,  with  rigid  hairs  ;  branches  slender,  naked  above ;  Ivs.  strigose- 
pubescent,  remotely  denticulate,  radical  petiolate,  ovate,  cauline  lance-oblong, 
tapering  to  the  sessile,  subclasping  base ;  scales  oblong,  spreading,  as  long  as 
the  spreading  rays  ;  chaff  linear-oblong,  obtuse. — Mountains,  Penn.  to  Ohio ! 
and  Ga.  Stem  1 — 3f  high.  Rays  12 — 14,  scarcely  longer  than  the  leafy  invo- 
lucre, deep  orange-yellow.  July,  Oct.  f 

6.  R.  SPECIOSA.  Wender. 

St.  hispidly  hirsute  ;  branches  slender,  elongated,  naked  above ;  Ivs.  sca- 
brous-pubescent, strongly  dentate,  radical  ones  broadly  ovate,  5-veined,  on  long 
petioles,  cauline  ovate  and  lanceolate,  3-veined,  upper  sessile;  scales  lance-lin- 
ear, much  shorter  than  the  spreading  rays ;  chaff  linear-oblong,  acute. — Bor- 
ders of  woods,  111.  Jenney !  Ohio!  to  Penn.  A  large  and  very  showy  species, 
2 — 4f  high.  Leaves  rather  thin,  radical  4 — 5'  by  3 — 4',  the  teeth  mucronu- 
late  ;  petioles  6 — 10'  long.  Rays  about  18,  oblong,linear,  bright  yellow.  Aug. 
—Oct.  t 

31.  EC  H  IN  ACE  A.     Mrench. 

Gr,  £%ivo$,  the  hedgehog ;  from  the  character  of  the  paleae. 

Involucre  scales  imbricated  in  2  rows  ;  ray-flowers  neutral ;  disk- 
flowers  £ ;  receptacle  conic,  with  rigid,  mucronate  paleae  ;  pappus  0. 
— ^1-  Lvs.  alternate.  Rays  purple,  pendulous. 

1.  E.  PURPUREA.    Moench.      (Rudbeckia    Linn.}     Purple  Cone-flower  or 
Comb-flower. — Very  rough ;    lower  Ivs.  broad-ovate,   attenuate   at  base, 

remotely  toothed ;  cauline  ones  lanceolate-ovate,  acuminate,  nearly  entire ;  rays 
very  long,  deflexed,  bifid. — Thickets  and  barrens,  Western  !  and  Southern  States. 
A  tall,  handsome  plant,  often  cultivated.  Stem  4f  high,  branched,  sulcate. 
Leaves  4 — 8'  long,  -£-  as  wide,  rough,  with  short,  stiff  bristles,  3-veined.  Heads 
large,  solitary,  on  long  peduncles.  Disk  thickly  beset  with  the  stiff,  pointed, 
brown  chaff.  Rays  about  15,  2 — 3'  long,  pendulous.  July — Sept. — Root  black, 
pungent,  medicinal,  j- 
(3.  Rays  nearly  white.— 111.  Dr.  Mead  in  T.  fy  G.  Fl.  Am. 

2.  E.  ANGUSTIFOLIA.  DC.     (Rudbeckia.  pallida.  NiM.} 

St.  hispid,  subsimple,  slender,  naked  above  ;  Ivs.  entire,  hispidly  pubescent, 
3-veined,  lower  ones  lanceolate,  petiolate,  upper  lance-linear,  sessile ;  scales  in 
about  2  rows,  short ;  rays  12 — 20,  slender,  drooping. — Prairies  and  marshes,  111. 
Mo.  to  Tex.  Plant  of  a  more  slender  habit  than  the  last,  2 — 3f  high.  Leaves 
3 — 6'  by  3 — 6".  Petioles  0 — 8"  long.  Heads  on  long,  naked  peduncles.  Rays 
1 — 2'  long,  purple,  varying  to  white.  Disk  brown.  May — July. 

32.  LEPlCHYS. 

Involucre  in  one  series  of  linear  scales  ;  ray  flowers  few,  neutral, 
disk  perfect ;  receptacle  columnar,  chaffy  ;  chaff  obtuse  and  bearded 
at  apex  ;  pappus  0  ;  fertile  achenia  compressed,  1 — 2-winged. — ^  Lvs. 
alternate,  pinnately  divided.  lids,  of  Jiowers  yellow,  with  long,  droop- 
ing rays. 

L.  PINNATA.  Torr.  &  Gray.  (Rudbeckia.  MX.  Obeliscaria.  Cass.) 
Scabrous;  Ivs.  all  pinnate,  the  divisions  3 — 7,  some  of  the  lower  ones  2- 
parted,  the  rest  undivided  ;  rat/s  elongated. — In  dry  soil,  Western  N.  Y.,  West- 
ern !  and  Southern  States.  Stem  2 — 4f  high,  slender,  furrowed  and  hispid. 
Heads  very  showy.  Rays  yellow,  about  2'  in  length,  pendulous,  the  disk  ovate, 
purple. 

33.    ZINNIA. 

Dedicated  to  John  Godfrey  Zinn,  a  German  botanist,  1557. 

Involucre  scales  oval,  margined,  imbricate  ;  rays  5,  persistent,  en- 


HELIANTHUS.  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  339 

tire,  9 ;  disk  flowers  $  ;  receptacle  chaffy,  conical ;  pappus  of  the 
disk  of  2  erect  awns. — ©  Native  at  the  South,  fyc.  Lvs.  opposite,  entire. 

1.  Z.  ELEGANS. — Hds.  on  long  peduncles  ;  Ivs.  cordate,  ovate,  sessile-amplexi- 
caul ;  st.  hairy ;  chaff  serrated. — Native  of  Mexico.    Jl.  Aug. — Several  varie- 
ties are  known  in  cultivation;  viz.  a.  violacea,  with  violet-colored  flowers; 
/?.  alba,  flowers  white ;  y.  purpurascens,  flowers  purple ;  <J.  coccinea,  flowers  of  a 
brilliant  scarlet,  f 

2.  Z.  MULTIFLORA. — Hds.  on  long  peduncles;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  on  short 
petioles. — Native  of  the  Southern  States. — Z.  pauciflorum,  with  bright  yellow 
flowers,  is  also  found  in  cultivation,  t 

34.  HELIANTHUS. 

Gr.  17X10?,  the  sun,  ay$o?,  flower;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  flowers. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  ray-fls.  neutral,  disk  $  ;  scales  of  the  invol- 
ucre imbricated  in  several  series  ;  receptacle  flat  or  convex,  the  chaff 
persistent,  embracing  the  achenia ;  pappus  of  2  chaffy  awns,  decidu- 
ous ;  achenia  compressed  or  4-sided,  not  margined. — Herbs  mostly  %, 
rough.  Lvs.  opposite,  the  upper  often  alternate,  mostly  tripli-veined. 
Rays  yellow,  disk  yellow  or  purple. 

§  Disk  dark  purple. 

1.  H.  ANNCUS.  Common  Sunflower. — Lvs.  all  cordate,  3- veined,  only  the 
lowest  opposite;  fed.  thick;  fls.  nodding. — This  well-known  annual  is  from  S. 
America.  It  grows  in  any  soil,  but  its  magnitude  is  increased  by  the  fertility 
of  it  in  direct  proportion,  until  it  reaches  the  height  of  10  and  even  20  feet.  The 
common  height  may  be  stated  at  7  feet.  The  enormous  size  of  the  flowers  with 
their  broad  rays  of  brilliant  yellow  are  too  well  known  to  require  description.  An 
edible  oil  has  been  expressed  from  the  seeds.  Jl. — A  splendid  variety  occurs 
with  the  flowers  all  radiate. 

2.  H.  ANGUSTIFOLIUS.  Narrow-leaved  Sun/lower. 

Erect,  slender,  glabrous  or  hispidly  hirsute ;  Ivs.  sessile,  linear,  tapering 
to  a  long  point,  1-veined,  rigid,  opposite,  the  upper  often  alternate,  margin  sub- 
denticulate,  often  revolute;  hds.  pedunculate, Tew;  scales  lance-linear,  the  long 
point  spreading ;  chaff  linear,  3-toothed. — Sandy  or  rocky  places,  N.  J. !  Ky. 
and  Southern  States,  common.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  subsimple.  Leaves  2 — 5'  by 
3 — 6",  broadest  at  the  abrupt  base.  Rays  12—18,  expanding  about  2'.  Disk 
flowers  brown  at  the  summit. 

3.  H.  RIGIDUS.  Desf.    (H.  scaberrimus.  Ell.   H.  crassifolius.  Nutt.}  Stiff- 
leaved  Sunflower. — SI.  erect,  rigid,  simple  or  with  few  branches,  scabrous 

or  smoothish,  nearly  naked  above ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end,  petio- 
late,  mostly  opposite,  tripli-veined,  serrulate  or  entire,  rigid,  scabrous  both 
sides;  hds.  few;  scales  ovate,  acute,  regularly  imbricate,  shorter  than  the  disk; 
e^ajT  obtusish ;  pappiis  2  squamae. — Prairies,  &c.,  Wis.  Lapham,  to  Mo.,  La.,  &c. 
Plant  2— 4f  high.  Leaves  3—6'  by  J— 1',  very  rough  with  papillose  hairs,  but 
less  so  than  in  H.  divaricatus.  Rays  12-  20,  expanding  2 — 3',  light  yellow. 

§  §  Disk  yellow.     *  Leaves  opposite. 

4.  H.  L^ETIFLORUS.  Pers.     Splendid  Sunflower. 

St.  rough  and  branched  above ;  Ivs.  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate, 
tripli-veined,  very  rough  on  both  sides,  on  short  petioles,  upper  ones  often  alter- 
nate ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  ciliate,  appressed,  a  little  shorter  than  the  disk ; 
chaff  entire  or  3-toothed;  rays  12—20. — Barrens,  &c.,  la.  Ohio.  Torr.  <$•  Gray. 
A  rough,  but  showy  plant,  3— 4f  high.  Leaves  thick,  5 — 8'  by  1J — 2£'.  Rays 
nearly  2'  in  length.  Disk  yellow.  Aug. — Oct.  f 

5.  H.  OCCIDENTALIS.  Riddell.     Western  Sunflower. 

St.  slender,  simple,  nearly  naked  above ;  Ivs.  opposite,  oval,  scabrous,  ob- 
scurely serrate,  contracted  at  base  into  long,  hairy  petioles,  upper  ones  small 
and  few,  entire;  hds.  pedunculate;  scales  lance-oval, appressed. — Sand  prairies, 


340  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  HELIANTHUS. 

Western  States !  Stem  3— 5f  high,  scape-like,  slender.  Leaves  3—5'  by  1 — 2', 
upper  ones  1 — 2'  long.  Heads  lew,  middle  size.  Rays  12—15,  light  yellow. 
Jl.— Sept. 

6.  H.  CINEREUS.  Torr.  &  Gray.     Sullivant's  Sunflower. 

"  Rough  with  a  cinerous  pubescence  ;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  rather  acute,  ap- 
pressed  to  the  stem,  serrulate,  sessile,  the  lower  narrowed  to  a  winged  petiole ; 
ped.  naked,  slender ;  scales  lanceolate,  canescent ;  acfi.  villous  at  summit. 

0.  Sullivantii.  Larger  and  more  branched;  st.  scabrous-hirsute;  Ivs.  ob- 
scurely serrate,  acute,  the  uppermost  entire,  often  alternate. — Near  Columbus, 
Ohio.  Sullivant.  Stem  2 — 31'  high,  virgate,  sometimes  a  little  branched,  bear- 
ing a  few  heads  nearly  as  large  as  those  of  H.  mollis."  Fl.  Am.  II.  p.  324. 

7.  H.  MOLLIS.  Lam.     (H.  canescens.  Michx.)     Soft-leaved  Sunflower. 
St.  villous;  Ivs.  ovate,  acuminate,  sessile,  cordate  and  clasping,  entire  or 

subserrate,  tomentose-canescent,  opposite,  upper  ones  sometimes  alternate ; 
scales  of  involucre  lanceolate,  villose-canescent ;  chaff  entire,  acute  and  canes- 
cent  above. — Prairies  and  barrens,  Ohio !  la. !  Mo.,  common.  A  hoary  and 
villose  species,  2 — 4f  high,  nearly  simple.  Leaves  3 — 5'  long,  £ — f  as  wide. 
Rays  15—25,  J— 1'  by  \'  wide.  JL— Sept. 

8.  H.  DORONicolDEs.  Lam.     Leopard's-bane  Sunflower. 

St.  branched,  rough  or  hirsute  above ;  Ivs.  opposite,  petiolate,  or  the  upper 
alternate  and  subsessile,  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  tripli-veined, 
serrate,  scabrous  above,  smooth  or  pubescent  beneath ;  scales  lance-linear,  cili- 
ate,  a  little  longer  than  the  disk;  rays  12 — 15. — A  large  species,  common  in 
the  Western  !  and  Southern  States.  Stem  4 — 7f  high,  with  irregular,  alternate 
branches.  Leaves  3 — 10'  by  1 — 3';  petioles  i — 1'  long.  Rays  very  showy, 
15—20"  by  4—6".  JL— Sept. 
/?.  pubescens.  (H.  pubescens.  Hook.)  Lvs.  tomentose  beneath,  subsessile. 

9.  H.  STRUMOSUS.     Downy  Sunflower. 

St.  smooth  below,  scabrous  above ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate, 
scabrous  above,  smooth  or  tomentose-canescent  beneath;  hds.  few,  about  10- 
rayed ;  scales  ciliate,  equaling  the  disk,  squarrose-spreading  at  tip. — 7}.  Grows 
in  swamps,  &c.,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  3 — 5f  high,  erect,  branching  above. 
Leaves  petiolate,  with  an  acute  point  and  close  serratures,  the  lower  surface  va- 
rying in  the  degree  of  pubescence.  Rays  bright  yellow,  an  inch  or  more  in 
length.  Scales  hairy.  Jl. 

10.  H.  DECAPETALUS,     Ten-rayed  Sunflower. 

Lvs.  opposite,  ovate,  acuminate,  remotely  serrate,  3-veined,  scabrous 
above,  smooth  or  nearly  so  beneath ;  invol.  scales  lanceolate-linear,  subciliate, 
spreading,  nearly  equal ;  rays  10 — 12,  pale  yellow. — Copses,  along  streams, 
Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.  Stem  3 — 4f  high,  purplish.  Involucre  varying  in  all 
degrees  of  leanness  between  the  present  form  and  the  variety  following.  Aug.-f- 
p.frondosus.  Hook.  (H.  frondosus.  Linn.}  Outer  scales  larger  and  leaf-like. 

11.  H.    TRACHELIIFOLIUS.    Willd. 

St.  strict,  branching,  scabrous  or  with  scattered  hairs ;  Ivs.  opposite,  those 
of  the  branches  mostly  alternate,  thin,  scabrous  both  sides,  tripli-veined,  ap- 


3— 6f  high.    Leaves  3 — 6'  by  £ — 3£' ;  petioles  \ — !£'  long.    Heads  middle  size, 
at  top  of  the  slender,  suberect  branches.    Rays  expanding  2 — 3'. 

12.  H.  HIRSUTUS.  Raf.     (H.  diversifolius.  Ell.) 

St.  simple  or  dichotomous  above,  scabrous,  hirsute ;  Ivs.  opposite,  petio- 
late, subserrate,  3-veined,  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  at  base,  acuminate,  very  sca- 
brous above,  hirsute  beneath;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  hirsute,  as 
long  as  the  disk  ;  rays  11 — 15. — Dry  soils,  Western  and  Southern  States.  Stem 
4— 7f  high,  with  irregular,  alternate  branches.  Leaves  3—10'  by  1—3',  petio- 
les !_i'  long.  Rays  very  showy,  15— 18"  by  4—6".  Jl. — Sept. 
/?.  pubescens.  (H.  pubescens.  Hook.)  Lvs.  tomentose  beneath,  subsessile. 


TAGETES.  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  341 

13.  H.  DIVARICATUS.     Spreading  Sun/tower. 

St.  smooth,  branching  or  simple  ;  Ivs.  nearly  opposite,  sessile,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, 3-veined,  scabrous  above,  smooth  beneath  ;  panicle  trichotomous,  slender, 
few-flowered. — Not  uncommon  in  rocky  woods,  brooksides,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am. 
Stem  5f  high,  glaucous.  Leaves  rather  abrupt  at  base,  tapering  to  a  long, 
acute  point,  with  obtuse  serratures.  Flowers  large,  although  small  for  the  ge- 
nus, few,  yellow  and  very  showy.  The  panicle  is  either  2  or  3-forked.  This 
plant  is  much  improved  by  cultivation.  Aug.  Sept. 

/?.  scaberrimus.  St.  subsimple ;  Ivs.  thick,  exceedingly  rough  and  rigid. — Bar- 
rens, la. ! 

y.  Lvs.  ternately  verticillate.     Otherwise  as  in  /?.    Barrens,  la. ! 

§  §  Disk  yellow.     *  *  Leaves  alternate. 

14.  H.  GIGANTEUS.     (H.  altissimus.     Linn.) 

Lvs.  alternate  (the  lowest  opposite),  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  sca- 
brous, obscurely  3-veined,  tapering  at  base  into  short,  ciliate,  winged  petioles ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate-linear,  ciliate  ;  pappus  of  2  short,  slightly  fringed 
scales. — Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.,  in  low  grounds  and  thickets.  Stem  4— 8f  high, 
purplish,  branching  above  into  a  corymbose  panicle  of  large,  yellow  flowers. 
Leaves  2 — 5'  by  £ — 1',  opposite  or  alternate  in  various  degrees.  Rays  12 — 20. 
Variable. 

"  /?.  ambiguus.  T.  &  G.  Lvs.  nearly  all  opposite,  sessile  and  rounded  at  base. 
— L.  I."  Torr.  $•  Gray. 

15.  H.  TOMENTOSUS.  Michx.     Downy-leaved  Sunflower. 

St.  stout,  pubescent,  branched  above  ;  Ivs.  thin,  large,  acuminate,  obscure- 
ly serrate,  scabrous  above,  tomentose  or  nearly  glabrous  beneath,  lower  ones 
ovate,  petiolate,  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  subsessile ;  Ms.  long-pedunculate ; 
scales  lance-linear,  long-acuminate,  villous,  squarrose;  chaff  3-tooihed,  hirsute 
at  summit. — Dry  soil,  111.  to  Ga.  A  large  species,  4 — 8f  high,  with  ample 
leaves  and  flowers.  Leaves  6 — 12'  by  2 — 6',  some  of  them  tripli-veined.  Rays 
elliptical  lanceolate,  18"  by  5".  Aug.— Oct.  f 

16.  H.  GROSSE-SERRATUS.  Martens.     Notch-leaved  Sunflower. 

St.  smooth  and  glaucous ;  Ivs.  mostly  alternate,  lanceolate  or  lance-ovate, 
long-acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  scabrous  aboye,  hoary  and  softly  pubescent  be- 
neath, abruptly  contracted  into  naked  petioles ;  scales  lance-subulate,  loosely 
imbricated,  sparingly  ciliate,  as  long  as  the  disk. — Ohio,  Sullivant,  &c.,  la. 
Plummer,  111.,  Mead,  to  La.  Allied  toH.  giganteus.  Stem  4 — 6f  high.  Leaves 
6 — 9'  by  1 — 2'  broadest  near  the  base,  lower  ones  rather  coarsely  serrate.  Rays 
15 — 20,"  expanding  near  3'.  Aug.  Sept. 

17.  H.  TUBEROSUS.  Jerusalem  Artichoke. — Lvs.  3-veined,  rough,  lower  ones 
opposite,  cordate-ovate,  upper  ovate,  acuminate,  alternate ;  petioles  ciliate  at 
base. — 9|  Native  of  Brazil.  The  plant  has  been  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  its 
tuberous  roots,  which  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  potatoes.  It  is  naturalized  in 
borders  of  fields,  hedges,  &c.  Sept.  §  j 

35.  TAGETES. 

Named  for  Tages,  a  Tuscan  divinity,  son  of  Genius  and  grandson  of  Jupiter. 

Heads  heterogamous ;  involucre  simple,  tubular,  of  5  united 
scales ;  ray-flowers  5,  persistent ;  receptacle  naked ;  pappus  of  5 
erect  awns.—©  Herbs  of  tropical  America.  Lvs.  pinnately  divided. 

1.  T.  PATULA.     French  Marigold. — St.  erect,  with  spreading  branches;  seg- 
ments of  the  leaves  linear-lanceolate  ;  ped.  elongated,  subcylindric,  one-flowered ; 
invol.  smooth.    Plant  about  2f  high.    Flowers  orange-yellow. 

2.  T.  ERECTA.     African  Marigold. — Segments  of  tJie  leaves  lanceolate,  ciliate- 
serrate ;  ped.  1-flowered,  ventricose  and  thickened  at  the  summit ;  invol.  angu- 
lar.— The  heads  are  twice  larger  than  in  T.  patula,  and  on  shorter  peduncles. 
—These  are  well  known  and  popular  garden  flowers  with  several  varieties. 


342  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  ACHILLEA. 

36.  HELENIUM. 

Named  for  the  celebrated  Helen,  who  is  said  to  have  availed  herself  of  its  cosmetic  properties. 

Involucre  double,  the  outer  of  leafy,  narrow  scales,  the  inner  chaffy ; 
rays  pistillate ;  pappus  of  several  5-awned,  chaffy  leaves  ;  receptacle 
globose,  naked  in  the  disk,  and  chaffy  in  the  ray  only  ;  ray-flowers 
half  3-cleft ;  seed  villose. — Lvs.  alternate,  decurrent.  Rays  yellow. 

H.  AUTUMNALE.     American  Sneeze-wort. 

Lvs.  lanceolate-serrate,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent,  decurrent ; /s.  loose- 
ly corymbose. — 1J.  In  damp  places.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  branching,  strongly 
winged  by  the  decurrent  leaves.  Leaves  tapering  to  each  end  or  elliptic-lance- 
olate, more  or  less  deeply  serrate.  Flowers  large,  numerous,  terminal,  with 
drooping  rays,  each  ending  in  3  obtuse  teeth,  and  longer  than  the  large,  globose 
disk.  The  plant  is  very  bitter.  Aug. 

/?.  canaliculatum.  T.  &  G.  (H.  canaliculatum.  Lam.}  Rays  concave,  ca- 
naliculate or  3-furrowed. 

37.  ANTHEMIS. 

Involucre  hemispherical,  with  nearly  equal  scales  ;  rays. numerous, 
pistillate  ;  receptacle  chaffy,  convex  or  conic  ;  achenia  crowned  with 
a  slight  border. — European  herbs,  with  much  divided  leaves. 

1.  A.  ARVENSIS.     Corn  Chamomile. 

St.  erect,  hairy ;  Ivs.  bipinnatifid,  hairy  and  canescent,  segments  linear- 
lanceolate;  ach.  crowned  with  a  narrow  margin;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  lanceo- 
late, cuspidate,  longer  than  the  flowers. — (g)  Grows  in  dry,  cultivated  fields.  A 
pilose,  inodorous  plant,  somewhat  naturalized  in  the  Northern  States.  Stems 
diffusely  branching,  8—15'  high.  Heads  large,  solitary  on  the  leafless,  downy 
summits  of  the  branches.  Disk  yellow,  rays  white.  July.  § 

2.  A.  NOBILIS.  Chamomile. — St.  prostrate,  branching  from  the  base,  woolly ; 
Ivs.  decompound-pinnatifid,  segments  linear,  subulate ;  chaff  scarions,  lanceolate, 
scarcely  as  long  as  the  flowers. — 7J_  Native  of  Britain  and  other  parts  of  Europe. 
Grows  wild  occasionally  in  fields,  and  is  cultivated  in  gardens.  The  strong  and 
agreeable  scent  of  the  chamomile  is  well  known,  also  its  tonic  and  anodyne 
qualities,  which  chiefly  reside  in  the  flowers.  July — Sept. 

38.   MARUTA.     Less. 

Involucre  hemispherical,  imbricated ;  rays  neutral ;  disk  perfect ; 
receptacle  conical,  chaffy  (at  least  at  the  summit) ;  pappus  0  ;  anche- 
nia  smooth. — European  Jierbs,  with  alternate,  much  divided  leaves. 

M.  COTULA.  DC.     (Anthemis.  Linn.}     May-weed. 

St.  erect,  nearly  smooth ;  Ivs.  bipinnatifid,  segments  linear-subulate ;  chaff 
bristly,  shorter  than  the  flowers. — 0  Naturalized  in  all  waste  places,  in  hard, 
dry  soils,  especially  by  roadsides,  in  patches  of  great  extent,  presenting  almost 
a  uniform  whitish  surface  when  in  blossom.  Stem  branching,  diffuse,  a  foot 
high,  with  alternate  leaves  divided  and  subdived  into  a  multitude  of  segments. 
Flowers  solitary,  on  terminal,  striated  stalks.  The  plant  is  ill-scented.  Lin- 
naeus says  it  is  grateful  to  toads,  drives  away  fleas,  and  is  annoying  to  flies. 
June — Sept.  § 

39.  ACHILLEA. 

Named  after  Achilles,  a  disciple  of  Chiron,  who  first  used  the  plant. 

Involucre  ovoid,  of  unequal,  imbricated  scales;  rays  5 — 10,  short, 
pistillate  ;  receptacle  flat,  chaffy ;  achenia  without  a  pappus. — %•  Eu- 
ropean herbs,  with  much  divided,  alternate  leaves. 

1.  A.  MILLEFOLIUM.     Millfoil.     Yarrow. 

Lvs.  bipinnatifid,  with  linear,  dentate,  mucronate  segments ;  invol  and  st. 
furrowed. — The  yarrow  abounds  in  fields,  pastures,  &c.,  N.  Eng.  to  Oregon  and 
Arc.  Am.  It  is  called  also  millfoil,  from  its  leaves  being  cut  and  parted  into  so 


CHRYSANTHEMUM.  LXXV.   COMPOSITES.  343 

numerous  divisions  and  subdivisions.  Stem  a  foot  high,  branching  at  top  into 
a  dense,  flat-topped  corymb  of  white  or  rose-colored  flowers.  It  has  an  agreea- 
ble,  pungent  taste  and  smell.  June — Sept. 

2.  A.  PTARMICA.     Sneezewort. 

Lvs.  linear,  acuminate,  equally  and  sharply  serrate,  smooth. — Found  in 
moist  grounds  and  shady  places,  Can.  and  N.  Y.  Pursh.  Mass.  Nichotts.  Plant 
about  15'  high,  branching  at  top  into  a  diffuse  corymb  of  white  flowers.  The 
leaves  are  remarkably  distinct  from  the  yarrow.  The  dried  powder  of  the  leaves 
used  as  snuff  provokes  sneezing.  A  variety  with  double  flowers  occurs,  which 
is  quite  ornamental  in  pots.  Aug.  f 

40.  LEUCANTHfiMUM. 

Gr.  \EVKOS,  white,  avSos,  flower  ;  the  heads  have  large,  white,  conspicuous  rays. 

Involucre  broad,  depressed,  imbricated ;  rays  pistillate,  numerous ; 
receptacle  flat,  naked  ;  achenia  striate ;  pappus  0. — Herbs,  with  alter- 
nate leaves. 

L.  VULGARE.  Lam.  (Chrysanthemum  Leucanthemum.  Linn.')  White- 
iceed.  Ox-eye  Daisy. — Lvs.  amplexicaul,  lanceolate,  serrate,  cut-pinnatifid 
at  base ;  st.  erect,  branching. — 7J.  The  common  white- weed  is  an  annoyance  to 
farmers,  rapidly  overspreading  pastures  and  neglected  fields,  U.  S.  to  Arc.  Am. 
Stems  2f  high,  simple  or  with  one  or  two  long  branches,  furrowed.  Leaves 
comparatively  few  and  small,  obtuse,  the  lower  ones  petiolate,  with  deep  and 
irregular  teeth  ;  upper  ones  small,  subulate,  those  of  the  middle  sessile,  clasp- 
ing, deeply  cut  at  base,  with  remote  teeth  above.  Heads  large,  terminal,  soli- 
tary. Disk  yellow.  Rays  numerous,  white.  July. — Sept. 

41.   PYRETHRUM. 

An  ancient  name  of  a  certain  plant,  supposed  to  be  of  Anthemis. 

Involucre  hemispherical,  imbricate  ;  scales  with  membranous  mar- 
gins ;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  a  membranous  margin  crowning  the 
achenia. — European  herbs,  chiefly  perennial,  with  alternate  leaves. 

P.  PARTHENITJM.  Feverfew. — Lvs.  petiolate,  flat,  tripinnate,  the  segments  ovate, 
cut ;  ped.  branching,  corymbose  ;  st.  erect ;  invol.  hemispherical,  pubescent. — 
Several  varieties  of  the  Feverfew  are  cultivated,  and  are  in  great  favor  with 
many  florists,  on  account  of  their  fine  pyramidal  form,  surmounted  with  a 
corymb  of  pure  white,  double  flowers,  which  retain  their  beauty  for  several 
weeks. 

42.   CHRYSANTHEMUM. 

Gr.  KpvffoSj  gold,  avSos  ;   many  species  bearing  golden  colored  flowers. 

Involucre  imbricate,  hemispherical,  the  scales  with  membranous 
margins;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  0. — Ornamental  plants  from  China 
and  other  eastern  countries.  Lvs.  alternate,  lobed. 

1.  C.  CORONARIUM.— St.  branched;  Ivs.  bipinnatifid,  broader  at  the  summit, 
acute. — 0  Native  of  S.  Europe  and  N.  Africa.     The  variety  with  double  flow- 
ers is  frequently  cultivated  as  a  hardy  annual.     Stem  about  3f  high,  striate, 
smooth,  erect,  with  alternate,  clasping  leaves.    Flowers  large,  terminal,  soli- 
tary.    Aug. 

2.  C.  CARINATCM.  Willd.   (C.  tricolor.  Andr.}    Three-colored  Chrysanthemum. 
Lvs.  bipinnate,  fleshy,  smooth  ;  invol.  scales  carinate. — ©  Native  of  Barbary. 

Heads  large  and  beautiful ;  disk  purple,  rays  white  with  a  yellow  base.  A  va- 
riety has  flowers  entirely  yellow.  Jl. — Oct. 

3.  C.  SINENSE.  Sabine.    (Pyrethrum  Sinense.  DC.}    Chinese  Chrysanthemum. 
Lvs.  coriaceous,  stalked,  sinuate-pinnatifid,   dentate,  glaucous ;   rays  very 

long. — A  native  of  China,  where  it  has  been  long  cultivated  and  highly  esteemed 
for  its  beauty.  A  great  number  of  varieties  have  been  produced,  with  double, 
semidouble  and  quilled  flowers  of  every  possible  shade  of  color.  It  is  of  very 
easy  culture  in  any  common  soil.  The  plants  are  propagated  by  divisions,  by 


344  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  COREOPSIS. 

suckers  and  by  cuttings.     Although  they  grow  in  any  soil,  yet  it  is  better  to 
give  them  a  rich  loam,  and  water  them  with  liquid  manure. 

43.  LEPTOPODA.    Nutt. 

Gr.  \eirros,  slender,  TTOVS ,  foot ;  alluding  to  the  elongated  peduncle. 

Heads  many-flowered  ;  rays  neutral,  cuneate,  3 — 4-cleft ;  disk  £  ; 
scales  spreading,  numerous,  attenuate  ;  receptacle  conical ;  chaff  0  ; 
pappus  of  6 — 10  fringed  squamae. — %  North,  American  herbs,  with 
the  habit  of  Helenium. 

L.  BRACHYPODA.  T.  &  G.  (Helenium  quadridentatum.  Hook.}  False 
Helenium. — St.  leafy,  corymbose  at  summit;  Ivs.  decurrent,  lanceolate, 
subentire,  the  lower  toothed,  obtuse ;  hds.  on  short  peduncles ;  scales  lance-line- 
ar ;  about  half  as  long  as  the  8 — 12  drooping  rays ;  disk  brownish-purple. — A 
plant  separated  from  Helenium  only  on  account  of  its  sterile  rays.  It  grows  in 
damp  soil,  from  the  southern  counties  of  111.  to  Tex.  and  Southern  States.  Stem 
about  2f  high.  Heads  several  or  numerous.  Rays  broadest  at  summit,  rather 
deeply  and  irregularly  toothed,  7 — 9"  by  4 — 5". 

Section  2>    Heads  discoid  and  radiate  in  the  same  genus. 

44.  ACTINOMfiRIS.     Nutt. 

Crr.  otKTtv,  a  ray,  pripig,  apart;  partially  radiate. 

Heads  many-flowered,  ray  flowers  4 — 14,  rarely  0  ;  involucre  scales 
foliaceous,  subequal,  in  1 — 3  series ;  receptacle  conical  or  convex, 
chaffy ;  achenia  compressed',  flat,  obovate,  2-awned. — %  Plants  tall. 
St.  winged  with  the  decurrent  leaves.  Hds.  corymbose,  yellow. 

1.  A.  HELIANTHOIDES.  Nutt.     (Verbesina.  MickxJ) 

St.  hirsute,  winged  except  near  the  base  ;  Ivs.  alternate,  ovate-lanceolate, 
decurrent,  acuminate,  serrate,  hirsute  and  scabrous ;  corymb  contracted ;  rays 
6 — 14,  long  and  narrow ;  scales  erect. — Rather  common  in  barrens  and  prairies, 
Western  States  !  It  is  a  rough  plant,  with  the  aspect  of  a  Helianthus.  Stem 
conspicuously  winged  with  the  decurrent  leaves,  2 — 4f  high.  Leaves  2 — 4'  by 
6 — 14",  grayish.  Rays  often  irregular,  1'  long.  Jn.  Jl. 

2.  A.  SQUARROSA.  Nutt.     (Coreopsis  alternifolia.  Linn.} 

St.  tall,  winged,  branching  above,  somewhat  pubescent;  Ivs.  alternate, 
often  opposite,  oblong-lanceolate,  elongated,  tapering  to  each  acute  or  acumi- 
nate end,  scabrous,  decurrent  on  the  petiole  and  stem ;  hds.  small ;  scales  spread- 
ing or  reflexed ;  rays  4 — 8  :  receptacle  very  small. — Dry,  alluvial  soils  western 
N.  Y.,  and  Western  States  !  common.  It  is  a  tall,  unsightly  weed,  5 — lOfhigh. 
Leaves  6 — 14'  by  1 — 3',  sharply  serrate,  especially  the  lower.  Rays  £'  long. 
Aug.— Oct. 

45.  COREOPSIS. 

Gr.  Kopis,  a  bug,  oipis,  appearance;  from  the  concavo-convex,  2-horned  achenia. 

•  Involucre  double,  each  6 — 10-leaved;  receptacle  chaffy;  achenia 
compressed,  emarginate,  each  commonly  with  a  2-toothed  pappus. — 
Lvs.  mostly  opposite.  Rays  rarely  wanting. 

§  Rays  0: 

1.  C.  DISCOIDEA.  Torr.  &  Gray.    Rayless  Tick-seed. 

Glabrous,  much  branched,  erect ;  Ivs.  ternate,  long-petiolate ;  Ifts.  ovate- 
lanceolate,  strongly  dentate,  petiolulate  ;  hds.  loosely  paniculate,  on  slender«j3e- 
duncles ;  outer  involucre  3 — 5  linear-spatulate,  leaf-like  bracts,  inner  of  many 
linear,  appressed  scales ;  ach.  linear-oblong,  tapering  below,  twice  longer  than 
the  2  erect  awns  which  are  hispid  upwards !— Ohio,  Sullivant !  to  La.  Stem 
and  branches  purplish.  Terminal  leaflets  3—5'  by  £ — li',  lateral  much  small- 
er. Heads  small  (i'  diam.),  about  30-flowered.  Jl. — Sept. 


COREOPSIS.  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  345 

§  §  Rays  and  disk  yell&w. 
2.  C.  TRICHOSPERMA.  Michx.     Tick-seed  Sunflower. 

St.  glabrous,  square,  dichotomous ;  Ivs.  pinnately  5 — 7-parted,  briefly  pe- 
tiolate, segm.  lanceolate,  incised  or  serrate ;  scales  of  the  outer  invol.  ciliate, 
linear,  long  as  the  inner ;  rays  entire,,  large  ;  ach.  narrow-cuneate,  2-awned.— 
(1)  in  wet  grounds,  N.  Y.,  Mass,  to  Car.  A  smooth,  branching  plant,  1 — 2f  high, 
with  a  panicle  of  large,  showy,  yellow  heads.  Branches  and  leaves  mostly  op- 
posite. Leaves  thin,  the  upper  3-cleft,  subsessile.  Leaflets  narrow,  tapering 
to  a  long  point,  with  a  lew  unequal,  remote  serratures.  Achenia  £'  long, 
crowned  with  stout, hispid  awns.  Jl.  Aug. 

3.  C.  ARISTOSA.  Michx. 

Sparingly  pubescent ;  Ivs.  pinnately  5 — 9-parted,  segments  lance-linear, 
incisely  serrate  or  pinnatifid ;  hds.  small,  with  conspicuous  rays ;  outer  invol.  of 
10 — 12  linear,  green  scales,  about  as  long  as  the  inner,  villous  at  base  ;  awns 
about  as  long  as  the  achenium. — Low  woods,  Western  States  !  Stem  obtusely 
4-angled,  2 — 3f  high.  Leaves  thin,  4 — 6'  long,  petioles  £ — 1'.  Rays  8,  orange- 
yellow,  expanding  !£'. 

/?.  (C.  involucrata.  Nutt.  ?)     Scales  of  the  outer  involucre  about  13,  a  third 
longer  than  those  of  the  inner. — la. ! 

4.  C.  TRIPTERIS.  (Chrysostemma.  Less.) 

Glabrous;  st.  simple,  tall,  corymbose  at  summit;  Ivs.  coriaceous,  opposite, 
petiolate,  3 — 5-divided,  divisions  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  acute ;  Ms.  small,  on 
short  peduncles. — A  tall,  smooth,  elegant  species,  in  dry  soils,  Southern  and 
Western  States,  common  in  la. !  Stem  4 — 8f  high,  slender,  terete.  Divisions 
of  the  leaves  3 — 5'  by  f — If.  Rays  spreading,  J'  long.  Outer  scales  linear, 
obtuse,  spreading,  as  many  as  the  inner.  Jl. — Oct. 

5.  C.  VERTICILLATA.     Whorl-leaved  Coreopsis. 

Glabrous,  branched;  Ivs.  3-divided,  closely  sessile,  divisions  pinnately 
parted,  segments  linear,  obtuse ;  rays  acute  or  (in  cultivation)  obtuse  and  2  or 
3-toothed  ;  ach.  obovate,  slightly  2-toothed. — 1\.  Moist  places,  Md.  and  Western 
States !  Stem  1 — 3f  high.  Leaflets  apparently  verticillate  in  6s.  Heads  with 
bright  yellow  rays,  near  1'  long.  Outer  scales  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  united  at 
base.  June — Aug. 

6.  C.  PALMATA.  Nutt.     (Calliopsis.  Spreng.) 

Nearly  smooth ;  st.  branched,  angled  and  striate,  very  leafy  to  the  sum- 
mit ;  Ivs.  sessile,  deeply  3-cleft,  rigid,  lobes  linear,  acutish,  entire  or  again  cleft ; 
rays  obovate-oblong ;  ach.  linear-elliptic,  incurved. — Dry  prairies,  W.  States  ! 
Stem  1 — 2f  high,  sometimes  much  branched.  Leaves  1 — 2£'  long,  some  of 
them  undivided,  lobes  2 — 4"  wide.  Heads  1  or  several,  with  yellow  rays. 
Outer  scales  linear-oblong,  obtuse.  Jn.  Jl. 

7.  C.  LANCEOLATA.     Lance-leaved  Coreopsis. 

St.  ascending,  often  branched  below ;  lower  Ivs.  oblanceolate,  petiolate,  the 
tipper  lanceolate,  sessile,  all  entire,  with  scabrous  margins;  hds.  solitary,  on 
very  long,  naked  peduncles ;  rays  4 — 5-toothed  at  apex  ;  ach.  suborbicular,  with 
2  small  teeth. — 7J.  Native  of  the  Southern  States !  Heads  showy.  Rays  about 
8,1' by  I'.  Jn.-Aug.f 

$  §  §  Rays  or  disk  purple. 

8.  C.  DRUMMONDII.  T.  &  G.     (Calliopsis.    Don.)    Drummond's  Coreopsis. — 
Pubescent;   Ivs.  pinnately  divided,    sometimes  simple,  segments  (or  leaves) 
oval,  entire ;  scales  lanceolate-acuminate ;  rays  unequally  5-toothed,  twice  longer 
than  the  involucre ;  ach.  obovate,  incurved,  scarcely  toothed. — ®  From  Texas. 
Stems  10 — 20'  high.     Rays  large,  yellow,  with  a  purple  spot  at  base,  f 

/?.  atrosanguinea,  a  garden  variety,  with  dark  orange  flowers. 

9.  C.  TINCTORIA.     Dyer's  Coreopsis. — Lvs.  attenuate,  radical  ones  subbipinnate ; 
Ifts.  oval,  entire,  smooth;  cauline  subpinnate,  Ifts.  linear;  rays  two-colored  ;  ach. 
naked. — A  handsome  border  annual,  native  of  the  Upper  Missouri.    Stem  1 — 3f 
high,  with  light,  smooth  foliage.     Heads  with  yellow  rays,  beautifully  colored 
with  purple  at  their  base.    Flowering  all  summer,  f 


346  LXXV.  COMPOSITE.  BIDENS. 

10.  C.  ROSEA.  Nutt.    (Calliopsis.  Spreng.}    Rose-red  TicTcseed. 

St.  branched ;  Ivs.  opposite,  1-veined,  linear,  entire ;  ped.  short ;  outer 
scales  very  short ;  rays  obscurely  tridentate. — Tj.  A  very  delicate  species,  in  wet 
grounds,  Mass.  Dr.  Bobbins  I  to  N.  J.  Stem  slender,  erect,  8 — 16'  high.  Leaves 
1 — 2'  long,  scarcely  1"  wide,  clothing  the  stem.  Heads  few,  small.  Rays  rose- 
color,  varying  to  white.  Disk  light  yellow.  Jl.  Aug. 

46.    BIDENS. 
Lat.  lidens,  two-toothed ;  the  achenia  have  2  (or  more)  barbed  teeth. 

Involucre  nearly  equal,  double,  scaly  or  leafy  at  the  base ;  rays 
few,  neutral ;  disk  perfect ;  receptacle  chaffy,  fiat ;  pappus  of  2 — 4 
awns,  rough  backwards  ;  achenia  quadrangular. — Lvs.  opposite.  Rays 


*  Rays  inconspicuous  or  0. 

1.  B.  FRONDOSA.     Leafy  Burr-Marigold. 

Fls.  discoid ;  outer  invol.  6  times  as  long  as  the  flower,  its  leaflets  ciliate 
at  base;  Imver  Ivs.  pinnate,  upper  ones  ternate,  lanceolate,  serrate. — ®  A  com- 
mon weed,  in  moist,  cultivated  fields  throughout  Can.  and  U.  S.,  often  called 
beggar  ticks,  from  the  2-horned  achenia  which  adhere  to  every  one  who  passes 
by  it.  Stem  2f  high,  sending  out  many  spreading  branches.  Lower  leaves  in 
3s  or  5s.  Flowers  in  clusters  at  the  end  of  the, branches,  without  rays,  yellow, 
surrounded  by  a  large  and  leafy  involucre.  Aug.  Sept. 

2.  B.  CONNATA.  Willd.     (B.  tripartita.  BwJ     Trijid  Burr-Marigold. 

Smooth ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  slightly  connate  at  base,  lower  ones  most- 
ly trifid ;  outer  scales  longer  than  the  head,  leafy ;  ach.  with  3  awns. — (|)  In 
swamps  and  ditches,  Can.,  N.  Eng.  to  Mo.  Stem  1— 3f  high,  smooth  and4-fur- 
rowed,  with  opposite  branches.  Leaves  opposite,  smooth,  serrate,  the  lower 
ones  often  divided  into  3  segments,  the  rest  generally  entire,  lanceolate,  sharply 
serrate  and  somewhat  connate.  Flowers  terminal,  solitary,  without  rays,  con- 
sisting only  of  the  tubular,  yellow  florets,  surrounded  by  a  leafy  involucre.  Aug. 

3.  B.  CERNUA.   Water  Burr-Marigold. 

Ms.  subradiate,  cernuous  ;  outer  invol.  as  long  as  the  flower ;  Ivs.  lanceo- 
late, subconnate,  dentate. — In  swamps  and  ditches,  Can.  to  Penn.  Stem  1 — 2f 
high,  purplish,  branched,  round  at  base,  striate  above,  branches  opposite,  leaves 
opposite,  somewhat  connated  at  base.  Flowers  yellowish-green,  finally  droop- 
ing, generally  with  yellow  rays  about  8  in  number.  Aug. — Oct. 

4.  B.  BIPINNATA.     Spanish  Needles. 

Smooth  ;  Ivs.  bipinnate ;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  pinnatifid ;  Ms.  subradiate  ;  outer 
invol.  the  length  of  the  inner. — ©  Grows  in  waste  places,  N.  Y.  Sartwell,  Conn. 
Robbins.  Stem  2 — 4f  high,  branching,  smooth.  Leaves  bipinnately  dissected, 
nearly  smooth.  Heads  of  flowers  on  long  peduncles,  each  with  3 — 4  (or  0)  ob- 
scure, obovate,  yellow  rays.  Jl. — Sept. 

*  *  Rays  conspicuous. 

5.  B.  CHRYSANTHEMolDEs.     Radiate  Burr- Marigold. 

Fls.  radiate ;  rays  3  times  as  long  as  the  nearly  equal  involucre  ;  Ivs.  ob- 
long, attenuate  at  each  end,  connate  at  base,  dentate.—©  A  low  plant,  with 
large,  yellow-rayed  flowers,  in  muddy  places,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stern  6 — 20' 
high,  round  and  smooth.  Leaves  smooth,  with  few  remote  teeth,  narrow,  oppo- 
site, with  narrow,  connate  bases.  Flowers  commonly  erect,  rays  about  8,  large, 
spreading.  Scarcely  distinct  from  B.  cernua.  Sept.  Oct. 

6.  B.  BECKII.  Torr.     Beck's  Burr-Marigold. 

Si.  subsimple ;  submersed  Ivs.  capillaceous-multifid ;  emersed  ones  lanceo- 
Aate,  connate,  acutely  serrate  or  laciniate ;  fls.  radiate ;  rays,  longer  than  the 
involucre. — 1\.  In  water,  N.  Y.  Sartwell,  &c.  Vt.  Chandler,  N.  to  Can.  Stem 
2 — 3f  long,  simple  or  with  minute,  slender  branches  above.  Lower  leaves  dis- 
sected as  in  Ranunculus  aquatilis ;  upper  1—2'  long,  £  as  wide,  deeply  serrate. 
f  lead  solitary,  terminal,  yellow.  July.  Aug. 


SENECIO.  LXXV.    COMPOSITE.  347 

47.  VERBESINA. 

Heads  few  or  many-flowered  ;  rays  9 ,  few  or  0  ;  disk  5 ;  scales  in 
2  or  more  series,  imbricated,  erect ;  chaff  concave  or  embracing  the 
flowers  ;  achenia  compressed  laterally,  2-awned. — ^  American  plants, 
sometimes  shrubby.  Lvs.  often  decurrent,  serrate  or  lobed.  Hds.  solitary 
or  corymbose. 

1.  V.  SIEGESBECKIA.  Michx.    (Coreopsis  alata.  Ph.    Actinomeris  alata. 

Nutt.} — St.  4- winged ;  Ivs.  opposite,  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  serrate,  acumi- 
nate, tripli- veined,  tapering  to  a  winged  petiole ;  hds.  radiate,  in  trichotomous 
cymes ;  rays  1 — 5 ;  ach.  wingless. — Roadsides  and  dry  fields,  Western  and  South- 
ern States,  common.  Stem  4— 6f  high.  Leaves  5 — 8'  by  3 — 4',  thin.  Heads 
about  25-flowered,  with  yellow  corollas  and  yellow,  lanceolate  rays,  the  latter 
about  f  long.  Aug.  Sept. 

2.  V.  VIRGINICA.     Virginian  Crown-beard. 

St.  narrowly  winged,  pubescent  above ;  Ivs.  alternate,  lanceolate  or  lance- 
ovate,  subserrate,  scabrous,  acute  or  acuminate,  tapering  to  the  sessile  base ; 
lower  ones  decurrent ;  corymbs  compound,  dense ;  rays  (oval)  and  diskfls.  white ; 
ach.  winged. — Dry  woods,  Penn.  to  La.  Stem  (3 — 5f  high)  and  leaves  beneath 
often  more  or  less  tomentose.  Heads  about  20-flowered,  the  3  or  4  rays  scarce- 
ly I'  long.  Aug.  Sept. 

48.  DYSODIA.    Cav. 

Heads  many-flowered;  rays  9;  disk  cT;  involucre  of  a  single  series 
of  partially  united  scales,  usually  calyculate ;  achenia  elongated,  4- 
angled,  compressed  ;  pappus  scales  chaffy,  in  one  series,  fimbriately 
and  palmately  cleft  into  bristles. — (D  Lvs.  mostly  opposite  andpinnate- 
ly  parted  or  toothed.  Hds.  paniculate  or  corymbose.  Fls.  yellow. 

D.  cHRYSANTHEMolDEs.  Lagasca.  (Tagetes  papposa.  Vent.  Boebera  chr. 
Willd.} — St.  glabrous,  much  branched ;  Ivs.  pinnately  parted,  lobes  linear, 
toothed;  hds.  terminal ;  scales  campanulate,  united  at  base  ;  bracts  at  base  7 — 9, 
linear;  pappus  bristles  slender,  as  long  as  the  involucre. — Prairies,  &c.,  111.,  Mo. 
to  La.  An  ill-scented  plant,  above  If  high,  resembling  a  Tagetes.  Flowers 
bright  yellow. 

49.   SENECIO. 

Lat.  senex,  an  old  man  ;  the  word  is  synonymous  with  Erigeron. 

Involucre  of  many  equal  leaflets  or  invested  with  scales  at  base, 
the  scales  withered  at  the  points ;  receptacle  not  chaffy ;  pappus 
simple,  capillary  and  copious. — A  vast  genus,  embracing  600  species  of 
herbs  and  shrubs.  Lvs.  alternate.  Fls.  mostly  yellow,  exceeding  the 
involucre. 

*  Heads  discoid. 

1.  S.  VULGARIS.     Common  Groundsel. 

St.  paniculate,  erect,  angular ;  Ivs.  sinuate-pinnatifid,  dentate,  amplexi- 
caul. — A  common  weed  growing  about  houses,  in  waste  grounds,  rubbish,  &c. 
Introduced  from  Europe.  Stem  18'  high,  leafy,  branching,  generally  smooth. 
Leaves  alternate,  thin,  bright  green,  the  radical  ones  stalked.  Flowers  without 
rays,  terminal,  scattered,  yellow,  appearing  all  summer.  § 

*  Heads  radiate. 

2.  S.  ATTREUS.     Golden  Senecio. 

Radical  Ivs.  ovate,  cordate,  crenate-serrate,  petiolate,  cauline  ones  pinnati- 

fid,  dentate,  terminal  segments  lanceolate ;  ped.  subumbellate,  thick ;  rays  8 12. 

— Tj.  A  handsome  and  very  variable  plant,  in  meadows,  woods,  &c.  (U.  S.  and 

Brit.  Am.)  with  golden-yellow  flowers.     Stem  smoothish.  striate,  erect  1 2f 

high,  simple  or  branched  above,  terminating  in  a  kind  of  umbellate,  simple  or 
compound  corymb.    Lower  stem  leaves  lyrate,  upper  ones  few  and  slender. 
oU 


348  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  CAOALIA. 

Peduncles  more  or  less  thickened  upwards.  Scales  linear,  acute,  purplish  at 
apex.  Rays  4 — 5"  long,  spreading.  May — Aug. 

ft.  Balsamita.  (S.  Balsamitae.  Mutt.}  St.  villous  at  base  ;  Ivs.  few,  small 
and  distant,  pubescent,  radical  ones  oblong-lanceolate ;  ped.  villous  at  base. 
Rocky  hills  and  pastures. 

y.  gracilis.  (S.  gracilis.  Ph.}  Radical  Ivs.  orbicular,  on  long  petioles,  cau- 
line  few,  linear-oblong,  incisely  dentate ;  ped.  short,  pilose,  with  small,  few- 
rayed  heads. — A  slender  state  of  the  species,  on  rocky  shores. 

J.  obovatus.  (S.  obovatus.  Wittd.}  Radical  Ivs.  obovate ;  ped.  elongated. — 
Meadows,  &c. 

t.  lanceolatus.  Oakes.  Radical  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute,  cauline  lanceolate,  pin- 
natifid  at  base. — Shady  swamps,  Vt.  Robbins. 

3.  S.  PSEUDO-ELEGANS.  DC.  (S.  elegans.  Linn.}  Purple  Jacobeza. — Lvs. 
equal,  pinnatifid,  pilose-viscid,  spreading ;  ped.  somewhat  scaly ;  invol.  calyc- 
ulate  with  leafy  scales ;  scales  mostly  withered  at  the  tips. — Native  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  A  beautiful  plant  in  cultivation.  Flowers  of  the  disk  yellow, 
of  the  rays  of  a  most  brilliant  purple.  A  variety  has  double  flowers,  with  colors 
equally  brilliant.  Another  variety  has  white  flowers.  Jn. — Aug.  f 

Section  3.    Heads  discoid. 

50.  HYMENOPAPPUS.     L'Her. 

Gr.  V//W,  a  membrane, TraTTTrofjpappus;  from  the  character. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  flowers  all  5,  tubular;  scales  6 — 12,  in  2 
series,  oval,  obtuse,  membranaceous,  colored  ;  receptacle  small,  naked  ; 
anthers  exserted ;  achenia  broad  at  the  summit,  attenuate  to  the 
base  ;  pappus  of  many  short,  obtuse,  membranaceous  scales  in  one  se- 
ries.— (D  or  %  North  American,  villose  herbs.  St.  grooved  and  angled. 
Lvs.  alternate,  pinnately  divided. 

H.  SCABIOS^US.     L'Her. 

Hoary-villose,  or  nearly  glabrous ;  Ivs.  pinnately  or  bipinnately  parted, 
segments  linear  or  oblong,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed ;  hds.  collected  in  simple 
corymbs;  scales  of  the  invol.  obovate,  7 — 11,  white,  greenish  at  base,  undulate 
on  the  margin,  longer  than  the  disk ;  cor.  deeply  lobed ;  ach.  pubescent. — 111. 
Mead !  and  Southern  States.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  whitish  with  soft  cotton  when 
young,  at  length  purplish  and  glabrous.  Segments  1 — \\'  by  1 — 2",  rather 
acute.  Heads  whitish,  about  21-flowered.  (Apr.  May.  T.  <$•  G.  Aug.  Mead.} 

51.  CACALIA. 

An  ancient  Gr.  name  of  an  uncertain  plant. 

Flowers  all  $  •  involucre  cylindric,  oblong,  often  calyculate  with 
small  scales  at  the  base ;  receptacle  not  chaffy ;  pappus  capillary, 
scabrous.— M?s%  %..  '  Smooth.  Lvs.  alternate.  Hds.  offls.  corymbed. 
mostly  cyanic. 

1.  C.  SUAVEOLENS.     Wild  Caraway. 

Glabrous;  st.  striate-angular ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  hastate-sagittate,  serrate, 
smooth,  green  on  both  sides •  Jls.  corymbed,  erect;  invol.  many-flowered. — Tj. 
Western  N.  Y.  to  Conn.,  Robbins !  to  Ga. !  and  111.  Stems  4 — 5f  high,  striate, 
leafy.  Radical  leaves  on  long  stalks,  pointed ;  cauline  ones  on  winged  stalks. 
Flowers  whitish,  in  a  terminal,  compound  corymb.  Scales  and  peduncles 
smooth,  with  setaceous  bracts  beneath  the  involucre,  and  beneath  the  divisions 
of  the  peduncles.  Aug. — Resembles  a  Nabalus. 

2.  C.  ATRIPLICIFOLIA.     OrocJte-leaved  Caraway. 

St.  herbaceous ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  radical  ones  cor- 
date, dentate,  cauline  ones  rhomboid,  sub-bidentate  on  each  side  ;  Jls.  corymbed, 
erect ;  invol.  5-flowered. — N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and  111. !  Stem  3 — 5f  high,  round, 
leafy,  subramose.  Leaves  alternate,  the  lower  ones  as  large  as  the  hand,  with 
large,  unequal  teeth.  Heads  of  flowers  small,  ovoid-cylindric,  whitish,  loosely 
corymbose  at  the  tops  of  the  branches.  Jl. — Sept. 


ARTEMISIA.  LXXV.    COMPOSITE.  349 

3.  C.    RENIFORMIS.    Muhl. 

St.  sulcate-angled ;  Ivs.  palmately  veined,  nearly  smooth,  green  both  sides, 
petiolate,  lower  ones  reniform,  upper  flabellifbrm  ;  corymb  compound,  fastigiate ; 
hds.  5-flowered.— Woods  la. !  111.,  Penn.,  S.  to  Car.  Stem  3— 6f  high,  nearly 
simple,  glabrous.  Leaves  3 — 12'  by  5 — 18',  repand-dentate,  lower  petioles  very 
long.  Scales  of  involucre  5,  obtuse,  whitish.  July. 

4.  C.   TUBEROSA.   Nutt. 

St.  angular-sulcate;  Ivs.  oval  or  ovate,  strongly  5 — 7-veined,  obtuse  or 
subacute,  entire  or  repand-denticulate,  not  glaucous,  lower  ones  tapering  into 
long  petioles,  upper  ones  on  short  petioles  ;  /ids.  in  compound  corymbs. — Marsh- 
es, Western  States  !  Stem  2—  5f  high,  branched  above.  Leaves  rather  thick, 
3 — 7  long,  f  as  wide,  veined  like  those  of  the  plantain.  Heads  oblong,  5-leaved 
and  5-flowered,  white.  May — Jl. 

5.  C.  COCCINEA.  Curt.  (Emilia  sagittata.  DC.}  Scarlet  Cacalia.  Tassel 
Flcncer. — Radical  Ivs.  ovate-spatulate,  cauline  amplexicaul,  crenate;  invol. 
ovate-cylindric,  scales  linear,  at  length  reflexed ;  ach.  ciliate  ;  pappus  in  several 
rows. — A  pretty  garden  flower,  native  of  the  E.  Indies,  &c.  Stem  If  or  more 
high.  Flowers  bright  scarlet.  Jn. — Sept.  A  bed  or  patch  sown  thickly  makes 
a  fine  appearance. 

52.  ARTEMISIA. 

Probably  from  Artemis,  one  of  the  names  of  the  goddess  Diana. 

Involucre  ovoid,  imbricate,  with  dry,  connivent  scales ;  receptacle 
naked  or  subvillous  ;  disk  flowers  numerous,  £ ,  tubular,  ray  flowers 
few,  often  without  stamens,  and  with  a  subulate  corolla  or  0  ;  ache- 
nia  with  a  small  disk ;  pappus  0. — Bitter  herbs.  Lvs.  alternate.  Cor. 
yellow. 

§  1.  Receptacle  naked.     Disk  flowers  sterile. 

1.  A.  DRACUNCULUS.  Taragon. — Lvs.  smooth,  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  each 
end ;  hds.  subglobose,  pedunculate,  erect. — A  culinary  herb,  native  of  S.  Eu- 
rope. Stem  herbaceous,  2 — 3f  high.  Jl.  Aug. — It  is  of  the  easiest  culture,  and 
is  used  for  pickles,  salad,  and  for  seasoning  soup.  £ 

2.  A.  DRACUNCULOIDES.  Ph.     (A.  cernua.  Nutt.} 

Erect,  much  branched,  whitish  pubescent  when  young ;  lower  Ivs.  3-cleft, 
upper  entire,  narrowly  linear,  attenuated  at  both  ends  ;  hds.  globose,  small,  nod- 
ding, pedicellate,  in  paniculate  racemes;  scales  with  scarious  margins. — St. 
Louis,  Mo.  to  the  Saskatchawan.  Stem  shrubby,  6 — 8f  high,  with  numerous 
slender  branches.  Leaves  I — 4'  by  1 — 3",  radical  trifid  or  sometimes  2  or  3 
times  trifid. 

3.  A.  BOREALIS.  Pallas.     (A.  spithamsea.  Ph.} 

Caespilose,  silky- villose  or  smoothish;  st.  simple  (6 — 10'  high);  lower  Ivs. 
petiolate,  linear-lanceolate,  entire  towards  the  base,  ternately,  pinnately  or  bi- 
pinnately  parted  above,  with  linear  lobes,  upper  Ivs.  linear,  3 — 5-cleft  or  entire  ; 
hds.  hemispherical,  spicate  or  racemose-paniculate.— Keweena  Point,  Lake  Su- 
perior. Dr.  Houghton  in  T.  &  G.  PL  ii.  417. 

4.  A.  CANADENSIS.  Michx.     Sea  Wormwood. 

St.  erect  or  decumbent ;  Ivs.  pinnatifid  with  linear  segments ;  As.  subglo- 
bose, sessile,  in  crowded  panicles  resembling  spikes. — 7J.  Shores  of  the  great 
lakes.  Plum  Island,  Bigelow.  Near  Amherst  College,  Hitchcock.  Willoughby 
Mt.,  Vt.,  Wood.  Stem  2 — 4f  high,  much  branched,  sulcate,  brownish,  mostly 
erect.  Leaves  all  much  divided  into  linear-setaceous  segments.  Heads  nume- 
rous, small,  forming  a  large  panicle  of  racemes.  Scales  with  a  membranous 
margin.  Aug. 

5.  A.  CAUDATA.  Michx. 

St.  herbaceous,  simple,  densely  and  pyramidally  paniculate ;  radical  and 
lower  cauline  Ivs.  subbipinnate,  pubescent,  upper  ones  subpinnate,  segments  sub- 
setaceous,  alternate ;  hds.  ovoid-globose,  pedicellate,  erect. — On  the  sea  coast, 
N.  H.  to  R.  I.  Stem  3 — 6f  high,  strict.  Leaves  in  many  attenuated  and  some- 


350  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  GNAPHALIUM. 

what  fleshy  segments.    Heads  small.     Outer  scales  ovate,  inner  scarious,  ellip- 
tical.   Aug.  Sept. 

§  2.  Receptacle  naked.     Flowers  all  fertile. 

6.  A.  ABROTANUM.  Southernwood. — St.  erect ;  lower  Ivs.  bipinnate  ;  upper  ones 
capillary,  pinnate  ;  invol.  downy,  hemispherical. — A  well  known  shrubby  plant 
in  gardens,  about  3f  high.  Leaves  alternate,  much  divided  into  very  narrow, 
linear  segments.  Flowers  numerous,  nodding,  yellow.  Native  of  S.  Europe.  ^ 

7.  A.  LUDOVICIANA.  Nutt. 

Herbaceous,  canescently  tomentose ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  lower  incisely  and 
remotely  serrate  or  subpinnatifid,  upper  entire ;  hds.  ovoid,  subsessile,  arranged 
in  a  simple,  slender,  leafy  panicle. — Lake  and  river  shores,  Mich,  to  Mo.  W. 
to  Oreg.  Stem  2 — 5f  high,  simple  or  branched.  Leaves  quite  variable  in  size, 
and  also  in  pubescence,  sometimes  nearly  smooth.  Heads  small  and  crowded. 
Aug.  Sept. 

8.  A.  VULGARIS.     Common  Artemisia  or  Mugwort. 

Lvs.  tomentose  beneath,  cauline  ones  pinnatifid,  segments  lanceolate, 
acute,  subdentate,  floral  ones  entire,  linear-lanceolate ;  Ms.  erect,  ovoid,  sub- 
sessile  ;  invol.  tomentose. — 7J.  Introduced  from  Europe  and  naturalized  in  fields, 
roadsides,  banks  of  streams,  &c.,  Vt.  N.  H.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  branching 
into  a  panicle  of  spicate  racemes.  Leaves  very  variable,  but  never  nearly  so 
attenuated  as  in  A.  Canadensis.  Heads  lew,  purplish. 

9.  A.  BIENNIS.  Willd. 

Erect,  herbaceous,  smooth ;  Ivs.  bipinnately  parted,  upper  ones  pinnatifid, 
all  with  linear,  acute  and  mostly  incised  lobes ;  Ms.  sessile,  arranged  in  a  close, 
narrow,  leafy  panicle  of  short  spikes. — Ohio  to  Mo.  and  the  Saskatchawan. 
T.  <$•  G.  Aug. — Oct. 

§  3.  Receptacle  mllous  or  hairy.     Flowers  all  fertile. 

10.  A.  ABSINTHIUM.     Common  Wormwood. 

Lvs.  multifid,  clothed  with  short,  silky  down,  segments  lanceolate ;  hds. 
hemispherical,  drooping ;  receptacle  hairy. — Naturalized  in  the  mountainous  dis- 
tricts of  New  England,  growing  among  rubbish,  rocks  and  by  roadsides.  Stems 
angular,  branched,  with  erect  racemes  of  nodding,  yellow  flowers.  The  whole 
plant  is  proverbially  bitter,  and  of  powerful  medicinal  qualities  as  a  tonic, 
stomachic,  &c.  §  £ 

11.  A.  PONTICA.  Roman  Wormword. — Lvs.  tomentose  beneath,  cauline  ones 
bipinnate,  leaflets  linear ;  hds.  roundish,  stalked,  nodding. — Common  in  gar- 
dens, where  it  arises  3  or  4f,  with  simple  branches  and  racemes  of  yellow  flow- 
ers. Head  with  24  flowers,  those  of  the  ray  about  6.  From  Austria,  f 

53.   TANACETUM. 

Said  to  be  a  corruption  of  a  6a.va.Tos,  deathless;  for  the  durable  flowers. 

Involucre  hemispherical,  imbricate,  the  scales  all  minute  j  recep- 
tacle convex,  naked  ;  pappus  a  slight,  membranous  border  ;  achenia 
with  a  large,  epigynous  disk. — Lvs.  alternate,  much  dissected.  Fls. 
yellow. 

T.  VULGARE.  Tansey. — Lvs.  pinnately  divided,  segments  oblong-lanceolate, 
pinnatifid  and  incisely  serrate;  hds.  fastigiate-corymbose. — 7J.  Native  of  Europe, 
and  naturalized  in  old  fields  and  roadsides.  Stems  clustered,  2— 3f  high, 
branched  above  into  a  handsome  corymb  of  yellow  flowers.  Aug. — The  whole 
plant  has  a  strong  and  aromatic  smell  and  a  very  bitter  taste.  The  seeds  are 
anthelmintic.  A  variety  called  double  tansey  occurs,  with  dense  and  crisped 
leaves.  § 

54.   GNAPHALIUM. 

Gr.  yva.(f>a\ov,  cotton  or  wool ;  from  the  soft,  cottony  surface  of  the  herbage. 

Heads  discoid,  heterogamous ;  involucre  imbricate  with  scarious, 
colored  scales  ;  marginal  flowers  subulate,  pistillate,  in  several  rows ; 


ANTENNARIA.  LXXV.  COMPOSITE.  351 

central  flowers  £ ;  receptacle  flat,  naked ;  pappus  simple,  scabrous, 
capillary. — Lvs.  alternate,  entire. 

1.  G.  POLYCEPHALUM.  Michx.     Fragrant  Life-everlasting. 

Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  scabrous  above,  whitish  totnentose  beneath, 
as  well  as  the  paniculate  stem ;  has.  capitate,  corymbose ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute. — ®  Common  in  fields,  &c.,  Can.  and  U.  S.  It  is  dis- 
tinguishable by  its  strong,  agreeable  odor,  and  its  brownish  color.  Stem  1 — 2f 
high,  whitish,  with  a  cottony  down,  much  branched.  Leaves  sessile,  cottony 
beneath.  Flowers  in  crowded  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Involucre 
with  whitish  scales  and  yellow  flowers.  Aug. 

2.  G.  DECURRENS.  Ives.     Decurrent-leaved  Life-everlasting. 

St.  erect,  stout,  much  branched,  viscidly  pubescent ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate, 
very  acute,  decurrent,  naked  above,  white  and  woolly  beneath ;  fls.  in  dense, 
roundish,  terminal  clusters. — 7J.  A  stout  species,  covered  with  a  dense,  hoary 
pubescence.  It  grows  in  hilly  pastures,  &c.,  N.  H.,  Vt.  to  N.  J.  Stem  2f  high, 
with  scattered  leaves  and  spreading  branches.  Leaves  on  the  upper  side  green, 
scabrous  and  viscid.  Scales  whitish,  with  yellow  corollas.  Aug. 

3.  G.  PURPUREUM.     (G.  Americanum.    Willd.)     Purple  Life-everlasting. 
St.  erect,  simple  or  branched  from  the  base,  tomentose  ;  Ivs.  linear-spatu- 

late  or  obovate-spatulate,  downy-canescent  beneath,  green  above ;  hds.  sessile, 
crowded,  terminal  and  axillary. — Grows  in  sandy  fields  and  pastures,  N.  H.  to 
la.  and  La.  Stem  8—12'  high,  sending  out  shoots  at  the  base.  Heads  with 
purplish  scales  and  yellow  corollas.  June. 

4.  G.  ULIGINOSUM.     Mud  Life-everlasting. 

St.  diffusely  branched,  woolly;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate;  Ms.  in  terminal, 
crowded,  leafy  clusters ;  involucre  scales  one-colored,  inner  acute  ;  ach.  smooth. 
— (J)  A  small,  spreading  plant  clothed  with  whitish  down,  common  in  sandy 
places  where  water  occasionally  stands,  N.  Mid.  and  W.  States.  Stem  4 — 6' 
high.  Leaves  numerous,  acute,  narrowed  at  the  base.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
oblong,  obtuse,  yellowish.  Aug. 

55.   ANTENNARIA.     Br. 

Name  in  allusion  to  the  bristles  of  the  pappus,  which  resemble  antenna. 

Heads  dioecious  ;  involucre  of  imbricate,  colored  scales  ;  pistillate 
corollas  filiform  ;  receptacle  subconvex,  alveolate ;  pappus  simple, 
bristly. — %  Tomentose.  Lvs.  alternate,  entire.  Hds.  corymbose,  with 
white  scales. 

1.  A.  MARGARITACEA.  Br.   (Gnaphalium.  Linn.')    Common  Life-everlasting. 
St.   erect,   simple,  corymbosely  branched  above ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate, 

acute,  3-veined,  sessile,  and  beneath  the  stem  woolly  ;  corymbs  fastigiate  ;  invol. 
scales  elliptic,  obtuse,  opaque,  white. — 7J.  Named  for  its  dry,  imperishable,  pearl- 
white  flower-scales.  In  fields  and  pastures,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.  Stem  1 — 2f 
high,  and  with  its  numerous,  scattered  'leaves,  clothed  with  white  and  cotton- 
like  down.  Heads  of  flowers  numerous,  hemispherical,  much  adorned  by  the 
fadeless,  imbricated  scales  of  which  the  outer  are  downy  at  the  base.  Flowers 
yellow.  July. — The  plant. is  slightly  fragrant. 

2.  A.  PLANTAGINIFOLIA.  Br.     (Gnaphalium.  Linn.)    Mouse-ear  Life-ever- 
lasting.— Stolons  procumbent ;  st.  simple  ;  radical  Ivs.  ovate,  mucronate,  3- 

veined,  silky-canescent ;  stem  Ivs.  small,  lanceolate  ;  invol.  scales  ovate,  obtuse. 
— 7|.  Borders  of  woods,  &c.,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.,  common.  Whole  plant,  whit- 
ish with  down.  Stem  5 — 8'  high,  often  branched  at  base  into  several  from  the 
same  root.  Root-leaves  much  larger  than  those  of  the  stem,  rounded  at  apex, 
tapering  to  a  petiole.  Stem-leaves  few,  bract-like.  Heads  clustered,  terminal, 
purplish- white.  May — Aug. 

^.dioica.    (A.  dioica.  Br.)    Radical  Ivs.  much  smaller,  spatulate;  stem  Ivs. 
linear-lanceolate ;  inner  scales  linear,  acute. — Abundant  in  old  pastures.    Apr. — 
July.    A  variety  (too  ?)  strongly  marked. 
30* 


352  LXXV.    COMPOSITE.  XANTHIUM. 

56.  FILAGO.     Tourn. 
Apparently  from  the  Lat.  Jlla,  on  account  of  the  cottony  fibres  or  hairs. 

Heads  heterogamous  ;  involucre  of  a  few  villous  scales ;  marginal 
flowers  9  5  receptacle  columnar,  naked  at  the  apex,  chaffy  at  base ; 
achenia  terete  ;  central  ones  with  a  hairy  pappus. — Downy-canescent 
herbs.  Lvs.  alternate,  entire. 

F.  GERMANICA.  (Gnaphalium.  Linn.}  German  Cud-weed. 
St.  dichotomous  or  proliferously  branched  above ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate, 
acute,  crowded,  erect ;  hds.  few-flowered,  in  dense,  capitate  clusters,  terminal 
and  lateral ;  scales  cuspidate,  passing  insensibly  into  the  palese  of  the  receptacle, 
each  with  a  pistillate  flower  in  the  axil. — ®  A  European  plant,  sparingly  natu- 
ralized in  fields  and  roadsides,  Ms.  Stem  6- — 10'  high.  Scales  straw-color,  with 
a  green  line  outside.  July — Oct. 

57.    ERECHTITES.     Raf. 
Gr.  £pe%$(>),  to  trouble  ;  the  species  are  troublesome  weeds. 

Flowers  all  tubular,  those  of  the  margin  pistillate,  of  the  disk  per- 
fect ;  involucre  cylindrical,  simple,  slightly  calyculate ;  receptacle 
naked  ;  pappus  of  numerous  fine,  capillary  bristles. — CD  Lvs.  simple, 
alternate.  Fls.  corymbose,  whitish. 

E.  HIERACIFOLIUS.  Raf.  (Senicio  hieracifolius.  Linn.)  Fire-weed. 
St.  paniculate,  virgate ;  Ivs.  oblong,  amplexicaul,  acute,  unequally  and 
deeply  toothed  with  acute  indentures ;  invol.  smooth ;  ach.  hairy. — (I)  A  well 
known,  rank  weed,  growing  in  fields,  (Can.  and  U.  S.)  particularly  and  abun- 
dantly in  such  as  have  been  newly  cleared  and  burnt  over,  and  hence  it  is  called 
fire-weed.  Stem  thick  and  fleshy,  branching,  3f  high,  roughish.  Leaves  of  a 
light  green,  large,  irregularly  cut  into  many  deep  and  acute  teeth.  Flowers 
terminal,  crowded,  destitute  of  rays,  white.  Involucre  large  and  tumid  at  base. 
Aug.  Sept. 

58.   XANTHIUM. 

Heads  heterocephalous.  Sterile. — Involucre  imbricate  ;  anthers 
approximate,  but  distinct ;  receptacle  chaffy.  Fertile. — Involucre  2- 
leaved,  clothed  with  hooked  prickles,  1  or  2-beaked,  2-flowered ;  sta- 
mens 0. — (D  Coarse  weeds  with  alternate  leaves. 

1.  X.  STRUMARIUM.     Clotweed. 

St.  unarmed,  branching ;  Ivs.  cordate,  lobed,  3-veined,  unequally  serrate, 
rough  ;fr.  elliptical,  armed  with  uncinate,  stiff  thorns,  and  ending  with  2,  spread- 
ing, straight  horns. — A  coarse,  rough  plant,  in  old  fields,  &c.,  N.  Eng,  and  Mid. 
States.  Stem  branched,  bristly,  spotted,  2 — 3f  high.  Leaves  large,  on  long 
stalks,  rigid.  Sterile  flowers  few  together,  terminal,  globular,  green.  Fertile,  in 
sessile,  axillary  tufts.  Fruit  a  hard,  2-celled  burr,  near  an  inch  long,  covered 
with  stiff,  hooked  prickles,  which,  like  those  of  the  common  burdock,  serve  to 
disperse  the  seeds.  Aug.  §  1 

2.  X.  ECHINATUM.  Murray.    (X.  macrocarpon.  DC.) 

St.  rough  and  strigose,  spotted ;  Ivs.  scabrous,  obscurely  lobed,  obtuse, 
"broad  and  subcordate  at  base,  repand-toothed ;  fr.  oval,  densely  armed  with  ri- 
gid, uncinate  bristles ;  horns  incurved. — A  very  coarse  plant  in  marshes  near 
the  seacoast,  Mass,  to  Car.  Stem  thick,  1 — 2f  high.  Fruit  very  large,  hairy. 
Aug. — Oct. 

3.  X.  SPINOSUM.  Prickly  Clotweed. 

St.  branched ;  spines  at  base  of  the  leaves  triple,  slender ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceo- 
late, cuneate  at  base,  petiolate,  3-lobed  or  dentate  or  entire,  under  surface  and 
veins  above  whitish,  twice  longer  than  the  spines ;  invol.  oblong,  with  slender, 
uncinate  spines. — Roadsides  and  fields,  Mass,  to  Penn. !  and  Ga.  Plant  about 
If  high,  very  conspicuously  armed  with  straw-colored  spines  £ — 1'  long.  Heads 
sessile,  sterile  in  the  upper,  fertile  in  the  lower  axils.  Sept  — Nov. 


CALENDULA.  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  363 

59.  AMBROSIA. 

Gr.  a///?poeria,  food  of  the  gods  ;  a  term  strangely  applied. 

Heads  heterocephalous.  Sterile. — Involucre  of  several  united 
scales,  hemispherical,  many-flowered  ;  anthers  approximate,  but  dis- 
tinct ;  receptacle  naked.  Fertile. — Involucre  1 -leaved,  entire  or  5- 
toothed,  1  -flowered,  corolla  0  ;  styles  2  ;  stamens  0. — Herbaceous 
plants  with  mostly  opposite  Ivs.  and  unsightly  flowers. 

1.  A.  TRIFIDA.     Tall  Ambrosia. 

Hairy,  rough ;  Ivs.  three-lobed,  serrate,  the  lobes  oval-lanceolote,  acumi- 
nate ;  fr.  with  6  lines  below  the  summit. — (T)  A  very  tall,  herbaceous  plant,  not 
very  common  in  N.  Eng.,  found  in  hedges  and  low  grounds  in  the  valley  of 
Connecticut  river.  In  the  W.  States  it  is  abundant!  Stem  5 — lOf  high,  erect, 
branching,  furrowed.  Leaves  opposite,  in  3  large,  deep  lobes  with  long  points 
and  close  serratures.  Flowers  mean  and  obscure,  in  long,  leafless  spikes,  axil- 
lary and  terminal.  Aug. 

0.  integrifolia.  T.  &  G.  (A.  integrifolia.  Muhl.)  Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate, 
serrate,  bristly  on  both  sides,  ciliate  at  base,  often  some  of  them  3-lobed ;  roc. 
terminal,  single  or  ternate. 

2.  A.  ARTEMISI.EFOLIA.    (A.  elatior.  Ph.)    Hog-weed. 

Lvs.  twice-pinnatifid,  nearly  smooth ;  petioles  ciliate ;  roc.  terminal,  pani- 
cled;  st.  virgate. — ®  A  common  and  troublesome  weed  of  the  gardens,  fields, 
&c.  (Can.  to  Ga.)  far  more  worthy  of  its  English  than  its  Latin  name.  Stem 
2 — 3f  high,  branching,  pubescent  when  young.  Leaves  with  segments  acute 
and  parallel.  Barren  flowers,  small,  green,  in  terminal  racemes,  the  fertile 
ones  sessile  about  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Aug.  Sept. 

3.  CORONOPIPOLIA.  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Canescent-strigose,  branched ;  Ivs.  crowded,  rigid,  the  lower  opposite,  bi- 
pinnatifid,  upper  lanceolate,  sessile,  pinnatifid ;  sterile  hds.  spicate,  fertile  clus- 
tered at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spikes,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves;  fr.  hairy. 
— (I)  Prairies,  Wis.  to  Tex.  Stem  1 — 5f  high,  at  length  very  branching  and 
leafy.  Aug.  Sept. 

4.  A.    BIDENTATA.    MlChX. 

Very  hirsute ;  st.  branching ;  branches  simple ;  Ivs.  crowded,  mostly  alter- 
nate, closely  sessile  or  partly  clasping,  undivided,  oblong,  with  a  single  tooth 
or  short  lobe  on  each  side  near  the  base;  sterile  hds.  densely  spicate,  fertile  axil- 
lary ;  fr.  4-angled,  acutely  pointed,  the  4  ribs  produced  in  4  short  spines.  © 
Prairies,  111.  to  La.  Stem  1 — 3f  high,  with  numerous  leaves  and  very  dense, 
terminal  spikes.  Jl. — Sept. 

60.  I  V  A  . 

A  name  of  barbarous  origin. 

Heads  discoid  ;  involucre  3-leaved ;  marginal  flowers  5,  fertile,  the 
others  sterile  ;  receptacle  hairy  ;  achenia  obconic,  obtuse  ;  pappus  0. 
— Herbs  or  shrubs.  Lower  Ivs.  opposite. 

I.  FRUTESCENS.     High-water  Shrub.    Marsh  Elder. 

St.  shrubby ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  punctate,  deeply  serrate,  rough. — 1\.  In  the 
borders  of  salt  marshes,  Mass,  to  La.,  common.  Stem  thick,  3 — 8f  high,  with 
numerous  opposite  branches.  Leaves  numerous,  3-veined,  upper  ones  entire. 
Flowers  green,  small,  drooping,  in  close,  leafy  clusters.  Aug. 

TRIBE  5.     CYNAREJB. 

Heads  ovoid,  discoid,  rarely  radiate,  homogamous  (rarely  dioecious),  or  hete- 
rogamous  with  the  marginal  flowers  in  a  single  series.  Style  in  the  perfect 
flowers  often  tumid  near  the  summit. 

61.  CALENDULA. 

Lai.  calenda,  the  first  day  of  the  month  ;  some  species  blossom  monthly. 

Heads  radiate  ;  involucre  of  many  equal  leaves,  in  about  2  series ; 


354  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  CARTHAMUS. 

receptacle  naked  ;  achenia  of  the  disk  membranaceous  ;  pappus  0. — 
An  oriental  genus  of  annual  kerbs.     Lvs.  alternate. 

C.  OFFICINALIS.  Pot  Marigold. — Viscid-pubescent ;  st.  erect,  branched ;  Ivs. 
oblong,  acute,  mucronate,  sessile,  subdentate  and  scabrous-ciliate  on  the  mar- 
gin ;  hds.  terminal,  solitary ;  ach.  carinate,  muricate,  incurved. — A  common 
and  handsome  garden  plant,  from  S.  Europe.  It  has  double,  lemon-colored,  and 
other  varieties.  Flowers  large  and  brilliant,  generally  orange-colored.  Jn. — Sept.f 

62.  CENTAUREA. 

The  centaur  Chiron,  it  is  said,  cured  with  these  his  foot  wounded  by  Hercules. 

Heads  discoid ;  involucre  imbricate ;  ray  flowers  larger  than  the 
rest,  sterile,  often  wanting ;  receptacle  bristly ;  pappus  of  filiform, 
scabrous  bristles  in  several  series. — A  genus  of  oriental  herbs,  with  al- 
ternate leaves. 

1.  C.  NIGRA.     Black  Knapweed. 

St.  erect,  branched,  pubescent  above ;  lower  Ivs.  angular-lyrate,  upper  lan- 
ceolate, dentate  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  with  an  erect,  capillary  fringe. — 
1\.  A  troublesome  weed  in  meadows  and  pastures,  Mass.  Introduced  from  Eu- 
rope. Stem  about  2f  high,  simple  or  oftener  divided  into  elongated  branches. 
Heads  few,  large,  terminal,  solitary.  Scales  dark  brown.  Flowers  purple. 
Jl.  Aug.  § 

2.  C.  CYANUS.     Blue-bottle.     Bachelor's-button. 

St.  erect,  branching,  downy ;  Ivs.  linear,  entire,  downy,  the  lowest  subden- 
tate ;  invol.  scales  serrate. — (I)  Introduced  from  Europe,  cultivated  and  sparingly 
naturalized  in  old  fields.  It  is  a  hardy  annual,  justly  popular  for  its  handsome 
flowers,  which  are  very  variable  in  color.  Heads  ovoid,  solitary  on  the  ends 
of  the  branches.  JL— Sept.  § 

3.  C.  AMERICANA.  Nutt.     (C.  Nuttallii.  Spreng.) 

St.  erect,  sulcate,  sparingly  branched ;  lower  Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  repand-den- 
tate,  upper  ones  lanceolate,  acute,  all  sessile  and  glabrous ;  hds.  few  or  solitary, 
very  large ;  ped.  thickened  at  summit ;  invol.  depressed-globose,  scales  with  a 
pectinate-pinnate,  reflexed  appendage. — (T)  Native  in  Ark.  and  La.,  naturalized 
in  111.  Mead.  Cultivated  in  gardens.  Stem  2 — 4f  high,  with  very  showy,  pale- 
purple  heads.  §  •{• 

63.   AMBERBOA.    DC. 

Heads  discoid  ;  involucre  imbricate  ;  ray-flowers  wanting  or  larger 
than  the  rest,  sterile  ;  pappus  of  oblong  or  obovate  paleae,  attenuated 
to  the  base,  all  similar,  rarely  small  or  0. — Eastern  herbs,  with  alter- 
nate leaves. 

-1.  A.  MOSCHATA.  Willd.  (Centaurea.  Linn.}  Sweet  Sultan. — Lvs.  lyrate- 
dentate  ;  invol.  subglobose,  smooth  ;  scales  ovate ;  ray-Jlowers  scarcely  enlarged, 
not  exceeding  the  disk ;  pappus  0. — A  handsome  border  annual  from  Persia. 
Flowers  purple.  A  variety  has  white  flowers.  July — Oct. 

2.  A.  ODORATA.  a.  amboracea.  DC.  (Centaurea  suaveolens.  Willd.)  Yellow 
Sweet  Sultan. — Lower  Ivs.  broadly  subspatulate,  dentate,  upper  lyrate  at  base ; 
hds.  globose  ;  ray-fls.  enlarged  upwards,  longer  than  the  disk-;  pappus  chaffy,  a 
little  shorter  than  the  fruit. — From  Levant.  Leaves  scarcely  pinnatifid.  Flow- 
ers yellow. 

0.  glaiica.  (Centaurea  glauca.  Willd.)  Lvs.  often  deeply  pinnatifid ;  Jlowers 
purple. 

64.  CARTHAMUS. 

Arabic  qorthom,  to  paint ;  from  its  coloring  property. 

Heads  discoid ;  involucre  imbricated,  outer  bracts  foliaceous ; 
flowers  all  tubular  and  $ ,  filaments  smooth ;  pappus  0 ;  receptacle 
with  setaceous  palese;  achenia  4-angled. — Oriental  herbs. 


CYNARA.  LXXV.    COMPOSITE".  355 

C.  TJNCTORIUS.  Common  Saffron. — St.  smooth ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile, 
spinose-denticulate. — CD  Native  of  Egypt,  but  long  cultivated  in  other  lands  on 
account  of  its  orange-colored  flowers.  Stem  branching,  striate,  1 — 2f  high. 
Leaves  subamplexicaul,  smooth  and  shining.  Heads  large,  terminal,  with  nu- 
merous long  and  slender  flowers.  The  latter  are  useful  in  coloring,  and  as  a 
nursery  medicine.  July. 

65.   XERANTHEMUM. 
Gr.  £ripos,  dry,  avSos;  on  account  of  its  dry,  imperishable  flowers. 

Heads  discoid ;  involucre  hemispherical,  with  radiant,  colored, 
opaque,  scarious  scales  ;  receptacle  paleaceous ;  pappus  paleo-setace- 
ous. — (D  Native  of  S.  Europe. 

X.  ANNUUM.  Willd.  Eternal  Flower. — St.  erect,  branched ;  Ivs.  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, obtusish,  alternate,  entire ;  hds.  large,  terminal,  solitary ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  obtuse,  scarious,  inner  ones  of  the  ray  spreading,  lanceolate,  obtuse. — 
A  singularly  beautiful  plant,  half  hardy,  of  easy  culture.  Stem  2 — 3f  high. 
The  radiant  involucre  scales  are  of  a  rich  purple,  but  there  are  varieties  with 
red,  white,  blue  and  yellow  rays.  The  splendid  flowers  retain  their  beauty 
through  the  winter. 

66.  C  NIC  US.    Vaill. 

Gr}'.  KVi$b>,  to  prick;  well  applied  to  these  herbs. 

Heads  discoid  ;  involucre  ventricose,  imbricate  with  doubly  spi- 
nous  scales  ;  ray-flowers  sterile  ;  receptacle  very  hairy  ;  pappus  in  3 
series,  the  outer  10-toothed,  the  2  inner  each  10-bristled. — Oriental 
herbs. 

C.  BENEDICTUS.  Blessed  Thistle. — Lvs.  somewhat  decurrent ;  dentate  and 
spiny ;  invol.  doubly  spinous,  woolly,  bracteate. — (T)  Native  of  Persia,  Tauria 
and  Greece.  About  2f  high,  with  yellow  -flowers.  Sparingly  naturalized. 
June. — It  was  formerly  in  great  estimation  in  medicine,  but  is  now  considered 
worthless.  $ 

67.   ONOPERDON.     Vaill. 

Gr.  ovo$,  and  rrspjo),  the  application  to  the  present  noble  genus  is  not  obvious. 

Heads  discoid,  homogamous  ;  involucre  ventricose,  imbricate  with 
spreading,  spinous  scales  ;  receptacle  deeply  alveolate  ;  pappus  copi- 
ous, capillary,  scabrous  ;  achenia  4-angled. — Large,  branching  herbs, 
with  decurrent  leaves. 

0.  ACANTHIUM.     Cotton  TTiistlc. 

Invol.  scales  spreading,  subulate;  l-vs.  ovate-oblong,  decurrent,  sinuate, 
spinous,  woolly  on  both  sides. — (g)  This  fine  looking  thistle  occurs  naturalized 
in  waste  grounds,  and  is  about  3f  in  height.  The  whole  plant  has  a  white, 
cottony  appearance.  Stem  winged  by  the  decurrent  leaves,  which  are  unusually 
large.  Involucre  round,  cottony,  spinous.  Flowers  purple.  July,  Aug. 

68.   CYNlRA. 

Gr.  Kvav,  a  dog ;  the  stiff,  hard  spines  of  the  invol.  resemble  a  dog's  teeth. 

Heads  discoid,  homogamous ;  involucre  dilated,  imbricate,  scales 
fleshy,  emarginate,  pointed  ;  receptacle  setaceous  ;  pappus  plumose  ; 
achenia  not  beaked. — Natives  of  the  Old  World. 

1.  C.  SCOLYMUS.     Garden  Artichoke. 

Lns.  subspinose,  pinnate  and  undivided ;  invol.  scales  ovate. — ^  Native 
of  S.  Europe,  naturalized  in  gardens  and  cultivated  grounds.  A  well  known. 
garden  esculent.  The  parts  used  are  the  receptacle,  the  lower  part  of  the  in- 
volucre and  the  upper  portion  of  the  stalk.  It  is  cultivated  from  suckers  placed 
in  rows.  3  feet  apart.  Aug.  Sept.  §  £ 

2.  C.   CARDUNCULUS.     Cardoon. — Lvs.  spiny,  all  pinnatifid ;  invol.  scales 
ovate. — 7J.  Native  of  Canada.    Flowers  purple.    This  plant  is  blanched  by 


356  LXXV.    COMPOSITE.  CIRSIUM. 

having  earth  heaped  up  around  it,  and  then  the  petioles  become  tender,  crisp, 
eatable,  like  celery.  Aug.  Sept.  £ 

69.  CIRSIUM.     Tourn. 

Gr.  Kipffos,  a  swelling  of  the  veins,  which  this  plant  was  supposed  to  heal. 

Heads  discoid,  homogamous  ;  involucre  subglobose,  of  many  rows 
of  spinose-pointed,  imbricated  scales  ;  receptacle  bristly  ;  style  scarce- 
ly divided  ;  pappus  copious,  plumose  ;  achenia  compressed,  smooth. — 
Herbs  with  alternate  leaves,  generally  armed  with  spinose  prickles.  Fls. 
cyanic. 

1.  C.  ARVENSE.  Scop.     (Cnicus  arvensis.  Ph.)     Canada  Thistle. 

Lvs.  sessile,  pinnatifid,  spinous ;  st.  panicled ;  invol.  round  or  ovate,  with 
minute  spines,  scales  close-pressed,  ovate-lanceolate. — 9].  A  very  common  this- 
tle in  fields,  roadsides  and  waste  places,  N.  Eng.  to  Ohio.  It  is  one  of  the 
severest  pests  of  the  farmer,  requiring  his  constant  vigilance  to  extirpate  it  from 
his  fields.  In  England  it  is  called  cursed  thistle.  Root  creeping,  very  long  and 
exceedingly  tenacious  of  life.  Stem  3f  high,  with  a  branching  panicle  at  top. 
Leaves  alternate,  thickly  beset  with  thorns.  Heads  rather  small,  purple,  the 
involucre  nearly  thornless,  and  is  the  only  part  of  the  plant  that  can  be  safely 
handled.  July.  § 

2.  C.  DISCOLOR.  Spreng.     (Cnicus  discolor.  Muhl.)     Tall  Thistle. 

Lvs.  sessile,  pinnatifid,  rough-haired,  downy  beneath,  the  segments  2-lobed, 
divaricate,  spinose ;  invol.  globose,  the  scales  ovate,  appressed,  with  spreading 
spines  at  the  tips.— -(§)  A  slender  thistle,  3 — 5f  high,  much  branched,  and  leafy 
at  the  summit.  Found  in  thickets,  N.  Eng.  to  111.  Heads  terminating  the 
branches,  an  inch  in  diameter,  with  reddish-purple  corollas.  July,  Aug. 

3.  C.  MUTICUM.  Michx.     (Cnicus  glutinosus.  Bw.)     Glutinous  Thistle. 
Lvs.  pinnatifid  with  divaricate  segments ;   invol.  ovate,  with  unarmed, 

villous-arachnoid,  glutinous  scales. — (g)  A  fine  looking  thistle  found  in  damp 
soils,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  branching,  3 — 7f  high.  Leaves  armed  with  spines 
at  each  angle.  Heads  §'  diam.,  with  deep  purple  corollas,  the  scales  webbed 
and  glutinous  on  the  back.  Aug.  Sept. 

4.  C.  HORRIDULUM.  Michx.     (Cnicus  horridulus.  Linn.)     Yellow  Thistle. 

Lvs.  sessitej  pinnatifid,  acutely  cut,  spinose  ;  hds.  invested  with  an  exter- 
nal involucre  of  about  20  very  spinose  bracts  •  scales  unarmed. — (g)  Found  in 
meadows  and  hills,  N.  Eng.  to  Flor.  The  stem  is  1 — 3f  high,  invested  with 
wool.  Leaves  somewhat  clasping,  woolly  and  hairy,  armed  with  stiff  spines. 
Heads  large,  with  yellowish- white  corollas  surrounded  by  a  whorl  of  lanceolate 
or  linear  leaflets  tipped  with  stiff  thorns,  the  scales  webbed.  Aug. 

5.  C.  PUMILUM.  Spreng.     (Cnicus  odoratus.  Muhl.)     Pasture  Thistle. 
Hairy;  Lvs.  green  on  both  sides,  clasping,  oblong-lanceolate,  pinnatifid, 

the  segments  irregularly  lobed,  ciliate,  spinose;  invol.  round-ovate,  spinose, 
naked. — (§)  A  common,  low,  turgid  thistle  in  roadsides,  pastures,  N.  Eng.  and 
Mid.  States.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  stout,  striate,  with  1 — 3  very  large  heads  of 
fragrant,  purple  flowers.  Aug. 

6.  C.  LANCBOLATUM.  Scop.  (Cnicus.  Ph.  Carduus.  Linn.)  Common  Thistle. 
Lvs.  decurrent,  pinnatifid,  hispid,  the  segments  divaricate  and  spinose ; 

invol.  ovate,  villous ;  scales  lanceolate,  spreading. — (g)  Common  in  borders  of 
fields,  roadsides,  N.  Eng.  and  Mid.  States,  always  distinguished  by  the  decur- 
rent leaves.  Stem  3 — 4f  high,  winged  by  the  decurrent  leaves  which  are  white 
and  woolly  beneath,  armed  with  formidable  spines  at  all  points.  Fls.  numerous, 
large,  purple.  Involucre  scales  webbed,  each  ending  in  a  spine.  July— Sept. 

7.  C.  ALTISSIMUM.  Spreng.     (Carduus.  Linn.     Cnicus.   Willd.) 

Tall,  branched,  villose-pubescent,  leafy;  Ivs.  whitish  beneath,  spinose- 
ciliate,  sessile,  lanceolate-oblong,  sinuate-dentate,  lower  ones  pinnatifid,  petio- 
late :  lobes  or  teeth  spinescent ;  invol.  ovoid-oblong ;  scales  close-compressed,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  outer  ones  with  a  spreading  spine  at  apex. — Fields  and  barrens, 
Penn.  and  Western  States !  common.  Stem  3— 8f  high.  Leaves  6 — 8'  by  1 — 6'. 


KRIGIA.  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  357 

Heads  about  1'  diam.,  with  linear-lanceolate  bracts  at  base.    Flowers  purple  or 
purplish-white.     Aug. 

8.  C.  VIRGINIANUM.  Michx.  (Carduus.  Linn.  Cnicus.  Ph.') 
Slender  and  mostly  simple ;  Ivs.  sessile,  lanceolate,  margin  revolute,  entire 
or  repand-dentate,  teeth  spinescent,  or  sometimes  remotely  sinuate-lobed  or  pin- 
natifid,  upper  surface  glabrous,  under  surface  tomentose-canescent ;  hds.  small; 
inxol.  subglobose  ;  scales  tipped  with  a  short,  spreading  prickle. — Woods,  Ohio, 
T.  <f*  G.,  and  Southern  States.  Plant  about  the  size  of  the  Canada  thistle, 
clothed  with  an  arachnoid  pubescence,  with  few  or  many  head^s  (sometimes  but 
one)  which  are  about  £'  diam.  Flowers  purple.  Apr. — Sept! 

70.  LAP  PA.     Tourn. 
Lat.  lappa,  a  burr,  from  Gr.  Aa/foiv,  to  lay  hold  of;  a  characteristic  term. 

Heads  discoid,  homogamous  ;  involucre  globose,  the  scales  imbri- 
cated and  hooked  at  the  extremity ;  receptacle  bristly ;  pappus  bristly, 
scabrous,  caducous. — (D  Coarse,  European  herbs.  Lvs.  alternate,  large. 

L.  MAJOR.  Gaert.    (Aretium  Lappa.  Linn.}     Burdock. 

Lvs.  cordate,  unarmed,  petioled. — Common  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds,  fields,  N.  Eng.  Mid.  and  W.  States.  Each  plant  is  a  large,  conical, 
ill-scented  and  coarse  looking  mass  of  vegetation,  surmounted  by  a  branching, 
irregular -panicle  of  ovoid  heads  with  tubular  corollas  of  an  exceedingly  deli- 
cate pink  color.  The  leaves  are  very  large,  with  wavy  edges.  This  plant  is 
an  instance  of  design  in  the  dissemination  of  seeds,  such  as  cannot  be  mis- 
taken. The  scales  of  the  involucre  all  end  in  a  minute,  firm  hook,  which  seizes 
hold  of  everything  that  passes  by.  Thus  men  and  animals  are  made  the  unwil- 
ling agents  of  scattering  widely  the  seeds  of  this  unsightly  plant.  July,  Aug.  ty 
3.  Leaves  pinnatifid. — Penn.  Dr.  Darlington. 

SUBORDER  2.— L  IGUL.IFL.ORJE. 

Flowers  all  perfect,  ligulate,  in  a  radiatiform  or  radiant  head. 
TRIBE  6.     CICHORACE^J. 

Branches  of  the  style  uniformly  pubescent.     Plants  with  a  milky  juice. 

Leaves  alternate. 

71.    CICHORIUM.    Tourn. 

The  Egyptian  name  chttcouryeh,  whence  Gr.  Kt^eopi;,  and  Eng.  succory. 

Involucre  double,  the  outer  of  5  leafy  scales,  the  inner  of  about  8 
linear  ones ;  receptacle  chaffy ;  pappus  scaly ;  achenia  not  rostrate,  ob- 
scurely 5-sided. — Oriental  herbs  with  bright  blue  fls.,  about  20  in  a  head. 

1.  C.  INTYBUS.     Succory. — Fls.  in  pairs,  axillary,  sessile ;  lower  Ivs.  runcinate. 
— 7J.  A  European  plant  2 — 3f  high,  with  large,  showy,  sky-blue  flowers,  natu- 
ralized in  grass  fields,  by  roadsides,  and  becoming  quite  common  in  many 
localities.     Stem  round,  with  few  long  branches,  rough.    The  upper  leaves 
become  cordate  acuminate,  sessile,  inconspicuous,  only  the  radical  ones  runci- 
nate.  The  flowers  are  1 — 2'  diam.,  and  placed  rather  remote  on  the  long  naked- 
ish  branches.     Corollas  flat,  5-toothed.     The  root  is  used  in  France  as  a  substi- 
tute for  coffee.    July — Sept.  § 

2.  C.  ENDIVIA.     Endive. — Ped.  axillary,  in  pairs,  one  of  them  elongated  and 
1 -headed,  the  other  very  short,  about  4-headed ;  hds.  capitate. — A  hardy  annual, 
from  the  E.  Indies,  esteemed  and  cultivated  for  salad.     The  French  physicians 
have  recently  found  it  a  remedy  for  jaundice.  § 

72.  KRIGIA.     Schreb. 

Dedicated  to  Dr.  Daniel  Krieg,  a  German  botanist. 

Involucre  many-leaved,  nearly  simple,  equal;  receptacle  naked; 
pappus  double,  or  consisting  of  5  broad,  membranous  scales  surround- 
ing 5 — 8  bristles  several  times  as  long  as  the  5-angled  achenia. — 
Small  acaukscent  herbs.  Heads  solitary,  with  20 — 30  yellow  flowers. 


358  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  CATANANCHE. 

K.  VIRGINICA.  Willd.  (Hyoseris.  Me.  Cynthia.  Beck.}  Dwarf  Dandelion. 

Scape  1 -flowered;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  lyrate,  smooth;  invol.  smooth. — ©  This 

little  plant  is  found  on  sandy  hills  and  by  roadsides,  Can.  to  La.  Scapes  1 

several,  smooth,  slender,  1—8'  high.  After  flowering  it  becomes  longer  than 
the  leaves.  The  primary  leaves  are  roundish,  entire  ;  the  rest  irregularly  lyrate. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  10 — 15,  linear-lanceolate,  arranged  in  a  somewhat  sim- 
ple series.  Corollas  yellow.  Ach.  turbinate,  scabrous,  reddish-brown.  May J] 

73.  CYNTHIA.     Don. 

One  of  the  names  of  Diana;  its  application  to  this  genus  is  not  obvious. 

Involucre  nearly  simple,  of  equal,  narrow  scales  ;  receptacle  flat, 
alveolate ;  pappus  double,  the  outer  minute,  scaly ;  inner  copious, 
capillary ;  achenia  short. — *4-  Lvs.  alternate  or  all  radical.  Hds.  with 
15 — 20  yellow  flowers. 

C.  VIRGINICA.  Don.  (Tragopogon.  Linn.  Krigia  amplexicaulis.  Nutt.} 
St.  mostly  simple,  scape-like  ;  radical  Ivs.  sublyrate  or  pinnatifid,  on  short, 
winged  petioles  ;  cauline  ones  lanceolate,  amplexicaul,  entire. — In  barrens  and 
dry  soils,  Western  N.  Y.  to  111. !  &c.  The  plant  is  smooth  and  glaucous.  Stem 
1 — 2f  high,  often  dichotomously  divided,  with  1 — 2  clasping  leaves  at  the  forks. 
Radical  leaves  3 — 5'  long,  sometimes  nearly  entire.  Heads  terminal  on  the 
bracteate  and  subumbellate  peduncles,  with  deep  yellow  flowers.  Scales  united 
at  base  in  a  somewhat  double  series.  May — July. 

74.  LEONTODON. 

Gr.  Xcwi/,  a  lion,  oSovs,  a  tooth;  in  reference  to  the  deeply  toothed  leaves. 

Involucre  imbricate,  the  outer  scales  very  short  ;  receptacle  na- 
ked ;  pappus  plumose,  persistent  on  the  somewhat  rostrate  achenia. — 
Acaulescent  herbs,  with  white  fls.  many  in  a  head. 

L.  AUTUMNALIS.  (Apargia.  Willd.)  Autumnal  Hawkweed. 
Scape  branching ;  ped.  scaly ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  dentate-pinnatifid,  smoothish. 
— A  European  plant,  naturalized  and  common  in  the  eastern  parts  of  N.  Eng- 
land, growing  in  grass-lands  and  by  roadsides.  The  flower  resembles  those  of 
the  dandelion  (Taraxacum).  Root  large,  abrupt.  Scape  round,  striate,  hol- 
low, decumbent  at  base,  6 — 18'  high,  with  a  few  .branches  and  scattered  scales. 
Leaves  all  radical,  spreading,  6'  long,  with  deep,  round  sinuses,  and  covered 
with  remote  hairs.  Heads  1'  diam.  yellow,  appearing  from  July  to  Nov.  § 

75.  TRAGOPOGON. 

Gr.  rpayof ,  a  goat,  Trcoycoi',  beard ;  in  allusion  to  the  tawny,  showy  pappus. 

Involucre  simple,  of  many  leaves  ;  receptacle  naked  :  pappus  plu- 
mose ;  achenia  longitudinally  striate,  contracted  into  a  long,  filiform 
beak. — (D  European  herbs,  with  long,  linear,  grass-like  Ivs. 

T.  PORRIFOLIUS.  Salsify.  Vegetable  Oyster. — Invol.  much  longer  than  the  corol- 
la; fos.  long,  linear,  undivided,  straight ;  ped.  thickened  upwards.  Stem  3 — 4f 
high.  Flowers  terminal,  solitary,  large,  bluish-purple.  This  exotic  is  cultivated 
in  gardens  for  the  root,  which  is  long,  tapering  and  nutritious.  When  properly 
prepared  it  has  a  mild,  sweetish  taste,  which  has  been  compared  to  that  of  the 
oyster.  £ 

76.  CATANANCHE. 

Gr.  Kara,  avayKrj,  from  necessity :  it  must  necessarily  be  admired  (?). 

Involucre  imbricated,  scarious  ;  receptacle  paleaceous ;  pappus  pale- 
aceous, 5-leaved  \  palese  awned. — (D  Oriental  herbs,  with  alternate, 
lanceolate  Ivs. 

C.  CCERULEA. — Lvs.  linear  and  lanceolate,  villous,  somewhat  bipinnatifid  at 
base  ;  lower  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  mucronate. — From  S.  Europe.  A  hand- 
some annual,  2— 31'  high.  Heads  solitary,  on  long  peduncles  with  blue,  spread- 
ing, ligulate  corollas  toothed  at  apex.  Jl. — Sept.  f 


HIERACIUM.  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  359 

77.  L ACT tJC A. 

Lat.  lac,  milk ;  from  the  milky  juice  in  which  all  the  species  abound. 
1.  L.  ELONGATA.     Wild  Lettuce.     Trumpet  Milkweed. 
Lvs.  smooth  and  pale  beneath,  lower  ones  amplexicaul,  runcinate,  upper 
lanceolate,  entire,  sessile  ;  Us.  racemose-paniculate. — A  common,  rank  plant, 
growing  in  hedges,  thickets,  &c.,  where  the  soil  is  rich  and  damp.     Stem  hol- 
low, stout,  3 — 6t'  high,  often  purple,  bearing  a  leafless,  elongated,  sometimes  co- 
rymbose-spreading panicle  of  numerous  heads  of  flowers.    Leaves  very  varia- 
ble, the  lower  6 — 12' long,  commonly  deeply  runcinate,  often  narrow-lanceolate, 
with  a  few  narrow-lanceolate  divisions.     Corollas  yellow.    Achenia  oblong, 
compressed,  about  the  length  01"  the  beak.    July,  Aug. 

(3.  inlegrifolia  (L.  integrifolia.  Bw.~)  Lvs.  nearly  all  undivided,  lanceolate, 
sessile,  the  lowest  often  sagittate  at  base. 

y.  sanguinarea  (L.  sanguinarea.  Bw.~)  Lvs.  runcinate,  amplexicaul,  mostly 
pubescent,  glaucous  beneath ;  fls.  purple. — Stem  2— 3f  high,  often  purple  (but 
this  character  is  not  peculiar  to  this  variety). 

2.  L.  SATIVA.  Garden  Lettuce. — St.  corymbose  ;  Ivs.  suborbicular,  the  cauline 
ones  cordate.  The  varieties  of  this  exotic  are  every  where  well  known  and 
cultivated  for  salad.  It  is  annual,  with  very  smooth,  yellowish-green  foliage, 
which  in  one  variety  (capitata)  is  so  abundant  as  to  form  heads  like  the  cab- 
bage. Heads  numerous,  small,  with  yellowish  corollas.  The  milky  juice  con- 
tains opium,  and  if  this  salad  be  eaten  too  freely,  unpleasant  narcotic  effects  are 
the  consequence.*;}: 

78.  MULGEDIUM.    Cass. 

Lat.  mulgeo  to  milk ;  in  allusion  to  the  lactescent  qualities  of  the  plants. 

Involucre  somewhat  double,  the  outer  series  of  scales  short  and 
imbricated  :  receptacle  naked,  faveolate  ;  pappus  copious,  soft,  capil- 
lary, crowning  the  short-beaked  achenia. — Lvs.  mostly  spinulose.  Hds. 
with  many  yellow  or  cy&nic  flowers. 

1.  M.  ACUMINA-^M.  DC.    (Sonchus  acuminatus.   Wittd.) 

Radical  Ivs.  subruncinate ;  cauline  ones  oyate,  acuminate,  petiolate,  den- 
tate; hds.  loosely  paniculate,  on  somewhat  scaly  peduncles. — In  hedges  and 
thickets,  N.  Y.  to  la.  !  and  S.  States.  A  smooth  plant,  3— 6f  high,  with  the 
stem  often  purplish.  Leaves  3 — 6'  long,  the  lower  ones  often  deltoid-hastate  or 
truncate  at  the  base,  sinuate-denticulate,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  winged  pe- 
tiole. Heads  small.  Peduncles  with  a  few  scale-like  bracteoles.  Scales  dark 
purple,  with  blue  corollas.  Pappus  white,  on  the  short-beaked,  ovate-acumi- 
nate achenia.  Aug.  Sept. 

2.  M.  LEucopHjEUM.  DC.    (Sonchus  floridanus.  Ait.    Agathyrsus  leuco- 
phaeus.    Don.} — Lvs.  numerous,   lyrate-runcinate,  coarsely  dentate;  hds. 

paniculate,  on  squamose-bracteate  peduncles. — Moist  thickets,  N.  and  W. 
States.  A  tall,  leafy  plant,  nearly  smooth.  Stem  4 — lOf  high.  Leaves  5 — 12' 
long,  irregularly  divided  in  a  runcinate  or  pinnatifid  manner,  the  segments  re- 
pand-toothed,  the  radical  ones  on  long  stalks,  the  upper  ones  sessile,  often  un- 
divided. Heads  small,  with  pale  blue  or  yellowish  corollas,  a  tawny- white 
pappus,  and  arranged  in  a  long,  slender  panicle.  Aug.  Sept. 

3.  M.  FLORIDANUM.  DC.     (Agathyrsus.  Beck.     Sonchus.  Linn.} 
Glabrous ;  st.  erect,  paniculate  above,  purple   or  glaucous ;  cauline  Ivs. 

runcinately  pinnate-parted,  segments  few,  sinuate-dentate,  upper  ones  triangu- 
lar, acute  or  acuminate  ;  panicle  loose,  erect,  compound. — Western !  and  South- 
ern States,  hedges  and  waste  grounds.  A  handsome  plant  with  a  terminal  pani- 
cle of  blue  flowers.  Stem  3 — 5f  high.  Leaves  4 — 8'  long,  variable  in  form. 
Heads  small.  Rays  expanding  9".  Jl. — Sept. 

79.  HIERACIUM.     Tourn. 

Gr.  lepa£,  a  hawk;  supposed  to  strengthen  the  vision  of  birds  of  prey. 

Involucre  more  or  less  imbricated,  ovoid,  many-flowered ;  recepta- 
31 


360  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  NABALUS. 

cle  subalveolate-fimbrillate ;  scales  very  unequal ;  pappus  of  scabrous, 

fragile,  copious,  1 -rowed  bristles. — 1\-  Lvs.   alternate,  entire  or  toothed. 

§  Involucre  imbricated. 

1.  H.  CANADENSE.  Michx.   (H.  Kalmii.  Spreng.')    Canadian  Hawkweed. 

St.  erect,  subvillose,  leafy,  many-flowered ;  Ivs.  sessile,  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-ovate, acute,  divaricately  and  acutely  dentate,  the  upper  ones  somewhat 
amplexicaul,  with  an  obtuse  base ;  panicles  axillary  and  terminal,  corymbose, 
downy. — In  open  dry  or  rocky  woods.  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  Can.  Stem  stout, 
1 — 2f  high,  more  or  less  pubescent,  the  peduncles  downy  but  not  glandular. 
Leaves  somewhat  pubescent  or  hairy.  Heads  large  and  showy,  with  yellow 
flowers.  Involucre  sometimes  with  a  few  glandular  hairs.  Aug. 

§  §  Involucre  calyculate. 

2.  H.  VENOSUM.     Veiny-leaved  Hawkweed. 

Scape  or  st.  naked  or  with  a  single  leaf,  smooth,  paniculate ;  Ivs.  obovate, 
somewhat  acute,  entire,  a  little  hairy  above,  nearly  glabrous  beneath,  ciliate  on 
the  margin,  veins  colored;  invol.  glabrous,  about '20-flowered;  acJi.  linear. — In 
woods,  &c.  N.  Eng.  to  W.  States.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  dark  brown,  slender. 
Panicle  diffuse,  several  times  dichotomous,  corymbose.  Heads  rather  small, 
on  slender  pedicels,  with  bright  yellow  flowers.  Jl.  Aug. 

3.  H.  GRONOVII.   Gronovius'  Hawkweed. 

St.  leafy,  hirsute,  paniculate ;  invol.  and  pedicels  glandular-pilose  ;  radical 
Ivs.  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  entire,  strigose,  the  midvein  beneath  very  villous ; 
upper  ones  oblong,  closely  sessile. — A  hairy  plant,  found  on  dry  hills,  Can.  and 
U.  S.  Stem  about  2f  high,  furnished  with  a  few  leaves  below,  naked  above 
and  bearing  a  narrow,  elongated  panicle.  Lower  leaves  tapering  into  a  long 
stalk.  Flowers  yellow,  on  glandular,  slender  pedicels.  Achenia  tapering  up- 
wards to  a  slender  point,  but  scarcely  rostrate.  Aug.  Sept. 

4.  H.  SCABRUM.  Michx.     (H.  Marianum.   Willd.}    Rough  Hawkweed. 
St.  leafy,  scabrous  and  hispid  j  Ivs.  elliptic-obovate,  scabrous  and  hirsute, 

lower  ones  slightly  dentate  ;  ped.  thick,  and  with  the  invol.  densely  glandular- 
hispid  ;  Ms.  40 — 50-flowered. — A  rough  plant,  on  dry  hIRs,  borders  of  woods, 
Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.  Stem  1 — 3f  high,  round,  striate,  rather  stout.  Lower 
leaves  petiolate,  upper  sessile,  subacute,  often  purplish  as  well  as  the  stem. 
Heads  large,  with  yellow  flowers.  Achenia  obtuse  at  apex,  bright  red,  with  a 
tawny  pappus.  Aug. 

5.  H.  PANICULATUM.     Slender  Hawkweed. 

St.  slender,  leafy,  paniculate,  whitish  tomentose  below ;  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
glabrous,  membranaceous,  acute;  panicle  diffuse;  ped.  very  slender;  hds.  10 — 
20-flowered. — A  smooth,  slender  plant,  in  damp  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.  Stem  1 — • 
3f  high,  several  times  dichotomous.  Leaves  thin,  2— 4'  long.  Heads  small, 
numerous,  with  yellow  flowers.  Pedicels  long  ai\d  filiform,  forming  a  ver}r 
diffuse  panicle.  Aug. 

6.  H.  LONGiPiLUM.  Torr.     (H.  barbatum.  Nutt.") 

Plant  densely  pilose  with  long,  straight,  ascending,  bristly  hairs;  st.  strict, 
simple,  smoothish  and  nearly  leafless  above  ;  Ivs.  crowded  near  the  base  of  the 
stem,  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuated  to  the  base,  entire;  hds.  glandular-tomen- 
tose  or  hispid,  20 — 30-flowered,  in  a  small,  terminal  panicle. — Barrens  and 
prairies,  Western  States.  Plant  1 — 2f  high,  remarkable  for  the  long,  brownish, 
straight  hairs  with  which  the  lower  part  is  thickly  clothed ;  otherwise  it  more 
nearly  resembles  the  last.  July — Sept. 

7.  H.  AURANTIACUM. — St.  leafy,  hispid ;  fls.  densely  corymbose ;  Ivs.  oblong, 
somewhat  acute,  pilose,  hispid. — Native  of  Scotland.  Flowers  numerous, 
large,  orange-colored.  One  of  the  few  species  worthy  of  cultivation,  -f 

80.   NABALUS.     Cass. 
"  Nomen  omnino  sensus  expers,  forte  mutandum."    De  Candolle. 

Involucre  cylindric,  of  many  linear  scales  in  one  row,  calyculate 
with  a  few  short,  appressed  scales  at  base ;  receptacle  naked  pappus 


NABALUS.  LXXV.   COMPOSITE.  361 

copious,  capillary,  brownish,  2-rowed;  persistent ;  achenia  not  beaked, 
smooth,  striate. — Erect  herbs,  with  a  thick,  tuberous,  bitter  root.  Hds. 
5 — 18-flowered,  not  yellow,  although  often  straw-colored. 

§  Heads  pendulous,  glabrous.     Leaves  very  variable  in  the  same  species. 

1.  N.  ALBUS.  Hook.     (Harpalyce.  Don.    Prenanthes.  Linn.}    Lion's-foot. 

White  Lettuce. — St.  smooth  and  somewhat  glaucous,  corymbose-panicu- 
late above ;  radical  Ivs.  angular-hastate,  often  more  or  less  deeply  lobed ;  stem 
Irs.  roundish-ovate,  dentate,  petioled,  the  lobes  or  leaves  obtuse  ;  hds.  pendulous ; 
invol.  of  8  scales,  9 — 12-flowered. — A  conspicuous  and  not  inelegant  plant,  in 
moist  woods  and  shades,  N.  Eng.  to  Iowa,  and  Can.  to  Car.  Stem  stout,  2— 4f 
high,  purplish,  often  deeply  so  in  spots.  The  leaves  are  very  variable,  the  low- 
est 3— 5-lobed  or  only  hastate,  the  uppermost  lanceolate,  and  between  these  the 
intermediate  forms,  hastate  and  ovate,  all  irregularly  toothed.  Scales  purplish. 
Corollas  whitish.  Pappus  brown.  Some  of  the  varieties  have  the  reputation 
of  curing  the  rattlesnake's  bite.  Aug. 

/?.  serpentaria.  (Prenanthes  serpentaria.  P.)  Radical  Ivs.  palmate-sinuate, 
those  of  the  stem  on  long  petioles,  with  the  middle  segment  3-parted ;  upper  Ivs. 
lanceolate. 

2.  N.  ALTISSIMUS.  Hook.     (Harpalyce.  Don.    Prenanthes.  Linn.}     Tatt 
Nabalus. — St.  smooth,  slender,  straight,  paniculate  above ;  Ivs.  more  or 

less  deeply  3 — 5-cleft,  all  petiolate,  angular,  denticulate  and  rough-edged,  the 
lobes  acuminate  ;  kds.  pendulous  ;  invol.  of  5  scales  and  about  5-flowered. — A 
tall  species,  with  cylindric,  yellowish,  nodding  flowers,  found  in  woods,  New- 
foundland to  N.  Eng.  and  Ky.  Stem  3 — 5f  high,  bearing  a  narrow  and  elon- 
gated panicle.  Heads  in  short,  axillary  and  terminal  racemes.  Aug. 

0.  ovatus.  Riddell.     Cauline  Ivs.  nearly  all  ovate,  on  slender  petioles. 

y.  cordatus.     (Prenanthes  cordata.   Willd.}    Lrs.  cordate,  on  slender  petioles. 

<5.  deltoidea.  (Prenanthes  deltoidea.  Ell.}  Lvs.  deltoid,  acuminate,  acutely 
denticulate. 

e.  dissectus.  T.  &  G.  Lvs.  mostly  3-parted  or  divided,  segments  entire  or  deep- 
ly cleft  into  2  or  3  narrow  lobes. 

3.  N.  FRASERI.  DC.     (P.  rubicaulis.  Ph.}    Frascr's  Nabalus. 

•St.  smooth,  corymbosely  paniculate  above ;  Ivs.  subscabrous,  mostly  del- 
toid, often  pinnately  lobed,  on  winged  petioles,  the  upper  ones  lanceolate,  sub- 
sessile  ;  invol.  of  about  8  scales,  8— 12-flowered ;  pappus  straw-colored. — 7|_  In 
dry,  hard  soils,  Conn,  and  Mid.  States  (rare)  to  Flor.  Stem  2 — 4f  high,  with 
paniculate  branches.  The  leaves  are  as  variable  as  in  our  other  species,  some- 
times all  being  lanceolate,  with  only  irregular  indentures  instead  of  lobes. 
Heads  drooping,  with  purplish  scales  and  cream-colored  corollas.  It  is  most  effec- 
tually distinguished  from  N.  albus  by  the  more  lively  color  of  the  pappus.  Aug. 

4.  N.  NANUS.  DC.    (P.  alba.  /?.  nana.  Die.} 

St.  simple,  low,  smooth ;  Ivs.  on  slender  petioles,  the  lowest  variously 
lobed  or  parted,  the  others  successively  deltoid-hastate,  ovate  and  lanceolate  ; 
hds.  in  small,  axillary  and  terminal  clusters,  forming  a  slender,  racemose  pani- 
cle ;  invol.  greenish-purple,  of  about  8  scales  and  10—12  flowers ;  pappus  dingy 
white. — This  form  of  Nabalus  is  common  on  the  White  Mts.,  N.  H. !  where 
we  find  it  with  the  same  sportive  character  of  foliage  as  appears  in  other  species. 
Stem  5 — 10'  high.  Heads  with  whitish  flowers.  Aug. 

5.  N.  BOOTTII.  DC.     Booths  Nabalus. 

St.  simple,  dwarf;  lower  Ivs.  subcordate  or  hastate-cordate,  obtuse,  the 
middle  ones  oblong,  the  upper  lanceolate,  mostly  entire ;  hds.  slightly  nodding ; 
invol.  10 — 18-flowered,  of  10 — 15  obtuse,  proper  scales  calyculate  at  base  with 
lax,  linear  scales  half  their  length ;  pappus  straw-color. — White  Mts.,  N.  H.. 
Whiteface  Mt,  Essex  Co.  N.  Y.  Macrae.  N.  Am.  FL,  II.,  482.  Stem  5—8'  high, 
bearing  the  heads  in  a  subsimple  raceme.  Flowers  whitish  and  odorous. 

6.  N.  VIRGATUS.  DC.  (Prenanthes.  MX.   Sonchus.  Desf.  Harpalyce.  Beck.} 
Glabrous  and  glaucous,  slender  and  simple  ;  lov;er  Ivs.  sinuate-pinnatifid, 

petiolate,  middle  ones  toothed,  sessile,  upper  entire,  partly  clasping,  gradually 


362  LXXV.    COMPOSITE.  TARAXACUM. 

reduced  to  the  minute,  subulate  bracts ;  hds.  clustered,  in  a  long,  compound, 
virgate,  somewhat  secund  raceme ;  invol.  with  about  8  scales  and  10  flowers ; 
pappus  straw-colored. — A  remarkably  slender,  wand-like  species,  in  sandy 
soils,  N.  J.  to  Flor.  Stem  2 — 41"  high,  racemose  half  its  length.  Leaves  gradu- 
ally reduced  and  simplified  from  the  base  upward,  as  in  most  of  the  species. 
Sept.  Oct. 

$  §  Heads  nodding  or  erect,  hairy.     Leaves  undivided. 

7.  N.  RACEMOSUS.  Hook.    '(Prenanthes.  MX.    Harpalyce.  Don.'} 
Glabrous,  simple,  slender ;  Ivs.  all  undivided,  lower  oval-lanceolate,  sharp- 
ly denticulate,  petiolate,  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  subclasping,  entire;  hds.  in 
nodding  fascicles,  arranged  in  a  long,  interruptedly  spicate  panicle ;  invol.  of 
8—9  scales,  with  9 — 12  flowers ;  pappus  straw-color.— N.  J.,  N.  W.  States  and 
Can.     Stem  2 — 4f  high.    Flowers  pale  red-purple. 

8.  T.  &  G.     Lvs.  deeply  and  irregularly  pinnatifid. 

8.  N.  CREPIDINEUS.  DC.     (Prenanthes  crepidinea.  Michx.) 

Nearly  glabrous  ;*  st.  tall,  stout,  corymbosely  paniculate ;  Ivs.  large,  irreg- 
ularly toothed,  petioles  winged,  lower  ones  oblong-ovate,  somewhat  hastate  or 


high.  Leaves  4 — 12'  by  2J — 7',  obtuse  or  acute.  Heads  large  but  not  nume- 
rous, with  brown  scales  and  yellowish  flowers.  Aug. — Oct. 

9.  N.  ASPER.  T.  &  G.     (N.  Illinoensis.  DC.    Prenanthes  asper.    Michx. 

Choudrilla  111.  Poir.} — St.  strict,  simple,  scabrous;  Ivs.  simple,  scabrous- 
pubescent,  dentate,  lower  ones  oblong-oval,  on  margined  petioles,  upper  lance- 
oblong  and  lance-linear,  subentire,  sessile ;  hds.  erect,  in  small  fascicles,  in  a 
slender,  elongated,  compound  raceme ;  invol.  strongly  hirsute,  of  7—10  scales 
and  with  11 — 14  flowers ;  pappus  straw-color. — Dry  prairies  and  barrens,  West- 
ern States,  Dr.  Skinner !  common  !  Stem  2 — 4f  high,  nearly  smooth.  Leaves 
3 — 5'  long,  pubescent  or  glabrous.  Raceme  1 — 2f  long.  Fls.  ochroleucous.  Sept. 

81.    TROXIMON.     Nutt. 
Gr.  rpo£(po£ ,  eatable  ;  applied  to  this  genus  with  little  propriety. 

Heads  many-flowered ;  involucre  campanulate,  scales  loosely  imbri- 
cate, lance-ovate,  membranaceous,  in  2 — 3  rows  ;  achenia  oblong- 
linear,  compressed,  glabrous,  not  rostrate  ;  pappus  setaceous,  copious, 
white. — %-  Lvs.  all  radical.  Scape  bearing  a  single,  large,  showy  head 
with  yellow  flowers. 

T.  CUSPIDATUM.  Ph.     (T.  marginatum.  Nutt.} 

Rt.  fusiform ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  margins  tomentose,  often 
undulate  ;  scales  acuminate-cuspidate,  erect,  smooth,  in  2  series,  the  outer  nearly 
equal  to  the  inner. — Prairies,  Wis.,  Lapham,  111.,  Mead,  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mts., 
Nuttall.  Apr.— Jn. 

82.   TARAXACUM.    Desf. 

Gr.  rapcLKTiKOS,  cathartic ;  on  account  of  its  once  celebrated  medicinal  properties. 

Involucre  double,  the  outer  of  small  scales  much  shorter  than  the 
inner,  appressed  row ;  receptacle  naked ;  achenia  produced  into  a 
long  beak  crowned  with  the  copious,  white,  capillary  pappus. — Acau- 
lescent  herbs,  with  runcinate  leaves. 

T.  DENS-LEONIS.  Less.     (Leontodon  Taraxacum.  Linn.}    Dandelion. 

Outer  scales  of  the  involucre  reflexed ;  Ivs.  runcinate,  smooth,  dentate. — 
1}.  In  all  open  situations,  blossoming  at  all  seasons  except  winter.  Leaves  all 
radical,  and  examples  of  that  peculiar  form  termed  runcinate,  that  is,  re-unci- 
nate,  the  teeth  or  claws  inclining  backwards  towards  the  base  of  the  leaf  rather 
than  the  summit.  Scape  hollow,  round,  bearing  a  single  yellow  head.  After 
the  flower  is  closed  and  decayed,  the  scape  rises  higher  and  bears  a  head  of 


LOBELIA.  LXXVI.   LOBELIACE^.  363 

perfected  seeds  and  seed-down,  the  airy,  globular  form  of  which  is  very  con- 
spicuous among  the  tall  grass.  The  leaves  in  spring  furnish  an  excellent  pot- 
herb. April — Nov.  § 

83.   SONCHUS. 
Gh'.  ffon<pos,  hollow  or  soft ;  in  allusion  to  the  tender,  feeble  stem. 

Involucre  imbricate,  of  numerous  unequal  scales,  at  length  tumid 
at  the  base  ;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  of  simple,  copious,  white-silky 
hairs  in  many  series ;  achenia  not  rostrate. — Lvs.  mostly  spinulosc. 
Heads  with  many  yellow  flowers. 

1.  S.  OLERACEUS.  Common  Sow  Thistle. — Lvs.  sagittate-amplexicaul,  runci- 
nate,  subspinulose,  dentate  ;  ped.  downy ;  invol.  at  length  smooth. — (T)  A  sordid 
looking  plant,  native  of  Europe,  naturalized  in  waste  grounds,  among  rubbish, 
&c.  The  whole  plant  has  a  glaucous  hue.  Stem  angular,  hollow,  fragile, 
2 — 3f  in  height.  Leaves  apparently  clasping,  with  large,  retreating  lobes  at 
base,  wavy  and  serrated  in  a  runcinate  manner,  the  teeth  ending  in  weak  spines. 
Involucres  dilated  at  base,  with  yellow  corollas.  Sept.  § 

2.  S.  ASPER.  Vill.     (S.  spinulosus.  Bw.}    Rough  Sow  Thistle. 

St.  glandular-hispid  above;  Irs.  cordate-amplexical,  oblong-lanceolate, 
undulate,  spinulose,  dentate ;  ped.  suburnbellate. — Found  in  similar  situations 
with  the  former,  but  less  common,  U.  S.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  smooth  except  at 
the  summits  of  the  branches,  where  it  is  covered  with  stiff  hairs,  each  support- 
ing a  little  gland  at  top.  Leaves  with  numerous  short,  spiny  teeth,  wavy  or 
slightly  runcinate,  the  upper  ones  clasping  so  as  to  appear  perfoliate.  Scales 
with  few,  scattered  hairs.  Aug.  Sept. 

3.  S.  ARVENSIS.     Corn  Sow  Thistle. 

Rt.  creeping,  perennial;  st.  glabrous,  erect;  Ivs.  runcinate-pinnatifid, 
spinulose-dentate,  cordate-clasping  at  base,  with  short  and  obtuse  auricles; 
panicle  umbellate-corymbose ;  ped.  and  invol.  hispid ;  ach.  somewhat  4-angled, 
the  ribs  transversely  rugulose. — 1\.  Waste  grounds,  naturalized,  Eastern  Mass. 
and  Southern  N.  Y.,  rare.  Stem  angular,  about  2f  high.  Heads  large,  with 
deep  yellow  flowers.  § 

ORDER  LXXVI.     LOBELIACE^.— LOBELIADS. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  a  milky  juice.    Lvs.  alternate,  without  stipules. 

FI'S.  axillary  and  terminal. 

Cal.  superior,  the  limb  5-lobed  or  entire. 

Cor.— Limb  irregular,  5-lobed,  the  tube  inserted  into  the  calyx. 

Sta.  5,  inserted  with  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes. 

Anth.  coherent  into  a  tube.    Pollen  oval. 

Ova.  adherent  to  the  calyx  tube.    Style  simple.    Stig.  surrounded  with  a  fringe. 

Fr.  a  capsule,  2  or  3-(rarely  l-)celled,  many-seeded. 

Most  abundant  in  countries  near  the  tropics,  as  W.  Indies,  Brazil  and  the  Sandwich  Islands,  but  they 
are  found  also  throughout  the  temperate  zones. 

Properties.— All  the  species  are  poisonous,  being  pervaded  by  an  acrid,  narcotic  juice.  The  common 
Indian  tobacco  (Lobelia  inflata)  is  an  exceedingly  active  medicine,  emetic,  sudorific  and  expectorant.  It 
should  be  used,  however,  with  great  caution,  since  "  less  than  a  teaspoonnil  ot  the  seeds  or  the  powdered 
leaves  would  destroy  bfe  in  a  few  hours."  Dr.  Gray.  The  other  species  produce  similar  effects,  but  in  a 
less  degree. 

Genera. 

Corolla  tube  cleft  on  the  upper  side  to  near  the  base,  limb  subbilabiate Lobelia.      1 

Corolla  tube  short,  entire,  limb  bilabiate Clintonia.2 

1.  LOBELIA. 

In  honor  of  Matthias  de  Lobel,  physician  and  botanist  to  James  I.    Died  1616. 

Corolla  tubular,  irregular,  cleft  nearly  to  the  base  on  the  upper 
side ;  stamens  with  the  anthers  united  above  into  a  curved  tube ; 
stigma  2-lobed ;  capsule  opening  at  the  summit ;  seeds  minute. — Her- 
baceous plants,  with  thefls.  axillary  and  solitary r,  or  in  terminal^  bracted 
racemes. 

1.  L.  CARDINALIS.     Cardinal  Flower. 

St.  erect,  simple,  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  finely  serrate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
o  1 


304  LXXVI.   LOBELIACEJE.  LOBELIA. 

sessile ;  fls.  in  a  terminal,  bracted,  secund  raceme ;  sta.  longer  than  the  corolla. 
— A  tall  species  of  superior  beauty,  frequent  in  meadows  and  along  streams, 
Can.  to  Car.,  W.  to  111. !  Stem  2 — 4f  high,  often  quite  glabrous  as  well  as  the 
whole  plant.  Leaves  2 — 4'  by  8 — 15",  usually  denticulate.  Flowers  ^on  short 
pedicels,  few  or  numerous,  in  a  superb,  nodding  raceme.  Bracts  line'ar-subu- 
late,  much  shorter  than  the  flowers.  Corolla  deep  scarlet,  near  2'  in  length. 
Jl.  Aug.  f 

/?.  Whole  plant  glabrous;    Ivs.  entire. — Potsdam,  N.  Y. ! 

y.  Cor.  white,  the  segments  rather  narrower. — Mass. ! 

2.  L.  INFLATA.     Indian  Tobacco. 

St.  hairy,  branched,  erect ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  serrate,  pilose ; 
caps,  inflated. — (£)  In  fields  and  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Root  fibrous.  Stem 
erect,  very  rough,  angular,  simple,  becoming  branched  in  proportion  to  the 
luxuriance  of  its  growth,  10 — 15'  high.  Leaves  elliptical,  sessile,  hairy  and 
veiny.  Flowers  in  leafy  spikes,  axillary,  peduncled.  Corolla  small,  pale  blue, 
leaving  an  oval,  turgid  capsule  in  the  calyx.  July — Sept. — This  plant  is  ren- 
dered famous  by  the  Thomsonian  physicians,  in  whose  practice  it  appears  to 
be  too  indiscriminately  used.  Its  specific  action,  as  above  stated,  is  that  of  a 
violent  emetic.  In  small  doses  it  is  powerfully  expectorant.  To  its  salivating 
property  is  probably  owing  the  driveling  of  horses  in  autumn. 

3.  L.  DORTMANNA.     Dortmann's  or  Water  Lobelia. 

Lvs.  submerged,  linear,  entire,  •  fleshy,  2-celled,  obtuse ;  scape  simple, 
nearly  naked ;  fls.  in  a  terminal  raceme,  remote,  pedicellate,  nodding. — QJ.  A 
curious  aquatic,  growing  in  ponds,  N.  States  to  Ga.,  the  flowers  only  rising 
above  the  water.  Stem  erect,  hollow,  nearly  leafless,  long,  bearing  above  the 
surface  a  raceme  of  3  or  4  remote,  pedicellate  flowers.  Leaves  mostly  radical, 
spreading,  obtuse,  submerged,  having  2  longitudinal  grooves.  Flowers  droop- 
ing, pale  blue.  July. 

4.  L.  SYLPHILITICA.     Blue  Cardinal  flower. 

St.  erect,  simple ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  unequally 
serrate,  somewhat  hirsute ;  roc.  leafy ;  cal.  hispidly  ciliate,  with  the  sinuses  re- 
flexed. — 7J-  A  fine,  showy  plant,  but  inferior  in  beauty  to  L.  cardinalis,  growing 
in  wet  meadows  and  along  streams,  U.  States  and  Can.,  more  common  in  the 
Western  States.  Stem  erect,  2 — 4f  high,  simple,  angular,  with  short  hairs. 
Leaves  lanceolate,  broader  at  base,  acute  at  each  end,  somewhat  erosely  den- 
tate, pilose.  Flowers  large,  on  short  peduncles,  each  solitary  in  the  axil  of  an 
ovate-lanceolate  bract.  Corolla  bright  blue  or  purplish.  Capsule  half  supe- 
rior. July. 

5.  L.  PUBERULA.  Michx.     Downy  Lobelia. 

Pubescent ;  st.  erect,  simple  ;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong  or  elliptical,  obtuse,  sessile, 
repand-denticulate ;  roc.  spicate,  secund  ;  cal.  ciliate,  the  segments  longer  than 
the  tube  of  the  corolla. — %  Native  of  mountains,  &c.,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  Stem  12 — 
30'  high,  scarcely  furrowed.  Leaves  covered  with  a  short,  downy  or  silky  pubes- 
cence, 1 — 2'  inches  in  length  and  half  as  wide,  the  lower  ones  broadest  towards 
the  end.  Flowers  large,  on  very  short  pedicels,  each  solitary  in  the  axil  of  an 
ovate-lanceolate  bract,  forming  a  somewhat  one-sided  raceme,  leafy  below. 
Calyx  hairy  at  base.  Corolla  of  a  bright  purplish-blue.  July. 

6.  L.  SPICATA.  Lam.     (L.  Claytoniana.  MX.    L.  pallida.  MuM.}     Clay- 
ton's Lobelia. — Puberulent ;  st.  erect,  simple ;  Ivs.  oblong,  sessile,  mostly 

obtuse,  obscurely  denticulate,  radical  ones  spatulate ;  fls.  (small)  in  a  long, 
slender  raceme  ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  flowers  or  entire,  subulate  bracts ;  sep. 
subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla. — Ij.  Fields  and  prairies,  Can.  and 
U.  S.  Stem  1J — 2f  high,  somewhat  grooved,  few-leaved,  ending  in  a  long, 
wand-like  raceme.  Flowers  numerous,  crowded,  each  axillary  to  a  short,  incon- 
spicuous bract.  Corolla  pale  blue,  the  palate  bidentate.  Aug. 

7.  L.  KALMIA.     KalmJs  Lobelia. 

Smooth ;  st.  simple,  slender,  erect ;  radical  Ivs.  spatulate,  stem  Ivs.  linear- 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  remotely  denticulate;  roc.  lax,  few-flowered,  leafy ;  fls.  pe- 
dicelled.— A  small  and  delicate  species,  inhabiting  the  rocky  banks  of  streams, 


CAMPANULA.  LXXVII.   CAMPANULACE.E.  365 

Maine,  Miss  Towle !  to  Niagara !  Stem  6 — 12'  high,  commonly  simple.  Leaves 
mostly  linear,  sessile,  an  inch  long  and  I — 2"  wide,  upper  ones  entire,  lower 
with  minute  teeth.  Flowers  remote,  alternate,  on  axillary  pedicels  which  are 
but  little  shorter  than  the  leaf-like  bracts.  Corolla  pale-blue,  the  3  lower  seg- 
ments obovate.  Aug. 

8.  L.  LEPTOSTACHYS.  DC.     Slender-spiked  Lobelia. 

Glabrous ;  st.  erect,  virgate,  simple ;  Irs.  oblong-lanceolate,  minutely 
denticulate,  rather  acute,  sessile ;fls.  subsessile,  small,  in  a  long,  slender  spike; 
col.  segments  lanceolate-acuminate,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla ;  bracts 
lance-linear,  denticulate,  much  longer  than  the  pedicels. — Prairies,  Western 
States !  common.  Stem  1 — &'  high.  Leaves  1 — 3'  by  by  4 — 8".  Raceme  6 — 
12'  in  length,  the  bracts  and  sepals  rather  conspicuous.  Flowers  light  blue. 
Much  resembles  L.  spicata.  July. 

9.  L.  NUTTALLII.  DC.    (L.  gracilis.  Nutt.}    Nuttatt's  Lobelia. 
Glabrous ;  st.  erect,  very  slender,  almost  filiform,  subsimple ;  Ivs.  few  and 

remote,  subentire,  radical  linear-spatulate,  cauline  linear,  rather  acute ;  fls. 
few,  remote ;  pedicels  twice  longer  than  the  corolla  or  the  2  subulate  bracts  at 
base  ;  col.  segments  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla. — An  exceedingly  slender 
plant,  around  sandy  swamps,  N.  J.  !  1 — 2f  high.,  often  branched.  Leaves  6 — 
12"  by  1—1  \".  Pedicels  3—10"  long,  blue  as  well  as  the  flowers.  July,  Aug. 

2.   CLINT  ONI  A.     Douglass. 

Calyx  5-sepaled,  subequal ;  corolla  bilabiate,  lower  lip  cuneate,  3- 
lobed,  upper  erect,  2-parted  ;  stamens  incurved,  united  into  a  tube  ; 
capsule  silique-form,  dry,  chartaceous,  1 -celled,  many-seeded,  dehis- 
cent by  3  strap-shaped  valves. — ®  Procumbent  herbs  with  small  leaves 
and  axillary,  solitary  flowers. 

C.  ELEGANS.  Doug. — Glabrous,  sparingly  branched ;  st.  slender,  angular ;  Ivs. 
sessile,  ovate,  3-veined;  ova.  sessile,  long-acuminate,  triangular,  contorted, 
much  longer  than  the  leaves ;  cor.  blue,  with  a  white  spot  in  the  middle  of  the 
lower  lip. — Native  of  the  Rocky  Mts.,  &c.  A  beautiful  annual,  with  flowers 
of  the  most  brilliant  blue,  f 

ORDER  LXXVII.     CAMPANULACE^.— BELLWORTS. 

Herbs  with  a  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves  and  without  stipules. 

Fls.  mostly  blue,  showy.    Cal.  superior,  generally  5-cleft,  persistent. 

Cor.  regular,  campanulate,  generally  5-cleft,  withering,  valvate  in  aestivation. 

Sta.  inserted  with  the  corolla  upon  the  calyx,  equal  in  number  to,  and  alternate  with,  its  lobes. 

Anth.  Distinct,  2-celled.    Pollen  spherical. 

Ova.  adherent  to  the  calyx,  2  or  more-celled.    Style-  covered  with  collecting  hairs. 

FT.— Capsule  crowned  with  the  remains  of  the  calyx,  loculicidal.    Seeds  many. 

Genera  28,  species  500,  chiefly  abounding  in  the  northern  temperate  zone  and  in  South  Africa.  Of  its 
300  species,  aexjording  to  Alphonse  DeCandolle,  only  19  inhabit  the  torrid  zone.  The  campanulaceae  are 
interesting  chiefly  for  their  beauty,  being  destitute  of  any  important  known  properties. 

Genera. 

Calyx  tube  short.    Corolla  campanulate  or  subrotate Campanula.  1 

Calyx  tube  long,  prismatic.    Corolla  rotate Specularia.  2 

1.    CAMPANULA. 

Lat  campanula,  a  little  bell ;  from  the  form  of  the  flowers. 

Calyx  mostly  5-cleft ;  corolla  campanulate,  or  subrotate,  5-lobed, 
closed  at  base  by  the  broad  valve-like  bases  of  the  5  stamens  ;  stigma 
3 — 5-cleft ;  capsule  3 — 5-celled,  opening  by  lateral  pores. — Mostly  %• 
Fls.  generally  in  racemes,  sometimes  spicate,  or  few  and  axillary 

1.  C.  ROTUNDIFOLIA.     Rock  Bell-flower.     Hair  Bell. 

St.  weak,  slender;  radical  Ivs.  ovate-  or  reniform-cordate ;  cauline  ones 
linear,  entire ;  /Is.  few,  nodding. — An  exceedingly  delicate  plant,  with  blue,  bell- 
shaped  flowers.  On  damp  rocks  and  rocky  streams,  N.  States  and  Brit.  Am. 
Stem  a  foot  or  more  high,  smooth.  The  root  leaves  generally  decay  on  the 
opening  of  the  flowers,  so  that  a  specimen  with  these  (7—10"  by  4—7")  is  rather 


366  LXXVil.    CAMPANULACE^E.  SPKCULAUU. 

rare.     Cauline  leaves  smooth,  linear,  2'  long  and  scarcely  a  line  in  width. 
Flowers  terminal,  in  a  loose  panicle,  drooping.   Root  creeping,  perennial.  Jn.  Jl. 

2.  C.  APARINOIDES.  Ph.     (C.  erinoides.  Michx.)     Prickly  Bell-flower. 

St.  flaccid,  slender,  branching  above,  triangular,  the  angles  inversely  acu- 
leate ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate ;  fls.  terminal. — A  slender  annual,  found  in  wet 
meadows,  Can.  and  Wise. !  to  Ga.  Stem  12 — 18'  high,  its  3  angles  rough 
backwards,  by  means  of  which  it  supports  itself  upright  among  the  grass. 
Leaves  smooth  on  the  upper  surface,  denticulate,  the  margin  and  veins  rough 
backwards.  Flowers  small,  white,  on  thread-like,  flexuous  peduncles  at  the 
top  of  the  stem.  June — Aug. 

3.  C.  AMERICANA.     (C.  acuminata.  Michx.}    American  Bell-flower. 

St.  erect ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  uncinately  serrate,  the  lower 
ones  often  cordate ;  petioles  ciliate  ;  fls.  axillary,  sessile ;  sty.  exsert. — A  tall, 
erect,  ornamental  species  in  fields,  hills,  &c.,  in  Western  N.  Y. !  and  Penn.  to 
111. !  common.  Also  cultivated  in  gardens.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  nearly  smooth. 
Leaves  ending  in  a  long  point,  smooth,  with  fine  teeth.  Flowers  blue,  flat,  on 
short  stalks  or  sessile,  numerous,  solitary  or  several  in  each  upper  axil,  forming 
a  terminal,  leafy  raceme.  Corolla  spreading.  Aug.  j- 

4.  C.  ILLINOENSIS.  Fresen.  in  DC. 

St.  angular,  with  spreading  branches ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  long-acumi- 
nate, sharply  serrate,  reflexed,  upper  ones  hairy ;  fls.  sessile,  1 — 3  together  in 
the  upper  axils ;  cal.  segments  subulate,  serrate  at  base,  spreading ;  cor.  rotate ; 
caps,  prismatic-clavate. — Prairies  of  Illinois.  Stem  3 — 5f  high.  Segments  of 
the  corolla  hairy  outside  near  apex.  Capsule  opening  by  3  pores. 

5.  C.  GLOMERATA.  Clustered  Bell-flower. — St.  angular,  simple,  smooth ;  Ivs. 
scabrous,  oblong-lanceolate,  cordate-sessile,  lower  petiolate  ;  fls.  glomerate,  in  a 
dense  head ;  cat.  lobes  acuminate,  half  as  long  as  the  funnel-shaped  corolla. — A 
European  species,  cultivated  in  gardens,  naturalized  at  Danvers,  Vt.,  Oakcs. 
It  is  a  handsome  plant,  about  2f  high,  with  numerous  bell-shaped  flowers  of  an 
intense  violet-blue,  varying  to  pale  purple.  In  cultivation  it  has  many  varieties.  §f 

G.  C.  MEDIUM. — St.  simple,  erect,  hispid  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  obtusely  serrate,  ses- 
sile, 3-veined  at  base  ;  fls.  erect. — (g)  An  ornamental  border  flower,  from  Ger- 
many, and  of  the  easiest  culture.  Root  biennial.  Stem  several  feet  in  height, 
undivided,  rough  with  bristly  hairs.  Flowers  very  large,  the  base  broad,  limb 
reflexed,  of  a  deep  blue.  Several  varieties  occur  with  double  or  single  flowers, 
of  blue,  red,  purple  and  white  corollas.  June — Sept.  f 

7.  C.  PERSICIFOLIA.     Peach-leaved  Bell-flower. — St.  angular,  erect;  Ivs.  rigid, 
obscurely  crenate-serrate,   radical  oblong-obovate,  cauline  lance-linear;  fls. 
large,  broadly  campanulate. — A  beautiful  species,  native  of  Europe,  with  very 
large,  blue  (varying  to  white)  flowers,  f 

8.  C.  PLANIFLORA.  DC.     (C.  hitida.  Ait.}— Very  glabrous;  st.  simple;  Ivs. 
sessile,  coriaceous,  shining,  radical  crowded,  ovate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  crenu- 
late,  cauline  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  subentire ;  fls.  in  a  spicate  raceme ;  cal. 
lobes  ovate,  acute,  £  as  long  as  the  campanulate-rotate  corolla. — Native  about 
Hudson's  Bay,  Pursh.     A  smooth  species,  with  numerous  blue  flowers,  f 

9.  C.  LANUGINOSA,  with  ovate,  crenate,  rugose  and  somewhat  woolly  leaves  is 
sometimes  cultivated,  and  also  a  few  other  species. 

2.    SPECULARIA.     Heist. 
Lat.  speculum,  a  mirror ;  alluding  to  the  flower  of  S.  speculum. 

Calyx  5-lobed,  tube  elongated  ;  corolla  rotate,  5-lobed  ;  stamens  5, 
distinct,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla,  filaments  hairy,  shorter  than  the 
anthers ;  style  included,  hairy ;  stigmas  3  :  capsule  prismatic,  3- 
celled,  dehiscing  in  the  upper  part. — ®  Fls.  axillary  and  terminal, 
sessile,  erect. 

1.  S.  PERFOLIATA.  Lam.   (Campanula  amplexicaulis.  Mr.  and  of  1st  edit.') 

St.  simple,  rarely  branched,  erect;  Ivs.  cordate,  crenate,  amplexicaul ;  fls. 

sessile,  aggregate,  axillary. — Plant  somewhat  hairy,  a  foot  high,  found  in  fields 


LXXVI1I.  ERICACEAE. 


367 


and  roadsides,  Can.,  N.  Eng. !  to  Ga.  and  111. !  The  strict,  upright  stem,  is 
furnished  with  distant,  short,  alternate,  heart-reniform,  veiny,  stem-clasping 
leaves,  containg  1 — 4  crowded  flowers  in  the  concavity  of  their  upper  surface. 
Flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  the  upper  clusters  larger.  Corolla  blue  or  pur- 
ple, with  spreading  segments,  calyx  segments  acute,  lanceolate.  June,  July. 

2.  S.  SPECULUM.  Venus'  Looking-glass. — St.  diffuse,  very  branching ;  Ivs.  ob- 
long-crenate ;  Jls.  solitary  ;  scales  at  the  base  of  the  corolla  sometimes  wanting. 
— A  pretty  border  flowernamed  from  the  form  of  the  blue  corolla,  which,  resem- 
bles a  little,  round,  concave  mirror  (speculum).  Aug. 


ORDER  LXXVIII.     ERICACEAE.— HEATHWORTS. 

Plants  shrubby  or  suffruticose,  sometimes  herbaceous. 

Lvs.  simple,  alternate  or  opposite,  mostly  evergreen,  entire  or  toothed,  without  stipules. 

Inflorescence  various.     Cal.  inferior  or  superior,  5-  (seldom  4 — C-)  leaved  or  cleft,  rarely  entire. 

Cor.  regular  or  spmewhat  irregular.  4—5-  (rarely  6-)  cleft,  the  petals  rarely  almost  distinct. 

Sta.  Generally  distinct  and  inserted  with  the  corolla.  [appendaged. 

Anth.  as  many  or  twic«  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  2-celled,  generally  opening  by  pores,  often 

Embryo  straight,  lying  in  the  axis  of,  or  in  the  end  of  fleshy  albumen. 

Genera  66,  species  1086,  diffused  throughout  all  countries,  but  comparatively  rare  in  the  torrid  zone.  The 
true  Ericaceae  (Heaths)  are  chiefly  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  there  being  none  in  Asia,  New 
Holland,  and  but  one  or  two  in  America.  The  Tribe  Vaccineae  are  chiefly  natives  of  N.  America. 

Properties.— The  Ericaceae  are,  in  general,  astringent  and  diuretic.  Some  of  them  yield  a  stimulating1 
and  aromatic  resinous  matter.  The  Bearberry,  (Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi)  is  a  well-known  remedy  in 
nephritic  complaints.  An  infusion  of  the  leaves  is  astringent,  demulcent  and  diuretic.  Similar  properties 
are  also  possessed  by  the  Pipsissiwa  (Chimaphila  umbellata).  The  species  of  Rhododendron  and  Kal- 
mia  are  pervaded  by  a  narcotic  principle,  rendering  them  (particularly  their  leaves)  often  actively  poison- 
ous. The  honey  collected  from  their  flowers  by  bees  appears  to  have  been  so  to  some  of  the  soldiers  in 
the  retreat  of  the  immortal  ten  thousand  (Xenophon's  Anabasis).  The  berries  of  the  Vaccineae  (Whor- 
tleberries, Blueberries  and  Cranberries,)  and  of  Gaultheria  procumbens  (spicy  Wintergreen)  are  esculent 
and  wholesome. 


9 


FIG.  48.— 1.  Azalea. procumbens.  2.  A  flower  enlarged.  3.  A  stamen  much  enlarged,  showing  the 
longitudinal  dehiscence  of  each  of  the  cells.  4.  Cross  section  of  a  5-celled  capsule  of  Rhododendron, 
showing  the  inflexed  margins  of  the  valves.  5.  Pyrola  secunda.  6.  A  flower  enlarged.  7.  A  stamen 
enlarged,  showing  the  terminal  tubes  and  pores.  8.  Cross  section  of  a  5-celled,  many-seeded  capsule. 
8.  Gaultheria  procumbens.  10.  A  flower  enlarged.  11.  A  berry.  12.  Vertical  section  of  the  ovary,  show- 
ing the  free,  fleshy  calyx.  13.  Anther  of  Vaccinium  Vitis  Ideae.  14.  Stamen  of  Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi. 
15.  Awned  stamen  of  a  Vaccinium. 


368  LXXVIII.   ERICACEAE.  VACCINIUM. 

Conspectus  of  ihe  Genera. 

(.  Cor.  urceolate.    Erect  undershrubs,     .    Vaccinium.  1 

<                                 t  segments  reflexed.  Oxycoccus.  2 
Ovary  adherent  to  the  Calyx  tube.  (  Cor.  deeply  4-cleft,  \  segments  spreading.  Chiogenes. 

f  Berry  the  matured,  fleshy  calyx.    Seeds  00.        .    Gauttheria.  7 

1  Drupe  the  matured  ovary,  5-seeded.      .        .        .    ArctostaphylusA 

(  opening  betw.  cells(septicidal,  §  115, 1,2).  Menziesia.  6 

4  Sta.  10.  Andromeda.  5 

Capsule  (  op'ng  into  the  cells  (loculicidal).  \  Sta.  8.  Erica.  16 

( anthers  free.    Prostrate  undershrub.    Epigcca.  9 


Shrubs 
verdant, 
erect  or 
prostrate. 

Herbs  .  . 

uoroiia  saiver-iorm,  (  noiuing  tne  antners  in  lupits.  . 
rPetals                 .                                     $  Anth.  opening  by  clefts, 
united.  I  Corolla  funnel  or  bell-form.  (  Anth.  opening  by  pores. 
^  Lvs.deciduou.s,  serra 
\  Caps.S-celled.  £  Lvs.  evergreen,  entir 
Ovary                                   ^  regular  \  Capsule  5-celled 

j\.an>ua. 
Azalea.             11 
Rhododendron.^ 
te.C/ethra.             S 
e.  Leiophyllum.  14 
Ledum.             15 
Rhodora.          12 
Pyrola.             17 
Moneses.           18 
Chimaphila.    19 
Monotropa.      20 
.    Hypopltys.       2t 
.    Pterospora.      22 

.free.     1  Petals  subdistinct,  \  very  irresrular  
(.  Flowers  racemed  
<  Flowers  solitary  
'verdant,  leaves  mostly  all  radical.  (Flowers  corymbed.        .       . 
\  Flower  solitary. 
$  Petals  distinct.  {  Flowers  racemed.     . 
,  destitute  of  leaves  or  verdure.  (  Petals  united.    Flowers  racemed. 

SUBORDER  1.     VACCINEJE. 

Ovary  adherent  to  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  becoming  a  berry  or  drupe- 
like  fruit.     Shrubs  with  scattered  leaves. 

1.  VACCINIUM. 

Calyx  superior,  5-toothed  ;  corolla  urceolate,  campanulate  or  cyl- 
indric,  limb  4 — 5-cleft,  reflexed ;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes 
of  the  corolla,  generally  included  ;  anthers  with  2  awns  on  the  back, 
or  awnless  ;  style  erect,  longer  than  the  stamens  ;  berry  invested  with 
the  calyx,  4  or  5  (rarely  10)-celled,  cells  many-seeded.— Shrubs  or 
undershrubs  with  scattered  Ivs.  Pis.  solitary  or  racemose,  white  or  red- 
dish. Fr.  generally  eatable. 

^  Flowers  racemose.      Corolla  urceolatc,  ovoid  or  oblong-cylindric. 

1.  V.  RESINOSUM.  Ait.     Black  Whortleberry  or  Huckleberry. 

Branches  cinerous-brown,  villose  when  young ;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, rather  obtuse,  entire,  petiolate,  with  resinous  dots  beneath ;  roc. 
lateral,  secund ;  pedicels  short,  subbracteolate ;  cor.  ovoid-conic,  at  length  sub- 
campanulate,  5-angled ;  berries  black. — This  common  shrub  of  our  woods  and 
pastures  is  about  2f  high,  very  branching.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  |  as  wide,  rare- 
ly acute,  shining  beneath  with  resinous  patches  and  spots.  Petioles  1"  in 
length.  Flowers  in  lateral,  dense,  corymbose  clusters,  small,  drooping.  Corol- 
las contracted  at  the  mouth,  greenish  or  yellowish-purple,  longer  than  the  sta- 
mens but  shorter  than  the  style.  Berries  black,  globose,  sweet  and  eatable,  ripe 
in  August.  May. 

/3.  Lvs.  and  berries  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom. 

y.  Lvs.  larger ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  corolla. 

2.  V.  CORYMBOSUM.     (V.  fuscatum.  Ait.}     Blue  Bilberry.     High  Wimilc- 
berry. — Flowering  branches  nearly  leafless  ;  hs.  oblong-oval,  acute  at  each 

end,  mucronate,  subentire,  pubescent  when  young;  roc.  short,  sessile;  cor. 
ovoid-cylindrical. — A  tall  shrub,  4 — 8f  high,  growing  in  shady  swamps  and  by 
mud  ponds.  Branches  few,  the  young  ones  green  or  purplish.  Leaves  smooth 
on  both  sides  except  a  slight  pubescence  on  the  veins  beneath,  tipped  with  a 
glandular  point,  formed  by  the  prolonged  midvein.  Flowers  numerous,  nod- 
ding, generally  appearing  in  advance  of  the  leaves.  Pedicels  shorter  than  the 
corollas,  with  colored  scales  or  bracts  at  base.  Corolla  large  for  the  genus,  pur- 
plish-white, slightly  contracted  at  the  mouth.  Stamens  included.  Style  often 
exserted.  Berries  large,  black,  often  with  a  tinge  of  purple,  subacid.  Jn. 

j3. 1  (V.  dismorphum.  Michx.}  Fls.  and/;-,  much  smaller;  cat.  very  obtuse  ; 
sty.  exserted;  berries  black. — Grows  with  the  other;  frequent! 


VACCINIUM.  LXXVIII.   ERIC  ACE  JE.  369 

3.  V.  VIRGATUM.  Muhl.    (V.  Pennsylvanicum.  DarL  Beck,  and  1st.  edit, 
in  part.}— Blue  Whortleberry. — Branches  angular,  green ;  Ivs.  oblong  or  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  sessile,  mucronate,  often  serrulate,  smooth  and  shining  on  both  sides; 
rac.  numerous,  dense-flowered,  subterminal,  sessile,  mostly  naked ;  cor.  ovoid. 
— Hilly  woods  and  thickets,  N.  Eng. !  to  Va.  W.  to  Wis.  Lapham !    Stem  1 — 
3f  high,  bushy.     Leaves  pale  green,  12 — 18"  by  7 — 10",  often  slightly  pubes- 
cent when  young,  thin,  at  length  very  smooth.     Flowers  in  numerous,  small 
racemes,  on  the  upper,  nakedish  branchlets ;  pedicels  shorter  ("1 — 3")  than  the 
corolla.     Corolla  yellowish  and  reddish-white,  longer  than  me  stamens,  but 
equaling  or  shorter  than  the  styles.     Berries  bluish-black,  sweet.     May,  Jn. 

4.  V.  PENNSYLVANICUM.  Lam.     (V.  tenellum.  Ait.)     Common  Low  Blue- 
berry.— Branches  green,  with  2  pubescent  lines ;  Ivs.  subsessile,  crowded, 

elliptic-oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  minutely  serrulate,  thin,  glabrous  and  shin- 
ing, with  the  veins  beneath  puberulent ;  fls.  in  short,  bracteate,  dense,  subter- 
minal racemes ;  cor.  ovoid-cylindrical. — Thickets  and  pastures  in  hard  soils, 
Can.  to  Penn.,  common  in  N.  Eng.  A  low  under-shrub,  6—12'  high,  growing 
in  dense  patches.  Leaves  8— 12"  by  4 — 6".  Flowers  reddish-white,  3"  long. 
Bracts  mostly  colored.  Berries  large,  blue,  sweet  and  nutritious.  May. 

(3.  Lvs.  dark  green ;  berries  black  and  shining,  destitute  of  bloom. — With  va- 
riety a. 

5.  V.  LiausTRlNUM.  Michx.     Privet  Whortleberry. 

Branches  angular,  slender,  strict,  erect ;  Ivs.  subsessile,  erect,  thick,  lance- 
olate, veiny,  pubescent,  mucronate,  serrulate;  fascicles  sessile;  pedicels  very 
short,  glomerate;  cor.  ovoid-oblong. — Mountains,  Penn.  to  Va.  Pursh,  who  re- 
marks that  the  leaves  are  very  variable,  the  corolla  reddish-purple,  and  the 
berries  black.  May,  June. 

6.  V.  BUXIFOLIUM.  Salisb. 

St.  low  ;  Irs.  obovate,  crenate-aentate,  smooth ;  rac.  axillary  and  terminal, 
dense,  subsessile;  cor.  orbicular-ovoid;  fil.  glandular;  stig.  capitate. — Near 
Winchester,  Va.  Stem  6 — 10'  high.  Corolla  white,  with  purple  lines.  Calyx 
braoteate. 

fy  §  Flowers  solitary.      Corolla  urceolate. 

7.  V.  ULIGINOSUM.     Mountain  Blueberry. 

Procumbent ;  Ivs.  obovate,  very  obtuse,  entire,  smooth,  glaucous  and  veiny 
beneath  ;  fls.  mostly  solitary,  axillary ;  cor.  ovoid-globose,  4-cleft ;  sta.  4 ;  anth. 
awned  at  the  base. — A  low,  alpine  shrub,  White  Mts.  Stems  with  numerous, 
rigid  branches.  Leaves  3"  by  2",  broadest  near  the  apex,  scarcely  petiolate, 
crowded  near  the  ends  of  the  branches,  and  of  a  bluish-green.  Flowers  half 
as  long  as  the  leaves,  subsessile,  sometimes  2  together.  Berries  oblong,  deep- 
blue,  crowned  with  the  style.  June,  July.  (Apr.  May.  Beck.) 

8.  V.  c.ESPiT6suM.  Michx.     Turfy  Vaccinium. 

Dwarf,  caespitose ;  Ivs.  obovate,  attenuate  at  the  base,  thin,  serrate,  reticu- 
late with  veins,  shining;  ped.  subsolitary,  1-flowered;  cal.  very  short;  cor.  ob- 
long, suburceolate ;  pores  of  the  anthers  long-tubular. — White  Mts.,  N.  H.  Oakes, 
N.  tc  Hudson's  Bay.  Stem  a  few  inches  high.  Flowers  numerous,  nodding, 
on  short  pedicels.  Anthers  with  2  long  awns  at  the  back.  Berries  large,  gla- 
brous, blue,  eatable. 

§  §  $  Corolla  campanulate.     Leaves  deciduous. 

9.  V.  STAMINEUM.     (V.  stamineum  and  album.  Ph.)    Deerberry. 
Young^  branches  pubescent ;  Ivs.  oval-lanceolate,  acute,  glaucous  beneath ; 

pedicels  solitary,  axillary,  nodding;  cor.  campanula te-spreading,  segments 
acute,  oblong ;  anth.  exserted,  2-awned  near  the  base. — Dry  woods,  Can.  to 
Flor.  Shrub  2— 3f  high,  very  branching.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  £— £  as  wide, 
broadest  in  the  upper  half,  mostly  rounded  at  base  and  on  very  short  petioles ; 
those  on  the  slender,  flowering  branches  very  much  smaller.  Flowers  on  long, 
slender  pedicels,  arranged  in  loose,  leafy  racemes.  Corolla  white,  spreading, 
stamens  conspicuously  exserted,  but  shorter  than  the  style.  Berries  large, 
greenish-white,  bitter.  May,  June. 
/?.  (V.  elevatum.  Banks.)  las.  pale,  pubescent  beneath  ]fls.  smaller.  N.  J. 


370  LXXVIII.   ERICACEAE.  OXYCOCCUS. 

10.  V.  FRONDOSUM.  Willd.    (V.  glaucum.  Mr.)    Blue  Tangles.    High 
Blueberry. -^-Lvs.  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  entire,  glaucous  beneath,  covered 

with  minute,  resinous  dots ;  rac.  loose,  bracteate ;  pedicels  filiform,  bracteate 
near  the  middle ;  cor.  ovoid-campanulate,  including  the  stamens. — Grows  in 
open  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Car.  A  shrub  3 — 5f  high,  with  round,  smooth  and  slen- 
der branches.  Leaves  twice  as  long  as  wide,  tapering  to  each  end  but  broadest 
in  the  upper  half,  the  margin  slightly  revolute.  Racemes  lateral,  few-flowered. 
Pedicels  5 — 10"  in  length.  Flowers  small,  nearly  globose,  reddish- white,  suc- 
ceeded by  large,  globose,  blue  and  sweet  berries,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom 
when  mature.  May,  June. 

11.  V.  CANADENSE.  Rich.     Canadian  Blueberry. 

Branches  reddish-green,  pubescent,  leafy ;  Ivs.  subsessile,  elliptic-lanceo- 
late or  oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  villose  beneath,  tomentose  on  the  veins  above, 
entire ;  rac.  fasciculate,  sessile,  subterminal ;  corymb  campanulate ;  col.  lobes 
acute. — A  shrub  8 — 12'  high,  not  uncommon  in  rocky  fields  and  thickets,  N.  H. ! 
Me. !  to  Hudson's  Bay  and  to  the  Rocky  Mts.  Leaves  8— 12"  by  3—5".  Flow- 
ers about  3"  long.  Style  and  stamens  included.  Berries  blue  and  sweet,  simi- 
lar to  those  of  V.  tenellum.  May. 

12.  V.  DUMOSUM.  Andrews.    (V.  frondosum.  Michx.   V.  hirtellum.  Bw.~) 
Branchlets,  Ivs.  and  pedicels  sprinkled  with  minute  bristles  and  resinous 

dots  ;  Ivs.  obovate-oblong,  subsessile,  subcoriaceous,  obtuse,  mucronate,  entire  or 
ciliate-serrulate  ;  rac.  bracted  with  small,  floral  leaves ;  pedicels  bracteolate  in 
the  middle ;  cor.  cylindric-campanulate,  including  the  stamens  and  style. — 
Swamps  and  thickets,  Uxbridge,  Mass.  Bobbins !  S.  to  Flor.  A  small  shrub 
If  high,  with  leafy  racemes.  Leaves  about  16"  by  7",  cuneate  at  base,  shining 
but  minutely  hispid  above.  Flowers  white  or  purplish,  each  from  the  axil  of  a 
small,  roundish-ovate  leaf.  Berries  black,  insipid,  large  (shining,  Don., 
hairy,  Bw). 

2.  OXYCOCCUS.     Pers. 

Gr.  o£vs,  acid,  KOKKOS,  berry. 

Calyx  superior,  4-cleft ;  corolla  4-parted,  with  sub-linear,  revolute 
segments  ;  stamens  8,  convergent ;  anthers  tubular,  2-parted,  open- 
ing by  oblique  pores  ;  berry  globose,  many-seeded. — Slender^  prostrate 
shrubs,  with  alternate,  coriaceous  Ivs.  and  eatable  fruit. 

1.  O.  PALUSTRIS.  Pers.     (O.  vulgaris.  Ph.  and  1st.  edit.  Vaccinium  Oxy- 
coccus.  Linn.)     Common   Cranberry. — St.   filiform,  prostrate ;  Ivs.  ovate, 

entire,  revolute  on  the  margin ;  pedicels  terminal,  1-flowered ;  segments  of  the 
corolla  ovate. — A  prostrate  under  shrub,  found  in  alpine  bogs,  Can.  and  N. 
States.  Stems  creeping  extensively,  smooth,  purple,  with  erect  branches. 
Leaves  somewhat  remote,  2 — 3'  long,  and  half  as  wide,  smooth  and  shining 
above,  paler  beneath.  Flowers  several  together  on  the  summits  of  the  branches. 
Pedicels  red,  an  inch  in  length,  with  2  nearly  opposite  bracts  in  the  middle. 
Corollas  light  pink,  the  4  segments  abruptly  reflexed.  Stamens  purple.  Fruit 
smaller  than  in  the  next  species,  crimson,  ripe  in  Oct.  Flowers  in  June. 

2.  O.  MACROCARPUS.  Pers.     (V.  macrocarpon.  Ait.)    Larger  Cranberry. 

St.  creeping,  filiform;  Ivs.  oblong,  scarcely  revolute,  obtuse,  glaucous  be- 
neath ;  pedicels  axillary,  elongated,  1-flowered ;  segments  of  the  corolla  linear-lan- 
ceolate.— A  prostrate,  shrubby  plant,  in  sphagnous  swamps  and  meadows. 
Stems  8 — 15'  in  length,  brown,  with  ascending  branches.  Leaves  numerous, 
4 — 6"  by  2 — 3",  rounded  at  each  end,  on  very  short  petioles,  smooth  both  sides, 
subentire.  Flowers  flesh-colored,  pedicels  5 — 15"  long,  solitary  in  the  axils  of 
the  upper  leaves,  the  4  segments  generally  abruptly  reflexed.  Berry  large,  bright 
scarlet,  ripe  in  Oct.  Flowers  in  June. 

3.  CHIOGENES.     Salisb. 

Gr.  %ton>,  snow,  y£i'of,  offspring;  in  allusion  to  its  evergreen  habit. 

Calyx  4-cleft,  persistent ;  cor.  broadly  campanulate,  limb  deeply  4- 
cleft ;  stam.  8,  included,  anth.  fixed  by  the  base,  the  2  cells  awnless 


ANDROMEDA.  LXXVIII.   ERICACEAE.  371 

on  the  back,  bicuspidate  at  apex,  opening  longitudinally  ;  ovary  ad- 
herent, except  at  the  summit,  4-celled ;  fruit  white,  4-celled,  many- 
seeded. — A  prostrate,  evergreen  under  shrub,  with  alternate  haves.  FLs. 
solitary,  axillary, 

C.  IIISPIDULA.  Gray.    (Vaccinium  hispidulum.  Linn.    Gaultheria  hisp. 

Muhl.  and  1st.  edit.  Phalerocarpus  serpyllifolia.  Don.  Glyciphylla  hisp. 
Raf.  &c.  &c.)  Mountain  Boxberry. — A  delicate  woody  creeper,  in  old  shady 
woods,  mountains,  N.  Eng.  to  Newfoundland,  W.  to  the  R.  Mts.  Stems  ligne- 
ous, slender,  creeping  extensively,  with  numerous  branches,  and  clothed  with 
short,  appressed,  reddish  hairs.  Leaves  numerous,  alternate,  roundish-oval, 
4 — 6"  by  3 — 1",  abruptly  acute,  dark  evergreen  above,  paler  beneath.  Corolla 
white,  its  parts  in  4s.  The  leaves  and  white  berries  have  an  agreeable  spicy 
flavor  like  those  of  Gaultheria  procumbens.  May,  June. 

SUBORDER  2. — E  RICIXE^. 

Ovary  free  from  the  calyx.     Testa  conformed  to  the  nucleus  of  the 
seed.     Mostly  shrubs.     Leaves  often  evergreen. 

4.    ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.    Adans. 

Gr.  apKTOf,  a  bear,  ora^vXoj,  a  cluster  of  grapes ;  that  is,  bear-berry. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent ;  corolla  ovoid,  diaphanous  at  the  base, 
limb  with  5  small,  recurved  segments ;  drupe  with  a  5-celled  puta- 
men,  the  cells  1 -seeded. —  Trailing  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves. 

1.  A.  UVA-URSI.  Spreng.    (Arbutus  Uva-ursi.  Linn.') 

St.  procumbent;  Ivs.  entire,  obovate,  smooth,  alternate,  on  short  petioles, 
evergreen,  coriaceous,  shining  above,  paler  beneath ;  fls.  in  short,  terminal, 
drooping  clusters  ;  drupe  globular,  about  as  large  as  a  currant,  deep  red,  nearly 
insipid,  the  nucleus  consists  of  5  bony  seeds  firmly  united  together. — A  shrub 
growing  on  mountains,  in  the  N.  States  and  British  America.  Stem  prostrate 
except  the  younger  branches,  which  arise  3 — 8'.  The  leaves  are  about  an  inch 
in  length,  2 — 3"  wide,  often  spatulate  in  form ;  medicinally  they  are  astringent, 
and  much  valued  in  nephritic  complaints. 

2.  A.  ALPINA.  Spreng.    (Arbutus  alpina.  Linn.y    Alpine  Bear-berry. 
Procumbent ;  Ivs.  thin,  deciduous,  obovate,  acute,  serrate,  ciliate  when 

young ;  fls.  in  short,  terminal  racemes ;  bracteoles  ovate,  broad,  ciliate,  about 
equaling  the  pedicel. — On  the  alpine  regions  of  the  White  Mts.,  Robbins.  Flow- 
ers white.  Berries  black. 

5.    ANDROMEDA. 

Named  for  Andromeda  of  ancient  fable. 

Calyx  minute,  5-parted,  persistent ;  corolla  ovoid-cylindric ;  the 
limb  5-cleft.  reflexed  ;  stamens  8 — 10  ;  capsule  5-celled,  5-valved,  the 
dissepiments  produced  from  the  middle  of  the  valves. — Shrubs  pros- 
trate or  erect.  Lvs.  mostly  alternate. 

§  1 .  Col.  naked.    Caps,  valves  bifid.  Minute  evergreen  shrubs.  CASSIOPE. 

1.  A.  HYPNolDES.     (Cassiope.   G.  Don.")    Moss-like  Cassiope. 

St.  filiform,  spreading ;  Ivs.  evergreen,  subulate,  smooth,  crowded ;  ped. 
solitary,  terminal ;  cor.  globose,  campanulate. — One  of  the  smallest  and  most 
delicate  of  shrubs,  a  tree  in  miniature,  resembling  some  of  the  mosses,  found 
on  the  alpine  summits  of  the  White  Mts. !  Stems  woody,  much  branched  at 
base,  2 — 3'  high.  Leaves  minute,  evergreen,  spirally  arranged,  and  so  closely 
as  to  conceal  the  stems.  Flowers  small,  but  large  in  proportion,  nodding ;  pe- 
duncles colored,  smooth,  round,  an  inch  long  in  fruit.  Calyx  purple.  Corolla 
light  red,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  lobes  erect.  Stamens  included.  June. 
32 


372  LXXVIII.   ERICACEAE.  ANDROMEDA. 

§  2.    Cal.  bracteate  at  base.    Capsule  valves  double.  Lvs.  evergreen, 
entire.     CASSANDRA. 

2.  A.  CALYCULATA.    (Cassandra.  G.  Don.)    Bracted  Cassandra. 

Erect ;  Ivs.  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  obsoletely  serrulate,  subrevolute,  ferrugi- 
nous beneath;  roc.  terminal,  leafy,  subsecund. — An  evergreen  shrub,  2 — 4f 
high,  flowering  early,  in  wet  situations,  Can.  and  most  of  the  U.  S.  The  leaves 
are  coriaceous,  shining,  dotted,  about  an  inch  long  and  half  as  wide,  those  of 
the  racemes  not  half  as  large.  Flowers  numerous,  20 — 30  in  each  raceme, 
white,  each  from  the  axil  of  a  small  leaf.  Calyx  double,  the  outer  of  2  bracts, 
the  inner  of  5  acute  sepals.  April,  May. 

$  3.  Cal.  naked.  Anth.  2-awned.  Lvs.  evergreen,  revolute.  EUANDROMEDA. 

3.  A.  POLIPOLIA.     Marsh,  Andromeda.     Wild  Rosemary. 

Erect;  Ivs.  entire,  linear-lanceolate,  coriaceous,  revolute  on  the  margins, 
glaucous  beneath ;  fls.  subglobose,  in  a  dense,  terminal  corymb.— A  beautiful 
evergreen  shrub,  1 — 2f  high,  growing  by  the  side  of  ponds  and  in  swamps,  N. 
Eng.  to  Wise.  Lapham!  N.  to  Arc.  Am.  Leaves  very  smooth,  2 — 3'  long  and 
less  than  £'  wide,  on  very  short  petioles,  dark  green  and  smooth  above,  bluish- 
white  beneath.  Flowers  in  pendulous  clusters.  Calyx  white,  tipped  with  red. 
Corolla  rose-colored.  June. 

§  4.    Cal.  naked.  Anthers  Pawned.  Leaves  mostly  deciduous.    ZENOBIA. 

4.  A.  RACEMOSA.     (Zenobia.  G.  Don.)     Clustered  Zenobia. 

l/vs.  oval-lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous,  serrulate;  rac.  terminal,  secund 
elongated,  sometimes  branched;  cal.  acute;  eor.cylindric;  anth.  4-awned  at  the 
summit. — A  shrub  4 — 6f  high,  growing  in  wet  woods,  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Ky. 
It  is  remarkable  for  its  naked  racemes,  2 — 4'  in  length,  consisting  of  about  a 
dozen  flowers,  which  are  arranged  in  a  single  row,  with  much  regularity. 
Leaves  1 — 2'  in  length,  £  as  wide,  minutely  notched.  Pedicels  short,  with  two 
ovate-acuminate  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  colored  calyx.  Corolla  white,  4  or  5 
times  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Anthers  2-cleft,  about  half  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Jn.  Jl. 

$  5.  Cal.  naked.  Anthers  aivnless.    Caps,  valves  simple.    Leaves 
(mostly)  deciduous.     LEUCOTHOE. 

5.  A.  MARIANA.     (Leucothoe.   G.  Don.)    Maryland  Lcucothoe. 
Glabrous ;  Ivs.  oval,  subacute  at  each  end,  flat,  entire,  subcoriaceous,  paler 

beneath ;  flowering  branches  leafless ;  pedicels  fasciculate  ;  calyx  lobes  linear,  foli- 
aceous  ;  cor.  ovate-cylindric ;  sta.  10;  fll.  villous. — Woods  and  dry,  sandy  soils, 
N.  J.  to  Flor.,  common.  A  beautiful  shrub,  2 — 3f  high,  with  very  smooth, 
deciduous  foliage,  and  large,  white  or  pale  red  flowers.  Capsule  depressed-glo- 
bose. Seeds  angular.  June,  July. 

§  6.  Corolla  subglobose.    Capsule  with  5  supernumerary  valves.    LYONIA. 

6.  A.  LiousTRlNA.  Muhl.     (Lyonia  paniculata.  Nutt.)     Panicled  Lyonia. 

Pubescent ;  Ivs.  obovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  finely  serrulate ;  fls.  some- 
what paniculate,  in  terminal,  leafless  racemes ;  anth.  awnless. — A  deciduous 
shrub,  4 — 8f  high,  in  swamps,  &c.,  Middle  and  Southern  States.  Leaves  ab- 
ruptly acuminate,  paler  beneath,  2- — 3'  long  and  nearly  half  as  wide,  on  short 
petioles.  Flowers  small,  nearly  globose,  white,  in  dense  panicles,  succeeded 
by  globular  capsules.  June. 

§  7.    Sepals    acuminate.      Capsule  pyramidal^  pentangular.     Leaves 

acid.       OXYDENDRON. 

7.  A.  ARBOREA.     (Oxydendron.  DC.    Lyonia.  Don.)     Sorrel  Tree. 
Arborescent ;  branches  terete ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  oblong,  acuminate,  serrate ; 

panicles  terminal,  consisting  of  numerous  spicate  racemes ;  fls.  pedicellate,  •• 
secund,  spreading,  at  length  reflexed  ;  cor.  ovate-oblong,  pubescent  externally. — 
Ohio,  Penn.,  along  the  Alleghany  Mts.Jo  Flor.  A  fine  tree,  40— 50f  high, 
trunk  10—15'  diam.  Bark  thick  and  deeply  furrowed.  Leaves  4 — 57  by  H — 2', 
villous  when  young,  at  length  smooth,  with  a  distinctly  acid  taste.  Flowers 
white.  Capsule  pyramidal,  5-sided.  June,  July,  f 


EPIQJSA.  LXXVIII.   ERICACEAE.  373 

G.    MENZIESA.    Smith. 

In  honor  of  Menzies,  companion  of  Vancouver  in  his  voyage  round  the  world. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft ;  corolla  ovoid  4 — 5  cleft;  stamens  8 — 10, 
inserted  into  the  receptacle ;  capsule  4 — 5-celled,  the  dissepiments 
made  by  the  introflexed  margins  of  the  valves ;  seeds  many. — Low, 
heath-like,  shrubby  plants,  with  evergreen  leaves. 

\.  M.  TAXIFOLIA.  Robbins.   (M.  coerulea.  Swartz.   Phyllodoce  tax.  Salisb, 

Andromeda  tax.  Pall.  Andromeda  coerulea.  Linn.}  Mountain  Heath. — 
St.  prostrate  at  base ;  Ivs.  linear,  obtuse,  with  minute,  cartilaginous  teeth ;  ped. 
terminal,  aggregate,  one-flowered ;  fls.  campanulate,  decandrous ;  cal.  acute. — 
A  small  shrub,  a  few  inches  high,  found  on  the  summit  of  the  White  Mts.  It 
resembles  a  Heath  in  its  flowers  and  some  of  the  fir  tribe  in  its  leaves  and 
stems.  Stem  decumbent  at  base,  with  crowded,  scattered  leaves  above,  which 
are  5 — 7"  in  length.  Flowers  drooping,  purple,  at  the  top  of  the  highest  branch, 
on  colored  peduncles.  Calyx  in  5  segments,  purplish.  Corolla  of  5  segments, 
emarginate,  rather  longer  than  the  stamens.  July. 

2.  M.  GLOBULARIS.  Salisb. 

Branches  and  pedicels  with  scattered  hairs ;  Ivs.  oval-lanceolate,  ciliate 
above  and  on  the  veins  beneath,  apex  tipped  with  a  gland;  cal.  4-cleft;  cor. 
globose  ;  sta.  8 ;  caps.  4-celled,  4-valved. — Mountains  Penn.  to  Car.  Abundant 
near  Winchester,  Va.  Pursh.  Shrub  4f  high.  Flowers  yellowish-brown,  nod- 
ding and  mostly  solitary  on  each  terminal  pedicel.  June. 

7.   GAULTHERIA.    Kalm. 

Named  for  one  Gaulthier,  a  French  physician  at  Quebec. 

Calyx  5-cleft  with  2  bracts  at  the  base  ;  corolla  ovoid-tubular,  limb 
with  5  small,  revolute  lobes  ;  filaments  10,  hirsute  ;  capsule  5-celled, 
invested  by  the  calyx  which  becomes  a  berry. — Suffruticose.  mostly 
American  plants.  Lvs.  alternate,  evergreen.  Pedicels  bibracteolate. 
G.  PROCUMBENS.  Box-berry.  Checker-berry.  Wintergreen. 
St.  with  the  procumbent  branches  erect  or  ascending ;  Ivs.  obovate,  mucro- 
nate,  denticulate,  crowded  at  the  top  of  the  stem ;  fls.  few,  drooping,  terminal. — 
A  little  shrubby  plant,  well  known  for  its v  spicy  leaves  and  its  well-flavored 
scarlet  berries.  Common  in  woods  and  pastures,  Can.  to  Penn.  and  Ky.  The 
branches  ascend  3'  from  the  prostrate  stem,  or  rhizoma,  which  is  usually  con- 
cealed. Leaves  thick,  shining,  acute  at  each  end,  with  remote  and  very  obscure 
teeth.  Corolla  white,  contracted  at  the  mouth.  Filaments  white,  bent  towards 
the  corolla.  Fruit  well  flavored,  consisting  of  the  capsule  surrounded  by  the 
enlarged  calyx,  which  becomes  of  a  bright  scarlet  color.  June — Sept. 

8.   CLETHRA.     Gaert. 

Gr.  name  of  the  alder,  which  these  plants  somewhat  resemble. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent ;  petals  5  ;  stamens  10,  exserted ;  style 
persistent ;  stigma  3-cleft ;  capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  enclosed  by  the 
calyx. — 'Shrubs  and  trees.    Lvs.  alternate,  petiolate.    Fls.  white,  racemose. 
C.  ALNIFOLIA.     Sweet-pepper  Bush. 

Lvs.  cuneiform-obovate,  acute,  acuminately  serrate,  green  on  both  sides, 
smooth  or  slightly  pubescent  beneath ;  fls.  in  terminal,  elongated,  simple  or 
branched  racemes ;  bracts  subulate. — A  deciduous  shrub,  4 — 8f  high,  growing 
in  swamps.  Leaves  2 — 3'  long,  £  as  broad  above,  with  a  long,  wedge-shaped 
base,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole.  Racemes  3 — 5'  long.  Peduncles  and  calyx 
hoary-pubescent,  the  former  3"  in  length,  and  in  the  axil  of  a  bract  about  as 
long.  Corolla  white,  spreading,  about  equaling  the  stamens  and  styles.  Jl.  Aug. 

9.  EPIG^EA. 

Gr.  errt,  upon,  and  yr),  the  earth ;  from  its  prostrate  habit. 

Calyx  large,  5-parted,  with  3  bracts  at  base  ;  corolla  hypocrateri- 


374  LXXV1II.    ERICACEAE.  AZALEA. 

form,  tube  villous  within,  limb  5-parted,  spreading;  stamens  10; 
anthers  dehiscent  by  2  longitudinal  openings ;  capsule  5-celled,  5- 
valved. — Suffruticose.  trailing.  Lvs.  evergreen.  *'' ". 

E.  REPENS.     Trailing  Arbutus.     May  Flower. 

Lvs.  cordate-ovate,  entire ;  cor.  tube  cylindrical. — 1\.  Woods,  Newfound- 
land to  Ky.  and  Penn.  This  little  shrubby  plant  grows  flat  upon  the  ground, 
10 — 15'  in  length,  covered  with  a  hairy  pubescence  in  all  its  parts.  Leaves 
alternate,  2 — 2£'  by  !£',  roundish  at  the  end  and  abruptly  tipped  with  a  very 
short  point.  Flowers  very  fragrant,  white  or  tinged  with  various  shades  of  red, 
in  small  clusters  on  short  stalks.  Calyx  green,  supported  by  3  large  bracts  at 
base.  Tube  of  the  corolla  hairy  within,  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  border  in  5, 
rounded,  spreading  segments.  Apr.  May. 

10.  KALMIA. 

Named  by  Linnaeus  in  honor  of  Peter  Kalm,  prof  at  Abo,  Finland. 

Calyx  5-parted ;  corolla  with  1 0  prominences  beneath  and  1 0  cor- 
responding cavities  within,  including  the  10  anthers;  border  5-lobed ; 
filam.  elastic ;  capsule  5-celled,  many-seeded. — Beautiful  shrubs,  na- 
tives of  N.  America.  Lvs.  entire,  evergreen,  coriaceous.  Fls.  in  racemose 
corymbs,  white  and  red. 

1.  K.  LATIFOLIA.     Mountain  Laurel.     Calico  Bush. 

Lvs.  alternate  and  ternate,  oval-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  smooth  and 
green  on  both  sides ;  corymbs  terminal,  viscidly  pubescent. — One  of  our  most 
beautiful  shrubs,  sometimes  attaining  the  height  of  a  small  tree.  It  is  found  in 
all  the  Atlantic  States  from  Maine  to  Georgia,  and  W.  to  Ohio  and  Ky.  in 
woods.  The  wood  is  usually  very  crooked,  fine-grained  and  compact.  'The 
leaves  are  2 — 3'  long,  smooth  and  shining,  acute  at  each  end  and  entire.  Flow- 
ers in  splendid  corymbs,  white  or  variously  tinged  with  red,  abundant.  The 
corolla  has  a  short  tube  with  a  spreading  limb  9 — 10"  diam.  and  a  5-lobed  mar- 
gin. Leaves  narcotic,  and  poisonous  to  some  animals.  May,  June. 

2.  K.  ANGUSTIFOLIA.     Narrow-leaved  Laurel.     Sheep-poison. 

Lvs.  ternate  and  opposite,  elliptic-lanceolate,  obtuse  at  each  end,  smooth ; 
corymbs  lateral ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate. — A  beautiful  little  shrub,  smaller  than 
the  foregoing,  2 — 4f  in  height,  in  marshes  and  by  ponds,  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to 
Ky.  The  leaves  are  acutely  and  narrowly  elliptic,  with  rounded  ends,  entire, 
smooth,  1 — 2'  long  and  £  as  wide,  on  short  petioles.  The  flowers  are  of  a  deep 
purple,  growing  in  small,  axillary  fascicles  and  apparently  whorled  among  the 
leaves,  in  structure  resembling  those  of  the  last  species,  but  about  half  as  large. 
Bracts  minute,  about  3  at  the  base  of  each  pedicel.  This  is  also  said  to  be  poi- 
sonous to  cattle.  June. 

3.  K.  GLAUCA.     Glaucous  Kalmia.     Swamp  Laurel. 

Branches  ancipitous ;  Ivs.  opposite,  subsessile,  lanceolate,  polished,  glau- 
cous beneath,  revolute  at  the  margin ;  corymbs  terminal,  the  peduncles  and  bracts 
smooth. — A  delicate  shrub,  2f  high,  found  in  swamps,  &c.,  Penn.,  Ky.,  N.  Eng. 
N.  to  Arc.  Am.  Stem  slender,  the  branches  rendered  distinctly  2-edged  by  an 
elevated  ridge  extending  from  the  base  of  each  opposite  leaf  to  the  next  node 
below.  Leaves  smooth  and  shining,  white  underneath,  about  an  inch  in  length. 
Flowers  8 — 10  in  each  corymb.  Corolla  about  \'  diam.,  pale  purple.  Calyx 
red,  as  is  also  the  very  slender  peduncle.  At  the  base  of  each  peduncle  is  a  pair 
of  concave,  obtuse  bracts.  June. 
B.  rosmarinifolia.  Leaves  linear,  more  revolute,  green  beneath. 

11.  AZALEA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  lobes  equal ;  cor.  subcampanulate,  5-parted,  regu- 
lar ;  sta.  equal,  erect,  shorter  than  the  corolla ;  anth.  dehiscing  late- 
rally from  the  apex  ;  ovary  roundish  ;  sty.  straight,  included ;  cap- 
sule 2 — 3-celled,  2 — 3-valved,  many-seeded. — A  little  branching,  pro- 


RHODODENDRON.  LXXVIII.   ERICACEAE.  375 

cumbent  shrub,  with  opposite,  petiolate,  evergreen,  entire  Ivs.     Pedicels 
terminal,  solitary,  I -flowered.      Cor.  rose  color. 

A.  PROCUMBENS.     (Loiscleuria.  Dcsv.     Rhododendron.  1st  edit.') 
An  exceedingly  delicate  shrub,  native  on  the  alpine  summits  oi  the  White 
Mts.,  N.  H. !     Stems  3 — 6'  long,  very  branching  and  leafy.     Leaves  elliptical, 
thick,  shining,  not  more  than  3"  By  1",  margin  strongly  revolute.    Flowers 
glabrous,  on  very  short,  purple  pedicels,  in  the  midst  of  the  leaves.    Jn.  Jl. 

12.   RHODORA. 

Gr.  poSov,  a  rose ;  the  shrub  bears  only  flowers  at  flowering  time. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  persistent ;  cor.  adnate  to  the  calyx,  deeply  divided 
into  3  segments,  upper  one  much  the  broadest,  2 — 3-lobed  at  the 
apex,  in  aestivation  enfolding  the  2  lower,  entire  segments  ;  sta.  10, 
declinate  ;  fil.  unequal ;  anth.  opening  by  2  pores ;  caps.  5-celled,  5- 
valved ;  cells  many-seeded  ;  dissepiments  formed  by  the  introflexed 
margins  of  the  valves. — A  shrub  with  deciduous,  alternate  leaves,  and 
pale  purple  flowers. 

R.  CANADENSIS.     (Rhododendron  Rhodora.  Don.) 

A  handsome,  flowering  shrub,  in  bogs,  mountain  or  plain,  Can.  to  Penn., 
frequent.  Stems  2 — 3f  high,  clothed  with  a  smooth  brown  bark,  each  dividing 
at  top  into  several  erect,  flowering  branches.  Each  branch,  while  yet  naked  of 
foliage,  bears  a  terminal  cluster  of  3 — 5  sessile  flowers.  Corolla  1'  long,  about 
equaling  the  deflected  stamens  and  style.  Leaves  obovate-oblong,  downy- 
canescent  beneath.  Apr.  May. 

13.  RHODODENDRON. 

Gr.  fiotiov,  arose,  dsvfyov,  a  tree. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  persistent ;  cor.  infundibuliform  or  cam- 
panulate,  regular  or  irregular,  5-lobed  ;  sta.  5 — 10,  mostly  declinate 
and  exserted;  anth.  opening  by  2  terminal  pores;  capsule  5-celled, 
5-valved,  opening  at  the  summit :  dissepiments  introflexed  from  the 
margin  of  the  valves. — Shrubs  with  alternate,  entire,  evergreen  or  decidu- 
ous leaves.  Fls.  mostly  in  terminal,  corymbose  clusters.  Cor.  variously 
shaded  from  blue  through  purple  to  white. 
§  1.  Corolla  infundibuliform,  tube  long,  cylindric,  more  or  less  viscid ; 

limb  unequal,  spreading  ;  stamens  5  or  6.  Lvs.  deciduous.    AZALEA. 

1.  R.  NUDIFLORUM.  Torr.     (Azalea  nudiflora.  Linn.}     Swamp  Pink. 
Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate  and  oblanceolate  ;  fls.  rather  naked,  slightly  viscid ; 

lube  of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  lobes  ;  sta.  much  exserted. — A  beautiful  and 
fragrant  flowering  shrub,  4 — 6f  high,  rather  frequent  in  the  forests  and  thickets 
of  the  Northern  States  as  well  as  the  Southern.  Stems  crooked,  much  branched. 
Leaves  2 — 3'  by  1J',  margins  ciliate,  upper  surface  with  minute,  scattered  hairs, 
lower  paler  and  pubescent,  with  the  mid  vein  hispid.  Flowers  appearing  before 
the  leaves  are  fully  grown,  in  rather  naked  umbels.  Pedicels  6—8"  long. 
Calyx  minute,  with  rounded,  ciliate  segments.  Corolla  tube  8 — 10''  in  length, 
hairy,  and,  with  the  spreading,  unequal  limb  variously  shaded  from  pale  pink 
to  purple.  Stamens  purple,  declinate,  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Style  nearly 
3  times  as  long.  It  varies  in  the  number  of  stamens,  color  of  corolla,  &c. 
Apr.  May.  -f 

2.  R.  VISCOSUM.  Torr.     (Azalea  viscosa.  Linn.')    Clammy  Swamp  Pink. 
Lvs.  obovate  and  oblong-lanceolate  ;  fls.  accompanied  with  leaves,  very 

viscid ;  tube  of  the  corolla,  twice  as  long  as  the  lobes  ;  sta.  a  little  exserted. — Less 
frequent  than  the  last,  in  rocky  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Ky.  Shrub  4 — 6f 
high,  much  branched  above,  the  branches  hispid.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long  and  about 
half  as  wide,  smoothish,  hispid,  ciliate  on  the  petiole  midvein  and  margin. 
32* 


376  LXXVII1.   ERICACEAE.  RHODODENDRON. 

Flowers  fragrant,  in  terminal  umbels,  on  hairy  pedicels,  not  appearing  until 
the  leaves  are  fully  grown.     Calyx  minute  and  ciliate.    Corolla  white,  tube  an 
inch  in  length,  clothed  with  glandular  hairs,  and  very  clammy,  limb  unequal. 
Stamens  and  style  declined,  the  latter  longest.    May,  June,  -f 
/?.  glaucum.  Ph.     (Azalea  glauca.  Lam.)    Lvs.  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath. 

3.  R.  NITIDUM.  Torr.     (Azalea  nitida.  Linn.)     Shining  Swamp  Pink. 
Lvs.  oblanceolate,  coriaceous,  smooth  both  sides,  shining  above,  margins 

revolute  ;  fls.  accompanied  with  leaves,  viscid ;  tube  much  longer  than  the  seg- 
ments ;  sta.  exserted. — In  mountain  swamps,  N.  Y.  Starrs !  to  Va.  Shrub  3 — 6f 
high,  with  nearly  smooth  branches.  Leaves  dark  green  above,  1 — 2'  in  length, 
J  as  wide,  roundish  and  submucronate  above,  tapering  at  the  base  into  very  short 
petioles,  midvein  hispid  beneath.  Flowers  large,  pale  pink,  fragrant.  "  Tube 
an  inch  or  more  long,  glandular-hairy.  Pedicels  £'  long.  Calyx  segments  ob- 
solete. Style  2'  long.  Jn.  Jl. 

4.  R.  CALENDULACEUM.  Torr.    (Azalea  calendulacea.  MX.)   Flame  Azalea. 

Branchlets  subvillose ;  fas.  oblong,  attenuated  to  the  base,  mucronate,  pu- 
bescent both  sides,  ciliate  on  the  margin  ;  corymbs  nearly  leafless ;  cal.  teeth 
oblong ;  tube  of  the  cor.  hirsute,  not  viscid,  shorter  than  the  lobes. — A  splendid 
flowering  shrub,  in  mountains  and  woods,  Penn.  to  Ohio,  Sullivant!  and  Ga. 
Stems  3 — 6f  high.  The  leaves  at  flowering  time  are  about  3'  by  !£'  or  smaller. 
Flowers  large  and  numerous,  the  corolla  2J'  in  length,  limb  expanding  nearly 
2',  usually  yellow  and  bright  crimson,  showing  at  distance  like  flame.  May. — 
Cultivation  has  produced  numerous  varieties,  of  every  shade  from  golden-yel- 
low to  dark  crimson,  single  and  double,  f 

5.  R.  ARBORESCENS.  Torr.     (Azalea  arborescens.  Ph.)     Tree  Azalea. 

Branches  smooth ;  Ivs.  obovate,  obtuse,  both  sides  glabrous,  glaucous  be- 
neath, margin  ciliate,  veins  nearly  glabrous ;  corymbs  leafy ;  cal.  lobes  oblong, 
acute ;  cor.  tube  not  viscid,  longer  than  the  lobes ;  sta.  and  sly.  exsert. — Rivulets 
near  the  Blue  Mts.,  Penn.,  Pursk.  Shrubs  10— SOf  high.  Flowers  large,  rose 
color,  scales  of  the  flower-buds  large,  yellowish-brown,  with  a  fringed,  white 
border.  May — Jl. 

6.  R.  HispiDUM.  Torr.     (A.  hispida.  Ph.)     Hispid  Azalea. 

Branches  hispid ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  each  end,  hispid  above, 
glabrous  beneath,  glaucous  both  sides,  ciliate,  midvein  beneath  hispid;  corymbs 
leafy;  pedicels  glandular-pilose;  cal.  teeth  oblong,  obtuse;  cor.  very  viscid,  tube 
scarcely  longer  than  the  lobes ;  sta.  and  sly.  exsert. — Shrub  of  a  bluish  appear- 
ance, very  upright,  10 — 15f  high,  mountains  and  lake  shores,  N.  Y.  and  Penn. 
Pursh.  Flowers  white,  bordered  with  red,  tube  reddish-white.  Stamens  often 
10.  Jl.  Aug. 

7.  R.  FLAVUM.  Don.  (Azalea  pontica.  Linn.)  Yellow  Azalea. — Lvs.  oblong- 
obovate ;  rac.  corymbose,  with  deciduous  bracts ;  cor.  viscid-pilose  without,  not 
leafy ;  sta.  exsert,  declinate. — Native  of  the  Caucasian  Mts.  A  splendid  shrub, 
with  golden-yellow  flowers,  varying  to  orange,  copper-color  or  ochroleucous.  f 

§  2.  Corolla  campanulate,  tube  short,  smooth,  lobes  rounded-obtuse,  spread- 
ing.    Leaves  coriaceous,  evergreen. 

8.  R.  MAXIMUM.     American  Rose  Bay. 

Lvs.  obovate-oblong,  smooth,  coriaceous,  discolored  beneath,  subrevolute 
on  the  margin ;  corymbs  terminal ;  cor.  somewhat  campanulate,  unequal ;  pet. 
roundish. — A  splendid  flowering  shrub,  not  uncommon  in  N.  England,  but  most 
abundant  in  the  Middle  States.  The  stems  are  crooked,  6 — 15f  or  more  in 
height.  The  3roung  leaves  are  downy,  becoming  very  smooth  when  full  grown 
and  4 — 7'  long,  entire,  thick  and  leathery,  permanent,  remaining  on  the  stem  2 
or  3  years.  Corymbs  15 — 20-flowered,  in  the  midst  of  the  evergreen  leaves. 
At  first  each  cluster  appears  in  the  form  of  a  large  compound  bud  enveloped  in 
numerous  bracts.  These  bracts  are  near  an  inch  long,  abruptly  acuminate. 
Corolla  pink  or  rose-colored,  sometimes  dotted  with  yellow,  1£ — 2'  diam.  The 
wood  is  hard  and  fine  grained.  July,  Aug. 
/?.  album.  Ph.  (R.  Purshii.  Don.)  Cor.  white,  segments  oblong-obtuse. 


ERICA.  LXXVII1.   ERICACEAE.  377 

9.  R.  LAPPONICUM.  Wahl.  (Azalea  Lapponica.  Linn.)  Lapland  Rhodo- 
dendron.— Dwarf;  Ivs.  elliptical,  roughened  with  excavated  punctures ;  fls. 
in  terminal,  leafy  clusters,  carnpanulate,  limb  spreading,  5-lobed ;  sta.  5,  ex- 
serted. — An  erect" shrub  8 — 10'  high,  native  of  the  White  Mts. !  Branches  nume- 
rous, with  a  rough  bark.  Leaves  about  5"  by  2J",  acute,  with  an  obtuse  angle, 
revolute,  ferruginous  beneath,  all  fasciculated  at  the  summits  of  the  branches. 
Flowers  7 — 9"  diam.  Peduncle  bracted  at  base.  Calyx  pubescent.  Corolla 
deep  purple,  regular,  lobes  roundish,  as  broad  as  the  leaves.  Style  very  long, 
ascending.  June,  July. 

10.  R.  ARBOREUM.  Smith. — St.-  arborescent;   Ivs.  lanceolate,  glabrous,  with 
shining  white  spots  beneath ;  fls.  densely  corymbose ;  caps,  pubescent,  8 — 10- 
celled. — A  most  beautiful  tree  or  shrub,  from  the  Himmaleh  Mts.    Flowers 
purple,  red,  white,  cinnamon-color,  &c.  f 

11.  R.  PONTICUM. — Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuated  to  each  end,  smooth 
and  scarcely  paler  beneath  ;  corymbs  short,  terminal ;  cor.  campanulate-rotate ; 
col.  lobes  subacute,  very  short.— From  Asia  Minor.    Flowers  large,  often  2' 
diam.,  purple — but  in  cultivation  very  variable,  f 

12.  R.  INDICUM.  Sweet.     (Azalea  Indica.  Linn.} — Branchlets,  petioles,  veins 
and  sepals  strigose,  but  not  glandular ;  Ivs.  cuneate-lanceolate,  ciliate,  acumi- 
nate at  each  end ;  fls.  terminal,  1 — 3  together,  on  short  pedicels. — From  Java. 
Flowers  scarlet,  purple,  crimson,  flame-color,  &c.,  in  cultivation  very  brilliant,  f 

14.    LEIOPHYLLUM.     Pers. 
Gr.  \eioS)  smooth,  0vXXoj>,  leaf. 

Calyx  5-parted,  equaling  the  length  of  the  capsule  ;  pet.  5,  ovate- 
oblong;  sta.  10,  exserted  ;  fil.  subulate;  cells  of  anthers  dehiscing 
by  a  lateral  cleft ;  ovary  globose  ;  sty.  filiform  ;  caps  5-celled,  5-valved, 
many-seeded. — Small,  smooth  shrubs,  with,  erect  branches.  Lvs.  alter- 
nate, entire,  oval,  coriaceous.  Corymbs  terminal.  Fls.  white. 

L.  BUXIFOLIUM.  Ell. 

St.  erect ;  Ivs.  oval  or  obovate,  subsessile  ;  caps,  glabrous. — Pine  barrens, 
N.  J.  to  Car.  Shrub  8—12'  high,  much  branched.  Leaves  4—5"  by  2  or  3", 
very  smooth  and  shining,  margin  strongly  revolute.  Flowers  numerous  and 
small.  May,  June. 

15.  LEDCTM. 

Calyx  minute,  4-toothed ;  corolla  5-pefcaied,  spreading ;  stamens 
5 — 10,  exserted;  anthers  opening  by  2  terminal  pores ;  capsule  5- 
celled,  5-valved,  opening  at  the  base. — Shrubs.  Lvs.  alternate,  ever- 
green, entire,  ferruginous-tomentose  beneath,  coriaceous.  Fls.  in  terminal 
corymbs,  white. 

L.  PALUSTRE  (andL.  latifolium.  Ait.')    Labrador  Tea. 

Lvs.  elliptic-oblong  or  oblong-linear  ;  sta.  5 — 10,  more  or  less  exserted. — 
Mountain  bogs,  Penn.  to  Lab  and  Greenland,  White  Mts. !  Not  uncommon. 
A  shrub  2 — 3f  high,  readily  known  by  its  leaves,  which  are  smooth  above, 
clothed  beneath  with  a  dense,  ferruginous  down,  and  strongly  revolute  or  repli- 
cate at  the  margin.  The  petioles  and  the  younger  twigs  are  also  covered  with 
down.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  nearly  £  as  wide.  Corymbs  terminal,  of  about  a 
dozen  flowers.  Petals  5,  white.  Pedicels  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Sta- 
mens 5 — 10,  as  long  as  the  petals.  Style  somewhat  declined.  July. 
0.  angustifolium.  Lvs.  narrower,  almost  linear ;  sta.  mostly  10. 

16.   ERICA. 

Gr.  epiKb),  to  break;  in  allusion  to  the  brittleness  of  the  branches  and  stems. 

Calyx  4-cleft ;  cor.  tubular,  globose,  ovoid,  urceolate,  campanulate 
or  hypocrateriform,  limb  short,  4-lobed  ;  stam.  8  ;  style  filiform  ;  caps. 
4,  rarely  8-celled,  4-valved,  loculicidal ;  seeds  2 — 00  in  each  cell, 


378  LXXVIII.   ERICACEAE.  PYROLA. 

affixed  to  the  axillary  placentae,  usually  conformed  to  the  smoothish 
or  shining  testa. — European,  or  chiefly  South  African  shrubs,  branch- 
ing, mostly  brittle.  Lvs.  linear,  acerose,  margin  revolute,  verticillate, 
rarely  alternate.  Fls.  axillary,  solitary,  verticillate,  or  terminal,  corym- 
bose or  capitate,  mostly  nodding.  Cor.  of  the  cyanic  series,  from  purple 
through  red  to  white,  very  rarely  orange  or  yellow. 

Ofts.— Of  this  vast  and  beautiful  genus,  429  species  are  described  by  Mr.  Bentham  in  the  Prodromus  of 
DC.,  Part  vii.,  pp.  613—693.  All  these  species  have  been  cultivated  in  Europe, and  many  in  this  country, 
but  their  successful  culture  is  attended  with  more  care  than  that  of  most  other  plants,  and  they  have 
never  as  yet  received  general  attention.  To  describe  so  few  species  as  the  limits  of  this  work  would 
permit,  where  BO  many  are  rarely  and  none  generally  met  with,  would  be  of  little  satisfaction  to  the 
student. 

SUBORDER  3.— P  Y  R  O  L<  E  JE . 

Ovary  free  from  the  calyx.    Petals  nearly  distinct.    Fruit  a  capsule. 
Mostly  herbaceous. 

17.   PYROLA.    Salisb. 

Lat.  diminutive  from  Pyrus;  as  the  leaves  (of  P.  elliptica)  resemble  those  of  the  pear-tree. 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  pet.  5,  equal;  sta.  10;  anth.  large,  pendulous, 
fixed  by  the  apex,  2-horned  at  base,  opening  by  2  pores  at  top  ;  sty. 
thick ;  stig.  5-rayed,  5-tubercled  at  apex  ;  caps.  5-celled,  5-valved, 
opening  at  the  angles,  many-seeded. — Low,  scarcely  suffruticose,  ever- 
green herbs.  Lvs.  radical  or  nearly  so,  entire.  Scape  mostly  racemose. 
§  1.  Stamens  ascending.  Style  declinate,  longer  than  the  petals. 

1.  P.  ROTUNDIFOLIA.     R&und-leaved  Pyrola. 

Lvs.  orbicular-ovate,  entire  or  crenulate,  shorter  than  the  dilated  petiole; 
scape  3-angled  ;  segments  of  the  cal.  lanceolate,  acute  ;  stig.  clavate,  obscurely  5- 
toothed. — Common  in  woods,  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Wise.  Leaves  all  radical, 
round  or  inclining  to  ovate,  nearly  2'  in  diameter,  smooth  and  shining,  with 
conspicuous,  reticulate  veins.  Petioles  margined,  as  long  as,  and  sometimes 
much  longer  than,  the  leaf.  Scape  6 — 12'  high,  bracteate  at  base  and  in  the 
middle.  Flowers  drooping,  large,  fragrant,  white,  in  an  oblong,  terminal  raceme. 

2.  P.  ASARIFOLIA.  Michx.     Asarum-leaved  Pyrola. 

Lvs.  renifbrm-orbicular,  coriaceous,  entire  or  crenulate,  shorter  than  the 
dilated  petiole;  scape  angular,  furrowed;  roc.  lax,  many-flowered;  segments,  of 
tJie  cal.  ovate,  acute,  appressed;  stig.  clavate,  with  the  disk  elongated  and  5- 
lobed. — In  old  woods,  Can.  and  N.  States.  Leaves  all  radical,  1J — If  diam., 
smooth  and  shining,  conspicuously  cordate  at  base,  longer  than,  but  not  twice 
as  long  as,  the  margined  petioles.  Scape  5—10'  high,  purplish,  bracteate  at 
base  and  near  the  middle,  racemose  one  half  its  length.  Flowers  nodding,  re- 
mote, large,  deeply  tinged  with  purple  in  all  their  parts.  Style  of  about  the 
same  length  and  curvature  as  pedicel.  June. 

3.  P.  CHLORANTHA.  Swartz.     Green-flowered  Pyrola. 

Las.  orbicular,  crenulate,  half  as  long  as  the  narrow  petiole ;  roc.  few- 
flowered  ;  segments  of  the  cal.  very  short,  obtuse  ;  pet.  oblong ;  pores  of  the  anth. 
tubular;  stig.  clavate,  with  the  disk  elongated,  and  5-lobed. — In  woods,  Can. 
and  N.  States,  common.  Leaves  smaller  than  in  either  of  the  preceding  species, 
often  perfectly  orbicular,  but  more  frequently  inclining  to  ovate,  £ — 1'  diam., 
smooth,  shining,  coriaceous.  Petioles  1 — 2'  long.  Scapes  erect,  angular,  8 — 12' 
high,  bearing  a  long,  open  raceme.  Flowers  nodding,  large,  remote,  pedicels  J' 
long,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  very  short  bract  Petals  greenish- white.  Anther 
tubes  conspicuous.  June,  July. 

4.  P.  ELLIPTICA.  Nutt.     Pear-leaved  Wintergreen. 

Lvs.  elliptical,  membranaceous,  obscurely  dentate,  longer  than  the  peti- 
oles; scape  mostly  naked;  cal.  small,  with  ovate,  obtuse  segments;  pores  of  the 
anth.  short,  tubular. — In  woods,  Can.  and  N.  States  to  Wise.  Leaves  1—2' 
long,  more  than  half  as  wide,  mostly  acute  and  subentire,  thin,  smooth  and  light. 


CHIMAPHILA.  LXXVIII.   ERICACE^.  379 

green.  Scape  5 — 9'  high,  slender,  seldom  bracteate,  bearing  short  racemes. 
Flowers  nodding,  very  fragrant.  Pedicels  longer  than  the  bracts,  but  only  half 
as  long  as  the  declinate,  recurved  style.  Petals  white.  July.  (See  Appendix.} 

§  2.  Stamens  erect.     Style  straight. 

5.  P.  SECUNDA.     One-sided  Pyrola. 

Lvs.  ovate,  acute,  subserrate,  longer  than  the  petiole;  rac.secund. — In  dry 
woods,  Can.  and  N.  States.  Stem  2 — 3'  high,  bearing  one  or  two  fascicles  of 
leaves  near  the  summit.  Leaves  broadly  ovate,  acute  at  each  end,  with  ap- 
pressed,  pointed  serratures.  Petioles  1'  long.  Peduncles  scape-like,  5 — 7  high, 
bearing  a  1-sided  cluster  of  10 — 15  greenish-white  flowers.  Petals  oblong,  . 
shorter  than  the  style.  June,  July. 

6.  P.  MINOR.     Smaller  Pyrola. 

Lvs.  roundish-ovate,  coriaceous,  repand-crenulate ;  petiole  dilated  at  base, 
shorter  than  the  lamina;  rac.  subspicate  ;  bracts  equaling  or  exceeding  the  pedi- 
cel; col.  lobes  short,  subacute;  sty.  included;  s^g-.  5-lobed. — White  Mts.,  N.  H., 
Mich,  and  Brit.  Am.  Scape  angular.  Leaves  mucronulate  at  apex.  Corolla 
globose,  white,  slightly  tinged  with  purple. 

18.  MONESES.    Salisb. 

Calyx  5-parted;  cor.  5-parted,  rotate ;  sta.  10,  regular,  2-spurred 
at  base,  at  length  inverted,  opening  by  2  pores  at  apex  ;  sty.  rigid  ; 
stig.  peltate,  radiately  5-cleft  or  lobed  ;  caps.  5-valved,  5-celled,  many- 
seeded. — %•  Low,  simple,  smooth.  Lvs.  at  top  of  the  stem  roundish,  crenu- 
late,  petiolate,  veiny.  Peduncle  terminal,  one-flowered,  longer  than  the 
stamens.  Fls.  white. 

M.  GRANDIFLORA.  Salisb.     (Pyrola  uniflora.  Linn,  and  1st  edit.') 
Woods,  among  mosses,  &c.,  Keene,  N.  H.,  Bigelow.  Dexter,  Jeff.  Co., 
N.  Y.,  Vasey!  Brit.  Am.    Root  creeping.    Stem  ascending,  very  short.    Leaves 
7 — 9"  diam.     Scape  or  peduncle  about  3'  high,  slender,  with  a  bract  near  the 
middle.    Flower  9"  diam.    June. 

19.   CHIMAPHILA. 

Gr.  %£«^a,  winter,  <f>i\eo},  to  love;  equivalent  to  the  English  name,  Wintergreen. 

Calyx  5-parted;  pet.  5,  spreading;  sta.  10;  fil.  dilated  in  the 
middle  ;  anth.  as  in  Pyrola ;  sty.  short,  thick ;  caps.  5-celled,  open- 
ing from  the  summit ;  seeds  00. — Small,  suffruticose,  evergreen  plants, 
with  the  habit  of  Pyrola.  Lvs.  cauline,  serrate,  evergreen,  opposite  or 
irregularly  verticillate.  Fls.  terminal. 

1.  C.  UMBELLATA.  Nutt.     (Pyrola.  Linn.)     Prince's  Pine.     Pipsissiwa. 

Lvs.  cuneate-lanceolate,  serrate,  in  4s — 6s  ;  fls.  corymbose ;  bracts  linear- 
subulate  ;  sty.  immersed  in  the  ovary. — 7J_  In  dry  woods,  flowering  in  July. 
A  common  and  beautiful  evergreen,  N.  Eng.  to  Ohio  1  and  Can.  Leaves  in  2 
or  more  irregular  whorls,  2 — 3'  long,  i  as  wide,  remotely  and  distinctly  serrate, 
on  short  petioles,  coriaceous,  shining,  of  a  uniform  dark  green  color.  Pedun- 
cle terminal,  erect,  3 — 4'  long,  bearing  4 — 7  light  purple  flowers  on  nodding 
pedicles  8"  long.  Both  this  and  the  following  species  are  tonic  and  diuretic. 
Bio.  July. 

2.  C.  MACULATA.  Pursh.    (Pyrola.  Linn.)    Spotted  Wintergreen. 

Lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rounded  at  base,  remotely  serrate,  discolored, 
opposite  or  in  3s ;  ped.  corymbose,  2 — 3-flowered ;  fil.  woolly. — Can.  to  Car., 
Ohio,  in  sandy  woods.  Habits  much  like  the  last,  but  it  is  readily  distinguished 
by  its  variegated  leaves.  Stem  3 — 4'  high.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  £  as  wide, 
marked  with  a  whitish  line  along  the  midvein  and  veinlets.  Flowers  purplish- 
white,  on  nodding  pedicels.  June,  July. 


380  LXXVIII.    ERICACE^S.  PTEROSPORA. 

SUBORDER  4.— M  ONOTROPEJB. 
Ovary  free  from  the  calyx.     Leafless  herbs,  destitute  of  verdure. 

20.   MONOTROPA. 
Gr.  JJLOVOS,  one,  Tf>Eiru,  to  turn ;  term  inapplicable,  as  the  genus  is  now  modified. 

Calyx  represented  by  1 — 3  bracts  ;  pet.  5,  erect,  persistent,  gib- 
bous at  base  ;  sta.  10  ;  fil.  persistent,  alternating  with  10  reflexed  ap- 
pendages of  the  torus  ;  stig.  orbicular,  naked  ;  caps.  5-celled. — Para- 
sitic herbs.  St.  or  scape  l-flowered,  scentless. 

M.  UNIFLORA.     Indian  Pipe.     Bird's-nest. 

St.  short ;  scales  approximate  ;  /.  nodding ;  /;-.  erect. — Common  in  woods, 
Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  111.  A  small,  succulent  plant,  about  6'  high,  yellowish- 
white  in  all  its  parts.  Stem  furnished  with  sessile,  lanceolate,  semi-transpa- 
rent leaves,  or  bracts,  and  bearing  a  large,  terminal,  solitary  flower.  Common 
in  woods,  near  the  base  of  trees,  on  whose  roots  it  is  said  to  be  parasitic.  Jn. 

21.   HYPOPITYS.     Dill. 

Gr.  7J7ra>,  under,  KITVS,  a  pine  tree  ;  its  place  of  growth. 

Sepals  4 — 5,  colored  ;  pet.  as  many  as  sepals,  a  little  longer  and 
of  the  same  color,  erect,  deciduous,  gibbous  at  base;  sta.  8 — 10;  fil. 
subulate,  persistent ;  anth.  2-celled,  small ;  stig.  discoid,  umbilicate  ; 
caps.  4 — 5-celled,  4 — 5-valved,  many-seeded. — Parasitic  herbs,  of  a 
tawny  white.  Root  scaly.  St.  simple.  Fls.  racemed,  lateral  ones  tetra- 
merous,  terminal  one  pentamerous. 

1.  H.  MULTIFLORA.  Scop.     (H.  Europsea.  Don.    Monotropa.  Linn.') 
Pet.,  sta.  and  sty.  hirsute ;  caps,  oval-oblong. 

/?.  Americana.  DC.  (H.  Europaea.  Nwtt.)  Plant  smaller,  yellowish-brown. — 
In  pine  woods,  Can.,  Penn.,*Car.,  DC.  Is  not  this  rather  a  variety  of  the  fol- 
lowing 1  It  seems  to  be  lost  to  recent  botanists. 

2.  H.  LANUGINOSA.     (Monotropa.  Michx.  and  1st  edit.}     Pine  Sap. 
Plant  clothed  with  a  velvet-like  pubescence ;  pedicels  much  longer  than 

the  flower ;  caps,  subglobose.— Woods,  N.  Y. !  Can  to  Car.  W.  to  Wise. !  The 
whole  plant  is  of  a  tawny  white,  similar  to  the  last.  The  root  is  a  tangled  mass 
of  fibres.  Sc"a"pe  6 — 10' high,  with  many  concave  scales,  covered  with  down. 
Flowers  7 — 12,  in  a  terminal  raceme,  yellowish,  drooping  at  first,  becoming 
erect.  Pedicels  1 — 2"  long,  bracts  and  flowers  3  times  as  long.  Only  the  ter- 
minal flower  is  generally  decandrous ;  the  lateral  ones  have  8  stamens  and  4 
petals.  Woods.  Aug. 

22.    PTEROSPORA. 

Gr.  irrepos,  a  wing,  <rrropa,  a  seed ;  alluding  to  the  winged  seeds. 

Calyx  5-parted;  corolla  roundish-ovoid,  the  limb  5-toothed  and  re- 
flexed  ;  stamens  10 ;  anthers  peltate,  2-celled,  2-awned ;  capsule  5- 
celled,  5-valved  ;  seeds  very  numerous,  minute,  winged  at  the  apex. — 
^1-  Plant  leafless,  brownish-red.  Fls.  racemed. 

P.  ANDROMEDEA.  Nutt.     (Monotropa  procera.  Ea.~)    Albany  Beech-drops. 

In  various  parts  of  N.  Y. !  and  Vt.,  rare.  First  discovered  by  Dr.  D.  S.  C. 
H.  Smith,  near  Niagara  Falls,  1816.  Scape  12— 30'  high,  dark  purple,  clothed 
with  short,  viscid  wool.  Raceme  6—12'  long,  with  50  or  more  nodding  flowers. 
Pedicels  irregularly  scattered,  6 — 8"  long,  axillary  to  long,  linear  bracts.  Co- 
rolla shorter  than  the  pedicels,  somewhat  campanulate,  open  at  the  throat, 
white,  tipped  with  red  at  the  summit.  July. 


PRINOS.  LXXIX.   AQ.UIFOLIACE.a3.  381 

ORDER  LXXIX.     AQUIFOLIACEJE.— HOLLYWORTS. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  evergreen,  alternate  or  opposite,  simple,  coriaceous,  exstipulate  leaves. 

Fls.  small,  white  or  greenish,  axillary,  solitary  or  clustered,  sometimes  dioecious. 

Cal.—  Sepals  4—6,  imbricate  in  aestivation. 

Cor.  regular,  4— 6-cleft  or  parted,  hypogynous,  imbricate  in  estivation. 

Sta.  inserted  into  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  segments.    Anth.  adnate. 

Ova.  free  from  the  calyx,  2— 6-celled,  with  a  solitary,  suspended  ovule  in  each  cell. 

Fr.  drupaceous,  with  2—6  stones  or  nucules.    Albumen  large,  fleshy. 

Genera  11,  species  110,  natives  of  America  and  S.  Africa,  only  one,  Ilex  (the  Holly),  being  found  in 
Europe. 

Properties.-— The  bark  and  leaves  of  Prin9S  verticillatus  (black  alder)  are  eminently  astringent  and 
tonic,  as  well  as  those  of  the  holly.  The  berries  are  emetic  and  purgative.  The  leaves  of  Prinos  glaber, 
and  Ilex  Paraguensis  are  used  for  tea. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

<,  Petals  united,  mostly  hexamerous Prinos.  3 

(  unarmed.  I  Petals  distinct,  mostly  pentainerous.  Nemopantnw.2 

Leaves  ijspinose,  evergreen,  coriaceous. Hex.  1 

1.  ILEX. 

The  ancient  Lat.  name  of  the  Holm  Oak,  the  derivation  uncertain. 

Calyx  4 — 5-toothed,  persistent;  corolla  subrotate,  4 — 5-parted; 
stamens  4 — 5 ;  stigmas  4 — 5,  subsessile,  united  or  distinct ;  berry 
4 — 5-seeded. — Shrubs  and  trees.  Lvs.  alternate  and  spinose-dentate. 

Fls.  often  cf  9  by  abortion. 

I.  OPACA. 

Lvs.  evergreen,  oval,  acute  at  end,  with  strong,  spinous  teeth,  coriaceous, 
smooth  and  shining;  fascicles  of  fls.  lax,  peduncles  compound;  col.  teeth  acute; 
/r.  ovate  ;  fls.  small,  greenish- white. — A  tree  of  middle  size,  quite  generally  dif- 
fused throughout  the  U.  S.  from  Mass. !  to  La.  It  is  chiefly  interesting  for  its 
foliage,  which  is  of  an  exceedingly  rich,  shining,  perennial  green.  The  flowers 
appear  in  June,  in  scattered  clusters  at  the  base  of  the  older  branches,  and  the 
fertile  ones  are  succeeded  by  red  berries  which  remain  until  late  in  autumn.' 
The  wood  is  fine  grained  and  compact,  useful  in  turnery,  &c. 

2.    NEMOPANTHUS.     Raf. 

Gr.  vrjfia,  thread,  irovs,  foot-stalk,  ai>-9-o?  ;  that  is,  a  flower  on  a  filiform  peduncle. 

Calyx  minute  ;  petals  5,  distinct,  linear,  oblong  ;  stamens  5  ;  ovary 
hemispherical ;  stigmas  3 — 4,  sessile  ;  fruit  a  3 — 4-celled,  subglobose 
berry. — Shrub,  with  alternate,  entire,  deciduous  leaves.  Fls.  mostly 
dicecw-polyga?nous  by  abortion. 

N.  CANADENSIS.  Raf.     (Ilex.  Michx.)     Canadian  Holly. 

Lvs.  deciduous,  oval,  very  entire,  smooth,  mucronate-pointed ;  ped.  nearly 
solitary,  very  long ;  fr.  somewhat  4-sided. — A  shrub,  4 — 6f  high,  with  smooth 
branches,  growing  in  damp  or  rocky  woods,  Can.,  N.  Eng. !  to  Mich.  Leaves 
oval  or  ovate-oblong,  about  2'  long,  on  petioles  f  as  long.  The  flowers,  grow- 
ing on  long,  slender,  axillary  peduncles  which  are  seldom  divided,  are  small, 
greenish-white.  Segments  of  the  corolla  acute,  long  as  the  stamens.  Ovary 
of  the  barren  flowers  pointed,  of  the  fertile  with  a  4-lobed  stigma.  Berries  dry, 
red.  May,  June. 

3.   PRINOS. 

Gr.  Trptw,  to  saw;  alluding  to  the  serrated  leaves. 

Flowers  often  cf  9  or  &  $  9  ;  calyx  mostly  6-cleft ;  cor.  6-parted ; 
sta.  4 — 6 ;  berry  roundish,  much  longer  than  the  calyx ;  seeds  bony, 
convex  on  one  side,  angular  on  the  other. — Shrubs.  Lvs.  alternate. 
Pedicels  axillary,  \-flowered. 

1.  P.  VERTICILLATUS.    (P.  Gronovii.  Michx.}    Winter  Berry.    Black  Alder. 

Lvs.  deciduous,  oval,  serrate,  acuminate,  pubescent  beneath;  fls.  axillary, 
the  fertile  ones  aggregate,  the  barren  subumbellate. — This  shrub  is  found  in 
moist  woods  or  swamps,  Can.  and  most  of  the  States,  usually  growing  about 


382  LXXX.    EBENACEvE.  DIOSPYROS. 

8f  high.  Leaves  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  petiole,  uncinately  serrate,  with 
prominent,  pubescent  veins  beneath.  Flowers  white,  dioecious,"  small,  in  im- 
perfect umbels  or  heads,  sometimes  monoecious.  Berries  scarlet,  in  little 
bunches  (apparently  verticillate),  roundish,  6-celled  and  6-seeded,  permanent.  Jl. 

2.  P.  AMBIGUUS.  Michx.     Dubious  Winter  Berry. 

Lvs.  deciduous,  oval,  entire,  acuminate  at  both  ends;  parts  oftliejls.  in 4s, 
the  sterile  ones  crowded,  the  fertile  solitary. — A  shrub  or  small  tree,  8 — 15f 
high,  in  wet  grounds,  Mid.  States.  B.ark  whitish,  smooth.  Leaves  elliptic-oval, 
mucronate-pointed,  petiolate,  subpubescent  beneath,  1 — 2'  long  and  half  as  wide. 
Flowers  polygamous,  4 — 5-cleft,  the  fertile  ones  on  long  peduncles.  June. 

3.  P.  LJEVIGATUS.    Pursh. 

Lvs.  deciduous,  lanceolate,  appressed-serrulate,  glabrous  on  both  sides, 
shining  above,  minutely  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath ;  fls.  hexamerous,  9 
axillary,  subsessile,  ^  scattered,pedicellate. — In  swamps  and  marshes,  Northern 
and  Western  States !  S.  to  N.  J.  Shrub  6 — 91  high,  with  grayish  and  warty 
branches.  Leaves  2—3'  by  8 — 12",  acute  at  each  end ;  petioles  6 — 10"  long. 
Flowers  mostly  solitary,  the  sterile  on  pedicels  near  1'  long,  the  iertile  pedicels 
scarcely  \  as  long.  Berries  large,  red.  June. 

4.  P.  LANCEOLATUS.    Pursh. 

Lvs.  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  finely  and  remotely  serrulate,  glabrous 
both  sides;  tf  flowers  aggregated,  triandrous,  9  generally  in  pairs,  peduncu- 
late, 6 — numerous ;  berries  small,  scarlet. — Barrens  and  marshes,  Western  (fiid- 
fallj  and  Southern  States !  Shrub  6 — 8f  high. — 1  am  wholly  unacquainted  with 
this  species  as  a  western  plant,  but  have  specimens  collected  in  N.  J.  1  by  Dr. 
Robbins.  The  leaves  are  paler  beneath,  2 — 3'  (including  the  petiole  3 — 6")  by 
| — 1 1',  veins  beneath  pubescent,  ferruginous.  Pedicels  of  the  barren  flowers 
are  J'  long,  of  the  fertile  %'  long.  June. 

5.  P.  GLABER.     Ink  Berry.     Evergreen  Prinos. 

Lvs.  evergreen,  coriaceous,  cuneate-lanceolate,  glabrous,  shining,  serrate 
at  the  end. — A  beautiful  shrub  3 — 4f  high,  found  in  swamps,  Mass.  !  R.  I. !  to 
N.  Y.  and  Car.  Leaves  very  smooth,  leathery,  shining,  1 — !£'  by  5 — 7",  broad- 
est above  the  middle.  Pedicels  subsolitary,  1 — 3-flowered.  Flowers  white, 
mostly  6-parted.  Berries  roundish,  black  and  shining.  June,  July. 


ORDER  LXXX.     EBENACEJE.— EBONADS. 

Trees  or  shrubs  without  milky  juice  and  with  a  heavy  wood. 

Lvs.  alternate,  exstipulate,  coriaceous,  entire.    Inflorescence  axillary. 

Fls.  by  abortion  dioecious,  seldom  perfect.     Col.  free,  3 — 6-cleft,  divisions  nearly  equal,  persistent. 

Cor.  regular,  3— 6-c|eft,  often  pubescent,  imbricate  in  aestivation. 

Sta.  twice  or  four  times  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla, 

Ova.  with  3  or  more  cells.    Style  with  as  many  divisions. 

Fr.  a  fleshy,  oval  or  globose  berry. 

Genera  9,  species  160,  mostly  natives  of  the  Indies  and  the  tropics,  one  only  being  found  as  for  north  as 
New  York. 

Properties.— Diospyrus  is  remarkable  for  the  hardness  and  dark  color  of  the  wood.  Ebony  is  the  wood 
of  D.  Ebenus,  Ebenaster,  and  other  species,  natives  of  Africa.  The  fruit  of  the  species  below  is  eatable 
when  fully  ripe,  although  extremely  bitter  and  astringent  before  maturity.  The  bark  is  eminently  febri- 
fugal and  astringent. 

DIOSPYROS. 

Gr.  Atos  nvpos,  the  fruit  of  Jove ;  the  fruit,  although  excellent,  hardly  merits  the  name. 

Fls.  c?  9.  Cal.  4 — 6-lobed;  cor.  tubular  or  campanulate,  4 — 6- 
cleft,  convolute  in  aestivation.  cT  sta.  8 — 50,  mostly  16  ;  fil.  shorter 
than  the  anthers  ;  ova.  abortive  ;  sty.  0.  9  sta.  mostly  8,  without 
anthers;  sty.  2 — 4-cleft;  berry  ovoid  or  globose,  4 — 12,  mostly  8- 
celled,  cells  1 -seeded. — A  large  genus  of  shrubs  or  trees:  mostly  tropical. 

D.  VIRGINIANA.     Persimmon  Tree. 

Lvs.  elliptic,  abruptly  acuminate,  entire,  smooth,  petiole,  veins  and  mar- 
gin puberulent ;  rac.  axillary,  3 — 1 -flowered,  pedicels  shorter  than  the  flowers ; 
cat.  4-parted ;  sta.  8. — In  woods,  lat.  42°  to  La.,  frequent.  A  shrub  or  small 


LXXX1I.   PRIMULACEjfc. 


383 


tree  at  the  North,  a  tree  of  large  dimensions  at  the  South.  Leaves  3 — 5'  long, 
entire,  glaucous  beneath.  Flowers  obscure,  psde  greenish-yellow,  the  fertile 
ones  succeeded  by  a  round,  orange-red  fruit  as  large  as  the  garden  plum,  and 
containing  6—8  stony  seeds.  They  are  rendered  sweet  and  palatable  by  the 
frost,  although  very  austere  when  green.  The  bark  is  tonic  and  astringent.  Jn. 


ORDER  LXXXI.     STYRACACE^E. 

Tiees  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  simple  leaves  destitute  of  stipules. 

Fls.  or  racemes  solitary,  axillary,  bracteate. 

Cat.  5,  rarely  4-lobed,  imbricated  in  .aestivation. 

Cor.  5,  rarely  4  or  6-lobed,  imbricated  in  aestivation. 

Sta.  definite  or  00,  unequal  in  length,  usually  cohering.    Anth.  innate,  2-celled. 

Ova.  adherent,  2— 5-celled,  the  partitions  sometimes  hardly  reaching  the  centre. 

Fr.  drupaceous,  generally  with  but  one  fertile  cell.    Sds.  5—1. 

Genera  6,  species  115,  sparingly  distributed  through  the  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  of  both  conti- 
nents, only  a  few  in  colder  latitudes.  Stnrax  and  benzoin,  two  fragrant  gum  resins,  regarded  as  stimu- 
lant and  expectorant,  are  the  products  of  two  species  of  Styrax,  viz.  of  S.  officinale,  a  Syrian  tree,  and  S. 
benzoin,  native  of  Malay  and  the  adjacent  Islands. 

HALESIA.    Ellis. 

In  honor  of  the  learned  and  venerable  Stephen  Hales,  D.D.,  F.R.S.,  1730. 

Calyx  obconic,  briefly  4-lobed  ;  cor.  inserted  into  the  calyx,  cam- 
panulate,  with  a  narrow  base.  4-cleft  or  4-parted  ;  sta.  8 — 12,  connate 
into  a  tube  below  ;  sty.  filiform,  pubescent ;  fruit  dry,  4-winged,  wings 
equal  or  alternately  smaller  ;  seeds  1 — 3. — N.  American  shrubs. 

1.  H.  TETRAPTERA.     Four-winged  Snowdrop  Tree. 

Lvs.  elliptic-acuminate,  serrulate;  fascicles  3-flowered,  lateral,  leafless, 
from  the  wood  of  the  preceding  year ;  cal.  subentire ;  sta.  12 ;  fr.  with  4  equal 
wings.— Native  of  S.  Car.  to  Flor.,  Miss  E.  Carpenter!  Branches  leafy  at  the 
summit.  Leaves  thin,  2 — 5'  by  1|— 2',  obtuse  or  acute  at  base.  Flowers  pen- 
dulous, white,  about  10"  long,  f 

2.  H.  UIPTERA.    Two-winged  Snowdrop  Tree. 
.     Lrs.  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  acuminate  at  each 

end,  serrulate,  softly  pubescent  beneath ;  fascicles 
2 — 3-flowered,  lateral ;  pedicels  and  cal.  pubescent ; 
sta.  8 ;  fr.  with  the  alternate  wings  half  as  large 
or  obsolete. — Native  in  Car.  and  Ga.  Leaves 
somewhat  larger  than  in  the  last,  with  rather 
smaller  flowers.  Corolla  white,  f 


ORDER  LXXXII.     PKIMULACEJE.— 

PRIMWORTS. 

Plants  herbaceous,  annual  or  perennial,  sometimes  suffruticose. 

Lvs.  usually  radical,  otherwise  mostly  opposite.    Stipules  0. 

Fls.  on  scapes  and  in  umbels  or  variously  arranged  in  the  axils  of  4. 

the  leaves. 

Cal.  5  (rarely  4)-cleft,  inferior,  regular,  persistent. 
Cor.  5  (rarely  4)-cleft,  regular. 
Sta.  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  as  many  as  its  lobes  and 

opposite  to  them. 
Ova.  1-celled,  with  a  free,  central  placenta.    Style  and  Stigma 

simple. 
Fr.—  Capsule  many-seeded,  the  fleshy  placenta  attached  only  to 

the  base  of  the  cell. 


Genera  29,  species  215,  common  in  the  northern  temperate 
regions,  growing  in  swamps,  groves,  by  rivulets  and  often  among 
the  snow  of  cloud-capped  mountains.  Many  are  beautiful,  and 
highly  prized  in  culture.  Properties  unimportant. 

__  FIG.  49.—  1.  Primula  Mistassinica.  2.  A  flower  laid  open,  show- 
ing the  5  stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  4.  Plan  of 
the  ftower.  6.  Ovary  and  calyx.  5.  Vertical  section  of  the  ovary, 
showing  the  free  central  placenta. 

33 


384  LXXXH.  PRIMULACEJE.  PRIMULA. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

( 7-cleft.    Leaves  in  one  whorl.  Trientalw.     4 

<  5-cleft.    Flowers  paniculate, 
f  Corolla  white,  (  4 -cleft.    Plants  2  inches  high. 


Stamens  6.    Racemes  axillary. 

]  Corolla  yellow.  ( Stamens  5 

I  Corolla  scarlet.    Plant  prostrate.    Fls.  solitary,  axillary 


Samoltts.  10 
Csntunculus.  9 
Nawnburgia.  6 
Lysimachia.  7 
Anagallis.  8 

j  undivided.    Corolla  wanting,  calyx  colored,  white Glaux.  5 

f  cauline,  £ pectinate-pinnatifid,  submersed  in  water Hottonia.        1 

<  $  Corolla  segments  spreading.  ....  Primula.  2 
Leaves  (  all  radical.  Scape  umbellate.  (  Corolla  segments  reflexed Dodecathe&n.  3 

1.   HOTTONIA. 

In  honor  of  Peter  Hotton,  professor  in  the  University  of  Leyden,  died  1709. 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  cor.  salver-form,  with  a  short  tube  and  a  flat,  5- 
lobed  limb ;  sta.  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  included  ;  stig. 
globose  ;  caps,  globose-acuminate. — ^  Fleshy,  aquatic  herbs,  with  pec- 
tinate-pinnatifid, submersed,  radical  Ivs. 

H.  INFLATA.  Ell.     (H.  palustris.  Ph.  not  Linn.)     Water  Feather. 

Scape  articulate,  the  internodes  and  lower  parts  inflated;  fls.  verticillate, 
pedunculate. — A  curious  aquatic  plant,  in  swamps  and  stagnant  waters,  Ms., 
R.  I.  and  Ct.,  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  Stem  immersed,  round,  thick,  spongy,  with  a 
whorl  of  long  and  beautifully  pectinate  leaves  at  or  near  the  surface  of  the  water. 
Peduncles  or  scapes  several  (6—10)  together,  arising  in  a  sort  of  umbel  from 
the  top  of  the  stem,  8 — 10'  long,  inflated  between  the  joints,  forming  the  most 
remarkable  feature  of  the  plant.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  numerous  verticils, 
generally  4  in  each.  Pedicels  £'  long.  June. 

2.    PRIMULA. 

Lat.  primus,  first ;  because  its  blossoms  appear  earliest  in  spring. 

Corolla  salver-form,  with  an  open  orifice  ;  capsule  opening  with  a 
10-cleft  dehiscence;  stamens  5,  not  exserted;  stigma  globose. — Herbs 
(mostly  European)  with  radical  Ivs.  Fls.  in  an  involucrate  umbel  on  a 
scape,  showy. 

1.  P.  MISTASSINICA.  Michx.     (Fig.  49.) 

Lvs.  spatulate,  dentate  or  crenate,  obtuse  or  acute,  attenuate  at  base ;  invol. 
1 — 8-flowered ;  bracts  3  times  shorter  than  the  pedicels,  linear-subulate ;  cal. 
much  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  cor.  salver-form,  lobes  obcordate. — 
Shores  of  Seneca  Lake,  N.  Y.,  Dr.  Sartwell !  Lake  Mistassins,  Can.  and  through- 
out Brit.  Am.  A  very  delicate  plant,  about  3'  high.  Leaves  about  5,  5 — 8"  by 
3 — 4",  almost  petiolate.  Flowers  5"  diam.,  white.  Pedicels  7"  in  length. 

2.  P.  FARINOSA.    /?.  Americana.  Torr.     Bird's-eye  Primrose. 

Lvs.  narrow,  veiny,  elliptic-lanceolate,  obtuse,  denticulate  at  apex,  attenu- 
ate at  base,  under  surface  covered  with  a  yellowish- white,  farinaceous  dust ; 
invol.  farinaceous,  3 — 20-floAvered,  shorter  than  the  pedicels ;  bracts  long-acumi- 
nate ;  cal.  segments  lanceolate,  acute ;  cor.  salver-form,  lobes  obcordate,  bifid, 
obtuse. — Shores  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior,  Nutt.,  Houghton,  N.  to  lat.  66°. 
Scape  6 — 12'  high.  Flowers  purple  or  flesh-color. 

3.  P.  AURICULA.    Aurided  Primrose  or  Auricula. — Lvs.  obovate,  entire  or  ser- 
rate, fleshy ;  scape  many-flowered,  central,  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  invol.  of  short 
leaves ;  cal.  powdery. — 1±  Native  of  the  Alps.    A  well  known  favorite  of  the 
florist.     The  cultivated  varieties  are  innumerable,  and  many  of  them  of  exqui- 
site beauty  and  fragrance.    May.  f 

4.  P.  ELATIOR.  Jacq.     Oxlip  Primrose. — Lvs.  toothed,  rugose,  hairy  on  each 
side ;  umbel  many-flowered,  with  the  outer  flowers  nodding ;  cor.  flat. — 1|_  Native 
of  Britain.     Flowers  yellow,  scentless,  in  a  simple  umbel  elevated  upon  a  scape 
a  foot  high.    Apr.  May.  f 

5.  P.  OFFICINALIS.  Jacq.     (P.  veris.  Cam.)     Cowslip  Primrose. — Lvs.  toothed, 
rugose,  hairy  beneath ;  umbels  many-flowered,  flowers  all  nodding ;  .cal.  angular ; 
cor.  concave, — 7J.  Native  of  Britain.   Flowers  yellow.   The  plant  smells  strongly 


TRIENTALIS.  LXXXIL   PRIMULACE^E.  385 

of  anise.    Leaves  are  used  as  a  potherb,  and  are  recommended  for  feeding  silk- 
worms.    Its  varieties  may  be  increased  by  raising  from  the  seed.    June,  -f 

6.  P.  PURPUREA.  Royl.  Purple  Primrose. — Lvs.  lanceolate,  obtuse,  very  smooth, 
covered  beneath  with  yellowish  farina,  margin  undulate,  revolute ;  scape  thick, 
glabrous,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  invol.  00-flowered,  as  long  as  the  pedicels,  fari- 
naceous beneath ;  cor.  segments  obovate,  obtuse,  not  emarginate. — Native  of  the 
Mountains  of  Napaul,  Asia.    Flowers  dark  purple,  f 

7.  P.  cALYClNA.  Duby.   Double-cupped  Primrose. — Lvs.  lanceolate,  thin,  smooth, 
entire,  acute,  surrounded  with  a  white  margin ;  invol.  3 — 5-flowered,  as  long  as 
me  pedicels ;  col.  tube  ventricose  ;  cor.  lobes  obcordate,  emarginate. — Native  of 
Mts.  in  Austria.    Flowers  purple,  very  beautiful,  f 

8.  P.  GRANDIFLORA.  Lam.     (P.  vulgaris.    Huds.}     Common  Primrose. — Lvs. 
obovate,  oblong,  rugose,  villous  beneath,  toothed ;  umbel  radical ;  fl.  stalks  as 
long  as  the  leaves;  CJT.  flat. — 1\.  Native  of  Europe.    An  interesting  garden 
plant,  esteemed  for  its  early  flowering,  and  for  its  being  prolific  in  variation. 
In  its  wild  state  its  flowers  are  yellow  and  single,  but  by  cultivation  they  be- 
come double,  and  in  the  numerous  varieties,  red,  pink,  white,  orange,  purple, 
&c.,  and  the  umbels,  in  numerous  instances,  are  on  a  scape.    The  roots  and 
leaves  smell  of  anise  seed,  and  when  dried  and  powered,  are  used  as  a  sn~uff, 
and  also  as  an  emetic.   The  number  of  varieties  is  vast,  and  is  readily  increased 
by  cultivation  from  seed.     April,  f 

3.  DODECATHEON. 

G-r.  <W«a,  twelve,  Seof,  god ;  alluding  to  its  curious  flowers  which  are  about  12? 

Calyx  5-parted,  reflexed  ;  cor.  tube  very  short,  limb  rotate,  5-parted, 
segments  reflexed  ;  sta.  5,  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the  corolla ;  fil. 
very  short ;  anth.  large,  acute,  connivent  at  apex  ;  style  exserted  ; 
caps,  obloug-ovoid,  5-valved,  many-seeded. — ^  with  radical,  oblong  Ivs., 
an  erect,  simple  scape,  and  a  terminal  umbel  of  ?wddi?ig  flowers. 

1.  D.  MEADIA.     American  Cowslip,  or  Mead's  Cowslip. 

Lvs.  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  attenuate  at  base  into  a  marginal  petiole,  gla- 
brous, entire  or  repandly  dentate ;  scape  9 — 20-flowered ;  bracts  of  the  invol.  ovate, 
inner  ones  lanceolate ;  sep.  lanceolate,  acute,  entire ;  fil.  united  into  a  tube  much 
shorter  than  the  subulate  anthers. — A  singular,  elegant  herb,  on  prairies,  dry  or 
rocky  soils,  Penn.  to  Ind.  Dr.  Skinner!  111.,  Wise,  and  throughout  the  Western 
States.  Whole  plant  very  smooth.  Leaves  all  radical,  7 — 10'  by  1£ — 2$',  on 
the  margin  usually  undulate  or  repand-toothed.  Scape  1— 2f  high.  Involucre 
much  shorter  than  the  pedicels  which  are  very  slender,  1 — 2'  in  length.  Corol- 
la white  or  purplish,  abruptly  reflexed.  Anthers  5"  long,  yellow,  purple  at 
base.  May,  Jn.  f  I  have  specimens  gathered  in  Tenn.  by  Miss  E.  Carpenter, 
with  leaves  perfectly  even  and  entire. 

2.  D.    INTEGRIFOLIUM.    MicllX. 

Lvs.  ovate  or  lanceolate,  subspatulate,  subentire,  obtuse,  petiolate ;  scape 
few-flowered ;  fls.  suberect ;  bracts  of  the  invol.  lanceolate  or  linear  acute  ;  col. 
segments  lanceolate,  acute,  entire ;  fil.  connate  into  an  elongated  tube,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  anthers. — A  much  smaller  plant  than  the  preceding.  Nuttall. — I 
have  specimens  of  this  species  1  collected  in  111.  by  Rev.  E.  Jenney.  Scape 
6 — 10'  high,  thick.  Leaves  3 — 5'  long,  on  naked  petioles.  Flowers  5 — 11, 
somewhat  crowded,  on  shorter  pedicels.  Corolla  bluish-white. — It  may  be  onlv 
a  variety  of  D.  Meadia. 

4.  TRIENTALIS. 
Lat.  trtens,  the  third  part  of  a  foot  (40  ;  alluding  to  the  height  of  the  plant 

Calyx  and  cor.  7-(6— 8-)  parted,  spreading  ;  sta.  7  (6—8) ;  fr.  cap- 
sular,  somewhat  fleshy,  many-seed. — St.  low.  simple.  Lvs.  subverticil- 
late.  Fed.  I -flowered. 

T.  AMERICANA.  Ph.    (T.  Europaea.  Michx.}     Chickweed  Wintergreen. 
St.  erect,  simple,  leafless  at  base ;  Ivs.  glomerate,  few,  narrow-lanceolate, 


386  LXXXII.   PRIMULACEjE.  LYSIMACHIA 

serrulate,  acuminate ;  sep.  linear,  acuminate.  This  little  plant  is  common  in 
the  rocky  woods  of  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  and  Brit.  Am.  Stem  3 — 6'  high,  with  an 
irregular  whorl  of  4 — 8  lanceolate,  smooth  and  shining  iea»ts  at  the  top.  In 
the  midst  of  these  are  1—4  white,  star-like  flowers,  borne  on  simple,  filiform 
pedicels.  The  leaves  are  mostly  acuminate  at  each  end,  3'  long  and  1'  wide. 
Segments  of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  acute  calyx  leaves.  Seeds  attached  to 
a  central,  spongy  placenta.  May,  Jn. 

5.  GLAUX. 

Gr.  yXav/cof,  bluish  or  glaucous  ;  from  the  hue  of  the  plant. 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed,  colored  ;  corolla  0  ;  stamens  5  ;  cap- 
sule roundish,  surrounded  by  the  calyx,  5-valved,  5-seeded. — "A-  Mari- 
time^ branching,  glabrous. 

G.  MARITIMA.    -Black  Saltwort, 

A  small,  smooth,  fleshy  plant,  found  occasionally  in  the  salt  marshes  on 
our  seacoast,  Can.  to  N.  J.  Root  perennial.  Stem  more  or  less  procumbent  at 
base,  4 — 6'  high,  smooth,  branching,  and  very  leafy.  Leaves  f  in  length, 
roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  entire,  nearly  or  quite  sessile,  smooth,  fleshy  and  darkly 
glaucous.  Flowers  small,  sessile,  axillary,  solitary.  Calyx  white,  tinged  with 
red.  July. 

6.  NAUMBURGIA.    Moench. 

Calyx  and  cor.  deeply  5— -6-parted  ;  pet.  linear-lanceolate,  spread- 
ing, separated  by  minute,  intervening  teeth  •  sta.  5 — 6,  inserted  into 
the  base  of  the  corolla,  exserted  ;  anth.  cordate ;  caps,  globose,  5- 
valved  ;  seeds  few,  on  a  globose  placenta. — ^  with  opposite  Ivs.  Pis. 
small)  in  dense,  thyrsoid  racemes. 

N.  THYRSIFLORA.  Moench.     (Lysimachia.  Linn,  and  1st  edit.  L.  capitata. 

Ph.} — An  erect,,  smooth  herb,  about  2f  high,  in  swamps,  Mass.,  Vt.,  N. 
Y. !  W.  to  Ohio !  N.  to  Arc.  Am.  Leaves  many  pairs,  sessile,  lanceolate, 
acute,  entire,  punctate,  somewhat  canescent  beneath,  2 — 3'  by  £ — 1'.  Racemes 
somewhat  capitate,  on  filiform,  axillary  peduncles.  Flowers  yellow.  Stamens 
much  exserted,  united  into  a  tube  at  base.  Jn. 

7.  LYSIMACHIA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  rotate  or  campanulate,  tube  very  short ;  sta.  5,  in- 
serted into  the  corolla  at  base  ;  fil.  •  often  somewhat  connate,  or  with 
intervening  sterile  ones;  caps,  globose,  5 — 10-valved,  opening  at  the 
apex  ;  seeds  00. —  Herbs  mostly  7].,  with  opposite  or  verticillate,  entire  Ivs. 

1.  L.  STRICTA.  Ait.     (L.  racemosa.  MX.     Viscum  terrestre.  Linn.) 
Simple  or  branched,  erect;  Ivs.  opposite  or  ternate,  lanceolate  or  lance- 
linear,  glabrous,  punctate,  acute,  sessile ;  fls.  verticillate,  in  a  long,  lax,  termi- 
nal raceme ;  pet.  lanceolate,  spreading. — %  In  low,  wet  grounds,  Can.,  N.  Eng. 
to  Va.  and  Ohio.     Common.     Plant  smooth,  1 — 2f  high,  bearing  at  top  a  regu- 
lar, cylindric  or  conical  raceme,  6 — 8'  long.    Peduncles  an  inch  in   length, 
quite  spreading,  each  with  a  subulate  bract  at  base.     Stamens  2  long  and  3 
short,  united  at  base.     Flowers  yellow,  spotted  with  purple.     Capsules  5-seed- 
ed.   After  flowering  it  throws  out  bulblets  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  which 
will  produce  new  plants  the  following  spring.    July. 

2.  L.  CILIATA.     Fringe-stalk  Loosestrife.     Heart-leaved  Loosestrife. 
Subsimple,  erect;  Ivs.  opposite,  rarely  quaternate,  ovate,  subcordate  or 

ovate-lanceolate,  petioles  cilia'te  upper  side  ;  fls.  nodding,  mostly  opposite ;  sta. 
distinct,  with  5  abortive  filaments. — %  In  gravely  soils  and  near  streams,  U.  S. 
and  Can.  Root  creeping.  Stem  somewhat  4-sided,  2— 3f  high,  simple  or  with 
a  few  opposite  branches.  Leaves  large,  pointed,  somewhat  cordate  at  base,  on 
petioles  fringed  with  cileae,  the  upper  ones  apparently  quaternate.  Flowers 
large,  yellow,  axillary.  Stamens  inserted  into  a  ring,  nearly  equal,  with  5  al- 
ternate and  intermediate,  rudimentary  filaments  or  teeth.  July. 


CENTUNCULUS.  LXXXII.   PRIMULACEjE.  387 

3.  L.  HYBRIDA.  Michx.     Hybrid  Loosestrife. 

Smooth,  erect,  branched  above ;  Ivs.  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at  each 
end,  opposite,  petioles  ciliate,  short;  fls.  nodding;  ped.  axillary;  sta.  united  in 
a  very  short  tube  at  base,  with  intermediate  processes.— %  Grassy  meadows 
and  prairies,  Can.,  N.  H. !  to  Car.,  W.  to  la. !  and  111.  Mead.  Its  stem  and 
flowers  resemble  those  of  L.  cilia ta,  from  which  species  it  is  chiefly  distinguish- 
ed by  its  narrower,  lanceolate,  never  cordate  leaves,  and  its  more  numerous  and 
leafy  branches,  each  of  which  bears  a  whorl  of  4  leaves  and  4  flowers  at  the 
end.  Stamens  with  intermediate  processes.  Jl. 

4.  L.  Q.CADRIFOLIA.     Four-leaved  Loosestrife. 

Simple,  erect ;  Ivs.  verticillate,  in  4s,  rarely  in  5s  or  3s,  sessile,  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  punctate ;  ped.  axillary,  1-flowered,  in  4s  (3s  or  5s) ;  pet.  oval,  ob- 
tuse.— Tj.  In  low  grounds,  river  banks,  Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.  Stem  18'  high, 
somewhat  hairy,  simple,  with  many  whorls  of  4 — 5  leaves,  each  bearing  a  flow- 
er-stalk in  its  axil.  Corolla  yellow,  with  purple  lines.  Stamens  unequal, 
united  at  base  into  a  short  tube.  Anth.  purple.  Jn. 

5.  L.  HETEROPHYLLA.  Michx.     Various-leaved  Loosestrife. 

Erect,  subsimple ;  Ivs.  opposite,  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  margin 
not  reflexed,  ciliate  at  base  and  on  the  short  petiole,  lower  ones  shorter,  oval, 
obovate  or  even  roundish ;  distinctly  petiolate ;  fls.  on  long  peduncles,  opposite 
or  apparently  quaternate  at  top  of  the  stem;  sta.  subequal,  with  intervening 
teeth. — Hills  and  woods,  Ohio,  Clark !  111.  Jcnney !  to  Ga.  Stem  12—18'  high, 
branched  from  the  base  if  at  all.  Leaves  about  2i'  by  5",  lower  1'  by  J',  all 
paler  beneath.  Flowers  very  similar  to  those  of  L.  ciliata.  Jn.  Jl. 

6.  L.  LONGIFOLIA.  Pursh.     (L.  revoluta.  Nutt.)     Prairie  Moneywort. 

St.  slender,  4-angled,  flexuous,  branched  above ;  Ivs.  opposite,  linear-ob- 
long, sessile,  margin  revolute  ;  fls.  opposite  or  mostly  quaternate  and  terminal 
on  the  stem  and  branches ;  sep.  lance-linear,  acuminate ;  pet.  longer  than  the 
calyx,  roundish-ovate,  erose-dentate,  abruptly  acuminate. — Common  in  low 
prairies,  W.  States !  The  large  yellow  flowers  are  very  conspicuous  among  the 
grasses.  Stems  12 — 20'  high,  purple.  Leaves  2 — 3'  by  2 — 3",  coriaceous,  deep 
green.  Flowers  numerous,  9"  diam.,  of  a  brilliant  yellow.  Anth.  large.  Jl. 

8.  ANAGALLIS. 

Gr.   ovaytXao),  to  laugh ;  it  is  said  to  be  medicinally  efficacious  in  expelling  hypochondria. 

Calyx  5-parted ;  cor.  rotate,  deeply  5-parted,  longer  than  the  ca- 
lyx, tube  0 ;  sta.  5,  hirsute  ;  anth.  introrse ;  caps,  globose,  membra- 
naceous,  circumscissile. — Herbs  with  square  stems  and  (mostly)  opposite 
Ivft.  Ped.  axillary,  solitary. 

A.  ARVENSIS.     Scarlet  Pimpernel.    Poor  Man's  Weather-glass. 

Procumbent,  branched ;  Ivs.  broad-ovate,  opposite  or  ternate,  sessile ;  ped. 
longer  than  the  leaves;  sep.  linear-lanceolate,  about  equaling  the  petals;  pet. 
crenate-glandular. — A  beautiful  trailing  plant,  in  fields,  roadsides,  &c.,  U.  S. 
(except  the  colder  parts  of  N.  Eng.)  and  in  almost  all  other  countries.  Stem 
6 — 20'  long,  with  elongated  branches,  or  simple.  Leaves  6 — S"  by  4 — 6". 
Flowers  opposite,  small  but  beautifuj,  with  scarlet  petals,  opening  at  8  o'clock, 
A.  M.,  and  closing  at  2  P.  M.,  in  damp  weather  not  open  at  all.  Jn. — Aug. 

9.  CENTUNCULUS. 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  cor.  urceolate-rotate,  4-cleft,  shorter  than  the  ca- 
lyx ;  sta.  4,  beardless,  united  at  base  ;  caps,  globose,  circumscissile  ; 
seeds  very  minute. — CD  Very  diminutive,  with,  alternate  Ivs.  Fls. 
axillary,  solitary,  subsessile. 

C.  MINIMUS.     (C.  lanceolatus.  Michx.)    Bastard  Pimpernel. 
Erect,  branched ;  Ivs.  subsessile,  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  obtusish,  entire,  al- 
ternate, lower  opposite  ;  sep.  linear-subulate,  equaling  the  capsule. — Wet  places, 
111.  Mead !  and  Southern  States.     Scarcely  more  than  1 — 2'  high  (4— 6"  Rid- 
dell).    Leaves  about  2"  by  1".    Flowers  reddish  ?    Jl. 
33* 


388  LXXXIV.   PLANTAGINACE^E.  PLANTAQO. 

10.  S  A  M  0  L  U  S  . 

Celtic  san,  salutary,  mos,  a.  pig;  a  specific  for  the  diseases  of  swine,  says  Pliny. 

Calyx  partly  adherent,  5-cleft ;  cor.  hypocrateriform,  5-cleft ;  sta. 
5,  alternating  with  5  scales  (sterile  filaments) ;  caps,  dehiscent  at  top 
by  5  valves,  many-seeded. — Herbs  with  alternate  leaves.  Fls.  corym- 
bose or  racemose. 

1.  S.  VALERANDI.     Water  Pimpernel. 

St.  subsimple ;  Ivs.  ovate,  obtuse,  radical  ones  on  long  petioles,  upper  ses- 
sile ;  fls.  racemed ;  pedicels  with  a  minute,  obtuse  bract  near  the  middle ;  pet. 
twice  longer  than  the  sepals. — 7J.  In  wet,  gravely  places,  throughout  the  world, 
frequent  but  not  abundant.  Stem  If  high,  round,  with  alternate,  entire,  broadly 
lanceolate  leaves  an  inch  in  length,  and  tapering  to  short  petioles.  Racemes 
terminal,  long.  Flowers  small,  white,  their  pedicels  having  a  small  bract  near 
the  middle.  Corolla  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx,  th«  tube  broad,  the  limb 
bearing  the  barren  filaments  between  its  deep-cleft,  obtuse  lobes,  and  the  true 
stamens  opposite  the  latter  and  alternate  with  the  former.  July — Sept. 

2.  S.  FLORIBUNDUS.  Kunth.     Ma,ny-flowered  Samolus. 

St.  branched  above ;  Ivs.  obtuse,  entire,  radical  obovate-spatulate,  petio- 
late,  round-obtuse,  cauline  oblong,  obtuse,  lower  petiolate,  upper  subsessile  ;  fls. 
paniculate-corymbose ;  pedicels  filiform,  with  a  minute,  acute  bract  near  the 
middle  ;  pet.  scarcely  longer  than  the  sepals. — R.  I.  Olney!  to  La.,  Ohio,  Clark! 
and  la. !  Stem  10— 15' high.  Lower  leaves  14"  by  6",  upper  8"  by  5".  Flow- 
ers numerous,  white,  twice  smaller  than  in  the  last.  Pedicels  6 — 8"  in  length. 
July — Sept. 


ORDER  LXXXIV.  PLANTAGINACE^E.— RIBWORTS. 

Plants  herbaceous,  usually  acaulescent.    Lvs.  mostly  rosulate.    Fls.  in  spikes. 
Cal.  4-cleft,  persistent. 

Cor.  membranaceous,  the  limb  4-parted,  persistent. 

Sta.  4,  inserted  into  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  alternate  with  its  segments.    Anth.  versatile. 
Ova.  2-celled,  sessile.    Style  single. 
Fr.—  Pyxis  membranaceous,  cells  1—2  or  several-seeded. 
Genera  3,  species  120,  scattered  throughout  all  countries  of  the  globe.    Properties  unimportant, 

PLANTAGO. 

Calyx  4  (rarely  3)-parted ;  corolla  marescent,  with  a  4-cleft,  re- 
flected border ;  stamens  mostly  exserted  and  very  long ;  capsule 
ovoid,  2-celled,  circumscissile. — Acaulescent  herbs.  Lvs.  all  radical. 
Fls.  spicate. 

*  Leaves  dilated. 

1.  P.  CORDATA.  Lam.     Heart-leaved  Plantain. 

Lvs.  cordate-ovate,  broad,  smooth,  somewhat  toothed ;  spikes  very  long, 
flowers  somewhat  imbricate,  lower  ones  scattered,  with  ovate,  obtuse  bracts. — 
7J.  Can.  to  Tenn.  and  N.  J.  Well  marked  by  its  broadly  heart-shaped  leaves 
and  its  elongated  spikes  which  are  6 — 8'  Jong,  and  on  scapes  twice  as  high. 
Leaves  6'  long,  more  or  less  cordate  at  base.  Corolla  white,  with  obovate  seg- 
ments. Pyxis  a  third  longer  than  the  calyx,  with  2  seeds  in  each  cell.  Jn.  Jl. 

2.  P.  MAJOR.     Common  Plantain  or  Ribwort. 

Lvs.  ovate,  smoothish,  somewhat  toothed,  with  rather  long  footstalks ; 
scape  round ;  fls.  imbricated ;  sds.  numerous. — %  This  species  is  a  native  of 
Japan,  Europe  and  America,  is  very  common,  always  at  the  door  and  by  the 
wayside.  The  leaves  are  reputed  a  good  external  application  for  wounds,  &c. 
The  seeds  are  eaten  by  sparrows  and  other  small  birds.  The  root  consists. of 
long  fibres.  Leaves  broad,  flat,  with  about  7  veins,  each  containing  a  strong 
fibre,  which  may  be  pulled  out.  Scape  1— 3f  high,  with  a  very  long  (5 — 20'), 
cylindric  spike.  Fls.  white,  inconspicuous* appearing  in  succession  all  summer. 

3.  P.  LANCEOLATA.     Lance-leaved  Plantain. 

Lvs.  lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end ;  spikes  ovate,  naked  ;  scape  angular. 


LXXXV.   PLUMBAGINACEJE.  389 

fy  Can.  to  Ga.  Common  in  pastures  and  grass-lands.  Easily  known  by  its 
longer  leaves  tapering  at  the  base  into  a  broad  stalk,  and  with  from  3  to  5 
strong  ribs;  by  its  shorter  spike  (1 — 2'  long),  with  dark  colored  calyxes  and 
whitish,  projecting  stamens,  and  its  slender,  upright  stalk  (8 — 15'  long)  with 
prominent  angles.  Flowering  from  May  to  Oct.  It  is  freely  eaten  by  cattle. 

4.  P.  MEDIA.     Hoary  Plantain. 

Lvs.  ovate,  pubescent ;  spike  short,  cyliadric ;  scape  round  ;  sds.  solitary  in 
each  cell  of  the  pyxis. — 1\.  Grows  in  pastures  and  roadsides,  N.  Y.  and  Penn., 
flowering  all  summer.  It  has  broad,  flat  leaves  2'  long,  covered  with  a  hoary 
down,  and  with  short  footstalks.  Spikes  shorter  than  those  of  P.  major,  being 
1 — 3'  long  and  about  half  a  foot  high.  Flowers  white,  with  pink  filaments  and 
yellow  anthers. 

5.  P.  VIRGINICA.     Virginian  or  Lesser- Plantain. 

Lvs.  obovate-lanceolate,  hoary-pubescent,  subdenticulate  ;  scape  angular ; 
spike  cylindric,  pubescent,  with  flowers  somewhat  remote. — A  biennial  species, 
on  sandy  or  stony  hills  in  the  southern  parts  of  N.  England  and  N.  Y.  to  La., 
much  smaller  than  the  preceding.  The  whole  plant  is  covered  with  a  soft,  gray 
pubescence.  Scape  4—8'  high,  very  hairy.  Leaves  2 — 3'  long,  narrowed  at 
base  into  the  petiole,  obtuse  at  the  end.  Corolla  yellowish,  with  very  acute  seg- 
ments including  the  stamens.  Jl. 

6.  P.  CUCULLATA.  Lam.     (P.  maxima.  Jacq.}    Hood-leaved  Plantain. 
Lvs.  ovate,  slightly  denticulate,  9-veined,  cucullate  at  base,  contracted  into 

a  long  petiole  ;  scape  terete ;  spike  cylindrical,  short,  dense-flowered ;  sta.  exserted. 
— In  wet,  rocky  situations,  Me.,  Pursh.  Scape  1 — 3f  high,  with  a  spike  2— 3' 
in  length.  Leaves  large,  conspicuously  rolled  in  or  hooded  at  base. — A  doubt- 
ful native  of  this  country. 

7.  P.  GLABRA.  Nutt.     Smooth  Plantain. 

Lvs.  glabrous,  ovate,  denticulate ;  scape  slender,  somewhat  compressed, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  fls.  scattered  ;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate. — In  arid 
places,  Ohio,  Frank. ,  Mo.,  Nuttall. 

8.  P.  GNAPHALIOIDES.  Nutt.     (P.  lagopus.  Ph.  not  of  Linn.) 

Whole  plant  clothed  with  a  long  silky  wool ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  entire1, 
very  acute ;  spike  long,  cylindric  and  dense-flowered :  sta.  included :  caps.  2- 
celled,  2-seeded.— Ark. 

/?.  Nutt.  (P.  aristata.  Michx.}   Bracts  very  long  and  spinulose. — Prairies  and 
roadsides,  111.,  Mead. 

*  *  Leaves  linear. 

9.  P.  MARITIMA.    (P.  pauciflora.  PA.) 

Lvs.  linear,  channeled,  nearly  entire,  woolly  at  base ;  spike  cylindrical, 


inside,  and  6 — 10'  lortg.  Spike  slender,  of  numerous,  sub-imbricate,  whitish 
flowers.  Aug. 

10.  P.  PUSILLA.  Nutt. 

Minutely  pubescent ;  Ivs.  linear-subulate,  flat,  entire,  somewhat  fleshy ; 
scape  terete,  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  spike  interrupted,  subcylindrical, 
loose-flowered  below ;  bracts  ovate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  calyx. — (I)  A  diminu- 
tive species,  low  grounds,  Penn.  Leaves  crowded,  about  1'  long  the  scape  2—  3', 
spicate  §  its  length. 

ORDER  LXXXV.     PLUMBAGINACE^E.— LEADWORTS. 

Plants  herbaceous  or  suffruticose,  variable  in  appearance. 
Lvs.  undivided,  alternate,  or  sometimes  all  radical  and  the  flowers  on  a  scape. 
Cal.  tubular,  5  toothed,  plaited,  persistent. 

Cor.  regular,  hypocrateriform,  of  5  petals  united  at  base  or  sometimes  almost  distinct 
Sta.  5,  hypoeynous  and  opposite  the  petals  or  inserted  on  their  claws. 
Ova.  l-celled,  free  from  the  calyx.    Styles  5  (seldom  3  or  4). 
Fr.  an  utricle,  or  dehiscent  by  valves.    Seed  inverted. 
Genera  8,  species  160,  mostly  seaside  or  salt  marsh  plants,  found  in  all  latitudes. 


390  LXXXVI.   LENTIBULACE.E.  PINGUICULA. 

Properties.-- The  root  of  Statice  Limonium  is  one  of  the  best  and  most  powerful  of  all  astringents. 
The  species  of  Plumbagp  are  acrid  and  escharotic,  so  much  so,  that  the  roots  of  P.  Europasus  are  said  by 
Lindley  to  be  employed  in  Europe  by  beggars,  to  raise  blisters  on  the  face,  in  order  to  excite  compassion. 

Genera. 

Inflorescence  an  involucrate  head. Armeria.  1 

Inflorescence  a  panicle  of  racemes Statice.    2 

•  1.  ARMERIA.    Willd. 

Flowers  collected  in  a  dense  head ;  invol.  3 — many-leaved ;  cal. 
tubular-campanulate,  5-angled,  with  5  shallow  lobes,  carious  and 
plaited  ;  petals  5,  almost  distinct ;  sta.  5,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the 
petals  ;  styles  5,  distinct ;  fr.  indehiscent,  invested  with  the  calyx. — 
^  Lvs.  radical,  mostly  linear.  Scape  simple,  appendaged  above. 

A.  VULGARIS.  Willd.    (Statice-Armeria.  Linn.'}     Thrift. 

Scape  terete,  smooth,  Ivs.  linear,  flat,  obtuse ;  outer  bracts  of  the  invol.  ovate, 
acute,  shorter  than  the  sheathing  appendage  at  their  base. — A  neat  and  elegant 
plant,  native  near  the  sea-coast,  Brit.  Am.  Hook,  N.  Eng.  7  Middle  and  South- 
ern States.  Often  cultivated.  Leaves  3 — 4'  by  2 — 3",  numerous,  crowded. 
Scape  about  If  high,  bearing  a  singular  sheath  at  top;  formed,  according  to 
Lindley,  by  the  adherent  bases  of  the  involucral  leaves.  Involucre  about  3- 
leaved.  Flowers  showy,  rose-colored.  Jn. — Aug.  f 

2.  STATlCE. 

Gr.  crania),  to  stop ;  for,  used  medicinally,  it  stops  the  diarrhoea,  says  Pliny. 

Flowers  scattered  in  a  paniculate  or  spicate  inflorescence,  otherwise 
essentially  the  same  as  in  Armeria. — %  Lvs.  radical  or  cauline,  dilated, 
mostly  entire.  Invol.  0. 

1.  S.  LIMONIUM.     (S.  Carolinianum.   Walt.}    Marsh  Rosemary. 

Scape  terete,  paniculate;  Ivs.  all  radical,  ovate-lanceolate,  undulate, 
smooth,  obtuse,  mucronate  below  the  tip. — Salt  marshes,  R.  I.  Olney !  to  Md.  I 
and  Car.  Scape  about  a  foot  high,  with  several  lanceolate,  clasping  bracts, 
and  supporting  at  top  a  broad,  branching  panicle  composed  of  close,  secund 
spikes  of  sessile,  blue  flowers.  Petals  obpvate,  unguiculate,  bearing  the  sta- 
mens on  their  claws.  Leaves  narrow,  lanceolate,  broader  in  the  upper  half, 
smooth,  veinless,  on  long  petioles.  The  root  is  large,  ligneous,  strongly  astrin- 
gent, much  valued  in  medicine.  Aug. — Oct. 

ORDER  LXXXVI.     LENTIBULACEJE.— BUTTERWORTS. 

or  compound,  root-like  and  bearing1  vesicles  of  air. 
w  or  many  showy  flowers, 
t  at  base. 

Cor.  irregular,  bilabiate,  personate,  spurred. 

Sta.  2,  included  within  the  corolla  and  inserted  on  its  upper  lip.    Anth.  1-ceiled. 
Ova.  l-celled,  with  a  free,  central  placenta.    Style  1.    Stigma  cleft. 
Fr.— Capsule  many-seeded.    Sds.  minute  ;  embryo  none. 

Genera  4,  species  175,  natives  of  swamps,  pools  and  rivulets,  diffused  throughout  nearly  all  countries. 
Properties  unimportant. 

Genera. 

Calyx  4— 5-cleft,  capsule  5-celIed Pinguicula  1. 

Calyx  2-parted,  subequal.    Capsule  l-celled Utricularia  2. 

1.  PINGUICULA. 

Lat.  pingufe,  fat;  from  the  greasy  appearance  of  the,  leaves. 

Calyx  bilabiate,  upper  lip  trifid,  lower  bifid  ;  cor.  bilabiate  or  rare- 
ly subregular,  upper  lip  bifid  or  2-parted,  lower  trifid  or  3-parted,  spur- 
red at  base  beneath  ;  sta.  2,  very  short ;  stig.  sessile,  2-lobed ;  caps, 
erect ;  seeds  00. — %  In  wet  places.  Lvs.  radical,  rosulate,  entire. 
Scapes  ]  -flowered,  nodding. 

P.  VULGARIS.     Butkerwort. 

L/vs.  ovate  or  elliptic,  obtuse,  unctious-puberulent  above ;  scape  and  cal. 
subpubescent;  cor.  lips  very  unequal,  lobes  obtuse;  spur  cylindrical,  shorter 


UTRICULARIA.  LXXXVI.   LENTIBULACE.&.  391 

than  the  corolla. — Wet  rocks  and  thin,  damp  soils,  N.  Y.  (near  Rochester, 
Dewey,  Beck.}  N.  to  Arctic  Am.  Hooker.  Scape  6 — 8'  high,  with  solitary,  nod- 
ding flowers.  Leaves  all  springing  from  the  root,  fleshy,  spatulate  or  ovate, 
-with  a  tapering  base,  fleshy  and  unctious  to  the  touch.  Corolla  with  a  purple 
tube,  lined  with  soft  hairs.  Flowering  early  in  April  and  May. 
2.  UTRICULARIA. 

Lat.  utricula,  a  little  bottle ;  alluding  to  the  air-vessels  appended  to  the  roots. 

Calyx  2-parted,  subequal ;  corolla  irregularly  bilabiate,  personate, 
spurred;  sta.  2;  stig.  bilabiate;  caps,  globular,  1 -celled. — Herbs 
aquatic,  loosely  floating  or  fixed  in  the  mud.  Lvs.  radical,  multiftd  or 
linear  and  entire,  mostly  furnished  with  little  inflated  vesicles.  Scape  erect. 
§  Floating.  Leaves  capillaceous,  multifid.  Roots  few  or  0.  Branches 
producing  turions  at  apex. 

1.  U.  INFLATA.  Walt.     (U.  ceratophylla.  MX.)     Whorled  Bladder-wort. 

Upper  Ivs.  in  a  whorl  of  o  or  6  at  the  surface  of  the  water ;  petiole  and  mid- 
vein  inflated,  lower  Ivs.  capillaceous,  dissected,  submerged  ;  scape  4 — 5-flowered. 
— %  In  ponds,  Mass,  to  Car.,  W.  to  Ohio.  The  proper  stem  (rhizoma  7)  is 
very  long,  branching,  suspended  in  the  water  by  a  single,  irregular  whorl  of  5 
or  6  floating,  inflated  leaves  which  are  oblong,  cleft,  and  pinnatifid  at  the  end. 
Flowers  4 — 5  together  upon  a  scape  8'  in  length,  pedunculated,  with  sheathing 
bracts.  Spur  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla,  appressed  to  the  lower  lip,  striate, 
emarginate.  Cor.  yellow,  the  upper  lip  broad-ovate,  entire,  lower  3  lobed.  Aug. 

2.  U.  VULGARIS.     (U.  macrorhiza.  Le  Conte.)     Common  Bladderwort. 
Lvs.  all  submersed,  capillaceous,  multifid,  fibrillose  or  setaceous;  vesicks 

numerous,  small;  st. or  rhizoma  very  long,  floating;  scape  simple,  5 — 11-flower- 
ed  !  spur  conical,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  corolla. — %  In  stagnant  pools,  U.  S. 
and  Can.  Floating  stems  several  feet  long,  very  branching.  Leaves  very  nu- 
merous, 1'  in  length.  Utricles  furnished  with  a  fringed,  valvate  aperture, 
usually  inflated.  Scape  5 — 10'  high,  stout,  arising  out  of  the  water.  Flowers 
alternate,  showy,  yellow,  5 — 6"  long,  lowTer  lip  larger,  with  a  projecting  palate, 
striped  MTith  brown.  Jn.  Jl. 

3.  U.  INTERMEDIA.  Hayne. 

Lvs.  all  submersed,  in  2  rows,  dichotomously  many-parted,  without  vesi- 
cles, roundish  in  outline,  segments  ciliolate-denticulate ;  leafless  branches  with 
lateral  vesicles  and  terminal  turions  ;  fls.  few  ;  lips  entire  ;  spur  conical,  acute, 
appressed  to  the  lower  lip. — 1J.  Pools,  Mass.  Bobbins !  R.  I.  Prov.  Frank.  Soc. 
Floating  stems  branched,  a  foot  long.  Leaves  about  3"  long,  numerous.  Turions 
much  larger  than  the  vesicles,  green,  scaly,  producing  new  plants  like  bulbs. 
Flowers  4— 5"  long,  sulphur-yellow.  . 

4.  U.  STRIATA.  Le  Conte. 

Lvs.  numerously  subdivided,  submerged,  with  vesicles ;  scape  2 — 6-flower- 
ed,  with  a  few  scales ;  flowers  large,  yellow,  upper  lip  broad,  divided  into  3 
lobes,  the  middle  lobe  striate  with  red,  lower  lip  crenate,  sides  reflexed,  having 
dark  spots  upon  the  palate;  spur  slender,  obtuse,  with  a  notch  at  the  end, 
pressed  against  the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  and  nearly,  as  long. — 0  Native  of 
swamps,  Mass,  to  Flor.  Root  submerged,  slightly  attached  to  the  mud.  Leaves 
(radicles'?)  few,  capillary,  appendaged  with  few  air  vessels.  Scape  a  foot  high, 
generally  with  2  flowers.  June. 

5.  U.  GIBBA.  Linn,  (and  Le  Conte.') 

Minute,  floating,  leafless  ?  with  few  utricles  and  turions ;  scape  about  2 
(4 — 7,  Lc  C.)-flowered,  naked,  segments  of  the  yellow  corolla  roundish,  upper 
lip  emarginate,  lower  subtrilobate,  middle  lobe  crenate,  subrevolute ;  spur  gib- 
bous in  the-middle. — 7J.  In  pools,  R.  I.,  Olney,  Mass.,  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Submersed 
stems  dichotomous.  Scapes  2 — 3'  high,  generally  with  but  2  small,  yellow 
flowers.  Spur  swelling  outward  in  the  middle.  Jl. 

6.  U.  FORNICATA.  Le  Conte.     (U.  minor.  Ph.) 

Sts.  numerous,  fibrillose-branched,  floating,  utriculate  ;  scape  naked,  1 — 2- 
flowered ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  3-lobed,  central  lobe  incurved  over  the  palate, 


392  LXXXVII.    OROBANCHACE^E.  OROBANCHE. 

lateral  lobes  appressed,  lower  lip  entire ;  spur  incurved,  conical,  obtuse,  appressed 
to  the"  lower  lip. — Stagnant  waters,  N.  Y.  to  Ohio,  Clark!  S.  toGa.  The  plant 
appears  to  be  leafless,  unless  the  hair-like  lateral  branches  be  considered  leaves. 
Utricles  very  small.  Scapes  3 — 5'  high,  filiform,  dividing  near  the  top,  with  a 
very  minute  bracteole  at  the  ibrk.  Flowers  yellow. 

7.  U.  PURPUREA.  Walt.     Purple-floivered  Bladdcrwort. 

St.  long,  floating,  branched;  Ivs.  submersed,  fibrillose,  verticillate,  pin- 
nately  dissected,  segments  capillary,  utriculate ;  scape  assurgent,  2 — 3-flowered ; 
upper  lip  roundish-truncate,  lower  lip  larger,  its  lateral  lobes  cucullate,  smaller 
than  the  central;  spur  conical,  flattened,  appressed  to  and  shorter  than  the  upper 
lip. — 0  Pools,  Mass. !  to  Flor.  W.  to  Wis.  Readily  known  by  the  large,  bright 
purple  flowers.  Stem  1 — 3f  long.  Leaves  about  1J'  long.  Utricles  small. 
Scape  3 — 5'  high.  Corolla  8"  broad,  the  spur  3",  greenish.  Aug. 
§  §  Roots  fixed  in  the  mud  or  earth.  Leaves  simple,  linear,  with  few  utricles. 

8.  U.  RESUPINATA.  Green.     (U.  Greenii.   Oakes.) 

Sts.  creeping,  fibrillose,  rooting;  Ivs.  linear-capillary,  erect,  undivided  and 
entire ;  scapes  numerous,  simple,  1-flowered,  with  a  minute  clasping  bract  near 
the  top ;  spur  obtuse,  cylindric,  ascending,  shorter  than  the  elongated  tube  of  the 
corolla. — Muddy  shores  of  ponds,  Tewksbury,  (Green,)  Plymouth  and  Uxbridge, 
Mass.,  Bobbins!  Leaves  generally  numerous,  6 — 15'' high,  the  bract  1' below 
the  flower.  Corolla  light  purple,  4"  long,  lips  roundish,  entire,  remote  from 
the  spur.  Jl. 

9.  U.  SUBTJLATA.    (U.  setacea.  Michx.) 

St.  fibril] ose,  creeping,  rooting,  utriculate;  Ivs.  few  and  minute,  among 
the  fibrillose  roots,  entire,  linear,  petiolate,  glandular-obtuse,  sometimes  0 1 
scapes  few,  filiform,  1 — 5-flowered;  bracts  ovate,  clasping;  pedicels  4 — 5  times 
longer  than  the  ovate,  obtuse,  veined  sepals  ;  cor.  upper  lip  ovate,  entire,  lower 
3-lobed;  spur  acute,  appressed  to  and  nearly  equaling  the  lower  lip. — A  minute 
species,  in  swamps  and  ditches,  Can.,  Mass. !  to  Flor.  and  La.  Scapes  2 — 4' 
high.  Leaves  2—3"  by  i".  Flowers  yellow,  3—4"  broad.  Jn. 

10.  U.  CORNUTA.  Michx.     Horned  Bladderwort. 

Scape  rooting,  rigidly  erect,  scaly,  with  about  2  sessile  flowers ;  spur  subu- 
late, acute,  longer  than  the  corolla. — %  Native  of  damp,  boggy  soils,  but  never 
floating,  growing  abundant  in  its  localities,  Can.  to  Mass,  and  Mich.  Scape 
8 — 12'  high,  leafless,  but  furnished  with  a  few  small,  distant,  pale,  ovate  scales, 
and  bearing  at  the  top  2 — 3  large,  yellow  flowers  issuing  from  between  bracts. 
The  calyx  consists  of  2,  ovate,  colored  leaves.  Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  much 
larger  than  the  upper,  broad,  deflexed,  emarginate  ;  spur  rigid, 'acute  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx.  Jl.  Aug. 

11.  U.  P£RSONATA.  Le  Conte.     Snap-dragon  Bladderwort. 

St.  strict,  simple :  roots  few ;  Ivs.  0 ;  fls.  ^2 — 10 ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the 
acute  lobes  of  the  calyx;  cor.  uppet  lip  oblong,  obovate,  emarginate  ;  palate  very 
large;  spur,  linear-subulate,  subacute,  dependent,  as  long  as  the  rest  of  the 
corolla. — Bogs,  N.  Eng.  to  Flor.  Resembles  the  last,  but  distinguishable  by  its 
more  numerous  and  smaller  flowers,  acute  sepals,  emarginate  upper  lip,  and  the 
more  slender  and  acute  spur  of  the  yellow  corolla.  Stem  or  scape  10 — 18'  high. 

ORDER  LXXXVII.     OROBANCHACEJ3.— BROOMRAPES. 

Plants  herbacepus,  leafless,  growing-  parasitically  upon  the  roots  of  other  plants. 
St.  furnished  with  scales  and  bearing  solitary  or  spicate  flowers. 

Cat.  4— 5-toothed,  inferior,  persistent.     Cor.  irregular,  persistent,  imbricate  in  aestivation. 
Sta.  4,  didynamous.    Anth.  2-celled,  cells  distinct,  parallel,  often  bearded  at  base. 
Ova.  1-celled,  free  from  the  calyx,  with  2  parietal  placentae     Style  \.    Stigma  2-lobed. 
Fr.— Capsule  enclosed  within  the  withered  corolla,  1-celled,  2-valved,  each  valve  bearing  one  simple  or  2- 
Sds.  very  numerous  and  .minute.  [lobed  placenta  in  the  middle. 

Genera  12,  species  116,  mostly  natives  of  the  northern  temperate  zone.    Properties  astringent  and  bitter. 

OROBANCHE. 

Gr.  opo/?off,  a  vetch,  ay%eiv,  to  choke  ;  being  supposed  hurtful  to  the  vetch  and  other  plants. 

Calyx  2 — 5-cleft,  the  segments  often  unequal ;  corolla  ringent,  limb 


TECOMA.  LXXXVIII.   BIGNONIACEJE.  393 

4 — 5-lobed ;  ovary  seated  in  a  fleshy  disk  ;  capsule  ovoid,  acute,  1- 
celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded. — ^  Stems  mostly  simple. 

1.  O.  UNIFLORA.     (O.  biflora.  Nutt.)     One-flowered  Broomrape. 

Scapes  in  pairs,  naked,  each  1-flowered. — A  small,  leafless  plant,  with  the 
general  aspect  of  a  Monotropa,  found  in  woods  and  thickets,  Can.  and  U.  S. 
Root  short,  thick,  smooth,  scaly,  surmounted  by  a  stem  not  exceeding  £'  in  length. 
This  divides  at  its  top,  generally  into  2,  scape-like,  erect,  round^  simple,  naked 
peduncles  4 — 5'  high,  downy,  purplish-white,  with  a  nodding  flower  at  the  top, 
of  the  same  hue.  A  dozen  or  more  such  flower  stalks  are  often  found  clustered 
together.  June,  July. 

2.  O.  AMERICANA.     American  Broomrape. 

St.  simple,  covered  with  oval-lanceolate,  imbricated  scales  ;  spike  smooth, 
terminal ;  corolla  recurved ;  sta.  exsert. — Woods,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  La.  Stem 
very  thick,  4 — 6'  high,  very  smooth,  brownish-yellow,  leafless,  closely  imbri- 
cated with  pale,  polished,  oval  scales.  The  spikes  are  dense.  Bracts  pale  and 
smooth  like  the  scales  of  the  stem.  Corolla  tubular,  bent  downwards,  the  upper 
lip  vaulted,  yellow.  Calyx  irregularly  divided  into  jagged  segments,  with  2 
bracts  at  base.  July. 

2.   EPIPHEGUS.    Nutt. 
Gr.  CTTI,  upon,  0j?yuf,  the  beech;  being  supposed  parasitical  on  the  roots  of  that  tree. 

Monceciously  polygamous  ;  calyx  abbreviated,  5-toothed.  cT  Co- 
rolla ringent,  compressed,  4-cleft.  lower  lip  flat.  9  Corolla  minute, 
4-toothed,  deciduous;  capsule  truncate,  oblique,  1 -celled,  2-valved, 
opening  only  on  one  side. — ^  with  virgate,  simple  branches  which  are 
Jloriferous  their  whole  length. 

E.  VIRGINIANUS.  Eaton.    (E.  Americanus.  Nutt  and  1st  edit.)    Beech-drops. 

St.  branched,  leafless  ;  fls.  remote,  alternate  ;  cor.  4-toothed,  deciduous.- 
This  is  said  .to  be  a  parasitic  plant  growing  from  the  roots  of  beech  trees. 
Woods,  Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.  Root  a  scaly  ball  covered  with  stiff,  short  and 
brittle  radicles.  Stem  a  foot  high,  with  slender  and  irregular  branches  given 
off  the  whole  length  of  it.  Instead  of  leaves  it  has  only  a  few  small,  ovate  scales, 
one  at  the  base  of  each  branch.  Flowers  alternately  scattered  on  each  branch, 
the  upper  ones  barren,  with  recurved  corollas,  brownish- white,  with  darker 
stripes  above.  Fertile  ones  smaller,  deciduous.  The  whole  plant  is  of  a  dull 
red  color.  Aug.  Sept. 

ORDER  LXXXVIII.     BIGNONIACEJE.— BIGNONIADS. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  often  climbing  or  twining. 
Lvs.  opposite,  either  simple  or  compound,  without  stipules. 
Fls.  terminal.     Cai.  divided  or  entire,  sometimes  spathaceous. 
Cor.— Tube  broad,  with  an  irregular,  5-lobed  or  bilabiate  limb. 
Sta.  5,  1  or  3  sterile,  often  didynamous.    Anthers  2-celled. 
Ova.  2-celled,  seated  in  a  fleshy  disk.    Style  1.    Stigma  of  2  plates. 
Fr. — Capsule  coriaceous,  1— 2-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded. 
Sds.  generally  winged,  destitute  of  albumen. 

Genera  44,  species  450,  mostly  North  American.  Others  are  diffused  in  all  countries,  particularly  within 
the  tropics.  Several  of  the  Brazilian  species  of  Bignonia  afford  a  valuable  timber.  But  this  order  is  best 
known  for  the  beauty  of  its  flowers. 

Genera. 

Calyx  5-toothed.    Stamens  4,  fertile.    Climbing  shrubs Tecoma.  1 

Calyx  2-parted.    Stamens  2  fertile,  with  2  or  three  abortive.    Trees.  v  Catalpa.  2 

1.   TECOMA.    Juss. 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed  ;  cor.  tube  short,  throat  dilated,  limb 
5-lobed,  subbilabiated  or  equal ;  sta.  4,  didynamous,  with  the  rudi- 
ment of  a  fifth ;  anth.  cells  2,  diverging ;  caps.  2-celled,  2-valved ; 
seeds  winged. —  Trees  or  shrubs,  often  climbing.  Lvs.  opposite,  digitate 
or  unequally  pinnate. 


394  LXXXIX.   PEDALIACE^.  MARTYNIA. 

1.  T.  RADICANS.  Juss.     (Bignonia  radicans.  Linn.)     Trumpet  Flower. 

Climbing  by  radicating  tendrils ;  Ivs.  unequally  pinnate  ;  Ifts.  4 — 5  pairs, 
ovate,  acuminate,  dentate-serrate,  puberulent  beneath  along  the  veins ;  corymbs 
terminal ;  cor.  tube  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx ;  sta.  included. — A  splendid 
climber  in  woods  and  thickets,  along  rivers.  Penn.  to  Flor.  W.  to  111. !  Stem 
20— 80f!  in  length,  ascending  trees.  Leaves  10 — 15'  long,  leaflets  2 — 3'  by 
1 — 2'.  Flowers  §£'  long,  of  a  bright,  scarlet  red.  Fruit  about  3;  long,  curved. — 
One  variety  has  yellow-scarlet  flowers,  another  bright  scarlet.  Jn. — Aug.  f 

2.  T.  GRANDIFLORA.  Delaun.  (Bignonia  Chinensis.)  Chinese  Trumpet-flow- 
er.— Climbing,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  unequally  pinnate,  Ifts.  3 — 5  pairs,  ovate-acumi- 
nate, dentate-serrate;  panicle  terminal;  pedicels  nodding,  biglandular;  cor.  tube 
scarcely  longer  than  the  5-cleft  calyx. — Native  of  China  and  Japan.  Flowers 
of  a  rich  scarlet,  shorter  and  broader  than  in  T.  radicans.  -f- 

2.  CAT  ALP  A.  Scop. 

Calyx  2-parted ;  corolla  campanulate,  4 — 5-cleft,  the  tube  inflated  ; 
stamens  2  fertile,  2  or  3  sterile  ;  stigma  2-lipped  ;  capsule  2-celled, 
long,  cylindric. — Trees.  Lvs.  opposite  or  ternate-verticillate,  simple,  pe- 
tiolate.  Panilces  terminal. 

C.  BiGNONiolDES.  Walt.  1788.     (C.  cordifolia.  Jaum.}     Catalpa. 

Lvs.  membranaceous,  ovate-cordate,  pubescent  beneath,  acuminate,  sub- 
entire  ;  branches  of  'the  panicle  di-trichotomous ;  cal.  lips  mucronate. — A  fine, 
wide-spreading  tree,  native  in  the  Southern  States,  but  cultivated  in  many 
places  at  the  North,  for  ornament  and  shade.  In  favorable  circumstances,  it 
attains  the  height  of  50f,  with  a  diameter  of  nearly  2f.  It  exhibits  a  wide- 
spreading  top,  with  comparatively  few  branches.  Its  leaves  are  beautifully 
heart-shaped,  and  smooth,  resembling  those  of  the  lilac,  but  much  larger.  In 
color  the  bark  is  a  light,  shining  gray.  In  May  it  puts  forth  blossoms  in  great 
profusion.  Their  form  is  campanulate,  color  white,  with  yellow  and  violet 
spots.  Capsule  cylindric,  pendent,  a  foot  in  length ;  seed  winged. 

ORDER  LXXXIX.     PEDALIACE^E.— PEDALIADS. 

Herbs  mostly  strong-scented  and  glandular-hirsute.    Stipules  0. 

Lvs.  opposite  or  alternate,  undivided,  angular  or  lobed.    Fls.  axillary,  solitary,  large. 

Cor.  hypogvnous  Jrregular,  tube  ventricose,  limb  3— 5-lobed,  mostly  bilabiate. 

Sta.  4  (with  ine  rudiment  of  a  5th),  didynamous. 

Ova.  ]— 2-celled,  of  2  carpels.    Style  1.    Stigma  divided. 

Fr.  drupaceous  or  capsular,  often  2— 4-horned,  sometimes  with  4—8  spurious  cells  formed  by  the  divergent 

Jobes  of  the  placenta  cohering  with  the  walls  of  the  pericarp. 
Sds.  few,  large,  wingless. 

Genera  12,  species  27,  natives  of  tropical  America,  &c.  Some  of  them  have  been  introduced  into  the 
United  States. 

Genera. 

Corolla  5-lobed.    Leaves  suborbicular Martynia.    1 

Corolla  3-lobed.    Leaves  ovate-lanceolate Sesamum.   2 

1.  MARTYNIA. 

In  honor  of  John  Martyn,  botanical  author  and  professor,  Cambridge,  Eng.  1760. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  2 — 3-bracteolate  at  base  ;  cor.  campanulate,  tube 
gibbous  at  base,  limb  5-lobed,  unequal ;  sta.  5,  one  rudimentary  and 
sterile,  4  didynamous ;  caps,  coriaceous,  ligneous,  4-celled,  2-valved,  each 
valve  terminating  in  a  long,  hooked  beak. — ®  chiefly  southern,  branch- 
ing, viscid-pilose.  Lvs.  opposite,  petiolate,  subcordate,  roundish. 

M.  PROBOSCIDEA.  Glox.  (M.  altemifolia.  Lam.')  Unicorn  Plant. 
Branches  mostly  decumbent ;  Ivs.  cordate,  entire,  suborbicular,  villous,  up- 
per ones  alternate;  fls.  on  long,  axillary  peduncles  ;  beaks  much  longer  than  the 
capsule. — Native  along  rivers,  Penn.  to  La.  Stem  1— 2f  long.  Leaves  paler 
beneath.  Corolla  pale,  dull  yellow,  very  large,  the  limb  nearly  as  broad  as  the 
leaves,  spotted  with  brownish-purple.  Sta.  bright  yellow,  exserted.  Aug.  Sept. 

Other  ornamental  species  are  M.  diandra,  flowers  pink,  spotted  with  purple  ; 
and  M.  lutea,  flowers  deep  yellow. 


RUELLIA.  XC.  ACANTHACEJE.  395 

2.  SESAMUM. 

•Calyx  5-parted ;  corolla  campanulate,  3-cleft,  the  lower  lobe  the 
longest ;  stigma  lanceolate  ;  capsule  2-celled,  the  cells  divided  by  the 
inflexed  edges  of  the  valves. — ®  of  India. 

S.  INDICUM.  DC.  Oily-seed. — Lvs.  lanceolate-ovate,  lower  ones  3-lobed,  up- 
per ones  undivided,  serrate. — Native  of  E.  India.  Stem  erect,  about  18'  high. 
Leaves  alternate,  entire.  Flowers  axillary,  subsessile.  Corolla  pale  purple. 
The  seeds  yield  an  excellent  oil  which  will  keep  several  years  without  injury. 
It  is  used  in  cookery  for  all  the  purposes  of  sweet  oil.  Five  pounds  of  the  seeds 
•"ield  about  one  pound  of  oil.  The  leaves  are  emollient. 


ORDER  XC.     ACANTHACE^J.     ACANTHADS. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  opposite,  simple,  undivided,  exstipulate  leaves. 

Fls.  opposite  or  alternate,  spicate,  3-bracteate,  showy. 

Cal.  of 5  sepals  united  more  or  less,  persistent.     Cor.  5-lobed,  subequal  or  bilabiate.  ' 

Sta.  4,  didynamous,  or  more  usually  only  2  fertile  with  2  rudimentary. 

Ova.  2-celled,  with  the  placenta;  parietal,  adhering  in  the  axis.    Styles  united. 

Fr.— Capsule  2-celled,  cells  2  or  many-seeded. 

Sds.  roundish,  supported  by  hooked,  ascending  processes  of  the  placenta;,  without  albumen. 

Genera  105,  species  750,  chiefly  tropical,  only  a  few  species  ever  extending  into  the  United  States.  They 
are  mostly  mere  weeds,  but  many  are  highly  ornamental.  Properties  mucilaginous  and  slightly  bitter,  but 
of  little  importance  to  man. 

Genera. 

Stamens  2.    Flowers  in  pedunculate,  axillary  clusters Diclvptera.    I 

Stamens  4,  didynamous.    Flowers  sessile,  axillary Rutilia.        2 

1.  DICLIPTERA.   Juss. 

Gr.  &ig,  double.  KaXvirTrip,  a  cover ;  alluding  to  the  2  remarkable  valves. 

Calyx  5-parted,  often  2 — 3-bracteolate  ;  cor.  bilabiate,  upper  lip 
emarginate,  lower  3-cleft ;  fil.  2,  each  with  a  double  anther ;  stig.  1  ; 
caps,  attenuated  below,  half  2-celled,  with  2  elastic  valves  ;  dissepi- 
ment growing  from  the  centre  of  each  valve  ;  seeds  4,  lenticular. — 
Herbaceous  or  shrubby. 

D.  AMERICANA.  Wood.  ( Justicia  pedunculosa.  Michx.  Dianthera  Ame- 
ricana. Linn.) — St.  simple;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end; 
spikes  capitate,  dense,  on  long,  opposite  or  alternate,  axillary  peduncles.— Tj.  On 
sluggish  streams,  Can.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Ohio!  la.  Plummer!  111.  Mead.  Stem 
1 — 3f  high,  grooved.  Leaves  opposite,  2— -5'  by  J — I/,  wavy,  glabrous,  contract- 
ed to  a  short  petiole.  Peduncles  about  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Flowers  pale 
purple,  small.  Valves  of  the  capsule  recurved  elastically  when  mature,  lower 
half  attenuate  and  abortive ;  processes  of  the  placentas  ascending,  supporting 
the  lens-shaped  seeds  in  their  grooves.  Jl.  Aug. 

2.  RUELLIA. 

In  honor  of  John  Ruelle,  physician  to  Francis  I.,  and  botanic  author. 

Calyx  5-parted,  generally"  bibracteate  at  base  ;  cor.  subcampanu- 
late  with  a  slender  tube  and  a  5-lobed  limb ;  sta.  4,  didynamous,  ap- 
proximating by  pairs  ;  caps,  attenuated  to  each  end,  bursting  by  elas- 
tic, tooth-like  valves  ;  seeds  few. — ^  or  h.  Fls.  axillary  and  terminal. 
1.  R.  STEEPENS.    (R.hirsuta.  Ell.    R.  ciliosa.   Wittd.l    R.  hybrida.  Ph.  ? 
R.  oblongifolia.  MX.  ?) — Hirsute,  erect,  branched ;  Ivs.  ovate,  oval  or  ob- 
long, acutish,  margin  entire,  undulate,  lower  ones  briefly  petiolate,  upper  ses- 
sile ;  fa.  subsessile,  axillary,  2 — 3  together ;  col.  segments  linear-subulate,  his- 
S'd,  half  as  long  as  the  slender  tube  of  the  corolla. — In  dry  barrens  and  prairies, 
hio!  Ind.'!  111.  !  to  Penn.  and  Southern  States.     Stem  S--24'  high,  often  sim- 
ple, clothed  with  white,  bristly  hairs.    Leaves  l£ — 2£'  long,  £ — |  as  wide.   Calyx 
segments  8 — 10"  long.   Corolla  caducous,  limb  light  bluish-purple,  1 — 1 J'  broad, 
funnel-shaped,  with  a  long  and  slender  tube.    July. — Varies  to  subglabrous. 


396 


XCI.   SCROPHULARIACEJE. 


ft.  Corolla  smaller  (limb  1'  broad)  ;  plant  smoothish. 

Obs.  There  is  much  confusion  in  this  genus.    All  my  specimens,  collected  by  myself  and  others  in  Ohio, 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Missouri,  Tennessee  and  Alabama,  are  plainly  referable  to  R.  strepens  alone. 


ORDER  XCI.     SCROPHULARIACE^E.— FIGWORTS. 

Herbs,  under  shrubs,  or  rarely  shrubs,  scentless  or  foetid,  rarely  aromatic. 

Lvs.  opposite,  verticillate  or  alternate.    Flu.  axillary  or  racemose,  rarely  spicate. 

Cal.— Sepals  4  or  5,  unequal,  more  or  less  united  at  base,  inferior,  persistent. 

Cor.  bilabiate,  personate  or  otherwise  irregular,  the  lobes  imbricate  in  aestivation. 

Sta.  4,  clidynamous,  rarely  with  the  rudiment  of  the  5th ;  sometimes  2  only,  the  3  others  either  rudimen- 

Ova.  free,  2-celled,  many-seeded.    Style  simple.    Stigma  2-lobed.  Itary  or  wholly  wanting. 

Fr-.— Capsule  2-celled,  2-valved,  with  central  placenta?. 

Sds.  indefinite,  albuminous.    Embryo  straight. 

Genera  176,  species  1814,  found  in  every  part  of  the  world,  from  the  equator  to  the  regions  of  perpetual 
frost.  They  constitute  about  1-36  of  the  Phacnogamia  of  N.  America.  Lindley. 

Projie.rties.— Generally  acrid,  bitter  and  deleterious  planls.  The  most  remarkable  officinal  species  of 
the  tribe  is  the  foxgjove  (Digitalis),  which  exercises  a  wonderful  control  over  the  action  of  the  heart,  in 
regulating  its  pulsations.  It  is  also  employed  in  cases  of  dropsy,  hemorrhage,  &c.  Taken  in  excess  it 
speedily  causes  death.  The  Veronica  Virginica,  (Culvers  Physic)  and  Linaria  vulgaris  (toad-flax)  are 
purgative  and  emetic.  Numerous  species  are  cultivated  for  ornament.  Nearly  all  of  them  turn  black  in 
drying. 


FIG.  50.— 1.  Dasystoma  pubescens.  2.  Mature  fruit.  3.  Cross  section  of  the  2-celled  capsule.  4.  A 
stamen,  enlarged.  5.  Mimulus  ringens.  6.  Calyx  with  the  corolla  partly  removed,  showing  the  didyna- 
mous  stamens  in  pairs,  with  the  stigma  above  the  highest  pair.  7.  Sections  of  the  2-celled,  many-seeded 
capsule.  8.  Plan  of  the  flower,  showing  the  position  of  the  5th  rudimentary  filament.  9.  Linaria  vulga- 
ris, leaf  and  personate-bilabiate,  spurred  flower.  10.  A  winged  seed. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

f  Flowers      $  Corolla  deeply  and  variously  lobed  and  colored.    .        .    Schizanthus.     1 
diandrous.  £  Corolla  4-cleft.    Flowers  spicate.    Peduncle  scape-like.  Synthiris.        17 

$  spurred  at  base.        .        .    Linaria. 

f  Corolla  personate-bilabiate,  (saccate  at  base.        .        .    Antirrhinum.  4 
$  Corolla  yellow.  Pedicutaris.     28 
$  Bracts  green.  ( Corolla  purple. Schwalbea.      26 
1  Corolla  ringent-bilabiate.  £  Bracts  lobed  and  colored.    .     Castilleja. 
Fls.  didy-  |  Corolla  large,  tubular-campanulate,  subequal.        .        .    Digitalis. 
Herbs  with  alter-    namous.   I  Corolla  equally  5-cleft.    Minute  mud  plants.  .        .       .    Limoseiia. 
nate  leaves Flowers  pentandmui.    Corolla  rotate,  ueaily  regular.      .       .       .    Veroawum. 


VERBASCUM.  XCI.    SCROPHULARIACE^E.  397 

f  Calyx      $  Sterile  fils.  minute  or  0.    Gratiola.  13 

(Corolla    <5-parted.  (Sterile  fils.  forked.       .    llysanth'us.  14 

<  bilabiate.  (JCalyx  4-parted.    Fl.  minute.         .    Hemianthus.  15 

Flowers  diandrous.  (  Corolla  subequally  4-lobed  .....     Veronica.  19 

i  Leaves  serrate.-      .    Mimulus.  10 

(  Stamens  <  Leaves  multirid.     .    Conobea.  11 

I  included.  (  Leaves  entire.         .    Herpestis.  12 

<  Sta.  ascending       (  Fls.  spicate.   Rhinanthus.  27 
Corolla      I  beneath  the  galea.  I  Fls.  solitary.  Melampyi-um.29 

bilabiate.  (.Sta.  declinate  in  lower  lip.        .     Collinsia.  7 

$  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate.       .    Buchnera.  20 

Cor.5-  (purple.  (Lvs.  linear,  entire.     .        .    Gerardia.  22 

toned,]                                     $Cii\.5-peirte<l.Seymcria.  21 

.  {  Cal.5-looth'd.Dasystoma.  24 


Herbs  with  oppo- 
site  leaves 


sub-     |  $  Anth.  equal.          ... 

I  or  minute.  I  equal,  I  yellow.  I  Anthers  unequal.      .        ,    Otophylla.       23 
<  Sterile  filament  scale-like,  adherent  to  the  ovoid  corolla.   Scrophularia.   6 
Fls.  didy-    Sterile  filament  shorter,  glabrous.    Seeds  winged.         .     Chelcme.  8 

namous.   LSterile  filament  long,  exserted.  bearded.    Sds.  apterous.   Pentstemon.      9 
Trees  with  large  cordate  leaves,  and  panicles  of  tubular,  scarlet  flowers.         .        .       .    Paulownia.      5 

TRIBE  1.     SAL.PIGLOSSEJ]:. 

1.  SCHIZANTHUS.    Ruiz  &  Pavon. 
Gr.  ffvi^a,  to  cut,  av6o$,  a  flower;  in  allusion  to  the  numerous  divisions  of  the  showy  corolla. 

Corolla  irregula'r,  the  upper  lip  5-cleft,  external  in  aestivation,  low- 
er much  smaller,  3-parted  :  filaments  4,  2  of  them  sterile  ;  capsule 
2-celled.  —  ®from  Chili.  Lvs.  pinnatifid,  alternate.  Cymes  supra- 
axillary. 

S.  PINNATUS.  Ruiz  &  Pavon.  —  Lvs.  1  —  2-pinnately  cleft  ;  cor.  tube  shorter 
than  the  calyx,  middle  segment  of  the  posterior  lip,  2-lobed,  cucullate,  lateral 
segment  falcate-spatulate,  middle  segment  of  the  anterior  lip  emarginate,  late- 
ral 4-lobed;  sta.  exserted.  —  Plant  1  —  2f  high,  with  delicate  and  beautiful  flowers 
in  clusters  opposite  the  leaves.  Calyx  and  peduncles  viscid-pubescent.  Corolla 
purple  and  yellow,  with  a  dark  spot  in  the  midst,  f 

TRIBE  2.     VERBASCEJE. 

2.  VERBASCUM. 
Lat.  barba,  beard  ;  a  name  significant  of  the  beard  with  which  the  plant  is  covered. 

Corolla  rotate,  5-lobed,  unequal  ;  stamens  5,  decimate,  all  perfect  ; 
capsule  ovoid-globose,  2-valved.  —  ®  rarely  Q  or  suffruticose.  Lvs.  al- 
ternate. Fls.  in  spikes  or  paniculate  racemes. 

1.  V.  THAPSUS.     Common  Mullein. 

Lvs.  decurrent,  densely  tomentose  on  both  sides  ;  rac.  spiked,  dense  ;  three 
of  the  stamens  downy,  two  of  them  smooth.  —  The  tall,  dense,  club-shaped  spikes 
of  the  common  mullein  are  very  conspicuous  in  every  slovenly  field  and  by  all 
roadsides,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  erect,  3  —  5f  high,  woolly,  its  angles  winged 
by  the  decurrent  base  of  the  leaves,  generally  simple,  occasionally  with  one  or 
two  branches  above.  Leaves  very  rough  with  dense  woolbn  both  sides.  Flow- 
ers rotate,  of  a1  golden  yellow,  nearly  sessile.  Notwithstanding  its  frequency, 
the  mullein  is  generally  supposed  to  "have  been  introduced.  Jn.  —  Aug. 

2.  V.  BLATTARIA.     Moth  Mullein. 

Lvs.  clasping,  oblong,  smooth,  serrate  ;  ped.  1-flowered,  solitary.  —  (£)  Grows 
in  waste  grounds,  roadsides,  N.  Eng.  to  la.!  not  common.  Stem  3f  high, 
branching  above,  bearing  a  terminal,  leafy  raceme  2  —  4'  long.  Lower  leaves 
oblong,  obovate;  upper  ones  cordate-ovate,  all  coarsely  and  doubly  serrate. 
Flowers  on  pedicels  near  an  inch  in  length.  Corolla  yellow  or  white,  marked 
with  brown  at  the  back.  Stamens  unequal,  purplish,  the  filaments  all  hairy. 
.  Jn.  Jl. 

3.  V.  LYCHNITIS. 

Whitish  subtomentose  ;  st.  and  paniculate  branches  angular  ;  Ivs.  green 
above,  crenate,  lower  petioled,  narrowed  to  the  base,  upper  ones  sessile  ;  panicte 
pyramidal,  fascicles  loosely  many-flowered  ;  cat.  small,  with  lance-subulate  seg- 
ments ;  fit.  wi^h  white  wool.  —  Banks  of  the  Delaware,  near  Philadelphia,  Pursh. 
Ky.  McMurt.  Leaves  very  canescent  beneath.  Flowers  pale  yellow. 


398  XCI.  SCROPHULARIACE^E.  ANTIRRHINUM. 

4.  V.  PHCENICEUM.  (V.  ferrugineum.  Andr.) — St.  pubescent  or  glabrous; 
Ivs.  smooth  above,  radical  petiolate,  ovate  or  oblong,  serrate  or  entire,  cauline 
few;  roc.  glandular-pilo.se,  simple  or  subramose;  pedicels  solitary,  remote,  ma- 
ny times  longer  than  the  calyx ;  fil.  with  purple  wool. — Native  of  Europe  and 
Asia,  duite  variable  both  in  the  form  of  the  leaves  and  the  color  of  the  flow- 
ers, the  latter  being  violet,  red  or  copper  color,  f 

TRIBES.     AXTIRRHItfEJB. 

Corolla  tubular,  often  saccate  or  calcarate  (spurred).  Capsule  dehiscing  by 
pores.  Inflorescence  centripetal.  Leaves  (at  least  the  lower)  opposite  or  ver- 
ticillate  (upper  often  alternate).  Benth. 

3.    LINARIA.  Juss. 

Lat.  linum,  flax  ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  leaves  of  some  of  the  species. 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  corolla  personate,  upper  lip  bifid,  reflexed  ;  lower 
lip  3-cleft ;  throat  closed  by  the  prominent  palate  ;  tube  inflated, 
with  a  spur  behind  ;  capsule  2-celled,  bursting  at  the  summit. — Herbs. 
Lower  Ivs.  generally  opposite,  upper  alternate.  Fls*.  solitary^  axillary, 
often  forming  terminal,  leafy  racemes. 

1.  L.  VUI.GARIS.  Mill.    (Antirrhinum  Linaria.  Linn.)    Toad  Max.  Snap- 
dragon.— Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  crowded ;  spikes  terminal ;  fls.  dense,  im- 
bricate ;  col.  smooth,  shorter  than  the  spur. — 1\.  A  very  showy  plant  common  by 
roadsides,  N.  Eng.  to  Ky.     Stems  erect,  smoothish,  1 — 2f  high,  very  leafy  and 
with  numerous,  short,  leafy  branches.    Flowers  large  and  numerous,  crowded 
in  a  long,  terminal  spike.     Corolla  of  a  curious  and  grotesque  form,  furnished 
with  a  long  tail  or  spur,  the  mouth  closed  by  a  prominent  palate  from  the  un- 
der lip.     By  lateral  pressure  it  opens,  closing  with  a  spring  when  the  pressure 
is  removed.     Color  a  brilliant  yellow  except  the  palate  which  is  of  a  rich 
orange.    July,  Aug. 

2.  L.  CANADENSIS.  Dumont.     (Antirrhinum  Canadense.  Linn.)     Cana- 
dian Snap-dragon. — Lvs.  scattered,  erect,  linear,  obtuse  ;  fls.  racemed ;  st. 

simple ;  scions  procumbent. — A  smaller,  annual  species  in  roadsides,  fields,  Can. 
to  Car.  and  Ky.  Stem  very  slender,  nearly  simple,  curving  upwards  from  the 
decumbent  base,  about  a  foot  high,  smooth,  furnished  with  small,  remote  leaves. 
A  few  leafy,  prostrate  or  ascending  shoots  are  given  off  from  the  base  of  the 
stem.  Flowers  small,  blue,  in  a  loose  raceme  at  the  end  of  the  stems.  Throat 
closed  by  the  light  blue  palate.  Spur  filiform,  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Jn. — Sept. 

3.  A.  ELATINE. 

Procumbent,  hairy;  Ivs.  alternate,  hastate,  entire;  ped.  solitary,  very  long. 
— Fields,  Can.  to  Car.  A  small,  slender  species.  Stem  creeping,  1 — 2f  in 
length.  Leaves  6 — 8"  by  3 — 4",  with  a  conspicuous  auricle  each  side  at  base. 
Corolla  yellow,  the  upper  lip  bright  purple  beneath,  on  long  stalks.  Calyx 
hairy,  as  well  as  the  whole  plant.  Jn.— Sept. 

4.  L.  TRIORNITHOPHORUM.  Willd.  ( Antir.  triorn.  Linn.)  Three-bird  Snap-dragon. 
— Erect,  spreading,  smooth  and  glaucous ;  Ivs.  all  verticillate  in  3s  or  4s,  broad- 
lanceolate,  acute ;  fls.  interruptedly  racemose,  generally  verticillate,  on  long 
pedicels. — 1}.  Native  from  Portugal  to  Austria.     A  showy  plant  2— 4f  high, 
remarkable  for  the  form  and  hue  of  the  corolla  which  resembles  three  little  birds 
seated  in  the  spur,  f 

5.  L.  BiPARTlTA.  Willd.     (Antirrhinum  bipartita.   Vent.) — Glabrous,  erect; 
Ivs.  linear ;  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  calyx ;  sep.  lance-linear,  acute,  mem- 
branaceous  at  the  margin  ;  cor.  upper  Up  deeply  2-parted  ;  spnr  slender,  arcuate.- 
— A  beautiful  plant  from  Barbary.     Corollas  8 — 10"  long,  violet-blue,  palate 
orange,  f 

4.   ANTIRRHINUM. 

Gr.  avri,  like,  ptv,  a  nose ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  flowers  to  the  snout  of  some  animal. 

Calyx  5-sepaled  ;  cor.  gibbous  (not  spurred)  at  base,  the  upper  lip 


COLLINSIA.  XCI.    SCROPHULARIACE^E.  399 

bifid,  reflexed,  lower  trifid,  closed  by  the  prominent  palate  ;  caps, 
valveless,  dehiscent  by  3  pores. — European  herbs  with  the  lower  Ivs. 
opposite,  the  upper  alternate.  Inflorescence  as  in  Linaria. 

1.  A.  MAJUS.     Great  Snap-Dragon. — Lvs.  lanceolate,  opposite;  fls.  racemed; 
sep.  glandular-hairy,  lanceolate,  acute.-  An  elegant  and  popular  garden  flower, 
native  of  England.    Grows  1  or  2f  high.    Flowers  large,  pink-colored,  the  lower 
lip  white  and  the  mouth  yellow,  with  a  gibbous  prominence  at  base  beneath. 
There  are  varieties  with  scarlet,  scarlet  and  white,  and  double  flowers,  f 

2.  A.  ORONTIUM.  0.  grandiflorum.  Chav. — Glabrous  or  hairy  above,  spread- 
ing; Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate ;  yfo.  remote,  subsessile,  upper  ones  subracemose; 
col.  segments  equaling  the  corolla,  and  ovoid  and  very  oblique  capsule. — Native 
of  Europe,  Asia,  and  North  America'?  Bentham.    A  showy  garden  plant,  1 — 
2f  high.     Corolla  6"  long,  rose-color  or  white,  with  purple  spots  and  veins,  f 

TRIBE  4.     CHEL.ONEJE. 

Corolla  tubular,  not  saccate  or  spurred.  Capsule  2 — 4-valved.  Calyx  seg- 
ments or  lobes  imbricate  in  sest.  Inflorescence  compound  (general  centripe- 
tal, partial  centrifugal).  Benth. 

5.   PACJLOWNIA.     Siebold. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  fleshy  ;  cor.  tube  long,  declinate,  enlarged 
above,  limb  oblique,  with  rounded  segments  ;  sta.  4,  arched  downwards, 
with  no  rudiment  of  a  5th  ;  caps,  ligneous,  acuminate,  valves  septi- 
ferous  in  the  middle  ;  seeds  00,  winged. — Tree,  native  of  Japan. 

R.  IMPERIALIS.  Sieb.  (Bignonia  tomentosa:  Tkunb.} — A  splendid  tree  with 
the  habit  of  Catalpa,  recently  introduced  in  cultivation  in  this  country ! 
Branches  crooked,  nearly  horizontal.  Leaves  7 — 12'  by  4 — 9',  opposite,  petio- 
late,  broad  cordate-ovate,  entire  or  somewhat  trilobate,  villous-canescent  both 
sides,  smoothish  above  when  full  grown.  Panicles  large,  terminal,  many- 
flowered.  Corolla  1£ — 2'  long,  between  violet  and  rose-color,  striped  and  spot- 
ted within,  f 

6.  SCROPHULARIA. 

So  named  from  the  resemblance  of  the  roots  to  scrofulous  tumors. 

Calyx  in  5  acute  segments  ;  corolla  subglobose,  limb  contracted, 
sub-bilabiate,  lip  with  an  internal,  intermediate  scale  (sterile  filament) ; 
capsule  2-celled  ;  valves  with  2  inflated  margins. — Herbs  or  suffrutt- 
cose,  often  foetid.  Lvs.  opposite.  Cymes  in  simple  or  compound  terminal^ 
thyrsoid  panicles. 

S.  NODOSA  (and  S.  Marilandica.  Linn.    S.  lanceolata.  Purs/i.)    Figwort. 

Glabrous;  st.  angled;  Ivs.  ovate,  ovate-oblong,  or  the  upper  lanceolate, 
acute,  serrate  or  subincised,  base  broadly  cordate  or  rounded  or  acutish ;  Ihyrse 
oblong,  leafless  or  scarcely  leafy  at  base ;  cymes  pedunculate,  loosely  many- 
flowered;  cat.  segments  broadly  ovate,  obtuse",  slightly  margined;  sterile  anlh. 
broadly  orbicular.  Bentham. — 7J.  In  woods  and  hedges,  Can.  U.  S.  and  Cal. ; 
also  in  Europe.  Rare  in  N.  Eng.  Stem  square,  4 — 6f  high,  with  paniculate, 
opposite  branches  above.  Leaves  3 — 7'  long,  smooth,  thin,  often  long-acumi- 
nate. Flowers  ovoid,  3 — 4"  long.  Limb  very  small,  sublabiate,  having  a 
green  scale  (sterile  filament)  adnate  to  the  upper  side.  July — Oct. — The  plant 
is  quite  variable  in  the  form  of  the  upper  leaves  and  in  the  development  of  the 
panicle;  but  having  observed  it  in  numerous  localities  in  the  Middle  and 
Western  States,  I  cheerfully  concur  in  the  present  view  of  Mr.  Bentham. 

7.  COLLINSIA.    Nutt. 

Named  by  Mr.  Nuttall  in  honor  of  Z.  Collins,  Esq.,  of  Philadelphia. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  corolla  bilabiate,  orifice  closed,  upper  lip  bifid,  lower 
trifid,  with  the  middle  segment  carinately  saccate  and  closed  over  the 
34* 


400  XCI.    SCROPHULARIACE.E.  PENTSTEMON. 

declinate  style  and  stamens ;  capsule  ovoid  or  globose,  with  2  mem- 
branaceous,  bifid  valves  ;  seeds  large,  concavo-convex. — ®  with  oppo- 
site or  verticillate  Ivs.,  axillary  and  terminal  inflorescence. 

C.  VERNA.  Nutt.     Venial  Collinsia.     Tall  Pink. 

Minutely  puberulent ;  lowest  Ivs.  ovate  or  oblong,  petiolate,.  middle  and 
upper  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  cordate-amplexicaul,  dentate,  floral  ones  lance- 
linear,  entire ;  verticillasters  2 — 6-flowered ;  pedicels  many  times  longer  than 
the  flowers. — Banks  of  streams,  shaded  or  open,  N.  Y.  near  Utica,  Gray,  to 
Ohio,  Locke!  la.,  Plummer!  A  tender  herb,  8 — 18'  high,  branched  from  the 
base.  Leaves  1—2'  By  £— 1',  dilated  at  base.  Pedicels  1— !£'  long.  Corolla 
5"  long,  variegated  with  blue  and  white. 

8.   CHELONE. 
Gr.  %E\<>)vri,  a  tortoise ;  from  a  fancied  resemblance  of  the  flower  to  the  head  of  that  animal. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  with  three  bracts  at  base  ;  corolla  inflated, 
bilabiate,  the  fifth  filament  abortive,  smooth  above,  shorter  than  the 
rest ;  anthers  woolly ;  caps,  valves  entire  ;  seeds  broadly  membrana- 
ceous,  winged. — ^  with  opposite  Ivs.,  distinguished  from  Pcntstemon 
chiefly  by  the  seeds. 

C.  GLABRA.     Snake-head.     Salt-rheum  Weed. 

Smooth  ;  Ivs.  opposite,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate  ;  fts.  densely 
spiked. — A  plant  of  brooks  and  wet  places  (Can.  and  U.  S.),  with  flowers 
shaped  much  like  the  head  of  a  snake,  the  mouth  open  and  tongue  extended. 
Stem  mostly  simple,  2f  high,  erect.  Leaves  opposite,  of  a  dark  and  shining 
green  above,  with  irregular  serratures,  and  sessile  or  nearly  so.  Flowers  large, 
in  a  short,  terminal,  dense  spike.  Corolla  white,  often  tinged  with  red,  inflated, 
contracted  at  the  mouth,  with  short,  gaping  lips.  Filaments  hairy.  Style 
long,  exsert,  bending  downwards.  Aug.  Sept. 

/?.  purpurea.  (C.  purpurea.  MM?)  Lvs.  distinctly  petiolate,  acuminate; 
cor.  rose-purple. — This  variety  prevails  in  the  Western  States  !  It  is  larger  in 
its  leaves  and  flowers.  Petioles  | — 1'  long.  Flowers  very  beautiful. 

9.   PENTSTEMON. 

Gr,  irevrc,  O-TJJ//OJ/,  five  stamens  (4  perfect  and  1  abortive) ;  from  the  character  of  the  flower. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft ;  corolla  ventricose,  bilabiate ;  the  fifth  filament 
sterile,  bearded,  longer  than  the  rest ;  anthers  smooth  ;  seeds  00, 
angular,  not  margined. — ^  rarely  h,  of  N.  America,  branching,  pa- 
niculate. Lvs.  opposite.  Pis.  showy,  red,  violet,  blue  or  white. 

1.  P.  PUBESCENS.  Soland.     (Chelone  Pentstemon.  Linn.)    Beard-tongue. 

Hirsute  or  glabrous  ;  radical  Ivs.  ovate  or  oblong,  petiolate,  cauline  lanceo- 
late-oblong or  lance-ovate,  serrulate,  sessile  ;  panicle  loose ;  cor.  lube  dilated  up- 
wards, upper  lip  shortest;  sterile  sta.  longitudinally  bearded. — River  banks, 
bluffs,  hills  and  barrens,  Western  N.  Y. !  to  Ohio  !  la.  and  111.  A  handsome 
plant,  1 — 2f  high.  Stem  round,  smooth  below,  supporting  a  loose,  oppositely 
branched  panicle  of  bluish-purple  flowers.  Corolla  1'  in  length,  the  barren  fila- 
ment broadest  at  end.  June. 

a.  Lvs.  narrow  and  thinly  pubescent. 

/?.  (P.  lasvigatus.  Soland.)  .  Lvs.  dilated  and  subamplexicaul,  glabrous. 

2.  P.  DIGITALIS.  Nutt.     (Chelone  digitalis.  Sweet.)    Fox-glove  Pentstemon. 
Very  glabrous  or  rarely  puberulent ;  radical  Ivs.  petiolate,  oval-elliptic  or 

oblong,  cauline  lanceolate,  dilated  and  amplexicaul  at  base,  serrate  or  rarely 
entire ;  panicle  loose ;  ped.  erect,  spreading ;  cor.  tube  campanulate-dilated  up- 
wards, upper  lip  scarcely  shorter  than  the  lower;  sterile  sla.  longitudinally 
bearded. — Rich  soils,  Ohio,  la. !  to  Tenn.,  Miss  Carpenter!  Large  and  splen- 
did, 3f  high.  Leaves  6£'  by  2',  broadest  at  base  and  tapering  to  a  long  point. 
Flowers  numerous.  Corolla  15"  long,  bluish-purple,  varying  to  white.  Jn.  Jl.— 
I  am  strongly  inclined  to  regard  this  also  as  a  luxuriant  variety  of  P.  pubescens. 


MIMULUS.  XC1.   SCRQPHULARIACE^.  401 

3.  P.  GRACILIS.  Nutt.   (Chelone  gracilis.  Spreng.)    Slender  Beard-tongue. 
Glabrous;  radical  Ivs.  petiolate,  elliptic-oblong  or  lance-oblong,  cauline 

linear-lanceolate,  amplexicaul,  entire  or  remotely  serrulate;  panicle  pubescent, 
slender;  ped.  erect;  cal.  segments  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate;  cor.  tube  long 
and  narrow,  scarcely  dilated  upwards,  upper  lip  shorter  than  the  lower ;  sterile 
sta.  longitudinally  bearded. — River  bottoms,  near  Chicago,  111.,  Mead,  also  Mo. 
and  C.  W.  Plant  simple,  glaucous,  2f  high.  Peduncles  3 — 7-flowered.  Flow- 
ers nodding,  9—10"  long,  pale  blue.  June. 

4.  P.  GRANDIFLORUS.  Fraser.    (Chelone  grandiflora.  Spr.)    Great-flowered 
Beard-tongue. — Erect,  glabrous  and  glaucous ;  radical  Ivs.  petiolate,  obo- 

vate-oblong,  cauline  broadly  ovate,  the  highest  orbicular,  amplexicaul,  not  con- 
nate ;  panicle  long,  slender  and  racemose,  interrupted ;  ped.  short,  solitary  or 
fasciculate,  rigid  ;  cor.  broadly  campanulate ;  sterile  fil.  dilated  and  puberulent 
at  apex.— 111.  near  Prairie  du  Chien,  RiddeU,  Mo.,  Nuttall.  Stem  3f  high. 
Flowers  1 — 3  together  in  the  upper  axils.  Corolla  15"  long,  much  dilated  at 
the  mouth,  variously  shaded  with  blue  and  purple. 

5.  P.  SPECIOSUS.  Doug.    Showy  Pentstemon. — Erect,  glabrous,  glaucous;  radi- 
cal Ivs.  petiolate,  oblong-spatulate,  cauline  sessile,  lanceolate  ;  panicle  elongated, 
slender,  virgate,  secund;  cal.  segments  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  margin  mem- 
branaceous ;  car.  tube  enlarged  upwards  ;  'sterile  fil.  filiform,  glabrous. — Oregon. 
Height  3 — 4f.    Flowers  !£'  long,  blue,  f 

6.  P.  CAMPANULA-TUB.    Willd.     (Chelone  campanulata,  augustifolia,  rosea, 
atropurpurea,  of  authors.) — Glabrous;  Ivs.  acutely  serrate,  lance-linear  or  lance- 
ovate,  long-acuminate,  often  dilated  at  base ;  panicle  long,  loose  and  secund ; 
cor.  tube  ventricose  above,  lobes  subequal ;  sterile  fil.  bearded. — Mexico.    A  very 
variable  species,  2— 3f  high,  with  large  flowers  varying  from  light  purple  to 
dark  red  or  purple,  t 

7.  P.  BARBATUS.  Nutt.     Scarlet  Pentstemon. — Glabrous  and  glaucous ;  Ivs.  en- 
tire, lower  oblong,  upper  lance-linear ;  panicle  long  and  loose ;  cor.  tube  long, 
scarcely  dilated  upwards  ;  lower  lip  and  sterile  fil.  densely  bearded. — Mexico. 
Height  2— 3f.     Corolla  scarlet,  13"  long,  f 

Obs.— P.  gentiairoides,  with  the  panicle  long,  leafy  at  base,  flowers  violet,  scarlet,  &c.,  and  a  few  other 
species  are  rarely  found  in  gardens. 

TRIBE  5.     GRAT1OL.EJE. 

Corolla  tubular,  not  saccate  or  spurred.    Capsule  bivalved,  rarely  indehiscent. 

Calyx  lobes  or  segm.  imbricate  in  sest.   Inflor.  centripetal,  uniform.   Benth. 

10.  MIMtJLUS. 

Gr.  fit  pa,  an  ape ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  ringent  or  grinning  corolla. 

Calyx  prismatic,  5-toothed  ;  corolla  ringent,  the  upper  lip  reflected 
at  the  sides ;  palate  of  the  lower  lip  prominent  ;  capsule  2-celled, 
many-seeded  ;  stigma  thick,  bifid. — Herbs  prostrate  or  erect,  with  square 
stems  and  opposite  Ivs.  Ped.  axillary,  solitary,  I -flowered. 

1.  M.  RINGENS.     Monkey  Flower. 

Las.  sessile,  smooth,  lanceolate,  acuminate ;  ped.  axillary,  longer  than  the 
flowers. — Tj.  A  common  inhabitant  of  ditches  and  mud  soils,  Can.  and  U.  S., 
with  large,  blue,  ringent  flowers.  Stem  erect,  square,  smooth,  about  2f  high. 
Leaves  sessile,  opposite,  serrate,  acute,  lanceolate.  Peduncles  about  as  long  as 
the  leaves,  square,  curved  upwards,  axillary  and  opposite.  Calyx  tubular,  5- 
angled  and  5-toothed.  Corolla  pale  blue,  yellow  within.  Jl.  Aug. 

2.  M.  ALATUS.     Wing-stem  Monkey  Flower. 

Lvs.  petiolate,  smooth,  ovate,  acuminate ;  ped.  axillary,  shorter  than  the 
flowers;  st.  winged  at  the  4  corners. — l\.  In  N.  Y.  to  la.,  Plummer !  and  S. 
States.  This,  like  the  last  species,  inhabits  ditches  and  other  wet  places,  and 
grows  to  nearly  the  same  height.  The  square  stem,  erect,  smooth  and  winged 
at  the  4  angles,  affords  an  adequate  distinction.  Leaves  stalked,  ovate.  Flow- 
ers ringent,  on  short  stalks,  light  purple.  Calyx  teeth  rounded,  mucronate.  Aug. 
3.  M.  LUTEUS.  (M.  rivularis,  lyratus,  variegatus  and  guttatus  of  authors.} 


402  XCI.   SCROPHULARIACE.E.  HERPESTIS. 

Yellow  Monkey  Flower. — Ascending  or  erect ;  Ivs.  orbicular-ovate  or  oblong, 
lower  long-petiolate,  sublyrate,  upper  sessile  or  clasping,  many- veined ;  ped. 
longer  than  the  leaves ;  col.  tube  ovoid,  upper  tooth  largest ;  cor.  tube  broad, 
twice  longer  than  the  calyx. — California  and  Chili.  Flowers  yellow,  often 
spotted  with  rose  or  purple,  f 

4.  M.  CARDINALIS.  Doug.  Cardinal  Monkey  Flower. — Erect,  branched,  vil- 
lous;  Ivs.  ovate,  erose-dentate,  narrowed  and  amplexicaul  at  base,  many- 
veined  ;  ped.  longer  than  the  leaves ;  cal.  tube  large,  inflated ;  cor.  lobes  reflexed. 
— California.  Stem  loosely  branched,  2 — 3f  high.  Corolla  scarlet,  the  tube 
hardly  longer  than  the  calyx,  limb  large  and  brilliant,  f 

11.   CON  QBE  A.    Aublet. 

Calyx  5-parted,  equal ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  2-lobed,  lower  lip 
3-parted ;  fertile  sta.  4  ;  anth.  approximating  by  pairs,  cells  parallel ; 
caps,  globose,  ovoid,  valves  breaking  away  from  the  placentiferous  dis- 
sepiment ;  seeds  00,  ovoid. — American,  branching  herbs,  with  opposite 
Ivs.  Ped.  axillary,  solitary  or.  in  pairs,  1  -flowered,  2  bracteoles  near  apex. 

C.  MULTIFIDA.  Benth.  (Capracia.  Michx.  Leucospora.  Nutt.) 
Low,  diffusely  branched,  puberulent ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  pinnately  dissected, 
segments  linear  or  cuneate,  lobed  or  entire,  obtuse ;  cor.  lobes  entire  ;  caps,  ovoid, 
valves  at  length  2-parted. — (I)  1  Along  the  banks  of  the  Ohio,  (Clark!}  and  other 
western  rivers,  common.  A  plant  4- — 6'  high,  with  finely  divided  leaves,  and 
of  a  grayish  aspect.  Leaves  1'  long,  in  5  or  7  segments,  the  petiole  as  long  as 
the  flowers.  Corolla  greenish,  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx.  Capsule  1£"  long.  Jl. 

12.   HERPESTIS.     Gaert. 
Gr.  lf)7r>7<rr»7J,  a  creeper ;  from  the  prostrate  habit  of  the  plants- 

Calyx  5-parted,  unequal ;  cor.  subbilabiate,  upper  lip  emarginate 
or  2-lobed,  lower  3-lobed  ;  sta.  4,  didynamous,  parallel ;  caps.  2-fur- 
rowed,  2-celled,  valves  parallel  with  the  dissepiment,  the  margins  in- 
flexed  ;  seeds  00,  small. —  Obscure  weeds  with  opposite  Ivs.  Ped.  1- 
Jlowered,  axillary  or  subracemose,  often  with  2  bracteoles  near  the  calyx. 

1.  H.  ROTUNDIFOLIA.  Ph.     (Monneria  rotundifolia.  Michx.') 

St.  mostly  glabrous,  creeping ;  Ivs.  orbicular-obovate,  entire,  glabrous, 
many-veined  ;  pedicels  ebracteate,  1 — 3-together,  2  or  3  times  longer  than  the 
calyx ;  lower  cal.  seg.  ovate  ;  cor.  %  longer  than  the  calyx. — A  prostrate  mud 
plant,  in  ponds,  111.  Mead!  to  La.  Stem  If  in  length.  "Leaves  6— 12"  diam., 
about  9-veined,  sessile.  Peduncles  thick,  half  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Calyx 
2—3"  in  length.  Flowers  blue. 

2.  H.    MICRANTHA.    Pursh. 

Glabrous,  prostrate ;  Ivs.  oval,  entire,  sessile  or  clasping,  obscurely  many- 
veined  ;  pedicels  ebracteate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  cal.  lower  seg.  cor- 
date ;  cor.  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. — Borders  of  pools  and  rivers,  N.  J. 
Penn.  to  Va.  A  minute  weed,  2 — 4'  in  length,  with  minute  flowers.  Leaves 
about  3"  by  2",  5 — 7- veined.  Flowers  less  than  2"  long,  blue  1  Aug. 

3.  H.  AMPLEXICAULIS.  Ph.     (Monneria  amplexicaulis.  Michx.} 

St.'  floating,  woolly ;  Ivs.  amplexicaul,  ovate,  obtuse,  entire,  many-veinec, 
glabrous  above  ;  ped.  solitary,  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  cal.  lower  seg.  cordate  ; 
cor.  J  longer  than  the  calyx  j'hypog -ynous  d-isk  long,  10-toothed  at  apex. — Swamps 
and  ditches,  N.  J.  to  L,a.  A  few  inches  in  length,  with  leaves  6 — 8"  long. 
Flowers  nearly  5"  long.  Style  dilated  at  the  end.  Aug. 

4.  H.  MONNERIA.  Humboldt.    (H.  cuneifolia.  Ph.   Monneria  cuneifolia. 
Michx.} — Glabrous,  fleshy,  prostrate  ;  Ivs.  cuneate-obovate,  obscurely  cre- 

nate  or  entire ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  leaves,  with  2  bracteoles  near  the  calyx  ; 
lower  cal.  seg.  ovate. — An  obscure  weed,  on  inundated  banks,  Penn.  to  Car. 
Beck,  and  La.  Eaton.  Leaves  6 — 8''  long,  obscurely  veined,  subclasping. 
Flowers  very  small,  pale  purple.  Aug. 


HEMIANTHUS.          .     XCI.   SCROPHULARIACE^E.  403 

13.  GRATIC-LA. 

Lat.  gratia,  iavor :  alluding  to  its  medicinal  virtues. 

Calyx  5-parted,  subequal ;  cor.  upper  lip  entire  or  slightly  bifid, 
lower  trifid,  the  palate  not  prominent ;  sta.  2,  fertile,  mostly  with  3 
sterile  filaments ;  caps.  2-celled,  4-valved,  valves  infiexed  at  margin. 
— Herbs  with  opposite  Ivs.  •.  Ped.  axillary,  l-Jlowered,  usually  bibracteo- 
late  near  the  calyx. 

1.  G.  AUREA.  Muhl.     Golden  Hedge  Hyssop. 

Smooth ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  subentire,  half-clasping  ;  sterile  fil.  2,  mi- 
nute.— A  small,  perennial  herb,  6 — 8'  high,  frequenting  the  borders  of  muddy 
ponds  and  other  moist  places,  Mass. !  N.  Y. !  to  Flor.  Stem  declining  and 
rooting  at  the  base,  quadrangular,  simple  or  branching.  Leaves  opposite,  ses- 
sile, a  little  clasping,  smooth,  punctate,  acute  or  nearly  so,  often  with  a  few 
teeth  near  the  end.  Flowers  yellow,  axillary,  alternate,  on  slender  stalks,  as 
long  as  the  leaves.  Filaments  4,  adhering  to  the  corolla,  2  of  them  minute, 
without  anthers.  Aug. 

2.  G.  VIRGINICA.    (G.  aurea.  Ph.   G.  Missouriana.  Deck.   G.  officinalis. 
MX.)— St.  ascending,  branched;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  subacute ;  ped.  as  long  or 

longer  than  the  leaves  ;  sterile  fil.  none.  -7J.  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  4 — 8'  high, 
more  or  less  pubescent,  round,  declining  and  branching  at  base.  Leaves  1 — 2' 
long,  and  £  as  wide,  smooth,  lanceolate,  sessile,  dentate  or  nearly  entire  near 
the  ends,  subconnate  or  amplexicaul.  Corolla  white  or  pale-yellow,  pubescent 
within,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  and  on  long,  pubescent  stalks.  "  Calyx  with 
5  equal  segments,  and  2  bracts  which  are  linear-lanceolate  and  rather  longer 
than  the  sepals.  July. 

3.  G.  SPH;EROCARPA.  Ell.     (G.  Carol iniensis.  Le  Conte.}    Round-fruited 
Hedge  Hyssop. — Glabrous,   ascending,   branched;    Ivs.   lanceolate-ovate, 

attenuate  to  the  base,  sparingly  toothed  ;  ped.  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. — 
Low  grounds,  Western  States !  to  Ga.  Plant  a  few  inches  high,  differing  from 
the  last  chiefly  in  the  short  peduncles,  round  capsules,  broader  leaves,  &c. 
Flowers  whitish,  5 — 6"  long.  June. 

14.   ILYSANTHUS.    Rafinesque. 

Gr.  tXvj,  mud,  avSos,  flower;  from  the  habitat  of  the  plants. 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  cor.  upper  lip  short,  erect,  bifid,  lower  lip  larger, 
spreading,  trifid  ;  sta.  2  fertile,  2  sterile  fil.  forked,  one  of  the  di- 
visions glandular,  obtuse,  the  other  acute,  or  rarely  with  half  an  an- 
ther ;  caps,  ovate  or  oblong,  about  equaling  the  calyx. — <£>  with  oppo- 
site lvs.j  and  axillary,  \-flowered  ped.,  resembling  Gratiola  in  habit. 

I.  GRATioLolDEs.  Benth.     (Lindernia  dilatata.  Ell.    L.  attenuata.    MuJd. 

L.  pyxidaria.  Ph.  Gratiola  anagalloidea.  Michx.} — Glabrous,  ascending, 
much  branched;  Ivs.  ovate  or  oblong,  obtusish,  subdentate,  lower  attenuated  to 
a  petiole ;  cor.  erect,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  on  bractless  peduncles ;  sterile 
fit.  bearing  the  glabrous,  acute  lobe  below  the  middle. — In  wet  places,  Can.,  N. 
Y. !  Ohio. !  la.,  111. !  to  Tex.,  frequent.  A  lofr,  inconspicuous  plant,  3 — 6  or 
8'  high.  Leaves  5 — 8"  long,  sometimes  mostly  sessile,  commonly  the  lower 
distinctly  petiolate.  Corolla  bluish-white,  much  exserted,  5"  long.  July,  Aug. 
— Varies  with  the  leaves  somewhat  dilated  at  base  and  sessile,  and  the  pedun- 
cles longer  or  shorter,  being  sometimes  a  little  longer  than  the  leaves. 

15.    HEMIANTHUS.    Nutt. 
Gr.  fyii,  half,  avSoj,  flower;  alluding  to  the  absence  Of  the  upper  lip. 

Calyx  4-toothed ;  cor.  upper  lip  very  short  or  obsolete,  lower  3- 
cleft,  the  middle  segment  long,  spreading;  cells  of  the  2  anthers 
divaricate  ;  sterile  fil.  0 ;  caps.  1 -celled,  2-valved. — ®  Minute  gla- 
brous, creeping.  Lvs.  opposite. 


404  XCI.    SCROPHULARIACE.E.  DIGITALIS. 

H.  MICRANTHEMOIDES.  Nutt.     (Herpestis  micrantha.  Ell.) 

Inundated  banks,  Del.,  Nuttall.     Stems  a  few  inches  in  length,  dichoto- 

mously  branched."  Leaves  roundish-ovate,  opposite,  crowded,  sessile,  obscurely 

3-veined.    Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  minute.     Aug.  Sept. 

TRIBE  6.     SIBTHORPEJ3. 
16.   LIMOSELLA. 

Lat.  limus,  mud ;  the  plant  grows  by  the  edge  of  puddles  and  muddy  places. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  corolla  shortly  camparmlate,  5-cleft,  equal ;  stamens 
approximating  in  pairs;  capsule  partly  ,2-celled,  2-valved,  many- 
seeded. — Minute,  aquatic  herbs.  Scape  l-floivered. 

L.  TENUIFOLTA.  Nutt.  (L.  subulata.  Ives  and  1st  edit.')  Mudwort. 
Acaule'scent ;  Ivs.  linear,  scarcely  distinct  from  the  petiole ;  scape  as  long 
as  the  leaves ;  cor.  segments  oval-oblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx. — ®  R.  I. ! 
Mass. !  N.  Y.,  Penn.  A  minute  plant,  an  inch  in  height,  growing  on  the 
muddy  banks  of  rivers.  Leaves  and  flower-stalks  radical.  Flowers  very  small, 
blue  and  white.  Aug. 

TRIBE  7.     DIGITALEJ3. 

Inflorescence  centripetal,  racemose.     Leaves  all  alternate,  the  lower  crowded, 

petiolate.     Benth.  • 
17.   SYNTHYRIS.     Benth. 

Calyx  4-parted  ;  cor.  subcampanulate.  segments  4,  erect-spreading 
or  0 ;  sta.  2,  inserted  into  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  exserted ;  anth. 
cells  parallel,  distinct ;  caps,  compressed,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  locu- 
licidal,  seeds  plano-convex. — %  N.  American,  with  a  thick  root.  Radi- 
cal Ivs.  petiolate,  cauline  bract-like,  on  the  scape-like  stem,  alternate.  Pis. 
racemed  or  spicate. 

S.  HOUGHTONIANA.  Benth.  (Gymnandra  Houghtoniana.  Torr.  fy  Gray, 
in  edit.') — Hirsute ;  radical  Ivs.  ovate,  subcordate  at  base,  crenulate,  obtuse ; 
scape  erect,  clothed  with  foliaceous  bracts,  dense-flowered  above  ;  cor.  as  long 
as  the  calyx,  upper  segment  longer  than  the  other  very  short  ones. — Dry  hills, 
Wis.,  Lapham!  Leaves  2 — 3'  by  1J — 2',  on  petioles  about  I'  long,  some  of  the 
leaves  often  suborbicular.  Bracts  much  smaller,  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate, 
clasping.  Scape  9 — 12'  high.  Spike  elongating  in  fruit. 

18.   DIGITALIS. 

Lat.  digitabulum,  a  thimble ;  from  the  form  of  the  flowers. 

Calyx  5-parted ;  corolla  campanulate,  ventricose,  in  5  subequal 
lobes  ;  capsule  ovate,  2-celled,  2-valved,  with  a  double  dissepiment. — 
Herbs  or  shrubs  of  Europe  arid  Asia.  Lower  Ivs.  crowded,  petiolate, 
upper  alternate.  Fls.  in  showy  racemes. 

1.  D.  PURPUREA.     Purple  Foxglove. — Lvs.  oblong,  rugose,  crenate ;  cal.  seg- 
ments ovate-oblong;  cor.  obtuse,  upper  lip  entire  ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  calyx. — 
Native  of  Europe.     A  well  known,  showy  border  flower  of  easy  culture.     It  is 
a  biennial  plant  2 — 3f  high,  with  large,  rough,  downy  leaves.    Flowers  nume- 
rous, in  a  long,  simple  spike,  large,  crimson,  often  white,  with  beautiful  eye- 
like  spots  within.     The  whole  plant  is  a  violent  and  dangerous  poison  when 
taken  in  considerable  quantities,  producing  delirium,  convulsions  and  death. 
But  in  the  hand  of  the  judicious  physician  it  becomes  a  valuable  medicine,  act- 
ing as  a  sedative  and  diuretic.    July.  $  f 

2.  D.  FERRUGINEA.  Iran-colored  Foxglove. — Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  very  smooth; 
rac.  many-flowered ;  cal.  segments  oval-elliptical,  obtuse ;  cor.  limb  subglobose, 
woolly,  lower  segment  ovate. — 7J.  in  Greece,  Armenia  and  Circassia.     Corolla 
rust-colored,  16"  long,  lower  lip  longest,  densely  bearded,  f 


VERONICA.  XCI.   SCROPHULARIACE^E.  405 

3.  D.  GRANDIFL5RA.  Allioni.     Great  Yellow  Foxglove. — Lvs.  ovate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  veiny,  serrulate,  amplexicaul ;  roc.  tomentose,  lax;  col.  segments 
lanceolate,  acute;    cor.  ventricose-campanulate,  segments  broader  than  long, 
lowest  twice  broader  than  the  lateral. — %.  in  Europe.    Plant  2 — 3f  high.   Flow- 
ers !£'  long,  yellow,  varying  to  brownish  or  orange,  f 

4.  D.  LUTEA.     Small  Yellow  Foxglove. — Very  smooth ;  Ivs.  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, denticulate;  roc.  secund,  many-flowered;  col.  segments  lanceolate,  acute; 
cor.  glabrous,  tube  subventricose,  lower  segment  half  as  long  again  as  the  rest. — 
7J.  Europe.     Stem  3f  high.    Flowers  8—10"  long,  yellow,  varying  to  white,  f 

5.  D.  ORIENTALIS.  Lam.     Oriental  Spotted  Foxglove. — St.  and  lance-linear  Ivs. 
glabrous ;  spike  interrupted,  glandular- villose ;  pedicels  very  short ;  col.  segments 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  cor.  pubescent,  lower  segments  oblong,  obtuse. — Tj. 
Bythinia.     Height  3f.     Corolla  purplish,  spotted. 

Obs.— Several  other  species  are  sometimes  seen  in  gardens,  among  which  are  D.  Thapsi,with  mullein- 
like  lea  vea  all  radical  and  flat  on  the  ground;  D.  leucophaa,  with  very  large,  dense,  leafy  racemes  of 
dusky  white  fls.  Numerous  hybrids  also  occur  in  gardens,  produced  between  the  above  species  which  are 
often  difficult  to  distinguish. 

TRIBE  8.    VERONICEJ3. 
19.  VERONICA. 

Etymology  doubtful ;  perhaps  named  for  St.  Veronica. 

Calyx  4-parted ;  corolla  subratate,  deeply  4-cleft,  lower  segments 
mostly  narrow ;  sta.  2,  inserted  into  the  tube,  exserted  ;  sterile  fil. 
0 ;  caps,  compressed,  2-sulcate,  often  obcordate,  2-celled,  few-seeded. 
— Herbs  or  shrubs  (the  following  species  herbs}.  Lvs.  opposite.  Fls, 
solitary ',  axillary  or  in  racemes,  blue,  flesh-colored  or  white. 
§  1.  Erect,  tall.  Lvs.  verticillate  ;  racemes  dense,  terminal,  often  pani- 
cled ;  corolla  tube  longer  than  the  limb.  LEPTANDRA.  Benth. 

1.  V.  VIRGINICA.     (Leptanclra  Virginica.     Nutt.)     Culver's  Physic. 
Erect,  tall,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  briefly  petiolate,  in  4s,  5s  or  6s,  lance-ovate  to 

, lance-linear ;  spikes  mostly  several,  paniculate, — Woods,  thickets  and  barrens, 
Can.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  the  Miss. !  A  conspicuous  plant  arising  2 — 5f.  Stem  sim- 
ple, straight,  smooth,  with  whorls  of  lanceolate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate  leaves 
which  are  subpetiolate  and  glaucous  beneath,  and  4 — 6  in  a  whorl.  Flowers 
numerous,  nearly  sessile,  in  long,  terminal  and  verticillate,  subterminal  spikes. 
Corolla  white,  tubular,  pubescent  inside.  Stamens  and  style  twice  as  long  as 
the  corolla.  Jl. 

§  2.  Leaves  opposite.     Corolla  tube  very  short. 
*  Racemes  axillary. 

2.  V.  ANAGALLIS.     (V.  tenerrima.  Schmidt.) 

Glabrous,  erect ;  Ivs.  sessile,  clasping  and  subcordate,  lanceolate,  acutish, 
entire  or  serrulate  ;  rac.  in  opposite  or  alternate  axils  ;  caps,  orbicular,  slightly 
notched. — fl\.  A  smooth,  succulent  plant,  frequenting  the  borders  of  brooks  and 
pools,  Can.  and  U.  S. !  not  common.  Stem  fleshy,  12 — 20'  high.  Leaves  about 
2 — 3'  by  5 — 1".  Racemes  longer  than  the  leaves,  loose,  pedicels  (2 — 3")  scarce- 
ly longer  than  the  bracts.  Flowers  bluish-purple,  small.  Jn.  Jl. 

3.  V.  AMERICANA.  Schwenitz.    (V.  Beccabunga  Am.  authors.)    Brooklime. 
Glabrous,  decumbent  at  base,  erect  above;  Ivs.  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,. 

acute  or  obtusish,  serrate,  petiolate,  abrupt  at  base;  rac.  opposite,  loose; 
ca.ps.  roundish,  turgid,  emarginate. — 7J.  in  brooks  and  clear  waters,  Can.  and 
U.  S.  Plant  rather  fleshy,  very  smooth,  12 — 18'  long,  more  or  less  decumbent 
and  rooting  at  base.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  £ — £  as  wide,  petioles  1 — 3"  long,  mar- 
gined. Racemes  longer  than  the  leaves.  Pedicels  (3—5")  twice  longer  than 
the  bracts.  Flowers  blue  or  bluish-purple.  Jn.  Jl.— This  plant  is  variable, 
some  of  its  species  approaching  V.  Anagallis,  others  V.  Beccabunga,  of  Europe. 

a.  Lvs.  ovate,  acute,  acutely  serrate,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base. — Fre- 
quent ! 

ft.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  serrulate,  rounded  at  base,  petiolate. — Common ! 


406  XCI.    SCROPHULARIACEjE.  VERONICA. 

4.  V.  SCUTELLATA.  Skull-cap  or  Marsh  Speedwell. 

Glabrous,  ascending,  weak ;  Ivs.  linear  or  lance-linear,  sessile,  acute,  re- 
motely denticulate  ;  roc.  in  alternate  axils,  very  loose  ;  pedicels  divaricate ;  caps. 
compressed,  broadly  obcordate.— Tj.  slender  and  weak,  in  swamps  and  marshes, 
N.  Eng.  and  Western  States,  and  Brit.  Am.,  common.  Stem  10—16'  high. 
Leaves  (2 — 3'  by  2 — 3")  much  longer  than  the  internodes.  Peduncles  and  ped- 
icels filiform,  the  latter  (6 — 9")  six  times  longer 'than  the  bracts.  Flowers 
rather  large,  flesh-color,  with  purple  lines.  Jn. — Aug. 

5.  V.  OFFICINALIS.   Officinal  Speedwell. 

Roughish-pubescent ;  st.  prostrate,  branched;  Ivs.  briefly  petiolale,  and 
subsessile,  obovate-elliptic  or  oblong,  obtuse,  serrate,  mostly  narrowed  to  the 
base ;  rac.  dense,  many-flowered ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  caps,  puberu- 
lent,  obovate-triangular,  slightly  emarginate. — Tj.  in  dry  woods  and  open  fields, 
Can.  to  Ga.  Plant  trailing,  6— 12'  long,  with  ascending  branches.  The  leaves 
vary  from  ovate  to  obovate,  but  are  generally  elliptical,  1 — 1  \'  in  length.  The 
flowers  are  pale  blue,  forming  rather  long,  axillary,  erect,  pedunculate  spikes. 
Found  in  dry  woods  and  open  fields.  May — Jl.  § 
*  *  Raceme  terminal. 

6.  V.  SERPYLLIFOLIA.     Thyme-leaved  or  Smooth  Speedwell. 
Subglabrous,  much  branched  below ;  s/s.  ascending;  Ivs.  oval,  subcrenate, 

obtuse,  lower  roundish  and  petiolate,  upper  sessile,  passing  abruptly  into  ob- 
long, entire,  alternate  bracts ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  ovate  sepals  ;  caps,  obcordate, 
broader  than  long. — 1\.  Meadows  and  mountain  valleys,  in  grass,  &c.,  U.  S.  and 
Can.  Plant  varying  in  height  from  3'  to  12'.  Leaves  rather  fleshy,  3-veined, 
orbicular  and  oval  and  ovate,  4 — 12"  long,  petioles  0 — 2".  Racemes  bracted, 
rather  close  in  flower,  elongating  in  fruit  to  2—5'.  Corolla  scarcely  exceed- 
ing the  calyx,  blue  and  white,  beautifully  penciled  with  purple  lines.  May — 
August. 

*  **  Annual.     Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  scarcely  racemed. 

7.  V.  jpEREGRlNA.     (V.  Marilandica.   Willd.}    Purslane  Speedwell. 
Ascending,  subglabrous ;  lowest  Ins.  petiolate,  oval-oblong,  dentate-serrate, 

obtuse,  upper  sessile,  oblong,  obtuse,  serrate  or  entire,  floral  ones  oblong-linear, 
entire,  longer  than  the  subsessile  flowers ;  caps,  suborbicular,  slightly  notched,, 
the  lobes  rounded. — ©  Throughout  N.  America,  in  fields  or  clayey  soils.  Plant 
often  branched  from  the  base,  4 — 10'  high.  Leaves  rather  fleshy,  the  upper 
cauline  6 — 11"  long,  floral  much  smaller.  Sepals  oblong,  longer  than  the  pale 
blue  or  white  corolla.  Capsule  hardly  broader  than  long.  May,  June. 

8.  V.  ARVENSIS.     Field  Veronica.     Corn  Speedwell. 

Puberulent-pilose,  simple  or  branched,  erect  or  assurgent ;  Ivs.  cordate- 
ovate,  incisely  crenate,  lower  ones  petiolate,  upper  and  floral  alternate,  lanceo- 
late, crenate,  sessile. — Frequent  in  dry  fields,  N.  H.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Miss. 
A  small,  pubescent,  pale  green  plant,  2 — 6'  high.  Stem  nearly  erect,  branching 
from  the  base,  the  leaves  assurgent.  Flowers  on  short  peduncles,  corolla  shorter 
than  the  calyx,  pale  blue,  beautifully  penciled  with  purple  lines.  May,  June.  § 

/?.  1  (V.  renitbrmis.  Raf.}    Lvs.  sessile,  reniform,  entire. 

9.  V.  AGRESTIS.     Neckweed.     Field  Speedwell. 

St.  procumbent,  diffusely  branching ;  Ivs.  cordate-ovate,  petiolate,  deeply 
serrate,  floral  ones  lanceolate ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  leaves. — 0  In  cultivated 
fields,  Can,  to  Ga.  and  La.  A  small,  pilose  plant,  2 — 8'  long,  with  a  round, 
leafy,  hairy  stem,  branching  mostly  at  the  base.  The  leaves  are  roundish- 
ovate,  shorter  than  their  petioles,  the  upper  alternate.  Flowers  small,  light 
blue,  veined,  their  stalks  recurved  in  fruit.  Segments  of  the  calyx  fringed, 
ovate,  equal.  Seeds  concave  beneath.  May — Sept. 

10.  V.  HEDER.KFOLIA.     Ivy-leaved  Speedwell. 

Prostrate,  pilose ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  cordate,  roundish,  mostly  3 — 5-toothed  or 
lobed;  ped.  scarcely  longer  than  the  leaves;  sep.  triangula'r,  subcordate,  acute, 
at  length  erect. — Dry  or  rocky  soils,  L.  I.  to  Del.  Stem  diffusely  branched. 
Leaves  rather  fleshy,  the  lower  smaller,  opposite,  upper  cauline  broadly  cor- 
date or  truncate  at  base,  alternate  as  well  as  the  floral.  Calyx  somewhat  4- 


GERARDIA.  XCI.    SCROPHULARIACE^E.  407 

angled  in  fruit,  segments  ciliate  at  edge.    Corolla  smaller  than  the  calyx,  blue, 
caducous.    Capsule  turgid,  broader  than  long,  4-seeded.     Mar. — May. 

11.  V.  SPICATA.  Spiked  Speedwell. — Erect,  tall;  Ivs.  petiolate,  ovate-oblong 
or  lanceolate,  lower  ones  obtuse,  crenate,  upper  acute,  crenate-serrate,  entire  at 
apex;  roc.  mostly  solitary  ;  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  sepals;  cal.  mostly 
hoary-pubescent. — 1\.  Europe  and  Asia.  A  beautiful  garden  species  with  nu- 
merous varieties.  *  Flowers  blue,  roseate,  &c.  f 

TRIBE  9.    BUCHXEREJE.  • 

20.   BUCHNERA. 
Named  by  Linnaeus,  in  honor  of  J.  G.  Buchner,  a  German  botanist,  1743. 

Calyx  5-toothed ;  corolla  tube  slender,  limb  flat,  in  5  cordate,  sub- 
equal  lobes  ;  capsule  2-valved. — Herbs  with  the  lower  Ivs.  opposite,  the 
upper  alternate.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike  (sta.  4,  included). 

B.  AMERICANA.     Slue-hearts. 

Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  denticulate,  scabrous,  3-veined,  sessile ;  fls.  remotely 
spiked. — 7J.  In  low  grounds,  N.  Y.  to  Mo.  and  Ga.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  simple  or 
slightly  branched,  slender  and  terete,  ending  in  a  long,  loose  and  somewhat 
virgate  spike  of  purple  flowers.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  very  rough,  appressed  to 
the  stem.  Flowers  axillary  and  sessile.  Stamens  inserted,  2  in  the  throat  of 
the  corolla,  and  2  in  the  middle  of  the  tube.  Calyx  half  as  long  as  tube  of 
corolla.  Aug. 

TRIBE  10.     GERARDIE^J. 

Inflorescence  centripetal,  racemose.  Leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  opposite. 
Corolla  tube  dilated,  limbs  spreading,  lobes  flat,  subregulaj.  Stamens  ap- 
proximating in  pairs. 

21.   SEYMERIA.     Pursh. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft ;  cor.  tube  short,  dilated,  5-lobed,  lobes  ovate 
or  oblong,  entire,  equaling  or  longer  than  the  tube  ;  sta.  4,  subequal ; 
valves  of   the  capsule  loculicidal,  entire  ;    seeds  00. — Herbs  erect, 
branching.      Cauline  Ivs.  mostly  opposite  and  incised..    Fls.  yellow. 
S.  MACROPHYLLA.  Nutt.     Large-leaved  Seymeria. 

Erect,  tall,  sparingly  pubescent;  Ivs.  large,  the  lower  deeply  pinnatifid, 
segments  lance-oblong,  incised,  terminal  one  the  largest,  upper  lanceolate,  ser- 
rate or  entire ;  cor.  tube  incurved,  scarcely  longer  than  the  limb  ;  sty.  short,  di- 
lated and  slightly  bifid  at  apex ;  caps,  ovate-acuminate. — 1\.  In  woods,  White 
River  Valley,  la. !  Ohio,  Clark !  to  Ark.  The  plant  has  much  the  aspect  of 
Dasystoma.  Height,  4 — 6f.  Lower  leaves  (5 — 7'  by  2 — 3')  lance-ovate  in 
outline,  floral  (2 — 3')  mostly  opposite.  Corolla  J'  long,  very  woolly  within. 
Capsule  a  little  shorter  and  broader.  July. 

22.   GERARDIA. 

Named  by  Linnaeus,  in  honor  of  John  Gerard,  an  English  botanist  of  the  16th  century. 

Calyx  campanulate,  briefly  or  narrowly  5-toothed  ;  cor.  tubular,  ven- 
tricose  or  subcampanulate,  tube  longer  than  the  5  broad,  entire  lobes  ; 
sta.  didynamous,  in  pairs,  shorter  than  the  corolla,  anth.  all  equal ; 
caps,  obtuse,  or  briefly  acuminate  ;  seeds  00. — American  herbs,  rarely 
suffruticose.  Lvs.  opposite.  F^s.  axillary,  solitary,  purple  or  rose-color. 
.  1.  G.  PURPUREA.  Large-flowered  Purple  Gcrardia. 
SL  angular,  much  branched ;  Ivs.  linear,  narrow,  acute ;  fls.  subsessile, 
scattered ;  cal.  segments  subulate. — (T)  Found  in  wet  pastures  and  swamps,  N. 
Eng.  to  111.  and  Ga.  Stem  slender,  branching,  erect,  smooth,  obtuse-angled,  1 
— 2f  high.  Leaves  entire,  roughish,  8 — 15"  long,  and  about  2"  wide,  coiled  up 
in  drying.  Flowers  large,  axillary,  often  opposite,  purple,  on  very  short  stalks. 
Aug. 

35 


408  XCI.   SCROPHULARIACE.E.  DASYSTOMA. 

2.  G.  MARITIMA.  Raf.     Marsh  Gerardia. 

St.  angular;  Ivs.  linear,  fleshy,  short,  rather  obtuse;  fls.  stalked;  cal. 
truncate ;  upper  segments  of  the  corolla  fringed. — ©  Native  of  salt  marshes, 
Mass,  to  N.  J.,  also  shores  of  L.  Mich.  Houghton.  This  species  resembles  the 
foregoing,  of  which  Pursh  describes  it  as  a  variety.  It  is  a  smaller  plant  6 — 
12'  in  height, "and  with  smaller  flowers.  The  leaves  -are  shorter  and  thicker. 
The  calyx  segments  are  cut  square  off,  not  acute  as  in  the  preceding.  Corolla 
purple.  Flower-stalks  axillary  and  terminal.  July — Sept. 

3.  G.  TENUIFOLIA.  Vahl.     Small-flowered  Purple  Gerardia. 
Branching ;  Ivs.  linear ;  ped.  axillary,  longer  than  the  flowers ;  cal.  teeth 

short,  acute. — ©  A  slender  and  delicate  species,  usually  very  branching,  but 
often  simple,  in  fields  and  woods,  U.  S.  Stem  6— 12'  high.  Leaves  about  an 
inch  long,  very  narrow  (scarcely  a  line  in  width),  entire,  rough,  obtuse,  often 
coiled.  Flowers  opposite,  axillary,  on  slender  stalks  an  inch  or  more  in  length. 
Corolla  purple,  spotted  within,  the  border  much  spreading,  smooth  and  nearly 
equal.  Calyx  teeth  short  and  acute.  Aug.  Sept. 

4.  G.  ASPERA.  Doug.     Rough  Gerardia. 

St.  a  little  branched ;  Ivs.  long  and  narrowly  linear,  floral  ones  exceeding 
the  calyces ;  ped.  twice  longer  than  the  calyx ;  calyx  teeth  lanceolate,  acute,  about 
as  long  as  the  tube;  cor.  glabrous. — ©  Illinois,  Buckley  in  DC.,  Prod.  x.  518. 
Peduncles  sometimes  but  little  exceeding  the  calyx,  sometimes  twice  as  long. 
Flowers  as  large  as  those  of  G.  purpurea,  to  which  species  this  is  perhaps  too 
nearly  allied. 

5.  G.  SETACEA.  Walt. 

Branches  slender,  roughish;  Ivs.  setaceous,  roughish;  fls.  few;  ^.alter- 
nate and  opposite,  very  long ;  cal.  teeth  short  and  setaceous  ;  caps,  ovate,  larger 
than  the  calyx.—©  Penn.  1  to  Car.  NuttalL?  Scarcely  darkens  in  drying. 

6.  G.  SKINNERIANA.  Wood.     (G.  aphylla.  Benth.  in  part,  not  Nutt.} 
Scabrous,  pale  green ;  st.  erect,  sparingly  branched,  slender,  4  angles  mar- 
gined ;  Ivs.  remote,  linear,  acute  at  each  end,  the  floral  ones  2  or  3  times  shorter 
than  the  very  long    peduncles ;  cal.  teeth  very  short,  glandular- acute ;  cor.  infun- 
dibuliform-campanulate,  lobes  short,  spreading ;  caps,  roundish-ovoid,  scarcely 
exceeding  the  calyx. — ©  Barrens,  la. !     Plant  12 — 18'  high,  the  stem  and  few- 
branches  quite  slender  and  rough  on  the  slightly  winged  angles.     Leaves  (8 — 12" 
by  £ — f")  much  shorter  than  the  internodes,  margin  slightly  revolute.    Pedun- 
cles 1 — If  long,  erect.     Corolla  (5 — 6")  glabrous,  light  purple  or  rose-color. 
Capsule  loculicidal,  about  30-seeded.    Jl.  Aug. 

Obs.— I  detected  this  delicate  species  in  July,  1846,  in  Greene  Co.,  la.,  on  land  belonging  to  Dr.  A.  G. 
Skinner,  whose  zeal  in  botanical  pursuits  deserves  more  than  this  slight  notice.-  It  does  not  turn  black  in 
drying. 

23.    OTOPHYLLA.     Benth. 

Gr.  ovs  (oroj),  ear,  <f>v\\ov,  leaf;  alluding  to  the  auriculate  leaves. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  sepals  leafy,  unequal ;  cor.  tube  enlarged 
upwards,  lobes  broad,  entire  ;  sta.  didynamous,  the  upper  pair  with 
smaller  abortive  anthers !  caps,  subglobose,  many-seeded. — Erect,  hairy 
herbs  with  opposite  leaves.  Fls.  axillary,  solitary,  subsessile. 

O.  MICHAUXII.  Benth.   (Gerardia  auriculata.  Michx.}  Mickaux's  Gerardia. 

Scabrous-hirsute,  subsimple;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  lower  entire,  upper 
mostly  auriculate-lobed ;  fls.  sessile. — ©  Penn.  to  111.,  Rev.  E.  Jenny!  in  prai- 
ries and  low  grounds.  A  rough,  rigid  plant,  9 — 18'  high.  Leaves  (1-  If  by 
t- — I')  entire  on  the  margin,  sessile;  floral  ones  with  an  oblong-lanceolate  lobe 
each  side  at  base.  Flowers  alternate  or  mostly  opposite,  calyx  deeply  cleft, 
corolla  purple  or  rarely  white,  pubescent,  dilated  at  the  mouth,  9 — 12"  long. 
Aug.  Sept. 

24.   DASYST<3MA.    Raf. 

Gr.  6aavs,  hairy,  ffTopa,  mouth ;  alluding  to  the  character  of  the  corolla. 

Calyx  campanulate,  halt  5-cleft,  imbricate  in  aestivation ;  cor.  tube 


CASTILLEJA.  XCI.   SCROPHULARIACE.  400 

dilated,  longer  than  the  5  entire  lobes ;  sta.  included,  didynamous ; 
anth.  all  equal,  awned  at  base ;  caps,  ovate,  acute,  2  valves  bearing 
the  septum  in  the  middle,  seeds  00. — ^  erect,  N.  American.  Lower 
Ivs.  opposite,  upper  generally  alternate  and  entire.  Cor.  large,  yellow, 
villous  within  as  well  as  the  stamens. 

1.  D.  QUERCIFOLIA.  Benth.  (Gerardia  quercifolia.  Ph.  G.  flava.  Linn. 
G.  glauca.  Eddy.}  Oak-leaved  Dasystoma. — Glabrous ;  st.  paniculate- 
branched;  Ivs.  paler  beneath,  petiolate,  lower  ample,  bipinnatifid,  upper  oblong- 
lanceolate,  pinnatifid  or  entire .  fls.  pedunculate  ;  cal.  lobes  lanceolate,  acute, 
longer  than  the  tube. — Woods  and  barrens,  Northern  and  Western  States  !  fre- 
quent. It  has  a  tall,  smooth,  glaucous,  branching  stem  3 — 5f  high.  Leaves 
sinuate-pinnatifid;  the  upper  ones  only  cut-dentate,  all  acute  at  each  end, 
stalked,  paler  beneath.  Flowers  large  and  of  a  brilliant  yellow,  opposite  and 
axillary,  near  the  top  of  the  stem,  forming  a  loose  spike.  Corolla  trumpet- 
shaped.  The  flowers  resemble  in  form  those  of  the  foxglove,  while  the  leaves 
may  be  likened  to  those  of  the  oak.  The  whole  plant  turns  black  in  drying, 
making  but  a  shabby  appearance  in  the  herbarium.  Aug. 
/?.  integrifolia.  Benth.  Lv s.  lanceolate,  entire ;  cor.  smaller. — Ohio. 

1.  D.  PUBESCENS.  Benth.  (Gerardia  flava.  Ph.}  Downy  Dasystoma.  (Fig.  50.) 
Pubescent ;  st.  subsimple ;  Us.  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  sinu- 
ate-lobed  ;  cal.  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  tube. — In  woods  through- 
out the  U.  S.  A  tall  and  very  showy  plant.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  erect,  pubescent. 
Lower  leaves  variously  pinnatind,  or  cut  and  toothed ;  upper  ones  very  entire 
or  toothed,  obtuse  ;  all  opposite  and  sessile.  Flowers  large,"  yellow,  opposite, 
axillary,  trumpet-shaped.  This  also  with  the  next  species,  turns  black  in  dry- 
ing. Aug.  Sept. 

3.  D.  PEDICULARIA.  Benth.  (Gerardia  pedicularia.  Linn.}  Lousewort  Da- 
systoma.— St.  panicled,  pubescent;  Ivs.  oblong,  pinnatind,  the  segments 
serrate  ;  cal.  seg.  leafy,  cut-dentate. — One  of  the  most  elegant  species,  found  in 
woods  and  mountains,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.  Stem  tall  and  bushy,  2 — 3f  high, 
covered  with  a  scattered,  woolly  pubescence.  Leaves  numerous,  pinnatifid 
with  serrate  lobes,  opposite,  on  short,  hairy  stalks.  Flowers  large.  Corolla 
trumpet-shaped,  yellow,  with  roundish,  spreading,  leaf-like  segments.  The 
leaves  have  the  general  appearance  of  those  of  the  lousewort,  or  some  of  the 
ferns.  Aug. 

TRIBE  11.     EUPHRASIES. 

Inflorescence  centripetal,  racemose.   Corolla  upper  lip  galeate  or  concave,  erect 

or  incurved.     Stamens  ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip. 

25.   CASTILLEJA. 

Named  for  one  Castillejo,  a  Spanish  botanist. 

Calyx  tubular,  2 — 4-cleft ;  cor.  galea  (upper  lip)  linear,  very  long, 
crenate-concave,  lower  short,  3-lobed ;  sta.  beneath  the  galea,  didyna- 
mous ;  anth.  oblorfg-linear,  with  unequal  lobes,  cohering  in  the  form 
of  an  oblong  disk,  the  exterior  fixed  by  the  middle,  interior  pendu- 
lous.— Herbaceous  or  suffruticose.  Lvs.  alternate,  thejloral  often  colored 
at  the  apex.  Fls.  subsessile,  in  terminal,  leafy  bracts.  • 

1.  C.  COCCINEA.  Spreng.   (Euchroma  Nutt.    Bartsia.  Linn.}   Painted-cup. 

Lvs.  sessile,  pinnatifid,  with  linear  and  divaricate  segments ;  bracts  about 
3-cleft  and  colored  at  the  summit,  longer  than  the  corolla;  cal.  2-cleft,  nearly 
equal  with  the  corolla,  segments  retuse  and  emarginate. — 7|_  Wet  meadows, 
Can.  and  U.  S.,  rare  in  N.  Eng.  A  very  beautiful  plant,  remarkable  for  its 
large,  bright  scarlet  bracts.  Stem  angular,  simple,  8— 12'  high.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, sessile,  with  about  2,  long,  linear  segments  on  each  side.  Bracts  crowded 
near  the  summit  of  the  stem,  in  3  segments,  the  middle  onPlarger  than  the 
linear  lateral  ones.  Flowers  one  in  the  axil  of  each  bract.  Calyx  and  corolla 
tubular,  dull  yellow,  the  former  tinged  with  scarlet  towards  thlfcip.  May,  Jn. 


410  XCI.   SCROPHULARIACE^E.  PEDICULARIS. 

2.  C.  SESSILIFLORA.  Ph.    (Euchroma  grandiflora.  Nutt.}     Great-flowered 
Painted-cup. — Pilose-pubescent;  Ivs.  sessile, clasping,  oblong-linear, mostly 

cuneate-trifid,  lobes  divaricate ;  cat.  sessile,  elongated ;  spikes  dense ;  cor.  long, 
exserted,  arched,  segments  of  the  lower  lip  acuminate. — A  plant  of  curious  ap- 
pearance, prairies,  Wis.,  Lapham !  to  the  plains  of  the  upper  Missouri.  Stem 
8 — 14'  high,  several  from  the  same  root,  simple,  leafy.  Leaves  grayish,  2 — 2£' 
long.  Flowers  crowded,  pubescent.  Corolla  tube  slender,  2 — 3'  in  length, 
greenish-white,  with  a  slight  tinge  of  purple.  Style  and  stamens  enfolded  by 
the  upper  lip,  and  a  little  exserted.  May. 

3.  C.  SEPTENTRIONALIS.  Lindl.    (Bartsia  pallida.  Ph.  not  1  of  Linn.} 
Lvs.  alternate,  linear,  undivided,  the  upper  ones  lanceolate,  the  floral  ones 

subovaje,  subdentate  at  the  end,  all  3-veined ;  cal.  with  acute  teeth. — 7J.  This 
hardy  plant  inhabits  the  alpine  regions  of  the  White  Mts.  in  N.  H. !  particular- 
ly the  heights  of  Mt.  Clinton,  where  it  may  be  found  in  blossom  in  Aug.  It  is 
also  a  native  of  Siberia  and  Hudson's  Bay.  Stem  about  a  foot  high,  furrowed, 
simple.  Leaves  alternate,  sessile,  smoothish,  the  lower  ones  linear,  becoming 
broader  towards  the  upper  part  of  the  stem,  where  they  are  lanceolate  and  all 
usually  with  but  3  veins.  Tuft  of  flowers  at  top  of  the  stem.  Bracts  broader 
and  shorter  than  the  leaves,  5 — 7- veined,  with  about  3  teeth  at  the  end,  of  a  pale 
straw-color,  tipped  with  purple.  Flowers  straw-colored,  nearly  concealed  by 
the  bracts. 

26.   SCHWALBEA. 

Named  by  Linnaeus  in  honor  of  Schwalbe,  a  German  botanist. 

Calyx  tubular,  inflated,  obliquely  4-cleft,  upper  division  small, 
lower  division  large,  emarginate  or  2-toothed  ;  corolla  ringent,  upper 
lip  entire,  arched,  lower  3-lobed  ;  seeds  many,  chaffy. — %  with  al- 
ternate leaves  and  flowers  in  a  terminal  spike. 

S.  AMERICANA.     Chaff-seed. 

In  sandy  barrens  and  marshes,  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  pubes- 
cent, square,  simple.  Leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  3-veined, 
with  a  -ciliate  margin.  Bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  diminishing  upwards.  Flow- 
ers on  simple,  alternate,  very  short  pedicels,  in  a  long  spike.  Corolla  dull 
purple  or  brownish-yellow,  twice  as  long  (1 — 1|')  as  the  calyx.  Jn. 

27.  RHINANTHUS. 

GT.  fitv,  nose,  avSos  ;  alluding  to  the  singular  appearance  of  the  compressed  galea. 

Calyx  4-toothed,  ventricose :  cor.  tube  cylindrical,  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  limb  ringent,  galea  appendaged,  compressed,  lip  broader, 
deeply  divided  into  3  obtuse  segments  ;  caps.  2-valved,  compressed, 
obtuse. — (D  erect ,  with  opposite  Ivs. 

R.  MINOR.  Ehrh.     (R.  Crista-galli.  Linn.)     Yellow  Rattle. 

Mostly  glabrous ;  Ivs.  oblong  or  lanceolate ;  cor.  scarcely  a  third  longer 
than  the  calyx  ;  appendages  of^tlie  galea  transversely  ovate,  broader  than  long. 
— (T)  Meadows  and  pastures,  Mass.,  N.  Y.  to  Arc.  Am.  Stem  a  foot  high, 
smooth,  branching.  Leaves  opposite,  nearly  sessile,  cordate-lanceolate,  acute- 
ly serrate,  rough.  Flowers  axillary,  crowded  into  a  leafy  spike.  Calyx  in- 
flate*, contracted  at  the  mouth,  with  4  nearly  equal  teeth,  and  much  shorter 
than  the  yellow,  ringent  corolla,  but  becoming  very  large  after  flowering.  July. 

28.  PEDICULARIS. 

Lat.  pediculus,  a  louse  ;  probably  from  its  efficacy  in  destroying  that  insect. 

Calyx  ventricose,  2 — 5-cleft,  the  segments  leafy,  or  sometimes  ob- 
liquely truncate  ;  corolla  vaulted,  upper  lip  compressed,  emarginate  ; 
lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed ;  capsule  2-celled,  oblique,  mucronate ; 
seeds  angular. — Herbs.  Lvs.  alternate,  rarely  sub-opposite,' often  pinna- 
tiftd.  Fls.  s&ate. 


VERBENA.  XC1I.   VERBENACE^E.  411 

1.  P.  CANADENSIS.     (P.  gladiata.  Michx.)    Lausewort. 

Hirsute;  st.  simple;  Ivs.  alternate,  petiolate,  lance-oblong,  pinnafifid, 
lobes  oblorjg-ovate,  crenate-dentate ;  spike  short,  dense,  leafy;  cal.  truncate 
downwards ;  cor.  galea  abruptly  incurved,  with  2  setaceous  teeth ;  caps,  acu- 
minate.  1\.  Pastures  and  low  grounds,  U.  S. !  &  Can.  Stem  erect,  afoot  high. 

Leaves  3 6'  by  1 — 2',  chiefly  radical.     Spike  short,  hairy,  with  a  few  small 

leaves  at  the  base.  Calyx  truncated  in  an  oblique  direction  downwards.  Co- 
rolla yellowish  and  purple  ;  the  upper  lip  long,  erect,  forming  a  galea  or  helmet 
cut  square  off  at  the  end,  with  a  bristle-like  tooth  at  each  corner.  Capsule  pro- 
longed into  a  lanceolate  point  f  long.  May — July. 

/?.  gladiata  (P.  gladiata  MX.).  Caps,  prolongated  into  an  ensiform  point 
which  is  £ — 1'  in  length.  Plant  rather  taller. 

2.  P.  LANCEOLATA.  Michx.     (P.  pallida.  PA.)     Branching  Lousewort. 

Nearly  glabrous ;  st.  branched ;  Ivs.  subopposite,  briefly  petiolate  or  ses- 
sile, oblong-lanceolate,  doubly  incised-crenate ;  spike  rather  dense ;  cal.  2-lobed ; 
cor.  galea  as  long  as  the  lip,  incurved  at  apex,  ending  in  a  short,  conical  beak. — 
1\.  In  alluvial  woods,  &c.  N.  Y. !  to  Wis.  Lapham !  S.  to  Va.  Stem  1 — 2f  in 
height,  smooth,  with  pubescent  lines,  nearly  opposite  leaves  and  a  few  axilla- 
ry branches.  Leaves  3 — 5'  by  1 — !£'.  Spikes  1 — 2'  in  length,  with  ovate-lan- 
ceolate bracts.  Calyx  and  corolla  smooth,  the  latter  greenish-yellow,  an  inch 
in  length,  with  the  galea  somewhat  emarginate  at  the  end.  Capsule  short, 
broadly  ovoid.  Sept. 

29.  MELAMPYRUM. 
Gr.  //eXaf,  black,  irvpos,  wheat ;  the  seeds  blacken  the  flour  of  wheat  if  ground  with  it. 

Calyx  4-cleft ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  compressed,  the  margin 
folded  back;  .lower  lip  grooved, .  trifid  ;  capsule  2-celled,  oblique, 
opening  laterally,  cells  2-seeded ;  seeds  cylindric-oblong,  smooth. — 
Herbs  with  opposite  Ivs.  Fls.  solitary  in  the  upper  axils. 

M.  PRATENSE.  0.  Americanum.  Benth.  CM.  Americanum.  Me.)  Cow 
\Vheat. — Lvs.  linear  and  lanceolate,  petiolate,  glabrous,  the  upper  ones 
toothed  at  base ;  fls.  axillary,  distinct. — (j)  Inhabits  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.,  W.  to 
Ky.  Stem  with  opposite  branches,  8 — 10'  high,  round,  erect.  Leaves  opposite, 
1  U'  by  3 — 5",  the  flbral  ones  broader,  with  setaceous  teeth  at  base  "and  taper- 
ing to  an  obtuse  point.  Flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  yellowish, 
slender,  the  corolla  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  Capsules  acute,  declined,  4- 
seeded.  Jl. 

ORDER  XCII.     YERBENACE^].— VERVAINS. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  sometimes  herbs.    Lvs.  generally  opposite,  simple  or  compound,  exstipulate. 

Fls.  in  axillary  corymbs  or  dense  heads,  or  alternate-spicate. 

Cal.  tubular,  4 — 5-toothed,  inferior,  persistent. 

Cor.  tubular,  the  limb  bilabiate  or  irregularly  4— 5-cleft,  de'ciduous. 

Sta.  4,  didynamous,  seldom  equal,  occasionally  only  2. 

Ova.  2— 4-celled ;  ovules  erector  pendulous,  solitary  or  twin.    Style  I. 

Fr.  drupaceous,  baccate  or  dry,  dividing  into  2  or  4  1-seeded  portions. 

Seeds  with  little  or  no  albumen. 

Genera  56,  species  610,  the  herbs  chiefly  natives  of  temperate  regions  and  the  shrubs  and  trees  of  the 
tropics,  where  they  are  in  some  instances  very  large.  The  teak-wood  (Tectona  grandis),  native  of  India, 
justly  styled  the  "  Oak  of  the  East,"  is  a  timber  tree  of  immense  size  and  great  durability,  often  attaining 
the  height  of  100  feet.  The  wood  contains  silex.  The  medicinal  properties  of  the  tribe  are  little  known  or 
unimportant. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

<  Corolla  subequal,  funnel-form Verbena.  1 

$  in  spikes  or  spiked  corymbs.  (Corolla  bilabiate,  nodding  in  fruit Phryma.  3 

Flowers  £  in  small  pedunculate,  axillary  heads Lippia.     2 

I.   VERBENA. 

Celtic  farfaen,  to  remove  stone,  hence  Ehg.  vervain  and  Lat.  verbena. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  with  one  of  the  teeth  often  truncate ;  corolla 
funnel-form,  limb  5-cleft,  nearly  equal ;  stamens  4  (rarely  but  2) ; 
seeds  2 — 4,  enclosed  in  a  thin,  evanescent  pericarp. — Herbs  with  op- 
posite lus.     Fls.  mostly  alternately  spicate,  rarely  capitate  or  corymbed. 
35* 


412  XCI1.   VERBENACE2E.  VERBENA. 

.     .  1.  V.  HAST  ATA.     Vervain.     Simpler 's  Joy. 

Erect;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  incisely  serrate,  petiolate,  the  lower 
oneslobed  or  hastate ;  spikes  erect,  slender,  panicled  \fls.  tetrandrous. — 7J.  An  erect, 
tall  and  elegant  plant,  frequent  by  roadsides  and  in  low  grounds,  mostly  through- 
out the  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  3 — 4f  high,  with  paniculate,  opposite  branches 
above.  Leaves  rough  in  appearance  and  to  the  touch,  opposite,  lower  ones 
often  somewhat  hastate.  Flowers  small,  blue,  arranged  in  long,  close,  imbri- 
cated spikes,  which  are  somewhat  fascicled  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  erect 
and  parallel  to  each  other.  Seeds  4.  July— Sept. 

/?.  pinnatijida.  Lvs.  incisely  pinnatifid  and  coarsely  dentate. — Western  States ! 
common. 

y.  oblongifolia.  Nutt.  (V.  paniculata.  Lam.}  Lvs.  lance-ovate  or  lance-ob- 
long, sharply  serrate ;  spikes  filiform,  loosely  paniculate  ;  fls.  smaller. — Penn. 
to  la. !  and  Mo.  I  have  frequently  observed  this  tall  (4 — 6f)  variety,  and  many 
others,  on  the  sandy  prairies  of  Indiana.  They  appear  to  be  hybrids  between 
V.  hastata  and  V.  urticaefolia. 

2.  V.  URTJC.EFOLIA.     Nettle-leaved  Vervain. 

Erect,  subpubescent ;  Lvs.  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  acute,  petio- 
late ;  spikes  axillary  and  terminal,  loose,  filiform  ;  fls.  tetrandrous. — 1±  About 
roadsides  and  rubbish.  A  weed  of  uninviting  appearance,  2 — 3f  high,  with 
leaves  resembling  those  of  the  nettle.  It  has  long,  slender,  weak,  green,  diver- 
gent spikes,  remotely  filled  with  small,  white,  distinct  flowers.  Seeds  4.  Jl.  Aug. 

3.  V.  SPURIA.     Spurious  or  Jagged-leaved  Vervain. 

St.  decumbent  at  base,  divaricately  branching,  hairy ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceo- 
late, petiolate,  laciniately  lobed  and  toothed ;  spikes  slender,  loose ;  bracts  a 
little  longer  than  the  calyx. — Conn.  Eaton,  Md. !  to  Ga.  and  Western  States. 
An  unsightly  plant,  with  a  square  stem  1 — 2f  high,  half  erect,  di-  and  tricho- 
tomous  above.  Spikes  3 — 6'  long,  the  bracts  and  flowers  minute.  Calyx  1'  in 
length.  Corolla  blue.  Aug.  Sept. — This  plant  appears  to  be  constantly  though 
slightly  different  from  V.  oflicinalis  of  Europe. 

4.  V.  BRACTEOSA.  Michx.     (Zapania.  Lam.}     Prostrate  Verbena. 

St.  decumbent,  branched,  divaricate,  pilose ;  Ivs.  laciniate,  hirsute,  ru- 
gose ;  spikes  terminal,  thick,  many-flowered ;  bracts,  linear,  squarrose,  much 
longer  Itfan  the  calyx. — Dry  fields  and  roadsides,  Middle  and  Western  States ! 
Whole  plant  hairy,  8 — 16'  long,  remarkable  for  its  squarrose-bracteate  spikes. 
Leaves  1 — 2'  long.  Flowers  small,  blue.  Capsule  4-celled,  4-seeded.  Seeds 
bony.  June — Sept. 

5.  V.  STRICTA.  Vent.     Mullein-leaved  Verbena. 

Hirsute  and  hairy ;  st.  thick,  rigidly  erect,  branched  above ;  Ivs.  ovate, 
oval  or  obovate,  unequally  dentate,  sessile,  acute,  rugose ;  spikes  erect,  strict, 
imbricate,  subfalcate. — An  erect,  rigid,  and  rather  handsome  species,'  in  dry 
fields,  Western  States  !  common.  Very  hirsute,  1 — 3f  high.  Leaves  2 — 3'  by 
1 — 2',  numerous,  veiny  and  whitish  beneath.  Corolla  blue,  thrice  larger  than 
in  V.  hastata.  July. 

6.  V.  ANGUSTIFOLIA.  Michx.    (V.  rugosa.  Willd.)  Narrow-leaved  Vervain. 
Erect,  mostly  simple  ;  Ivs,  lanceolate-linear,  tapering  to  the  base,  remotely 

serrate,  with  furrowed  veins ;  spikes  fililbrm,  solitary,  axillary  and  terminal.— 
A  small,  hairy  species,  found  on  rocky  hills  and  in  other  dry  soils,  N.  Y.  to  Va. ! 
W.  to  the  Miss.  Stem  not  more  than  a  foot  high,  with  narrow  (3'  by  5"),  rough 
leaves  and  slender  spikes  of  deep  blue  flowers.  July. 

7.  V.  AUBLETIA.  Garden  Verbena. — SI.  weak,  assurgent;  spikes  solitary, 
imbricate,  long-pedunculate;  divisions  of  the  cor.  emarginate  ;  Ivs.  oval,  deeply 
serrate  and  divided,  petiolate. — Native  at  the  South.  A  slender  and  delicate 
plant  of  the  green-house,  producing  numerous,  successive  clusters  of  rose- 
colored  or  scarlet  flowers.  Stem  square,  viscidly  pubescent,  1 — 2f  high,  with 
opposite  branches  and  leaves.  Leaves  deeply  cut  and  toothed,  rhombic- 
oval,  on  short  stalks.  Flowers  larger  than  others  of  the  genus,  in  corymbose 
spikes.  Bracts  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx,  narrow,  permanent,  downy  as  well 
as  the  calyx.  May. 


XCill.   LABIATE.  413 

2.   LIPPIA. 

In  honor  of  Augustus  Lippi,  a  French  physician. 

Flowers  in  dense,  pedunculate  heads  ;  calyx  2-parted,  compressed? 
erect,  membranaceous,  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  cor- 
funnel-shaped,  limb  subbilabiate,  upper  lip  entire  or  emarginate? 
lower  3-lobed  ;  sta.  4,  didynamous,  included ;  drupe  dry,  thin,  en- 
closed in  the  calyx,  2-seeded. — Shrubs  or  prostrate  herbs,  with  opposite 
leaves.  Heads  on  axillary  peduncles. 

L.  NODIFLORA,  Michx.    (Zapania  nodiflora.  Ph.  and  authors.)  Fog-fruit. 

Glabrous,  procumbent ;  si.  4-angled,  geniculate,  simple  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  or 
linear-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  cuneate  at  base,  petiolate,  shorter  than  the  pe- 
duncles.— Tf.  On  river  banks,  Penn.  to  la. !  111.  and  La.  Stems  If  or  more  long. 
Leaves  with  conspicuous  veins,  1 — 2'  long,  £ — £  as  wide,  petioles  3 — 6".  Pe- 
duncles 2 — 3'.  Heads  ovoid  or  roundish.  Flowers  small,  purplish-white. 
July,  Aug. 
(3.  lanceolata.  (Lippia  lanceolata.  MX.)  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate. 

3.   PHRYMA. 

Calyx  cylindric,  bilabiate,  upper  lip  longer,  3-cleft,  lower  lip  2- 
toothed  ;  corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  emarginate,  much  smaller  than 
the  3-lobed  lower  one  ;  seed  solitary. — Herbs  with  opposite  Ivs.  Fls. 
opposite,  spicate,  dejlexed  in  fruit. 

P.  LEPTOSTACHYA.     (Priva.  Lindl.)     Sander-spiked  Phryma  or  Lopseed. 

bvs.  stalked,  ovate,  serrate  ;  spikes  long  and  slender;  col.  in  fruit  reflexed. 
— 0|_  Found  in  rocky  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  2 — 3f  high.  Leaves  large, 
(3 — 6'  long),  thin  and  coarsely  toothed,  on  short  stalks.  Flowers  small,  oppo- 
site, light-purple,-  in  very  long  and  slender  spikes,  of  which  one  is  terminal, 
the  rest  opposite  and  axillary,  each  often  with  a  pair  of  bracts  below.  After 
flowering  the  calyx  closes  upon  the  fruit  and  becomes  reflexed  backwards  close 
to  the  stem.  Hence  the  common  name  lopseed.  The  specific  name  refers  to 
the  slender  spikes.  Seeds  solitary,  rather  large,  invested  with  a  thin,  membra- 
nous capsule,  and  enclosed  in  the  matured  calyx.  July. 


ORDER  XCIII.     L ABI AT M— LABIATE  PLANTS. 

Herbs  or  undershrubs  with  4-cornered  stems  and  opposite  branches. 

Lvs.  opposite,  without  stipules,  replete  with  receptacles  of  aromatic  oil. 

Fls.  in  axillary,  subsessile  verticillasters,  sometimes  as  if  in  whorls,  spikes  or  heads. 

Color  almost  always  ofthe  cyanic  series,  blue,  purple,  red,  white,  &c. 

Cal.  tubular,  regularly  5-toothed  or  cleft,  or  bilabiate,  persistent.  [3-cleft  one 

Cor.  bilabiate  (rarely  regular,  5-toothed),  the  upper  lip  bifid  or  entire,  overlapping  in  aestivation  the  lower 

fSta.  4,  didynamous,  or  sometimes  only  2,  the  upper  pair  being  abortive  or  wanting,  situated  on  the  corolla 

tube.    Anth.  mostly  2-celled. 

Ova.  free,  deeply  4-lobed,  the  single  style  arising  from  the  base  ofthe  lobes. 
Fr.  1—4  hard  nuts  or  achenia. 
Sds.  erect,  with  little. or  no  albumen.    Embryo  erect.    Cotyledons  flat. 

Genera  125,  species  2350,  chiefly  natives  of  temperate  regions,  being  most  abundant  between  latitudes 
40°  and  50°  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Properties.— This  well-known  family  is  universally  pervaded  by  an  aromatic,  volatile  oil,  and  a  bitter 
principle  ;  the  former  rendering  them  eminently  tonic,  cordial  and  stomachic ;  the  latter,  where  it  pre- 
vails, febrifugal.  The  pennyroyal,  lavender,  sage,  hoarhound,  thyme,  spearmint,  peppermint,  horse- 
mint,  rosemary,  $-c.,  $-c.,  plants  whose  qualities  are  toowejl  known  to  require  particular  mention  here, 
are  all  members  of  this  useful  family.  Not  one  species  is  poisonous  or  even  suspicious. 


XCIII.   LABIATE. 


11 


FIG.  51. — 1.  Monarda  didyma.  2.  An  anther  enlarged.  3.  Flower  of  Galiopsis  Tetrahit.  4.  One  of  its 
stamens,  much  enlarged.  5.  The  calyx  opened,  showing  the  4  achenia.  6.  Flower  of  Salvia  Sclarea. 
8.  Flower  of  Ocimum  basilicum.  9.  Flower  of  Nepeta  Glechoma.  10.  A  pair  of  the  anthers  forming  a 
cross.  11.  Flower  of  Physostegia  Virginica  seen  from  beneath.  12.  One  of  its  stamens.  13.  The  ovaries 
with  the  rudimentary  filament.  14.  Flower  of  Teucrium  Canadense.  15.  Flower  Nepeta  Cataria. 
16.  One  of  its  anthers.  17.  Cunila  Mariana.  18.  A  calyx  and  style. 

*  Flowers  diandrous. 


Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 


(  Bracts  whitish. 
$  Corolla  not  yellow.  (  Bracts  green.  . 
$  Connectile  erect  short  (  Corolla  yellow 

Blephilia. 
Hedeoma. 
Collinsonia. 

s 
18 

If) 

{bilabiate.  (  Connectile  transverse,  long  ;  anthers  dimidiate.     . 
<>  Herbs. 
!»  Upper  lip  emarginate.  if  Shrubs. 
$  Corolla  bilabiate.  (  Upper  lip  linear,  embracing  the  filament, 
subequal.  (  Corolla  subregular,  4-lobed  

Salvia. 
Cunila. 
Rosmarinus. 
Monarda. 
Lycopus. 

9 

17 
10 
7 
G 

*  *  Flowers  didynamous. 

(  Lips  of  calyx  <,  Filaments  simple.     Melissa.  20 

<  toothed  .  .  .  \  Filaments  forked.     Prunella.  22 

("Tube  of  corolla  <  Stamens  ascending.  (  Lips  of  the  calyx  entire.        .        .    Scutel/aria.         21 

I  exserted.  ...    (Stamens  very  long,  arching  the  5-cleft  limb  of  corolla.       Trichostemma.    35 

Calyx  (,  Stamens  scarcely  exsert.    Thymus.  13 

bilabiate.  L  Tube  of  the  corolla  scarcely  longer  than  calyx.  £  Stamens  exserted.         ,    Origanum.         12 

J  equal.    Hyssopus.  15 

(  Cal.  15-nerVed,  ( oblique.  Lophanthus.       24 
5  {  Dracocephalum.  25 

Satureja.  14 

Pycnanthemum.  \  l 


Flowers 


f  Bracts  <  spicate.  (  Calyx  10-nerved.  . 
<  green. '  Flowers  capitate,  involucrate. 
.  (  Bracts  colored 


Ill 


(Corolla  bilabiate 

S  f  Stamens  erect<  Corolla  limb  of  4  subequal  lobes,  one  of  them  emarginate. 

"    or  divergent.    (  Corolla  limb  of  5  equal  lobes 

$  Calyx  5-ribbed.        .       . 
fLeaves  crenate.  (Calyx  15-ribbed. 
J  $  Plants  glabrous. 

C  included  beneath  j  Leaves  sharply  serrate.  ( Plants  hairy. 
Stamens  as-<  the  upper  lip.  .  .  (.Leaves  entire,  lance-linear  and  elliptic.     . 
cending  and  (  exserted  through  I  he  fissure  of  the  upper  lip  of  corolla.   . 

$  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  2-!obed. 
J  Corolla  not  spurred.    ( Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  4-cleft. 

Stamens  declinate.  (  Corolla  tube  spurred 

(  Leaves       J  Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  with  2  lateral  teeth. 


Origanum. 

Mentha: 

Isanthus. 

Lamium. 

Nepeta. 

Phyftostegia. 

Ballota. 

Microrneria. 

Teucrium. 

Lavandula. 

Ocimum. 

Plectranthus. 

Galeopsis. 


~3      .  \  undivided.  (Lower  lip  of ^the  cor.  with  lateral  lobes  reflexed.  Stachys. 

O  Uhe  teeth  spinescent.  (  Leaves  mostly  3-lobed Leonurun. 

Calyx  4-toothed.    Upper  pair  of  anthers  cohering,  half  empty Synandra. 

Calyx  subentire,  very  large,  campanulate Molucella. 

Calyx  10-toothed,  the  alternate  teeth  shorter.  .  .    Marrubium. 


MENTHA.  XCIII.   LABIATE.  415 

TRIBE  1.  OCIMOIDEJE. — Corolla  subbilabiate,  the  4  upper  lobes  nearly 
equal,  the  lower  one  declinate,  flat  or  concave,  carinate  or  saccate.  Stamens 
4,  declined. 

1.  OClMUM. 

Gr.  o£a,  to  smell;  on  account  of  the  powerful  scent  of  the  plants. 

Upper  lip  of  calyx  orbicular,  lower  4-fid ;  corolla  resupmate,  one 
lip  4-cleft,  the  other  undivided ;  exterior  filaments  with  a  process  at 
their  base. 

O.  BASILICUM.  Royal  Ocimwn.  Sweet  Basil. — Lvs.  smooth,  ovate-oblong-, 
subdentate,  petiolate ;  cal.  ciliate. — 0  An  exotic  from  Persia,  cultivated.  Plant 
about  a  foot  high,  with  peculiarly  smooth  and  soft  leaves  variously  colored,  ex- 
haling a  delightful  odor.  Stem  retrorsely  pubescent  above,  branched.  Flow- 
ers white,  in  simple,  terminal  racemes.  Jl.,  Aug.  £ 

2.  LAVANDULA. 

Lat.  lavare,  to  wash.    The  use  of  the  distilled  water  of  this  plant  is  well  known. 

Calyx  ovoid-cylindric,  with  5  short  teeth,  the  upper  one  often 
largest ;  corolla  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower  3-lobed,  lobes  all  nearly 
equal ;  tube  exserted  ;  stamens  included. 

L.  SPICA.  Lavender. — Lvs.  linear-oblanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  sessile, 
re  volute  at  the  edge,  the  upper  ones  linear-lanceolate,  the  highest  shorter  than 
the  calyx ;  spike  interrupted ;  bracts  subulate. — 7J.  Plant  12 — 18'  high,  suffruti- 
cose,  branching,  from  the  base.  Leaves  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  branches, 
clothed  with  a  whitish  down.  Calyx  villose.  Corolla  much  exserted  and  of  a 
lilac  color.  The  plant  is  well  kno'wn  as  an  aromatic  of  a  delightful  fragrance. 
It  is  stimulant  and  tonic,  and  the  oil  extracted  by  distillation  enters  into  many 
compositions  in  medicine.  Jl.  £ 

3.    PLECTRANTHUS.     L'Her. 

Gr.  -K\r)KTpovj  a  cockspur,  avSos  ',  from  the  spur-like  appendage  of  the  corolla. 

Calyx  upper  lip  largest ;  cor.  resupinate,  ringent,  with  the  tube 
gibbous  or  spurred  on  the  upper  side  at  base. — Half  shrubby  plants, 
with  purple  flowers.  Natives  of  hot  climates. 

P.  PARVIFLORUS.  "  Sage  Geranium." — St.  suffruticose,  smoothish,  branched  ; 
roc.  compound,  terminal,  leafless ;  peduncles  1-flowered,  verticillate ;  corolla 
gibbous. — S.  America.  Sometimes  seen  in  house  cultivation  and  called  Sage 
Geranium!  It  is  a  large,  coarse  plant.  2 — 3f  high,  with  large,  soft,  ovate,  cre- 
nate  leaves,  and  terminal  racemes  of  very  delicate  bluish-purple  flowers. 

TRIBE  2.  MEXTHOIDEJE. — Corolla  somewhat  campanulate  or  funnel- 
form  ;  tube  scarcely  exserted,  limb  subequally  4 — 5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  some- 
times 2,  distant,  straight,  diverging. 

4.   MENTHA. 

Mintha,  the  daughter  of  Cocytus,  is  fabled  to  have  been  changed  into  one  of  these  plants. 

Calyx  equally  5-toothed ;  cor.  nearly  regular,  4-cleft,  the  broadest 
segment  emarginate ;  sta.  4,  straight,  distant ;  anth.  cells  parallel ; 
filaments  naked. 

1.  M.  CANADENSIS.     (M.  borealis.  Michx.}     Horsemint. 

Ascending,  pubescent;  Ivs.  petiolate,  lanceolate,  serrate,  acute  at  each 
end;  fls.  in  axillary  cymes;  sta.  generally  exserted. — 7J.  Can.  to  Ky.  and  Penn. 
An  herbaceous,  grayish  plant,  1 — 2f  high,  growing  in  muddy  situations.  The 
stem  is  square  and  usually  branched,  the  angles  beset  with  reversed  hairs. 
Leaves  serrate,  on  opposite,  downy  footstalks,  and  punctate  with  resinous  dots 
at  each  end.  Flowers  apparently  in  whorls,  pale  purple,  usually  distinguished 
by  the  projecting  stamens  which  are  sometimes  twice  as  long  as  the  corollas. 
Calyx  hairy.  Aromatic  like  the  other  species.  June,  July. 
0.  stamens  equaling  the  corolla. 


416  XCIII.   LABIATE.  LYCOPUS.    j 

2.  M.  VIRIDIS.    (M.  tenuis.  Michx.     M.  gracilis.  MiM.}     Spearmint. 
Jjvs.  subsessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  incisely  serrate  ;  bracts  setaceous, 

and,  with  the  teeth  of  the  calyx,  somewhat  hairy  ;  spikes  slender,  interrupted, 
attenuate  above.  —  Tj.  Can.  and  U.  S.  A  well  known  plant,  highly  esteemed  for 
its  agreeable,  aromatic  properties.  It  grows  in  wet  soils,  rapidly  spreading  by 
its  creeping  roots,  with  erect,  branching,  4-angled  stalks,  1  —  2f  high.  The 
spikes  are  somewhat  panicled,  long,  composed  of  distinct,  axillary  cymes,  ap- 
parently whorled,  a  little  remote  from  each  other.  Peduncles  smooth,  round, 
shining.  Corollas  pale  purple.  Styles  much  exserted. 

3.  M.  PiPERlTA.  Smith.     Peppermint. 

Lvs.  smooth,  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  petiolate  ;  bracts  lanceolate  ;  cat- 
quite  smooth  at  base,  punctate.  —  7J.  This  species,  introduced  from  Europe,  has 
become  naturalized  in  wet  places,  and  cultivated  in  gardens.  It  has  a  more 
penetrating  taste  and  stronger  smell  than  the  other  species,  pungent  to  the 
tongue  followed  by  a  sensation  of  coldness.  The  essence  of  peppermint  is  a 
well  known  medicine,  acting  as  a  cordial,  used  in  flatulency,  nausea,  &c.  It 
has  a  purplish  stem,  2  —  3f  high,  with  scattered,  deflexed  hairs.  Leaves  sharply 
serrate,  dark  green.  Corolla  purplish.  July. 

4.  M.  ARVENSIS.     Corn  Mint.     Field  Mint. 

St.  ascending,  much  branched;  Ivs.  ovate,  serrate,  petiolate,  acute,  hirsute; 
verticils  axillary;  pedicels  smooth;  cat.  hirsute.  —  Naturalized  in  Penn.  Ohio, 
&c.,  native  in  Europe.  Stem  stout,  often  erect,  about  If  in  height.  Leaves 
varying  to  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  sometimes  nearly  smooth,  about  twice 
longer  (1  —  2')  than  wide,  several  times  longer  than  the  petioles.  Flowers 
small,  numerous,  pale  purple.  Stamens  exserted.  The  plant  smells  like  de- 
cayed cheese.  July. 

5.   ISANTHUS,     DC. 

Gr.  to-of,  equal,  cu/Sof,  the  flowers  being  regular,  a  character  very  rare  among  the  labiates. 

Calyx  subcampanulate  ;  corolla  5-parted,  tube  straight  and  narrow, 
segments  of  the  border  ovate  and  equal  ;  stamens  subequal  ;  stigma 
linear,  recurved. 

I.  CCBRULEUS.     Blue  Gentian. 

Viscid,  hairy  ;  ITS.  oval-lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends,  3-veined  ;  ped.  1  — 
2-flowered.  —  7J.  A  branching,  leafy  herb,  in  dry  fields,  Northern  and  Western 
States  !  with  the  aspect  of  the  pennyroyal.  Stem  rounded,  slender,  12  —  18' 
high  with  branches  and  leaves  opposite.  Leaves  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  and 
a  fourth  as  wide,  distinctly  triple-veined.  Flowers  numerous,  blue,  with  in- 
cluded stamens.  Calyx  leaves  lanceolate,  longer  than  the  tube.  July. 

6.   LYCOPUS. 


Gr.  AvKOf,  a  wolf,  TTOVJ,  a  foot  ;  a  fanciful  name. 

Calyx  tubular,  4  —  5-cleft  ;  cor.  subregular,  4-cleft,  the  tube  as 
long  as  the  calyx,  upper  segment  broadest,  emarginate  ;  sta.  2,  dis- 
tant, diverging,  simple  ;  sty.  straight,  as  long  as  the  stamens  ;  ach. 
4,  obliquely  truncate  at  apex.  —  % 

1.  L.  SINUATUS.     (L.  Europasus.  Michx.     L.  Americanus.  Muhl.}    Water 
Hoarhound.  —  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  sinuate-dentate,  lower  ones  incised  ; 

teeth  of^  the  calyx  acuminate-spinescent  ;  st.  square,  1  —  2f  high  \fls.  small,  white, 
many  in  a  whorl.  —  A  perennial  plant,  widely  diffused  throughout  the  U.  States, 
growing  in  damp  grounds.  In  habits  and  general  appearance  it  resembles  the 
Menthoe,  but  is  sufficiently  distinguished  by  the  number  of  stamens,  form  of 
the  flattened  triquetrous  achenia,  and  its  being  inodorous.  Stem  sharply  4- 
angled,  the  sides  concave,  1  —  2f  high.  Lower  leaves  deeply  and  pinnatifidly 
toothed.  Verticils  dense.  Calyx  teeth  longer  than  the  achenia.  It  dyes  a 
permanent  black.  Aug. 

2.  L.  VIRGINICUS.     Virginian  Water  Hoarhound.     Bugle-weed. 

Lvs.  broad-lanceolate,  serrate,  tapering  and  entire  at  the  base  ;  calyx  leet/i 


MONARDA.  XCIll.    LABIATE.  417 

spineless,  usually  4,  shorter  than  the  achenia. — A  plant  as  widely  diffused  as 
the  preceding,  growing  in  wet  soils.  Stem  smooth,  obtusely  4-angled,  with  the 
sides  concave,  12 — 18'  high,  usually  simple,  bearing  small  whorls  of  minute, 
purplish  flowers.  Leaves  with  coarse,  tooth-like  serratures,  sessile.  The 
whole  plant  often  changes  to  purple.  It  is  reputed  a  remedy  for  blood-spit- 
ting. July,  Aug. 

TRIBES.  MONARDEJE. — Corolla  bilabiate ;  tube  exserted.  Stamens  2,  fer- 
tile, ascending,  the  upper  pair  abortive ;  anthers  linear  with  the  2  cells  con- 
tiguous, or  halved  with  the  2  cells  widely  separated  on  opposite  ends  of  a 
long,  transverse  connectile. 

7.    MONARDA. 
Name  in  honor  of  Monardus,  a  Spanish  botanist  of  the  16th  century. 

Calyx  elongated,  cylindric,  striate,  subequally  5-toothed ;  cor.  rin- 
gent,  tubular,  upper  lip  linear,  lower  lip  reflexed,  3-lobed,  the  middle 
lobe  narrowest ;  sta.  2,  fertile,  ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip,  and 
mostly  exserted ;  anth.  cells  divaricate  at  base,  connate  at  apex. — ^i- 

1.  M.  DIDYMA.    (M.  purpurea.  Lam.   M.  coccinea.  Michx.}  Mountain  Mint. 
St.  acutely  4-angled ;  Ivs.  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  somewhat  rough  and 

villous,  on  short  petioles,  veins  and  veinlets  hairy  beneath ;  fls.  in  terminal, 
often  proliferous  heads;  bracts  colored. — A  handsome,  fragrant  plant,  2 — 3f 
high,  with  crimson  or  scarlet  flowers.  Stem  mostly  branching.  Leaves  2 — 5' 
long,  very  broad  at  base,  often  cordate,  serrate,  with  scattered  hairs  above,  and 
prominent,  hairy  veins  beneath.  Flowers  in  heads  which  are  often  proliferous, 
with  large,  ovate-lanceolate  bracts  tinged  with  the  same  color  as  the  corollas. 
Calyx  colored.  Corollas  large  and  showy.  Styles  4,  2  of  which  are  minute 
and  abortive ;  hence  the  specific  name.  A  beautiful  plant  in  cultivation 
Swamps,  Can.  to  Ga'. 

2.  M.  FISTULOSA.  ("M.  oblongata,rugosa,  clinopodia,  allophylla,  mollis,  pur- 
purea, of  authors?)     Horsemint.     Wild  Bergamot. — Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate, 

acute  or  acuminate,  petiolate,  more  or  less  pubescent ;  hds.  of  fls.  terminal,  few, 
but  many-flowered ;  bracts  sessile ;  cal.  slightly  curved  with  the  throat  hirsute. — 
A  handsome,  variable  plant,  growing  in  hedges,  thickets,  rocky  banks,  Mass, 
to  Ga.  W.  to  the  Saskatchawan.  The  stem  is  2 — 4f  high,  quadrangular  with 
the  sides  somewhat  concave,  hollow  in  various  degrees,  nearly  smooth  or  pubes- 
cent above,  simple  or  with  a  few  opposite  branches.  Leaves  obtuse  at  base, 
ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  nearly  smooth, 
2 — 4'  long  and  on  petioles  £  their  length.  Flowers  in  involucrate,  terminal 
heads,  20 — 50  in  a  head.  Outer  bracts  leafy,  often  partially  colored.  Calyx 
slender,  £'  in  length.  Corolla  much  exserted,  varying  from  greenish- white  and 
pale  purple  to  blue,  the  upper  lip  long  and  linear,  enfolding  the  2  stamens, 
which,  with  the  style  are  somewhat  exserted  at  its  end.  Jl.  Aug. 

a.  St.  simple,  hollow;  hds.  simple  qr  proliferous;  cor.  pale  yellow. 

/?.  (M.  allophylla.  Me.)  St.  branched,  hollow,  or  solid  with  pith ;  Ivs.  oblong- 
lanceolate  ;  hds.  simple ;  bracts  partially  colored  ;  cor.  pale  blue. 

y.  (M.  clinopodia.  L.}  St.  solid;  Ivs.  tapering  at  base,  remotely  serrate; 
hds.  simple;  cal.  short;  cor.  pale  purple. 

t.  purpurea.     St.  tall  (3 — 5f ),  glabrous,  dark  purple.-  la. !  common. 

£.  mollis.    Lvs.  softly  pubescent ;  upper  lip  of  cor.  densely  bearded. 

3.  M.  PUNCTATA.     (M.  lutea.  Michx.}    Horsemint. 

Nearly  glabrous ;  st.  obtusely  angled,  hoary-pubescent ;  Ivs.  oblong-lan- 
ceolate to  oblong,  remotely  and  obscurely  serrate;  verticils  axillary,  dense; 
bracts  lanceolate,  colored,  longer  than  the  verticils ;  cal.  teeth  unequal.  Pine 
barrens,  N.  J.,  common,  to  Car.  and  Western  States.  Stem 2 — 3f  high,  branched. 
Leaves  punctate.  Corolla  yellow,  with  brown  spots,  upper  1  ip  villous  at  the 
apex.  Bracts  large,  yellow  and  red.  Sept.— It  contains  an  essential  oil  which 
is  valuable  in  medicine. 


418  XCIII.   LABIATE.  SALVIA. 

4.  M.  BRADBURIANA. 

St.  simple,  glabrous ;  Iv s.  ovate-  or  oblong-lanceolate,  subsessile,  rounded 
at  base,  hirsute-pubescent  both  sides,  margin  subdentate,  apex  acute ;  cal.  pilose, 
densely  bearded  at  throat,  segments  subulate-spinose ;  hds.  large,  terminal,  outer 
bracts  broad-lanceolate,  ciliate,  colored.— Ohio  to  111.  Mead !  Stem  slender, 
about  3f  high.  Leaves  sometimes  slightly  petiolate,  2 — 3'  long.  Bracts  purple. 
Corolla  purple.  Jl. 

8.   BLEPHILIA.     Raf. 

Gr.  @\E(papis,  the  eyelash ;  probably  referring  to  the  ciliate  bracts. 

Calyx  13-ribbed,  bilabiate,  upper  lip  3-toothed,  lower  lip  shorter, 
2-toothed,  the  teeth  setaceous  ;  corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  short,  erect, 
oblong,  obtuse,  entire ;  lower  lip  of  3  unequal,  spreading  lobes,  the 
lateral  ones  orbicular ;  stamens  2,  fertile,  ascending,  exserted. 

1.  B.  HIRSUTA.   (Monardahirsuta.  Ph.  M.  ciliata.  Michx.}  Hairy  Blephilia. 
Whole  plant  hirsute ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  petiolate ; 

fls.  in  axillary  verticillasters  and  terminal  heads ;  bracts  colored,  shorter  than 
the  flowers,  oblong,  acuminate. — 7{.  In  damp  woods,  rare  N.  Eng.,  common  in 
the  W.  States.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  diffusely  branching,  roughly  pubescent.  Peti- 
ole i — J'  long,  leaves  3  or  4  times  as  long,  somewhat  rounded  at  base.  Flowers 
small,  forming  several  dense  whorls  near  the  ends  of  each  branch.  Corolla 
scarcely  %'  long,  pale  purple  with  spots  of  a  deeper  hue.  Style  longer  than  sta- 
mens or  corolla.  Jn.  Jl. 

2.  B.  CILIATA.    (Monarda  ciliata.  Linn,  not  Michx.} 

St.  hirsute,  simple,  acutely  4-angled ;  Ivs.  few,  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering 
to  an  obtuse  point,  subsessile,  serrate,  minutely  pubescent ;  fls.  in  dense,  ap- 
proximate, inyolucrate,  terminal  and  subterminal  verticils ;  bracts  ovate,  veiny, 
glabrous,  ciliate,  as  long  as  the  calyx. — Fields,  barrens,  Penn.  to  the  Miss., 
very  abundant  in  the  Western  States !  Plant  2 — 4f  high,  generally  simple, 
rarely  with  1  or  2  branches.  Leaves  1 — 2£'  long,  £ — 1'  wide.  Flowers  small, 
numerous.  Verticils  subglobose.  Outer  bracts  5"  by  3 — 4",  whitish.  Calyx 
subbilabiate.  Jn. — Aug. 

9.  SALVIA. 

Lat.  salveo,  to  be  in  health ;  probably  from  its  salutary  qualities. 

Calyx  striate,  bilabiate,  upper  lip  2 — 3-toothed  or  entire,  lower  lip 
divided  ;  corolla  ringent ;  stamens  2 ;  connectile  transversely  articu- 
lated to  the  filament,  supporting  at  each  end  a  cell  of  the  dimidiate 
anther  ;  achenia  4. — A  large  genus  of  which  but  few  species  are  native. 
The  transverse  connectile  constitutes  the  essejitial  character. 

1.  S.  LYRATA.   Wild  or  Meadow  Sage.     Cancer-weed. 

Radical  Ivs.  lyrate,  erosely  dentate ;  upper  lip  of  the  cor.  very  short,  straight. 
— 7J.  in  shady  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.  Stem  erect,  quadrangular,  nearly  leafless, 
1 — 2f  high,  branching  above  and  covered  with  hairs  pointing  downwards.  Radi- 
cal leaves  oblong,  lyrate  or  sinuate-pintiatifid,  petiolate.  Cauline  leaves  but 
1 — 2  pairs,  just  below  the  raceme.  Flowers  in  whorls  of  about  6,  distant,  con- 
stituting a  long,  interrupted  raceme.  Corolla  blue,  the  tube  much  exserted. 
Native  of  shady  woods.  May,  June. 

2.  S.  OFFICINALIS.     Common  Sage. — Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  crenulate,  rugose ; 
whorls  few-flowered ;  cal.  mucronate ;  upper  lip  of  the  cor.  as  long  as  the  lower 
and  somewhat  vaulted. — A  well  known  garden  plant,  with  a  shrubby  stem, 
rugose  leaves  of  a  dull  green  color  and  an  aromatic  fragrance.    Flowers  in 
whorls  forming  a  spike.     Corolla  ringent,  blue,  with  a  lengthened  tube  and 
viscid  calyx,  somewhat  brown.     Native  in  the  south  of  Europe.     Very  useful 
in  domestic  economy  and  medicine.    July.  ^ 

3.  S.  SCLAREA.     Clarry. — Lvs.  oblong,  heart-shaped,  rugose,  villous,  serrate : 
bracts  colored,  concave,  longer  than  the  calyx. — (g)  A  strong-scented  exotic,  1 — 3t 
high,  with  viscid  leaves  as  large  as  the  hand.    The  flowers  and  bracts  are 


PYCNANTHEMUM.  XC1II.   LABIATE.  419 

variegated  Vith  pale  purple  and  yellowish- white,  in  whorled  spikes.    Calyx 
with  spinous  teeth.     Native  in  Italy.  £ 

4.  S.  MEXICANA.  Willd. 'I    Mexican  Salvia. — St.  branching  at  base,  weak, 
ascending,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  long-petiolate,  ovate-lanceolate,  subcordate,  crenate- ' 
dentate,  smooth  above,  pubescent  beneath  ;  fls.  opposite,  in  terminal  racemes  ; 
bracts  deciduous ;  col.  slightly  colored,  upper  lip  truncate,  subentire  ;  cor.  fim- 
briate-ciliate,  3—4  times  longer  than  the  calyx ;  sty.  exserted. — 1|_  Mexico.    A 
beautiful  and  popular  house  plant.    Flowers  bright  crimson  or  scarlet,  near  2' 
long.    There  are  several  varieties,  f 

5.  S.  SPLENDENS.  Ker.  1— St.  erect,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  broad-ovate  and  ovate,  peti- 
olate,  rounded  or  acute  at  base,  glabrous  both  sides,  dent-serrate,  acuminate ; 
fls.  opposite,  racemose ;-  bracts  deciduous ;  cal.  scarlet,  and,  with  the  corolla, 
pubescent,  upper  lip  entire,  acuminate,  lower  lip  2-toothed. — 1\.  Mexico.     Gar- 
dens.   Plant  2 — 4f  high,  branched.    Flowers  large,  scarlet.     After  flowering 
the  calyces  enlarge,  and  become  as  showy  as  the  corollas,  f 

10.  ROSMARlNUS. 
An  ancient  Latin  name,  compounded  of  ros,  dew,  and  marinus,  of  the  sea. 

Corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  2-parted,  lower  lip  reflexed,  in  3  divis- 
ions of  which  the  middle  is  the  largest ;  fil.  2  fertile,  elongated,  as- 
cending towards  the  upper  lip,  having  a  tooth  on  the  side. 

R.  OFFICINALIS.  Rosemary. — Lvs.  sessile,  linear,  margins  revolute. — An  erect, 
evergreen  shrub,  4f  high,  much  branched.  Leaves  opposite,  obtuse,  linear-ob- 
long, entire,  smooth,  dark  green  and  shining  above,  downy  and  sometimes 
whitish  beneath.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  of  a  bright  blue  color,  having, 
like  the  leaves,  a  strong  aromatic  fragrance  like  camphor.  It  yields  by  distil- 
lation a  large  proportion  of  fragrant  oil.  £ 

TRIBE  4.  SATUREINEJB.— Calyx  5-toothed  and  equal,  or  bilabiate  with 
the  upper  lip  trifid  and  the  lower  bifid.  Corolla  subbilabiate,  upper  lip 
erect,  flat,  entire  or  bifid,  lower  spreading,  trifid,  lobes  subequal ;  tube  about 
as  long  as  the  calyx.  Stamens  2—4,  distant,  straight,  diverging. 

11.  PYCNANTHfiMUM.    Benth. 

Gr.  VVKVOS,  dense,  avSos,  alluding  to  the  dense,  capitate  inflorescence. 

Calyx  tubular,  striate,  5-toothed  ;  upper  lip  of  corolla  nearly  en- 
tire, lower  lip  trifid,  middle  lobe  longest ;  sta.  distant ;  anth.  with 
parallel  cells. 

1.  P.  INCANUM.  Michx.     (Clinopodium^  Willd.')    Mountain  Mint.     Wild 
Basil. — Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  acute,  subserrate,  rounded  at  the  base  with 

short  petioles  and  hoary  tomentum  ;  hds.  of  fls.  compound,  terminal  and  lateral 
pedunculate  ;  bracts  subulate.— Tj.  Grows  in  rocky  woods  and  hills,  Can  N  ' 
Mid.  and  W.  States.  Stem  2— 4f  high,  obtusely  4-angle.d,  erect,  and,  like  the 
rest  of  the  plant,  covered  with  soft,  whitish  down.  Leaves  whitish  beneath 
*  lowers  pale  red  with  purple  spots,  on  white,  tomentose  peduncles,  in  dense 
heads,  and  with  numerous  bracts,  of  which  the  inner  ones  are  setaceous  beard- 
ed at  the  end  ;  the  outer  ones  are  lanceolate.  Plant  aromatic.  Jl.  Aug. 
0.  St.  taller,  branched ;  upper  Ivs.  with  white  blotches. — Ind. ! 

2.  P.  ARISTATUM.  Michx.    (Nepcta  Virginica,  Linn.  ?)     Wild  Basil, 

_  St.  hirsute-pubescent,  brachiate-corymbose ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate  briefly 
petiolate,  acute  at  base,  subserrate,  pubescent,  acuminate ;  verticils  terminal 
capitate  and  subterminal,  hirsute ;  bracts  lance-subulate,  and  with  the  calvx 
terminated  by  awns. -Woods  and  barrens,  N.  Y,  Mass,  to  Miss. !  Stem  l-3f 
high  subsimple  or  much  branched.  Leaves  1—2*'  by  ±_f '  srenerallv  with 
small,  remote  serratures  and  ciliate  on  the  margin.  Each  branch  terminates 
in  a  small  ($  diam.)  head  with  one  or  two  dense  whorls  just  below  it  It  is  a 
more  spreading  and  hairy  plant  than  P.  muticum.  Jl.  Aug. 
36 


420  XCIII.   LABIATE.  THYMUS. 

3.  P.  PILOSUM.  Nutt.     Hairy  Pycnanthemum. 

St.  and  Ivs.  beneath  pilose ;  st.  subsimple ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  nearly  entire, 
sessile ;  fls.  in  large,  terminal,  sessile  heads ;  bracts  lanceolate,  and,  with  the 
calyx,  canescently  villous  and  awnless;  cor.  pubescent;  sta.  exserted. — 7J.  Low 
grounds,  111.  Mead,  to  Tenn.  Nuttall.  I  am  unacquainted  with  this  species, 
but  it  is  probably  distinct,  closely  allied  to  the  last.  "  Stem  a  little  branched  at 
the  summit.  Bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx,  acute  but  not  awned.  Calyx  teeth 
minute.  Corolla  white,' without  spots." 

4.  P.  MUTICUM.     (Brachystemum  muticum.  Michx.')    Awnless  Pycnanthe- 
mum.— St.  pubescent,  paniculate-branching  above ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate, 

subdentate,  sessile,  nearly  smooth ;  hds.  terminal ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, awnless;  sta.  included. — i\.  Found  in  woods  and  dry  hills, Penn.  toGa. 
and  W.  States.  Stem  2f  high,  square,  with  larger,  opposite  leaves  and  white 
flowers.  Leaves  large,  the  width  a  third  of  the  length,  entire  or  denticulate. 
Heads  mostly  terminal,  and  with  the  bracts  and  upper  leaves,  whitish  pubes- 
cent. Corolla  tinged  with  purple,  with  spots  of  a  deeper  hue.  Aug. 

5.  P.  LANCEOLATUM.    Pursh.     (P.    verticillatum.    Pers.     Brachystemum 
Virginicum.  MX.  ?) — St.  straight,  corymbosely  branched,  pubescent  on 

the  angles  ;  Ivs.  subsessile,  ovate -lanceolate  and  linear-lanceolate,  feather- vein- 
ed, entire ;  verticils  sessile,  fasciculate-corymbed ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate ;  sta.  exserted. — 7J.  This  species  much  resembles  the  next,  but  is  distinct 
in  several  important  characters.  Grows  in  dry  woods  and  hills,  abundant 
"W.  and  Mid.  States.  Stem  2  or  more  feet  high,  square,  with  obtuse  angles, 
somewhat  scabrous.  Branches  corymbed,  downy  above.  Leaves  varying  in 
width  from  one-sixth  to  one-half  of  their  length.  Flowers  collected  in  dense, 
canescent  heads.  Corolla  purplish- white  with  darker  spots.  Aug. 

6.  P.  LINIFOLIUM.  Pursh.     Flax-leaved  Pycnanthemum. 

St.  straight,  smooth ;  branches  trichotomous,  fastigiate ;  Ivs.  linear,  very 
entire,  3-veined,  smooth ;  hds.  terminal,  dense,  in  a  fasciculate  corymb. — 9|  An 
erect  plant  with  fastigiate  branches,  l^f  high,  growing  in  exsiccated  swamps, 
Penn.,  N.  Y.  to  the  Miss,  and  S.  States.  Stem  often  purplish,  slightly  4-an- 
gled,  corymbose  at  the  summit.  Leaves  very  narrow,  entire,  smooth  and  punc- 
tate, with  fascicles  of  smaller  ones  in  the  axils.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  nu- 
merous, small,  roundish  heads,  mostly  terminal,  and  with  imbricated  bracts. 
Aug. — I  have  generally  found  this  species  nearly  destitute  of  the  mint-like  fla- 
vor of  the  foregoing.  The  statement  in  a  former  edition  was  made  on  the 
authority  of  others. 

12.  ORIGANUM. 
Gr.  opos,  a  mountain,  and  yavof,  joy. 

Flowers  collected  into  dense  clusters,  imbricated  with  bracts  ;  up- 
per lip  of  the  corolla  erect,  flat,  emarginate,  lower  lip  with  3  nearly 
equal  segments. 

1.  O.  VULGARE.    Wild  Marjoram. 

Lvs.  ovate,  entire,  hirsute,  petiolate ;  spikes  roundish,  panicled,  fascicu- 
late, smooth,  erect ;  bracts  ovate,  longer  than  the  calyx,  colored. — 7J.  grows  in 
fields  and  thickets.  Stem  12 — 18'  high,  purple,  leafy,  branching  above.  Leaves 
a  very  little  serrate,  opposite,  hairy,  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots,  paler  beneath. 
Petioles  hairy  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Bracts  tinged  with  purple. 
Flowers  purplish-white.  The  plant  has  a  highly  aromatic  taste.  Jl.  Aug.  £ 

2.  O.  MAJORANA.  Ph.  (Majorana  hortensis.  Maznch.)  Sweet  Marjoram. — 
Lvs.  oval  or  obovate,  obtuse,  entire, petiolate,  hoary-pubescent;  spikes  roundish, 
compact,  pedunculate,  clustered  at  the  end  of  the  branches;  bracts  roundish. — 
7J.  Native  of  Portugal,  cultivated  in  gardens.  It  has  a  pleasant  aromatic  fla- 
vor, and  is  employed  in  various  ways  as  a  seasoning.  Plant  soft-downy,  a  foot 
high.  Flowers  pink-colored.  Jl.  Aug.  ^ 

13.  THYMUS. 

Gr.  Svpos,  courage  ;  on  account  of  its  invigorating  smell. 

Flowers  capitate  or  verticillate ;  calyx  subcampanulate,  bilabiate, 


CUNILA.  XCIII.   LABIATE.  421 

10-ribbed,  the  throat  closeAwith  hairs  ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  flat, 
emarginate,  shorter  than  IR  lower. 

1.  T.  VULGARIS.     Garden  Thyme. — Si.  procumbent  at  base,  erect;  Ivs.  revo- 


other  species,  and  is  peculiarly  attractive  to  bees.     Blossoms  in  summer. 

2.  T.  SERPYLLUS.     Wild  Thyme.     Mother  of  Thyme. 

St.  decumbent;  Ivs.  flat,  elliptical,  obtuse,  ciliate  at  base;  fls.  capitate. — 
7J.  Mass.,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  An  aromatic  plant,  similar  to  the  preceding,  but 
milder  and  rather  more  pleasantly  flavored.  Sterns  suffruticose,  wiry,  slender 
and  wavy,  with  leafy,  downy  and  ascending  branches,  each  terminating  in  a 
small,  dense,  oblong  head  of  purple  flowers,  much  frequented  by  bees.  Leaves 
entire,  petiolate,  punctate,  smoothish,  ciliate.  Corolla  purple,  spotted.  June. 
Cultivated  and  naturalized. 

14.  S  A  T  LT  R  E  J  A. 

Arabic  tsaiur  the  general  name  for  labiate  plants. 

Calyx  tubular,  1 0-ribbed  ;  segments  of  the  bilabiate  corolla  nearly 
equal ;  stamens  diverging,  scarcely  exserted. 

S.  HORTENSIS.  Summer  Savory. — Si.  branching;  Ivs.  linear-oblong,  entire, 
acute  at  the  end;  ped.  axillary,  cymose. — 7|_  Native  of  Italy.  Cultivated  as  a 
culinary  aromatic.  Stem  branching  and  bushy,  l£f  high,  woody  at  base,  fre- 
quently changing  to  purple.  Leaves  numerous,  small  and  narrow,  with  axil- 
lary cymes  of  pink-colored  flowers.  Calyx  about  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Jl.  Aug.  •$ 

15.  HYSSOPUS. 

Hebrew  ezol;  Arabic  azzof;  Eng.  hyssop. 

Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect,  flat,  emarginate,  lower  lip  3-parted, 
the  middle  segment  largest,  tube  about  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  stamens 
exserted,  diverging. 

H.  OFFICINALIS.  Hyssop. — DCS.  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  sessile ;  cal. 
teeth  erect;  fls.  in  racemose,  secund  verticils,  middle  division  of  the  corolla  2- 
lobed,  entire. — Ti  The  common  hyssop  is  a  native  of  S.  Europe,  often  met  with 
in  our  gardens,  being  cultivated  for  its  reputed  medicinal  properties.  It  is  a 
handsome  plant,  growing  in  tufts,  2f  high,  with  delicate  foliage  and  bright  blue 
flowers.  July.  £ 

16.   COLLINSONIA. 

Name  in  honor  of  John  Collinson,  an  English  botanist. 

Corolla  exserted,  campanulate-ringent,  upper  lip  in  4  subequal 
lobes,  lower  lip  longer,  declined,  fimbriate ;  stamens  2,  (rarely  3) 
much  exserted,  divergent. 

C.  CANADEXSIS.     Horse  Balm. 

Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  petiolate.  glabrous  ;  teeth  of  the  cal. 
subulate,  shorter  than  the  tube ;  rac.  paniculate,  terminal. — 7J.  A  tall  herb  with 
large  leaves  and  yellow  flowers,  woods  and  fields,  Can.  to  Ky.  and  Car.  Stem  4- 
sided,  3 — 4f  high,  smooth  or  a  little  pubescent.  Leaves  thin,  6 — 8'  long  and  3 — 4' 
wide.  Flowers '  in  a  large,  compound  raceme,  with  opposite  branches  and 
pedicels.  Corolla  greenish-yellow,  the  lower  lip  elongated  and  fringed.  Style 
and  stamens  very  long.  Flowering  in  summer. 

17.   CUNlLA. 

The  ancient  Roman  name  for  pennyroyal. 

Calyx  10-ribbed,  equally  5-toothed.  throat  densely  villose ;  upper 
lip  of  corolla  flat,  emarginate  :  stamens  2,  erect,  exserted,  distant. 
C.  MARIANA.     (Ziziphora.  R.  <$•  &)     Dittany. 
Lvs.  ovate,  serrate,  subsessile ;  cymes  pedunculate,  corymbose,  axillary  and 


422.  XCIII.    LABIAT^E.  MELISSA. 

termiaal. — 7].  Grows  on  rocks  and  in  dry  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and  Ark.  Stem 
4-angled,  mostly  purple,  branching,  smooth**,  1 — 2f  high.  Leaves  small, 
nearly  smooth,  roundish  or  subcordate  at  base^apering  to  a  point  and  punctate 
with  pellucid  dots.  Flowers  with  subulate  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  3-iorked 
pedicels.  Calyx  punctate.  Corolla  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  pubes- 
cent, pale  red.  Stamens  and  style  much  exserted,  of  the  same  hue  as  the  corolla. 
The  herb  is  delightfully  fragrant,  and  used  in  febrifugal  infusions.  Jl.  Aug. 

TRIBE  5.  MELISSIIVEJE. — Calyx  bilabiate ;  .corolla  bilabiate ;  upper  lip 
straight,  lower  lip  spreading,  cleft  into  3  flat  lobes,  of  which  the  middle  one  is 
often  broadest.  Stamens  4,  sometimes  2,  ascending. 

18.  HE  DEO  MA.    Pers. 

Gr.  fifcta,  sweet  or  agreeable,  coy/;?,  smell;  on  account  of  the  fragrance. 

Calyx  gibbous  beneath  at  base,  13-ribbed,  throat  hairy  ;  upper  lip 
of  corolla  erect,  flat,  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed ;  stamens  2,  fertile, 
ascending. 

H.  PULEGIOIDES.  Pers.    (Cunila.  Linn.    Ziziphora.  R.  <$•  S.)    Pennyroyal. 

Lvs.  oblong,  few-toothed ;  Jls.  axillary,  whorled.— ®  A  small,  strong-scented 
herb,  held  in  high  repute  in  the  domestic  materia  medica.  Stem  erect,  branch- 
ing, half  a  foot  high.  Leaves  opposite, with  1 — 2  teeth  each  side,  on  very  short 
petioles,  smooth  on  the  upper  surface,  roughish  beneath.  Calyx  ciliate,  2  lower 
divisions  spined.  Abundant  in  dry  pastures,  N.  Eng.,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 
Flowering  all  summer. 

19.   MICROMERIA.     Benth. 

Gr.  ntxpog,  small,  ^epos,  division;  on  account  of  the  slightly  2-!ipped  calyx  and  corolla. 

Calyx  13  (rarely  15)-ribbed,  5-toothed,  nearly  equal  ;  corolla  sub- 
bilate,  tube  exserted,  upper  lip  bifidly  emarginate,  lower  subequally 
3-lobed  ;  stamens  ascending,  the  upper  pair  shorter. 

M.  GLABELLA.  Benth.  (Cunila.  Michx.  Hedeoma  glabra.  Nutt.) 
Glabrous  ;  st.  branching  above,  and  mostly  surculose  at  base ;  Ivs.  entire, 
those  of  the  suckers  elliptic-ovate,  of  the  stem  linear-oblong,  obtuse  ;  verticillas- 
ters  about  6-flowered. — 1}.  A  delicate  little  herb  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  growing 
on  lime-stone  rocks  near  the  base  of  Niagara  Falls  !  W.  to  the  Falls  of  St.  An- 
thony. Rare.  It  has  the  general  aspect  and  fragrance  of  pennyroyal.  Stem 
erect  (prostrate  at  base),  4-angled,  slender,  6 — 10'  high.  Suckers  at  the  base 
often  numerous  and  se-veral  inches  in  length,  with  leaves  about  3"  by  2/7,  brown- 
ish-purple beneath.  Stem  leaves  9 — 12"" long,  very  narrow,  the  lowest  some- 
times with  a  few  teeth.  Flowers  somewhat  regular,  on  pedicels  £'  long,  with 
linear  bracts  at  the  base.  Corolla  pale  purple.  Stamens  4,  the  upper  pair 
much  the  shortest,  all  antheriferous.  July,  Aug. 

20.  MELISSA.     Benth. 

Gr.  name  of  the  bee,  from  /<£^,  honey,  which  is  sought  in  these  flowers  by  bees  with  avidity. 

Calyx  13-ribbed,  flattish  above,  the  upper  lip  3-toothed,  lower  bifid  ; 
upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect,  flattish,  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed, 
the  middle  lobe  mostly  broadest ;  stamens  ascending. 

1.  M.  OFFICINALIS.     Balm. 

Pubescent ;  st.  erect,  branching ;  Jls.  in  dimidiate  verticils,  subsessile  ;  Ivs. 
ovate,  acute,  coarsely  crenate-serrate,  rugose  ;  bracts  few,  ovate-lanceolate,  pe- 
tiolate. — r4  N.  Eng.  !  to  la.  !  found  in  the  deepest  forests  !  A  well  known  gar- 
den plant.  Stem  1— 2f  high.  Flowers  white  or  yellowish.  The  plant  is  a 
stomachic  and  diuretic,  generally  administered  in  the  form  of  tea.  For  medi- 
cinal use  it  should  be  cut  before  flowering,  which  occurs  in  June  and  after.  $$  1 

2.  M.  CLINOPODIUM.  Benth.     (Clinopodium  vulgare.  Linn.')   Wild  Basil. 

Villose ;  Ivs.  ovate,  subserrate ;  verticils  many-flowered,  hairy ;  bracts,  nu- 
merous, subulate. — 7J.  Low  woods,  Northern  and  Western  States.  A  common 
plant,  1 — 2f  high.  Stem  square,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  and,  as  well 


SUUTELLARIA.  XCIII.    LABIATE.  4-23 

as  the  whole  plant,  clothed  with  a  whitish  wool.  Leaves  petiolate.  taper- 
ing to  an  obtuse  point,  pale,  with  whitish  down  beneath.  Flowers  purplish,  in 
very  hairy,  mostly  terminal  whorls  or  heads.  Peduncles  cymosely  branched, 
short.  Involucre  of  narrow  and  bristle-like  bracts,  about  equaling  the  hairy, 
subulate  calyx  teeth.  July. 

TRIBE  6.  SCUTELLiARINEJE. — Calyx  bilabiate,  upper  lip  truncate.  Co- 
rolla bilabiate,  upper  lip  vaulted,  tube  ascending,  exserted.  '  Stamens  4, 
ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla. 

21.  SCUTELLARIA. 

Lat.  scutella,  a  small  vessel ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  calyx  with  its  appendages. 

Calyx  campanulate,  bilabiate,  lips  entire,  upper  one  appendaged  on 
the  back  and  closed  after  flowering  ;  cor.  bilabiate,  upper  lip  vaulted, 
lower  dilated,  convex,  tube  much  exserted,  ascending ;  sta.  ascending 
beneath  the  upper  lip;  anth.  approximate  in  pairs. 

*  Flowers  axillary,  solitary. 

1.  S.  GALERICULATA.     Common  Scull-cap. 

St.  erect,  simple,  or  branched ;  Ivs.  lanceolate-cordate,  remotely  crenate- 
serrate  ;  fls.  axillary,  solitary. — 7J.  Meadows  and  ditches,  Can.  to  Penn.  Abun- 
dant. The  whole  plant  glabrous.  Stem  square,  12 — 18'  high.  Leaves  trun- 
cate-cordate at  base  and  acutish  at  apex,  scarcely  petiolate,  !£'  by  £'.  Flowers 
much  larger  than  the  preceding,  rarely  more  than  1  from  the  same  axil,  with  a 
vizor- like  calyx  like  that  of  the  other  species.  Cor.  an  inch  in  length,  blue.  Aug. 

2.  S.  NERVOSA.  Pursh.     (S.  gracilis.  Nutt.} 

St.  slender,  erect,  subsimple,  stoloniferous ;  Ivs.  broad-ovate,  subcordate, 
crenate-serrate,  sessile,  glabrous,  3 — 5-veined,  lower  roundish-ovate,  upper  ovate 
and  lance-ovate,  slightly  petioled ;  fls.  axillary,  solitary. — Rocky  shades,  along 
streams,  Penn. !  to  111. !  and  La.  Roots  creeping,  often  sending  out  long,  fili- 
form stolons.  Stem  8 — 15'  high,  weak,  often  with  a  few  filiform  branches. 
Leaves  2 — 15"  by  5 — 12",  the  middle  pairs  largest,  acute  or  obtusish.  Floral 
leaves  entire,  small.  Flowers  few,  sometimes  on  the  slender  branches  only. 
Corolla  pale  blue,  4 — 6"  long.  May — Jl. 

3.  S.  PARVULA.  Michx.    (S.  ambigua.  Nutt.) 

Si.  simple  or  branching  at  base,  square,  puberulent ;  lower  Ivs.  suborbicu- 
lar,  petiolate,  upper  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  entire,  sessile,  axillary,  opposite. — 
Pastures,  Mid. !  and  Western  States  !  Plant  3 — 6'  high.  Root  generally  (not 
always  7)  with  tuberous  internodes,  and  fibrous  at  each  joint.  Leaves  3 — 6" 
long,  £  as  wide,  lower  3"  diam.  Flowers  4 — 6"  long,  rather  numerous,  longer 
than  the  leaves,  blue.  June. 

*  *  Flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  racemes. 

4.  S.  LATERIFLORA.     Mad-dog  Scull-cap. 

St.  branching,  nearly  glabrous ;  Irs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate, 
petiolate ;  roc.  lateral,  axillary,  leafy. — Meadows  and  ditches,  lat.  38°  to  Arc. 
Am.  Stem  square,  1 — 2f  high,  very  branching.  Leaves  opposite,  rounded  at 
base,  acuminate  or  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  on  petioles  an  inch  in  length.  Ra- 
cemes opposite,  axillary,  somewhat  one-sided,  on  long  stalks,  and  consisting  of 
numerous  small,  blue  flowers  intermixed  with  small  leaves.  The  English 
name  is  due  to  the  singular  form  of  the  calyx,  which  after  flowering,  closes 
upon  the  seeds  like  a  cap  or  vizor.  July,  Aug. 

5.  S.  PILOSA.  Michx.  Darl.     (S.  ovalifolia.  Bart.') 

St.  erect,  mostly  simple,  hirsute-pubescent;  Irs.  pubescent,  rhomboid- 
ovate  or  oval,  crenate-serrate,  petiolate,  in  remote  pairs ;  rac.  terminal,  rather 
short ;  bracts  elliptic-ovate. — Open  woodlands,  Penn.  to  Car.  Stem  1—1  $f  high, 
purplish.  Leaves  few,  1 — 2£  by  f— H',  cuneately  narrowed  to  the  petiole, 
rather  obtuse.  Raceme  generally  simple  and  few-flowered,  with  opposite,  el- 
liptical bracts.  Pedicels  and  calyx  hairy.  Corolla  tube  nearly  white  below, 
blue  at  summit,  6 — 9"  long.  June — Aug. 
36* 


424  XCIII.   LABIATE.  NEPETA. 

6.  S.  RUG&SA.  Wood.    (Nov.  sp.) 

St.  decumbent  at  base,  diffusely  branched,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  oval  and  ovate, 
rugose,  pubescent,  petiolate,  obtuse  at  each  end,  subcordate,  crenate-serrate ; 
roc.  simple,  elongated,  terminal  on  the  stem  and  branches ;  bracts  broad-ovate, 
petiolate,  subcordate,  as  long  as  the  calyx. — At  Harper's  Ferry,  on  the  rocky 
shores  of  the  Shenandoah !  A  rough,  diffuse  plant,  about  If  high.  Stem  with 
the  angles  obtuse  and  the  sides  grooved.  Leaves  rather  numerous,  12 — 18"  by 
9 — 13",  scarcely  longer  than  the  petioles,  the  bracts  2 — 3"  diam.  Racemes  5 — 
8'  long,  rather  dense-flowered.  Corolla  8"  long.  July — Sept. 

7.  S.  INTEGRIFOLIA.    (S.  hyssopifolia.  Pcrs.     S.  Caroliniana.  Ph.} 

St.  erect,  nearly  simple,  and,  with  the  whole  plant,  densely  pubescent ;  Ivs. 
ovate-lanceolate,  and  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  subacute.  entire, 
subsessile ;  roc.  loose,  leafy ;  bracts  lanceolate ;  fls.  large. — 7J.  Mid.  States  to 
Ark.,  on  dry  hills.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  with  large,  blue  flowers  in  terminal  ra- 
cemes. The  leaves  (1 — 2'  long)  vary  in  breadth  and  margin,  the  lowest  being 
sometimes  ovate  arid  crenate.  Corolla  bright  blue  at  the  summit,  nearly  white 
at  base,  8 — 9"  long.  June,  July. — The  plant  is  intensely  bitter. 

8.  S.  CANESCENS.  Nutt.    (S.  serrata  and  S.  incana.  Spr.  fide  Hook.} 

St.  erect,  tall,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  oblong-ovate  or  ovate,  rounded  or 
attenuate  at  base,  minutely  pubescent  both  sides,  paler  beneath,  margin  crenate, 
apex  acute,  the  lower  cordate ;  rac.  terminal  and  axillary,  pedunculate,  panicu- 
late ;  bracts  lanceolate  and  lance-linear ;  fls.  canescent. — Dry  grounds,  Middle 
and  Western  States,  abundant.  Stem  usually  purple,  1 — 3f  high.  Leaves  2 — 
3'  long,  |  as  wide,  often  with  a  purple  margin  and  purplish  spots.  Flowers 
rather  numerous,  large  and  showy.  Corolla  10"  long,  tube  white,  lips  blue. 

9.  S.  CORDIFOLIA.  Muhl.     (S.    versicolor'?  Nutt.) 

Stout,  branching,  clothed  with  a  soft,  glandular  pubescence  in  all  its  parts; 
Ivs.  broadly  cordate,  large,  obtusely  dentate,  nearly  smooth ;  petioles  very  long ; 
rac.  ternate,  terminal ;  bracts  ovate ;  fls.  smaller.  Nuttall. — Open  woods  and 
prairies,  Western  States.  I  have  specimens  essentially  agreeing  with  the 
above,  in  which  the  leaves  are  3 — 4'  long,  2 — 3'  wide.  Flowers  in  a  large,  dif- 
fuse panicle,  less  showy  than  in  the  last  species.  Bracts  broad-ovate  and  near- 
ly sessile,  viscidly  pubescent.  Corolla  8"  long,  upper  lip  blue,  lower  white. 

22.   PRUNELLA. 

Calyx  about  10-ribbed,  upper  lip  dilated,  truncate,  with  3  short 
teeth,  lower  lip  with  2  lanceolate  teeth ;  filaments  forked,  one  point 
of  the  fork  bearing  the  anther. 

P.  VULGARIS.     Self-heal.     Blue-curls. 

St.  ascending,  simple  ;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  toothed,  petiolate  ;  upper  lip  of 
cor.  truncate,  with  3  awns. — 7J.  A  very  common  plant,  in  meadows  and  low 
grounds,  N.  Am.,  lat.  33°  to  the  Arc.  Sea.  The  stem  is  nearly  a  foot  high, 
(2f  in  la. !  and  111. !)  obtusely  4-angled,  hairy,  simple  or  slightly  branched. 
Leaves  few,  opposite,  slightly  toothed,  the  stalks  gradually  becoming  shorter 
from  the  lower  to  the  upper  pair  which  are  sessile.  Flowers  blue,  in  a  large 
ovate  spike  of  dense  verticils.  Bracts  imbricated,  reniform,  2  beneath  each 
verticil.  Flowering  all  summer. 

TRIBE  7.  NEPETE.E. — Calyx  oblique,  upper  teeth  longer.  Corolk  bilabi- 
ate, upper  lip  vaulted,  lower  spreading,  throat  mostly  inflated.  Stamens  as- 
cending or  diverging,  the  upper  pair  longer. 

23.   NEPETA. 

Said  to  be  from  Nepet,  a  town  in  Tuscany. 

Calyx  arid,  striate ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  emarginate,  lower  3- 
lobed,  the  middle  lobe  largest  and  crenate,  margin  of  the  orifice  re- 
flected ;  stamens  approximate. 


DRACOCEPHALUM.  XCIII.   LABIATE.  425 

1.  N.  CATARIA.  Catnep.     Catmint.    (Fig.  51.) 

Erect,  tall,  hoary-tomentose ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  cordate,  coarsely  crenate-ser- 
rate  ;  fls.  spiked,  the  whorls  slightly  pedunculated. — 1\.  This  common  plant  is 
naturalized  everywhere  about  old  buildings  and  fences.  Cats  are  very  fond  of 
it  and  will  often  devour  it  with  the  greatest  avidity.  Stem  square,  pubescent, 
branching,  2-— 3f  high.  Leaves  very  evenly  bordered  by  tooth-like  or  crenate 
serratures,  and  as  well  as  the  whole  plant,  covered  with  a  soft,  hoary  down, 
paler  beneath.  Flowers  many,  white  or  purplish,  the  lower  lip  dotted  with 
crimson.  July. 

2.  N.   GLECHOMA.    Benth.    (Glechoma  hederacea.    Linn.}     Gtil-over-the- 
ground.     Ground  Ivy.    (Fig.  51.) — Lvs.  reniform,  crenate;  cor.  about  3 

times  as  long  as  the  calyx. — 7L  A  creeping  plant,  naturalized  about  hedges, 
walls,  &c.  Stems  prostrate,  radicating  at  base,  square,  varying  in  length  from 
a  few  inches  to  1 — 2f.  Leaves  petiolate,  opposite,  roundish,  cordate-reniform, 
hairy  and  glaucous.  Flowers  axillary,  about  3  together.  Corolla  bluish-pur- 
ple, with  a  variegated  throat.  The  2  anthers  of  each  pair  of  stamens  meet 
with  their  2  divaricate  cells,  forming  the  appearance  of  a  cross.  The  plant  is 
aromatic,  and  was  formerly  used  in  ale,  also  in  medicine.  May. 

24.   LOP  HA  NTH  US.     Benth. 

Gr.  Ao<2»of ,  a  crest,  av$o$  ;  flowers  in  dense,  terminal  spikes. 

Calyx  15-ribbed,  oblique,  5-cleft,  upper  segments  longer;  corolla 
bilabiate,  upper  lip  bifidly  emarginate,  lower  lip  3-lobed,  the  middle 
lobe  broader  and  crenate  ;  stamens  diverging. 

1.  L.  NEPETolDEs.  Benth.     (Hyssopus.  Linn.} 

St.  smooth,  quadrangular,  with  the  angles  acute  and  slightly  winged ;  Ivs. 
ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acutely  serrate;  petioles  smoothish. — 1|.  Middle! 
and  Western  States !  A  tall,  branching,  pale  green  herb,  common  about  fences 
and  dry  hedges.  Stem  3 — 6f  high,  the  sides  somewhat  concave,  and  the  angles 
prominent.  Leaves  acuminate,  about  4'  by  2'.  Flowers  in  crowded,  axillary 
verticils,  forming  a  terminal,  green  spike,  which  is  nearly  continuous  above. 
Corolla  greenish-yellow.  Stamens  exserted.  July,  Aug. 

2.  L.  SCHROPHULARIFOLIUS.  Benth.     (Hyssopus.  Linn.} 

St.  pubescent,  quadrangular,  with  the  angles  obtuse ;  Ivs.  cordate-ovate, 
crenate-serrate ;  petioles  ciliate-pubescent. — Tj.  Tall,  stout  and  branching,  with 
the  general  aspect  of  the  former  species,  and  found  in  similar  situations.  The 
herbage  is  often  changed  to  dark  purple.  Stem  2 — if  high,  purple.  Leaves 
about  5'  by  3',  coarsely  serrate,  acuminate.  Flowers  in  crowded,  axillary  ver- 
ticils, forming  a  long,  dense,  terminal  .spike.  Corolla  pale  purple,  more  con- 
spicuous than  in  the  first.  Stamens  and  style  exserted.  July,  Aug. 

25.   DRACOCEPHlLUM.         • 

Gr.  SpaKw,  dragon,  K£<pa\os,  head ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  flowers. 

Calyx  subequal,  oblique,  5-cleft,  upper  segments  larger  ;  cor.  bila- 
biate, upper  lip  vaulted,  emarginate,  throat  inflated,  lower  lip  spread- 
ing, 3-cleft,  middle  lobe  much  larger,  rounded  or  subdivided ;  sta. 
distinct,  ascending,  the  upper  pair  longer  than  the  lower. — Flowers 
axillary  and  terminal,  usually  with  large,  conspicuous  bracts. 

1.  D.  CORDATUM.  Nutt.  Cordate-leaved  Dragonliead. 

Stoloniferous ;  st.  and  elongated  petioles  pubescent ;  Ivs.  cordate,  obtusely 
crenate,  sparingly  hirsute  above ;  spike  unilateral ;  bracts  broad-ovate,  entire, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  ped.  bibracteolate,  mostly  1-flowered  ;  col.  segments 
acute,  almost  pungent.— -2J.  Islands  of  the  Ohio,  40  miles  below  Pittsburg,  NiiM- 
att.  Stem  about  If  high,  quadrangular.  Leaves  3  or  4  pairs,  obtusely  cor- 
date, almost  as  broad  as  long,  petiole  about  as  long  as  the  lamina  (I'),  upper 
pairs  subsessile.  Flowers  secund.  Corolla  pale  blue,  about  1'  long  orifice 
much  dilated.  June. 


426  XCIII.    LABIATE.  LAMIUM. 

2.  D.  PARVIFLORUM.  Nutt.     Small-flowered  DragonJiead. 

Subpubescent ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  deeply  serrate,  petiolate ;  bracts  leafy, 
ovate,  ciliate,  mucronate-serrate  ;  cal.  upper  segment  much  the  largest ;  fls. 
small,  verticillate,  subcapitate,  corolla  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx. — (g)  Woods, 
Watertown,  N.,  Y.  Vasey.  Mo.,  Nuttall.  Saskatchewan  River,  Richardson. 
Very  rare.  Flowers  whitish,  very  small,  the  verticils  involucrate  and  almost 
spicate.  Calyx  dry  and  membranaceous.  Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  arched, 
emarginate,  central  lobe  of  lower  lip  crenate.  July. 

TRIBE  8.  STACHYDEJB. — Calyx  oblique  or  rarely  subbilabiate,  3 — 10- 
toothed.  Corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  galeate  or  flat,  lower  lip  unequally  3- 
lobed.  Stamens  ascending,  upper  pair  shorter. 

26.   PHYSOSTEGIA.    Benth. 
Gr.  tyvaa,  a  bladder,  and  orijyjj,  a  covering;  from  the  inflated  corollas. 

Calyx  campanulate,  subequally  5-toothed ;  corolla  tube  mucli  ex- 
serted,  throat  inflated,  upper  lip  concave,  middle  division  of  lower 
lip  largest,  roundish,  emarginate  ;  sta.  4,  unconnected,  ascending  be- 
neath the  upper  lip,  the  two  lower  rather  longer. — Flowers  opposite,  in 
a  terminal,  bracteate,  k-rowed  spike. 

P.  VIRGINIANA.  Benth.  (Dracocephalum  Virg.,  denticulatum,  variega- 
tum  and  obovatum  of  auth.  fide  Benth.)  Lion's  Heart. — Calyx  teeth  acute, 
subequal.— 1\.  A  beautiful  plant,  native  in  Penn.,  S.  and  W.  States  !  often  adorn- 
ing our  gardens,  where  it  spreads  rapidly.  It  is  2 — 3f  high,  very  smooth,  dark 
green.  Stem  square,  thick,  rigid.  Leaves  opposite,  closely  sessile,  4 — 5'  by  f ', 
with  remote  and  shallow  teeth,  of  a  shining  dark  green.  Flowers  in  4-rowed 
spikes,  numerous,  dense,  or  often  subremote.  Bracts  subulate.  Corolla  pale 
purple,  about  an  inch  long,  spotted  inside.  Aug.  Sept. 

27.   SYNANDRA.    Nutt. 

Gr.  <rvv,  together,  avfysg  ',  in  allusion  to  the  coherence  of  the  anthers. 

Calyx  4-cleft,  segments  unequal,  subulate,  converging  to  one  side ; 
upper  lip  of  cor.  entire,  vaulted,  the  lower  obtusely  and  unequally 
3-lobed  ;  throat  inflated  ;  upper  pair  of  anthers  cohering,  having  the 
contiguous  cells  empty. 

S.  GRANDIFLORA.  Nutt.  Large-flowering  Synandra. 

St.  subsimple,  nearly  smooth,  subterete  ;  Ivs.  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  ob- 
tusely dentate,  often  dilated  at  base,  upper  ones  smaller,  cauline  sessile,  lower 
subpetiolate ;  fls.  solitary  and  sessile;  cal.  seg.  ovate,  setaceously  acuminate, 
two  upper  larger  than  the  two  lower;  cor.  tube  somewhat  funnel-form,  mouth 
much  inflated,  upper  lip  entire,  vaulted,  lower  3-lobed,  lobes  entire. — Banks  of 
the  Ohio,  Cincinnati,  Nutt.  Woods,  near  Vermillion  River,  111. !  Stem  about 
If  high.  Corolla  about  I/  long,  yellowish-white,  lower  lip  elegantly  striated 
with  purple  lines.  June. 

(3. 1  petiolata.  Wood.  St.  quadrangular,  hirsute ;  Ivs.  hirsute,  deltoid,  trun- 
cate-cordate, all  long-petiolate,  lower  petioles  4 — 6'  long,  upper  1—  4'.  Calyx 
hirsute,  almost  hispid. — Cincinnati,  Clark !  This  is,  perhaps,  a  distinct  species. 

28.   LAMIUM. 

Lat.  lamia,  the  name  of  a  sea  monster,  to  which  the  grotesque  flowers  may  be  likened. 

Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  vaulted,  galeate,  nearly  entire,  lower  lip 
broad,  emarginate,  lateral  lobes  truncate,  often  toothed  on  each  side 
near  the  margin  of  the  dilated  throat. 

L.    AMPLEXICAULE.     HcnbU. 

Lvs.  roundish,  incisely  crenate,  floral  ones  broadly  cordate,  obtuse,  sessile, 
amplexicaul,  lower  ones  petiolate.—©  A  small,  slender  herb,  found  in  culti- 
vated grounds.  Stems  ascending,  several  from  the  same  root,  6—10'  high,  with 


STACHYS.  XCIII.   LABIATE.  427 

opposite,  short,  broad,  hairy  leaves  deeply  crenate  or  cut  ;  lower  ones  on  stalks 
an  inch  or  more  in  length.  Flowers  in  dense  verticils,  closely  sessile  in  the 
axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Calyx  hairy.  Corolla  purple,  downy,  the  tube  much 
exserted,  the  lower  lip  spotted  with  white.  May  —  Nov.  § 

29.   LEON0RUS. 

Gr.  \£d)v,  a  lion,  ovpa,  tail  ;  from  the  appearance  of  the  spikes  of  flowers. 

Calyx  teeth  subspinescent  ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  entire,  hairy, 
concave,  erect,  lower  lip  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  obcordate  ;  anthers 
sprinkled  with  shining  dots. 

1.  L.  CARDIACA.     Motherwort. 

Lower  stem  Ivs.  palmate-lobed,  uppermost  lanceolate,  often  trifid,  all  of 
them  toothed,  cuneiform  at  base  ;  cor.  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  tube  with  a 
hairy  ring  within.  —  7J.  Tartary,  whence  it  was  first  introduced  into  Europe  and 
thence  to  America,  ever  following  the  footsteps  of  civilized  man.  It  is  common 
about  rubbish,  stone  walls  and  waste  places.  Stem  3  —  5f  high,  downy,  square, 
large,  purplish,  bearing  its  opposite,  stalked,  rough  leaves  arranged  in  4  vertical 
rows.  Flowers  in  many  whorls.  Calyx  rigid  and  bristly.  Corolla  purplish,  hairy 
without,  variegated  within.  July.  —  It  has  a  strong  and  pungent  smell,  and  has 
considerable  reputation  as  an  ingredient  in  herb  drinks  for  colds,  coughs,  &c. 

2.  L.  MARRUBIASTRUM.     Hoarhound  Leonurus. 

Cauline  Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  incisely  and  coarsely  serrate,  the  floral  lanceo- 
late, tapering  at  each  end,  incisely  dentate  ;  cor.  shorter  than  the  calyx  teeth, 
tube  naked  within,  upper  lip  somewhat  vaulted,  pubescent.  —  Naturalized  in 


Penn.  Darlington  !  and  la.  !  A  plant  of  vigorous  growth,  2  —  4f  high,  with  op- 
posite, ascending  branches.  Leaves  2  —  3'  in  length,  the  lowest  on  long  petioles. 
Verticils  many-flowered,  remote  but  numerous,  forming  an  interrupted,  leafy 


spike.     Corolla  reddish-  white.    July,  Aug. 

30.   GALEOPSIS. 

Gr.  yaAfj,  a  weasel,  ot//t  j,  appearance  ;  its  grotesque  flowers  are  likened  to  that  animal. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  spinescent  ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  vaulted,  subcre- 
nate,  lower  lip  with  3  unequal  lobes,  haying  2  teeth  on  its  upper  side, 
middle  lobe  largest,  cleft  and  crenate  ;  sta.  ascending  beneath  the 
upper  lip. 

1.  G.  TETRAHIT.     Hemp  Nettle.     (Fig.  51.) 

St.  hispid,  the  internodes  thickened  upwards  ;  Ivs.  ovate,  hispid,  serrate  •, 
cor.  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  upper  lip  nearly  straight,  concave.  —  0  A 
common  weed,  naturalized  in  waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  1  —  2f  high.  Stem 
obtusely  4-angled,  remarkably  swelled  below  the  joint,  and  covered  with  prickly, 
deflexed  bristles.  Leaves  hairy  on  both  sides,  ovate,  acute,  serrate.  Flowers 
in  dense  verticils.  Calyx  with  5  acute,  bristly  teeth.  Corolla  variegated  with 
white  and  purple,  upper  lip  concave,  purple,  longer  than  the  3-lobed  lower  one. 
June,  July.  —  This  plant  is  so  prevalent  in  many  parts  of  N.  Eng.  as  to  nearly 
ruin  some  farms. 

2.  G.  LADANUM.     Red  Hemp  Nettle. 

St.  hairy,  internodes  equal;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  subserrate,  hairy;  upper  lip 
of  the  cor.  slightly  crenate.  —  (J)  A  smaller  species,  naturalized,  growing  among 
rubbish  in  gravely  soils,  &c.  Stem  about  a  foot  high,  not  swollen  below  the 
joints,  with  opposite  branches.  Flowers  in  dense,  remote  whorls.  Corollas 
usually  rose-colored,  often  white  or  variegated,  spotted  with  crimson.  Aug., 
Sept. 

31.    STACHYS. 
Gr.   ora^vs,  a  spike  ;  this  being  the  inflorescence  of  all  the  species. 

Calyx  tube  angular,  5  or  10-ribbed,  5-toothed,  upper  teeth  often 
larger  ;  cor.  bilabiate,  upper  lip  erect,  spreading  or  somewhat  vaulted, 
lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed.  middle  lobe  largest;  sta.  ascending, 
lower  ones  longer  ;  anth.  approximated  in  pairs. 


428  XCIII.   LAB1ATJE.  BALLOTA. 

1.  S.  ASPERA.  Michx.     (S.  hispida  Ph  ?)    Hedge  Nettle.     Wound-wort. 

St.  erect,  the  angles  retrorsely  hispid  or  rough ;  Ivs.  subpetiolate,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acutely  serrate,  smooth  or  nearly  so ;  verticils  of  the  spike  about  6- 
flowered ;  cal.  smoothish,  with  spreading  teeth,  at  length  spinescent. — 1\.  Fields 
and  roadsides.  About  a  foot  high  and  rather  slender.  Stem  erect>  square, 
generally  hispid  backward'  on  the  angles,  sometimes  nearly  smooth.  Leaves 
smooth,  membranaceous,  generally  rounded  at  base  and  acute  at  apex.  Spike 
terminal,  leafy,  composed  of  verticils,  each  with  4—8  pale  purple  flowers. 
Variable  in  pubescence.  July. 

2.  S.  SYLVATICA.    (S.  aspera.  M\M.  <%>  Bw.    S.  hispida.  Nukt.)     Wood  Sta- 
chys. — St.  very  hispid  on  the  angles ;  Ivs.  on  short  petioles,  ovate-lanceolate, 

sometimes  cordate  at  base,  acuminate,  crenate-serrate,  hirsute ;  verticils  2 — 6 
flowered ;  floral  Ivs.  very  small,  lanceolate-linear,  hispid-ciliate ;  cal.  hirsute, 
with  ciliate,  spinescent  teeth. — Ij.  A  very  rough  and  hairy  herb,  'in  low  woods 
and  on  shady  banks.  Stem  erect,  12 — 18'  high.  Leaves  3 — 4'  long  and  £  as 
wide,  with  rounded  or  uncinate  serratures,  the  upper  surface  with  short,  bristly 
hairs.  Petioles  0 — \'  long,  and  with  the  veins  beneath,  hispid.  Spike  long, 
slender,  terminal,  very  rough  and  hairy.  Corolla  exserted,  purple,  spotted. 
July.,  Aug. 

3.  S.  HYSSOPIFOLIA.     Michx.     (S.  palustris.  Walt.') 

Si.  scarcely  pubescent,  slender,  erect ;  Ivs.  sessile,  linear-lanceolate, 
slightly  dentate  ;  verticils  about  4-flowered ;  cal.  subspinescent. — Ij.  A  slender 
species  6 — 12'  high,  in  meadows,  N.  Y.  and  Ms.,  rare,  West  to  la.  where  it  is 
frequent !  Leaves  very  narrow,  often  linear,  2 — 3'  by  4 — 10",  with  minute  teeth 
or  finely  serrulate.  Flowers  sessile.  Corolla  a  little  hairy,  purple.  July.  A 
smoother  and  elegant  plant  compared  with  the  last. 

4.  S.    INTERMEDIA.    Ait. 

,81  somewhat  villose;  Ivs.  oblong,  subcordate,  crenate;  verticils  many- 
flowered;  cal.  somewhat  spinescent. — 111.  Jn.,  Jl. 

32.    MARRUBIUM. 

Calyx  tubular,  5 — 10-ribbed,  with  5  or  10  subequal  teeth;  cor. 
bilabiate,  upper  lip  erect,  flattish  or  concave,  entire  or  bifid,  lower  lip 
spreading,  3-lobed,  middle  lobe  broadest,  einarginate,  tube  included  ; 
sta.  included  beneath  the  upper  lip. 

M.  VULGARE.     Hoarhound. 

St.  ascending,  hoary-pubescent ;  Ivs.  roundish-ovate,  crenate-dentate, 
downy-canescent  beneath ;  cal.  of  10  setaceous,  uncinate  teeth. — 7J.  Introduced 
into  fields  and  roadsides.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  branching  at  base,  or  several 
from  the  same  root,  covered  with  a  white,  downy  pubescence.  Leaves  petio- 
late,  1 — 2'  in  diameter,  whitish  and  rough-veined  above,  very  woolly  beneath, 
rounded  and  toothed.  Flowers  white,  in  sessile,  axillary,  dense,  hairy  verti- 
cils. Calyx  woolly,  the  teeth  spreading  and  alternately  shorter.  The  hoar- 
hound  is  an  aromatic  and  bitter  herb,  well  known  as  an  ingredient  in  cough 
candy.  It  is  tonic  and  diuretic,  and  much  used  in  pulmonary  affections.  £ 

33.   BALLOTA. 

GT.  /?aXXw,  to  reject;  on  account  of  its  offensive  odor. 

Calyx  hypocrateriform,  10-ribbed,  5-toothed  ;  cor.  bilabiate,  tube 
cylindrical,  as  long  as  the  calyx;  upper  lip  concave,  crenate,  lower 
lip  3-cleft,  middle  segment  largest,  emarginate ;  ach.  ovoid-triangular. 

B.  NIGRA.     Black  or  Foetid  Hoarhound. 

Lvs.  ovate,  subcordate,  undivided,  serrate ;  cal.  somewhat  truncate,  throat 
dilated,  teeth  spreading,  acuminate. — 7J.  Said  to  have  been  introduced,  but  is 
frequently  met  with  about  hedges,  &c.,  in  Ms.  and  Conn.  Stem  2 — 3f  high, 
pubescent  as  well  as  the  opposite,  broad  leaves.  Flowers  purple  or  white,  in 
axillary  verticils.  This  plant  has  the  general  appearance  of  hoarhourid  (Mar- 
rubium)  but  not  its  fragrance.  July. 


XCIV.    BORRAGIJNACEjK.  429 

34.    MOL  UCCELLA. 

Brought  from  the  Molucca  Islands,  &c. 

Calyx  campanulate,  very  large,  the  margin  expanding,  often 
repand-spinose  ;  cor.  much  smaller,  included  within  it. 

M.  LJEVIS.  Molucca  Balm.  Shell  Flower. — St.  ascending,  subsimple,  gla- 
brous ;  Irs.  petiolate,  roundish-ovate,  dentate ;  fls.  in  a  terminal,  leafy  raceme ; 
cal.  campanulate,  equally  5-toothed,  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  corolla,  teeth 

awnless. ®  Syria.    A  curious  plant  in  gardens,  smooth  in  all  its  parts  and  of 

a  glaucous  green,  1 — 2f  high.     It  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  its  ample,  bell- 
shaped  calyx,  in  the  bottom  of  which  is  seated  the  yellowish-green  flower. 

TRIBE  9.  AJUGOIDEJE. — Corolla  upper  lip  very  short,  or  split  to  the  base, 
or  rarely  erect  and  vaulted,  lower  lip  longer.  Stamens  ascending,  much 
exserted.  Achenia  reticulately  rugose. 

35.    TRIG  HOST  EM  A. 

CrT.  OpiJ;,  TpiKog,  hair,  ffTri^a,  a  stamen ;  for  its  long,  hair-like  stamens. 

Calyx  resupinate,  oblique,  unequally  5-cleft ;  upper  lip  (lower  by 
the  twisting  of  the  peduncle)  of  2  short,  acute  teeth,  lower  (at  length 
the  upper)  twice  as  long,  3-toothed  ;  cor.  tube  slender,  very  short, 
unequally  5-cleft,  lobes  oblong,  declined  ;  sta.  much  exserted,  lower 
ones  longer. 

T.  DICHOTOMA.     Blue-curls. 

Lrs.  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  obtuse,  entire,  pubescent ;  fls. 
resupinate ;  sta.  very  long,  exserted. — ®  Found  on  dry  or  rocky  hills  and  in 
sandy  soils,  Mass. !  to  Md. !  Ga.,  La.,  111.  An  interesting  plant,  a  foot  high. 
Stem  obtusely  4-angled,  hairy,  bushy.  Branches  opposite,  divided,  the  upper 
pair  generally  forming  a  dichotornous  division  of  the  stem.  Leaves  petiolate, 
of  a  rhombic,  ovate-lanceolate  form.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  becoming 
inverted  by  the  twisting  of  the  petiole.  Corolla  purple.  Stamens  slender,  of  a 
delicate  purplish  hue,  gracefully  bending  frorn  the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  to 
the  upper,  forming  a  beautiful  arch.  Aug. 

36.    TEUCRIUM. 

Teucer,  the  founder  of  Troy,  is  said  by  Pliny  to  have  first  employed  it  medicinally. 

Calyx  subcampanulate,  and  subregular,  in  5  acute  segments  ;  co- 
rolla with  the  4  upper  lobes  nearly  equal,  the  lowest  largest,  roundish ; 
stamens  exserted  from  the  cleft  in  the  upper  side  of  the  tube. 
T.  CANADENSE.     Wild  Germander. 

Plant  erect,  hoary-pubescent;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  petiolate;  bracts 
linear-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  spike  long,  of  many  crowded  verticils 
of  flowers ;  upper  teeth  of  cal.  broader. — 1\.  Can.  and  U.  S.,  fields  and  roadsides. 
Stem  about  2f  high,  simple  or  branched,  square,  with  concave  sides.  Leaves  3 
times  as  long  as  wide,  somewhat  rounded  at  base,  green  above,  hoary  with  down 
beneath.  Bracts  longer  than  the  calyx.  Flowers  disposed  in  axillary  verticils, 
each  of  4 — 6.  Calyx  with  5  broad,  nearly  equal  segments,  the  2  lower  ones 
narrower.  Corolla  purplish,  apparently  without  the  upper  lip,  instead  of  which 
is  a  fissure  through  which  the  stamens  are  exserted.  July. 

0.  Virginicum.  Upper  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  nearly  sessile  ;  bracts  about  as  long 
as  the  calyx. — Habits  similar  to  the  last. 

ORDER  XCIY.     BORKAGLNACEJE.— BORRAGEWORTS. 

Herbs,  shruls  or  trees,  with  round  stems  and  branches. 

Lvs.  alternate,  often  rough  with  stiffhairs  which  are  scale-like  and  indurated  at  base.       [flowers  expand. 

Stip.  none.    Spikes,  racemes  or  corymbs  generally  secund,  and  circinate  before  flowering,  evolving  as  the 

Fls.  of  the  cyanic  series,  white,  blue,  red,  &c..  rarely  yellow. 

Cal—  Sepals  5,  regular,  more  or  less  united  at  base, persistent 

Cor.— Petals  5,  regular  (very  rarely  irregular),  united  at  base,  hypcxrynous.  imbricate  in  aestivation. 


430 


XCIV.    BORRAGINACE^E. 


ECHITJM. 


Sta.  5,  inserted  into  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes. 
Ova.  deeply  4-lobed,  the  style  arising  from  the  base  of  the  lobes. 
Fr.--Nuts  91- achenia  4,  distinct,  l-seeded.    Seeds  without  albumen. 
Embryo  with  a  superior  radicle.    Cotyledons  plano-convex. 

anorS  thpTrSf8  6°°i?  veij^mds-^  in  *e  south  of  Europe  and  middle  of  Asia,  becoming  rare  as  we 
approach  me  arctic  circle.    All  our  native  species  are  herbaceous. 
Properties.— Mucilaginous  and  emollient  plants,  never  poisonous. 


FIG.  52.— i.  Borrago  officinalis.  2.  A  petal  with  its  appendage  at  base,  and  anthers  produced  at  apex. 
3.  Calyx  with  the  4  achenia  and  style.  4.  Vertical  section  of  one  of  the  achenia,  showing  the  seed,  em- 
bryo and  albumen.  5.  Plan  of  the  flower.  6.  Lithqspermum  (Batschia)  canescens.  7.  Corolla  laid  open, 
showing  the  stamens  inserted  on  the  tube. 


Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

irregular.       ..." Echium. 

("Corolla  rotate,  blue.         .       .    Borrago. 
I  Corolla  campanulate.       .        .    Symphyt 
excavated  |  Cor.  funnel  or  (  tube  straight.      Anchusn. 
at  base.      I  salver-form,     \ tube  twice  bent.  Lycopsis. 


fAch.free, 
f  Ovary      I  unarmed, 


$  Lvs.  rough.  Onosmodium. 
1.  I  Lvs.  smooth.Mertensia. 


(dilated 

("Cor.  throat <  nar-  Uobes  erect.    .    Pulmonaria. 
not  ex- 1  open  and    (  row.  \  lobes  spreaiding.Lithospermum. 
cavate    |  Cor.  closed  $  yellow,  large.  .  Pentalophus. 

lall.   . 


at  base.  Cat  throat,     \  white,  smal 


i  Corolla  saiver-form. 

r , =.  ^  Corolla  funnel-fon 

Corolla  I  regular.  I  Ovary  entire  (partible  in  fruit)  bearing  the  style  at  the  top. 


J  deeply     ,  

1  4-parted.  I  Achenia  echinate,  cohering.  I  Corolla  funnel-form. 


Myosotis.  11 

Echinospertnum.  12 
Cynoglossum.  13 
IleHotrvpiwm.  14 


TRIBE  1.  BORRAGE-E. — Ovary  consisting  of  two  bipartible  (rarely  2-celled) 
carpels.  Style  arising  from  the  base  between  the  segments  of  the  ovary. 
Fruit  deeply  4-(rarely  2-)parted.  Seeds  without  albumen. 

1.   ECHIUM.     Buek. 
Gr.  c%'J,  a  viper;  from  the  spotted  stem  of  some  species. 

Calyx  5-parted,  segments  subulate,  erect ;  corolla  campanulate,  ob- 
liquely and  unequally  lobed,  with  a  short  tube  and  naked  orifice ; 
stigma  cleft;  achenia  tuberculate,  imperforate. — Herbs  or  shrubs. 
Fls.  irregular,  in  spicate,  panided  racemes.  Cor.  cyanic. 

E.  VTJLGARE.     Viper's  Bugloss. 

St.  herbaceous,  rough  with  bristles  and  tubercles ;  cauline  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
and  rough  with  bristles ;  spikes  lateral,  hairy,  deflected. — ®  A  rough  plant,  with 
large,  handsome,  violet-colored  flowers,  found  in  fields  and  waste  grounds,  N. 
States.  Stem  18 — 20'  high,  round,  with  entire,  dull  green  leaves,  which  are 
2 — 6'  long,  and  ^  as  wide,  lower  ones  petiolate,  upper  ones  amplexicaul.  Flow- 
ers in  numerous,  crowded,  axillary,  recurved  spikes,  appearing  in  June  and 
July.  § 


LYCOPSIS.  XCIV.   BORRAGINACE.&.  431 

2.   BORRAGO.    Tourn. 

Calyx  5-parted;  corolla  rotate,  with  acute  segments;  orifice 
crowned  ;  filaments  converging  ;  achenia  rounded,  imperforate  at  base, 
inserted  lengthwise  into  an  excavated  receptacle. — European  herbs. 

1  B.  OFFICINALIS.  Common  Barrage.— Lvs.  ovate,  alternate,  the  lower  ones 
petiolate  ;  col.  spreading ;  ped.  terminal,  many-flowered.—©  Native  of  England, 
and  with  us  a  common  inhabitant  of  the  garden.  The  whole  plant  is  rough 
with  short,  bristly  hairs,  erect,  2f  high,  with  terminal  clusters  of  handsome,  sky- 
blue  flowers  during  summer.  It  was  formerly  in  high  repute  as  a  cordial. 
The  young  leaves  form  a  good  salad  and  pot-herb.  £ 

2.  B.  ORIENTALIS.  (Psilostemon.  DC.}  Oriental  Barrage. — Lvs.  cordate,  peti- 
olate •  ped.  many-flowered ;  sta.  exserted,  villous. — ©  An  ornamental  garden 
plant'  native  of  Turkey.  Stem  and  leaves  hairy.  Flowers  blue,  appearing  in 
the  spring  months.  £ 

3.   SYMPHYTUM. 

Gr.  cvpQvais,  a  joining  or  healing ;  from  its  reputation  for  healing  wounds. 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  corolla  tubular-campanulate,  orifice  closed  with  5, 
subulate  scales,  converging  into  a  cone ;  achenia  gibbous,  imperfo- 
rate.— Tj.  Oriental  herbs.  Flowers  cyanic. 

S.  OFFICINALE.     Comfrev. 

Pilose ;  st.  branching  4roove ;  Ivs.  extensively  decurrent,  frie  lower  ana 
radical  petiolate,  ovate-lanceolate,  upper  and  floral  lanceolate;  sep.  lanceolate, 
acuminate  ;  cor.  limb  with  5  recurved  teeth. — A  large,  coarse-looking  but  showy 
exotic,  in  our  gardens  and  shrubberies,  also  naturalized  in  low  grounds,  Middle 
States'.  Whole  plant  rough  with  dense  hairs.  Stem  3 — 4f  high,  winged  by  the 
decurrent  leaves,  bearing  terminal,  revolute  racemes.  Corollas  white,  pink  and 
red,  appearing  all  summer.  Root  perennial.  It  abounds  with  mucilage  and  has 
long  been  regarded  as  an  efficient  vulnerary.  £  § 

4.  ANCHUSA. 

Gr.  ay^ovo-a,  paint;  the  root  of  one  species  was  once  used  for  staining  the  features. 

Calyx  5-parted ;  corolla  infundibuliform,  vaulted ;  tube  straight, 
orifice  closed  with  5  prominent  scales  ;  achenia  perforate  at  the  base 
and  their  surfaces  generally  rugose  ;  stamens  included  ;  stigma  emar- 
ginate. — Handsome  herbs,  mostly  European.  Fls.  cyanic. 

A.  OFFICINALIS.  Bugloss,  or  Ox-tongue. — Lvs.  lanceolate,  strigose ;  spikes  one- 
sided, imbricated;  cal.  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla. — 7J.  A  rough  garden 
plant,  native  of  Britain.  The  English  name,  Bugloss,  comes  from  the  Greek, 
signifying  ox-tongue,  on  account  of  the  long,  rough  leaves.  Stem  2i  high,  rough 
with  bristly  hairs.  Bracts  ovate.  Flowers  purple,  with  a  melliferous  corolla 
very  attractive  to  bees.  The  leaves  are  juicy,  and  the  root  mucilaginous,  used 
in  medicine  to  promote  the  eruption  of  the  small-pox.  Blossom^  all  summer,  f 

5.  LYCOPSIS. 

Gr.  \VKOS,  a  wolf,  and  or//,  the  eye  ;  name  suggested  by  the  small  blue  flowers. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  corolla  funnel-form,  tube  incurved,  orifice  closed  with 
ovate,  converging  scales ;  achenia  perforated  at  base,  ovoid,  angular. 
— ®  Distinguished  from  Anchusa  only  by  the  curved  corolla  tube. 

L.  ARVENSIS.     Wild  Bugloss. 

Plant  hispid ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  repand-denticulate ;  roc.  leafy ;  fls.  sessile ; 
cal.  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla. — A  very  hispid,  almost  bristly  plant, 
found  in  fields  and  roadsides,  Northern  States,  probably  introduced.     Stem 
erect,  branching,  roundish,  about  a  foot  high.     Leaves  5  or  6  times  as  long  as . 
wide,  the  margin  irregularly  and  slightly  toothed.   Flowers  small.   Calyx  erect. 
Corolla  sky-blue  with  white  scales  within.    June,  July.  § 
o  / 


432  XCIV.    BORRAGINACE^E.  LITHOSPERMUM. 

6.   ONOSMODIUM.    Michx. 

From  Onosma,  another  genus  of  this  order,  and  eidos,  appearance  or  resemblance. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  with  linear  segments  ;  corolla  subcampanu- 
late,  having  a  ventricose,  half  5-cleft  limb,  with  the  segments  con- 
verging and  the  orifice  open  ;  anthers  sessile,  sagittate,  included ; 
style  much  exserted  ;  achenia  imperforate,  shining. — '4  North  Ameri- 
can. Rac.  terminal,  subspicate,  one-sided.  Fls.  white. 

1.  O.  VIRGINIANUM.  Alph.    DC.     (O.  hispidum.  Michx.    Lithospermum 
Virg.  Linn.)    False  Gromwell. — St.  with  appressed  hairs ;  Ivs.  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, minutely  strigose  ;  col.  lubes  lanceolate,  pilose  both  sides,  half  as  long  as 
the  corolla ;  cor.  lobes  lance-subulate,  clothed  externally  with  long,  hispid  hairs. 
— N.  Y.  to  Flor.,  in  dry,  hilly  grounds.     A  very  rough,  erect  plant  about  l£f 
high.     Leaves  1£ — 2£'  by  J — f,  3 — 5- veined,  often  oval  and  even  ovate-lanceo- 
late.   Flowers  greenish- white,  in  leafy  racemes  which  are  recurved  at  first  but 
finally  erect.     Styles  (6 — 7")  twice  longer  than  the  corolla. 

2.  O.  CAROLINIANUM.  DC.   (O.  molle.  Michx.   Lithospermum  Carol.  Lam. 
L.  molle.  Muhl.) — Villose-canescent ;  Ivs.  oblong-oval,  rather  obtuse,  each 

side  whitish  with  scattered  hairs;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate;  cal.  segments  lanceo- 
late, half  as  long  as  the  glabrous  corolla;  cor.  segments  ovate,  acute. — Rocky 
hills,  N.  Y.  to  Car.  and  Tenn.  Plant  a  foot  or  more  high,  clothed  with  a  soft, 
white  pubescence.  Anthers  silky-pubescent,  as  long  as  the  glabrous  filaments, 
its  lobes  scarcely  diverging.  Jl.  Aug.  % 

3.  O.  STRIGOSUM.  G.  Don. 

St.  erect,  simple,  pilose-hispid,  very  leafy;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  sessile,  very 
long,  3- veined,  with  appressed  hairs  ;  bracts  lance-linear,  silky ;  cal.  lobes  linear, 
acute,  silky  with  appressed  hairs  both  sides,  very  long ;  cor.  cylindrical,  a  third 
longer  than  the  calyx,  silky-puberulent  outside ;  sta.  included ;  sty.  exserted. — 
111.,  (Mead,)  in  wet  prairies  and  woods.  Leaves  3'  long,  £'  wide,  nearly  gla- 
brous beneath  the  veins.  Corolla  yellowish- white.  Fruit  smooth  and  shining. 

7.   LITHOSPERMUM. 
Gr.  Xi^oj,  a  stone,  and  <T7T£p//a,  seed ;  the  seeds  being  hard  and  shining  like  little  pebbles. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent;  corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-form; 
limb  5-lobed,  orifice  open ;  stamens  included ;  stigma  obtuse,  bifid ; 
achenia  bony,  rugose  or  smooth,  imperforate  at  base. — Herbaceous  or 
su/ruticose,  generally  with  a  thick,  reddish  root.  Fls.  spiked  or  racemedj 
bracted,  white  or  yellow. 

*  Flowers  white. 

1.  L.  OFFICINALE.     Officinal  Gromwell. 

St.  herbaceous,  erect,  very  branching  above;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute,  vemy; 
cal.  nearly  equal  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla  ;  ach.  smooth. — 1|-  A  rough,  weed-like 
plant,  introduced  from  Europe.  Grows  in  dry,  gravely  soils.  Stems  much  branch- 
ed, clustered,  arising  1 — 2f  from  a  white,  fusiform  root.  Leaves  grayish-green, 
rough  on  the  upper  side,  hairy  beneath,  rather  acute,  entire,  2 — 3'  by  £ — f '.  Flow- 
ers small,  white,  axillary,  solitary,  'pedicellate,  in  recurved,  leafy  spikes.  Ache- 
nia ovate,  white  or  grayish,  polished,  stony,  usually  but  1  or  2  perfected.  Jl.  § 

2.  L.  LATIFOLIUM.  Michx.     Broad-leaved  Gromwell. 

Herbaceous,  erect,  subsimple,  scabrous ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at 
each  end,  veined,  scabrous ;  roc.  leafy,  few-flowered ;  sep.  lance-linear,  longer 
than  the  corolla  and  spreading  in  fruit ;  ach.  punctate,  shining- white,  ovoid-tur- 
gid.— Woods  and  thickets,  N.  Y.,  Torrcy,  to  Ohio  and  111.,  Mead!  and  Va., 


Flowers  small,  white. 

3.    L.  ANGUSTIFOLITJM. 

St.  herbaceous,  procumbent;  Ivs.  linear,  strigose  with  an  appressed  pubes 


MERTENSIA.  XCIV.    BORRAGINACE^E.  433 

cence ;  fls.  scattered,  lateral,  axillary ;  ach.  turgid,  ovoid,  shining,  impressed- 
punctate. — Banks  of  streams,  sandy  prairies,  Ohio  river,  Michaux,  111.  Mead.  ? 
An  obscure  species,  wholly  unknown  to  me. 

4.  L.  ARVENSE.     Cam  GromweU.     Wheat-thief. 

Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  hairy;  cat.  nearly  equal  to  the  corolla, 
with  spreading  segments ;  ach.  rugose. — (T)  A  rough,  pilose  weed,  introduced 
into  our  fields  and  waste  grounds,  much  to  the  annoyance  of  the  farmers.  The 
stem  is  branching,  erect,  12 — 15'  high,  from  a  fusiform  root  with  reddish  bark. 
Leaves  bright  green,  rough,  sessile,  1 — 2'  in  length,  with  only  the  central  vein  ; 
the  lower  ones  obtuse  and  narrowed  to  the  base ;  upper  ones  subacute.  Flowers 
small,  white,  subsessile,  solitary,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  May,  Jn. 
*  *  Flowers  yellow. 

5.  L.  CANESCENS.  Lehmann.     ("Batschia  canescens.  Michx.}    Puccoon. 
St.  erect,  subsimple,  softly  viilose;  Ivs.  oblong,  obtuse,  silky-canescent 

above,  villous  beneath";  fls.  axillary ;  tube  of  the  corolla  thrice  as  long  as  the 
very  short  calyx. — 7J.  A  handsome  plant,  with  bright  yellow  flowers,  found  in 
prairies,  fields  and  dry  hills,  Can.,  N.  Y. !  to  111. !  and  Southern  States.  Stem 
8 — 12'  high,  erect,  simple,  rarely  a  little  branched  above,  hoary-villose.  Leaves 
sessile,  2— 3"  wide  and  4  times  as  long,  1-veined.  Flowers  crowded  near  the 
summit  of  the  stem.  Calyx  segments  lanceolate,  acute.  Corolla  bright 
orange-yellow,  including  the  subsessile  stamens  and  short  style.  Jn.,  Jl.  The 
root  is  used  to  dye  red  by  the  Indians. 

6.  L.  HIRTUM.  Lehm.    (Anchusa.  Muhl.    Batschia  Carolinensis.   Gmel.} 
Herbaceous,  erect,  simple,  hairy  above ;   ITS.  sessile,  linear-lanceolate, 

obtuse,  ciliate-hirsute  both  sides,  floral  ovate-lanceolate ;  col.  lobes  linear,  hir- 
sute, a  little  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla ;  cor.  segments  spreading, 
obovate,  entire,  tube  hispid  inside  at  base ;  ach.  ovoid,  shining. — Tj.  Can.,  Penn., 
to  La.  Stems  8 — 12'  high,  clustered.  Flowers  crowded,  racemed.  Corolla 
orange-yellow,  large. 

7.  L.  APULUM.  Vahl.     (Myosotis.  Linn.     M.  lutea.  Lam.} 

St.  herbaceous,  erect,  rough  with  hairs;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute, 
erect,  rough  and  hairy;  spikes  hispid ;  bracts  foliaceous;  cor.  longer  than  the 
calyx;  ach.  muricate. — ®  Dry  woods,  Ohio.,  Pursh.  Stem  2 — &  high,  gene- 
rally simple  at  base,  branched  above.  Corollas  small,  yellow,  in  the  axils  of 
lanceolate  bracts. 

8.   PENTALOPHUS.    Alph.  DC. 

Gr.  nevre,  fine,  Xo^»os,  crest;  from  the  character. 

Calyx  5-parted,  with  linear  segments  ;  cor.  hypocrateriform,  tube 
cylindric,  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  throat  closed  with  5  glabrous 
valves  alternating  with  the  stamens,  segments  ovate,  spreading,  much 
shorter  than  the  tube ;  achenia  solitary  by  abortion,  ovoid,  white, 
smooth. — American  herbs. 

P.  LONGIFLORUS.  Alph.  DC.  (Lithospermum.  Spreng.  Batschia.  Nutt.) 
Erect,  strigose  with  a  cinerous  pubescence  ;  lower  Ivs.  lance-linear,  attenu- 
ated to  the  base,  obtuse,  upper  ones  linear,  acutish ;  rac.  leafy,  terminal ;  col. 
seg.  linear,  much  longer  than  the  pedicel ;  cor.  tube  4  times  longer  than  the  calyx, 
a  little  dilated  upwards. — 7|.  Prairie  du  chien  to  Mo. !  Stem  10—15'  high, 
slender,  branched  near  the  top.  Leaves  1  — !£'  by  2 — 3",  the  floral  ones  about  as 
long  as  the  flowers.  Corolla  yellow,  the  tube  8 — 10"  long,  lobes  crenulate. 
Style  scarcely  exserted.  Fruit  much  shorter  than  the  calyx,  smooth,  white.  Jl. 

9.    MERTENSIA.    Roth. 

Calyx  short,  5-cleft;  cor.  tube  cylindric,  twice  longer  than  the 
calyx,  limb  subcampanulate,  5-cleft,  throat  naked,  or  oftener  with  5 
folds  or  ridges  between  the  insertion  of  the  stamens ;  sta.  inserted 
at  top  of  the  tube  ;  anth.  subsagittate  ;  ach.  smooth  or  reticulated. — 


434  XCIV.   BORRAGINACE.E.  MYOSOTIS. 

^  St.  and  leaves  usually  glabrous  and  pellucid-punctate,  the  radical  ones 
many-veined,  cauline  sessile.  Rac.  terminal. 

1.  M.  VIRGINICA.  DC.     (Pulmonaria.  Linn.    Lithospermum  pulchrum. 
Lehm.}     Virginian  Lungwort. — Plant  erect,  smooth;  cal.  much   shorter 

than  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  limb  longer  than  the  tube ;  radical  Ivs.  (large) 
obovate-elliptical,  obtuse ;  cauline  ones  long-lanceolate. — A  smooth,  erect,  and 
elegant  plant,  about  20'  high,  native  in  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and  W.  States,  sometimes 
cultivated.  The  leaves  of  the  stem  are  sessile,  much  narrower  than  those  of 
the  root,  whose  width  is  §  of  their  length.  Flowers  in  terminal  clusters. 
Corolla  blue,  funnel-form,  sitting  upon  a  short,  5-toothed  calyx.  Stamens  and 
style  included.  May. 

2.  M.  MARITIMA.  G.  Don.    (Pulmonaria.  Linn.    Lithospermum.  Lehm.} 
Glabrous ;  sts.  and  branches  procumbent  or  ascending ;  Ivs.  ovate,  obtuse, 

fleshy,  glaucous,  the  radical  petiolate,  cauline  sessile ;  rac.  leafy ;  cal.  deeply 
cleft,  scarcely  half  as  long  as  the  glabrous  corolla. — Sea  shore,  Northern  States, 
Pursh,  N.  to  Greenland.  Stem  diffusely  branched.  Flowers  purplish-blue, 
limb  longer  than  the  tube.  Jl. 

3.  M.    DENTICULATA.    G.   Don.     (Pulmonaria.    Roem.      Lilhospermum. 
Lehm.}-  St.  erect ;  Ivs.  glaucous,  rather  fleshy,  acute-mucronate,  ciliate- 

denticulate,  radical  ovate,  petiolate,  cauline  oblong,  sessile,  3-veined  at  base  ; 
cal.  segments  acute;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  flower;  sty.  finally  exserted. — N.  Y. 
MuM.  Torrey.  Stems  6 — 12'  high,  clustered.  Peduncles  many-flowered. 
Corolla  pale  purple. 

10.    PULMONARIA. 

Probably  named  from  its  having  been  used  in  lung  complaints. 

Calyx  prismatic,  5-angled,  5-toothed ;  cor.  infundibuliform,  with  a 
cylindric  tube,  orifice  hairy  in  5  lines  alternating  with  the  stamens  ; 
ach.  imperforate. — ^  European  herbs. 

P.  OFFICINALIS.  Common  Lungwort. — Plant  rough ;  cal.  the  length  of  the 
tube  of  the  corolla  ;  radical  Ivs.  ovate,  cordate,  scabrous,  cauline  ones  ovate,  ses- 
sile.— Native  of  England,  but  naturalized  and  cultivated  in  our  gardens. 
Flowers  blue,  in  terminal  clusters.  Stem  a  foot  high.  This  as  well  as  other 
foreign  species  of  this  genus,  is  a  rough-leaved  plant,  while  the  several  Ameri- 
can species  are  uniformly  smooth.  "May.  £ 

11.    MYOSOTIS.     Dill. 
Gr.  jjivog,  a  rat,  and  (<m)  oroy,  an  ear;  from  the  form  of  the  leaves. 

Calyx  5-cleft ;  corolla  hypocrateriform,  the  5  lobes  slightly  emar- 
ginate,  orifice  closed  with  short,  concave  scales ;  achenia  ovate, 
smooth,  with  a  small  cavity  at  base. — Herbs,  slightly  villous.  Rac. 
at  length  elongated. 

1.  M.  CJESPITOSA.  Schultz.     a.  laxa.  DC.     (M.  palustris.  Roth.    M.  scor- 
poides.  Willd.}  Marsh  Scorpion  Grass. — Nearly  smooth,  somewhat  branched, 

erect;  Ivs.  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  with  short,  scattered  hairs;  rac.  without  bracts ; 
pedicels  divaricate  in  fruit,  twice  as  long  as  the  short,  spreading,  smooth  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx.  1\.  Grows  about  ditches  and  marshes,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  often 
called  water-mouse-ear  from  the  leaves,  which  are  roughish  with  appressed  hairs. 
Stem  about  a  foot  high,  with  scattered  hairs,  ascending  from  long,  creeping 
roots.  Leaves  scattered,  sessile,  1 — 3'  long,  £  as  wide.  Racemes  terminal,  or 
often  one  of  them  supra-axillary,  one-sided.  Flowers  small,  blue,  on  pedicels 
i'  long.  May — Aug. 

2.  M.  STRICT^  .  Link.  (M.  arvensis.  Rich,  and  1st  edit.  M.  inflexa.  Engelm.) 
Forget-me-not. — St.  branching ;  Ivs.  oval-lanceolate,  hairy ;  rac.  long ;  pedi- 
cels in  fruit  suberect,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx;  cal.  segments  oval,  acuminate, 
hairy,  closed,  about  the  length  of  the  corolla. — (£)  Found  in  sandy  woods,  N. 
Eng. !  to  111. !    Whole  plant  of  a  grayish  hue  from  its  dense  pubescence.    Stem 
4—10'  high,  at  length  much  branched.    Leaves  i — 1'  in  length,  sessile,  acutish, 


HELIOTROPIUM.  XCIV.    BORR  AGIN  ACE  ;E.  435 

the  lower  ones  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  tapering  to  a  short  petiole.  Racemes  revo- 
lute  at  the  end,  not  secund,  short  at  first,  but  arising  at  length  6',  8',  or  even  12'. 
Flowers  very  small,  white.  June. 

12.   ECH1NOSPERMUM.    Swartz. 

Gr.  e^ti/oj,  the  sea-urchin,  <nr£p//a,  seed;  from  the  character. 

Calyx  5-parted ;  corolla  hypocrateriform,  orifice  closed  with  con- 
cave scales  ;  seeds  echinate,  compressed  or  angular,  fixed  to  a  central 
column. — Herbs  erect.  Lvs.  oblong  or  linear.  Rac.  bracted.  Pedicels 
shorty  erect. 

E.  LAPPULA.  Lehm.  (Rochelia.  Roem.  Cynoglossum.  £>cop.)  Burr-seed. 
St.  branched  above  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  hairy ;  cor.  longer 
than  the  calyx,  the  border  erect-spreading ;  ach.  each  with  2  rows  of  hooked 
prickles  on  the  margin. — (I)  An  erect  herb,  in  dry  soils,  roadsides,  N.  States  to 
Arc.  Am.  Stem  having  a  dry,  grayish  aspect  from  its  dense  hairs,  about  a  foot 
high,  undivided  except  at  the  top  where  it  branches  into  a  kind  of  panicle. 
Leaves  V  by  1 — 2",  sessile.  Flowers  very  small,  blue.  Jl. 

13.    CYNOGLOSSUM. 

Gr.  KVUV,  a  dog,  yAoo-tro,  tongue;  from  the  form  of  the  long,  soft  leaves. 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  corolla  short,  infundibuliform,  vaulted ;  orifice 
closed  by  5  converging,  convex  scales ;  achenia  depressed,  fixed  late- 
rally to  the  style. —  Cor.  blue,  purple  or  white. 

1.  C.  OFFICINALE.     Hound's-tongue. 

Silky-pubescent ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute,  radical  ones  alternate  at  the  base, 
petiolate,  cauline  ones  sessile ;  sta.  shorter  than  corolla. — %  An  erect,  downy 
plant,  of  a  dull  green  color,  18 — 20'  high,  and  emitting  a  disagreeable  smell, 
which  several  distinguished  botanists  have  compared  to  the  smell  of  young 
mice !  Grows  in  waste  grounds  and  roadsides.  Stem  erect,  hairy,  1 — 2f  high. 
Leaves  hoary  with  soft  down  on  both  sides,  entire,  upper  ones  clasping,  with 
broad  bases,  lower  ones  6 — 10'  by  1 — 2',  tapering  into  a  long,  attenuated  base 
(winged  petiole  1),  pointed  at  apex.  Clusters  terminal,  panicled,  recurved  at 
the  end.  Flowers  with  a  downy  calyx  and  a  dull  red  corolla.  Calyx  leaf-like 
in  fruit.  Seeds  rough,  with  hooked  prickles.  Jl.  § 

2.  C.  VIRGINICUM.    (C.  amplexicaule.  MX.  and  1st  edit.) 
Hirsute-pilose;  Ivs.  oblong-oval,  acute,  upper  ones  clasping,  cordate  at 

oase ;  corymb  terminal,  leafless,  on  a  long  peduncle. — %  Inhabiting  woods  and 
thickets,  Vt, !  to  Md. !  W.  to  111. !  rare  in  N.  Eng.  A  very  hairy  plant,  2f  high, 
simple,  bearing  at  the  top  of  its  leafless  summit,  a  small,  panicled  corymb  of 
pale  purple  flowers.  Radical  leaves  5 — 6'  long  and  half  as  wide.  Calyx  and 
pedicels  very  hairy.  Jn. 

3.  C.  MORRISONJ.  DC.   (Echinospermum  Virginicum.  Lehm.  and  1st  edit.) 
Virginian  Mouse-ear. — St.  much  branched ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, scabrous  above ;  roc.  divaricate,  dichotomous ;  fruit  densely  covered  with 
hooked  prickles. — ®  An  erect,  hairy  weed,  in  rocky  grounds  and  rubbish,  Can. 
to  Flor.     Stem  furrowed,  2 — 3f  high,  with  many  slender,  remote,  wide-spread 
branches,  each  terminating  in  a  centrifugal,  racemose  inflorescence.    Leaves 
entire,  remote,  large  (3—4'  long),  tapering  to  each  end,  the  lower  ones  petioled. 
Flowers  very  small,  white,  the  pedicels  nodding  in  fruit.    Jl. 

TRIBE  2.    HEL.IOTROPEJ3. — Ovary  bearing  a  simple,   terminal  style. 
Fruit  dryish,  drupaceous,  partible.     Seeds  without  albumen. 

14.   HELIOTROPIUM.  .Tourn. 

Gr.  jjAtof,  the  sun,  Tpeirw,  to  turn ;  the  flowers  were  said  to  be  always  turned  towards  the  sun. 

Calyx  5-parted ;  corolla  hypocrateriform,  orifice  naked,  limb  5-cleft, 
with  the  sinuses  plaited ;  stamens  included ;  stigma  peltate  ;  achenia 

37* 


436  XCV.   HYDROPHYLLACE^E.  HYDROPHYLLUM. 

cohering  without  a  common  receptacle,  at  length  separable. — Herbs 
or  shrubs.     Spikes  unilateral.     Flowers  never  yellow. 

1.  H.  EUROPIUM.    Heliotrope. — Herbaceous.;  Ivs.  ovate,  entire,  rugose  and 
tomentose;   spikes  in  pairs. — A  delicate  annual,  native  of  Europe  and 
still  growing  on  the  banks  of  the  Shenandoah  at  Harper's  Ferry  !  where  Nuttall 
saw  it  in  1818.    Cultivated  among  stove-plants.    Stem  8 — 12'  high.    Leaves  1 — 
2'  by  8 — 15".    Flowers  white,  mostly  in  2,  terminal,  long,  scorpoid  racemes.  § 
2.  H.  PERUVIANUM.     Peruvian  Heliotrope. — Shrubby ;    Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate  ; 
fls.  in  numerous,  aggregated  spikes. — Native  of  Peru.     A  small,  elegant  green- 
house shrub,  1 — 2f  high.     Leaves  rough,  serrulate,  twice  as  long  as  wide,  on 
short  petioles.    Flowers  small  but  numerous,  very  fragrant,  white  or  tinged 
with  purple. 

ORDER  XCV.     HYDROPHYLLACE^.— HYDROPHYLLS. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  small  trees,  often  hispid.    Lvs.  alternate,  or  the  lower  opposite,  often  lobed. 
Fly.  in  circinate  racemes  or  unilateral  spikes,  rarely  axillary  and  solitary. 
Cal.  5-cleft,  the  sinuses  usually  with  reflexed  appendages,  persistent- 
Cor.  5-lobed,  regular,  with  10  melliferous  scales  near  the  base. 
Sta.  5,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  the  lobes. 

Anth.  2-celled,  versatile.  [from  the  base  of  the  cavity. 

Ova.  free,  simple,  l-eelled.    Style  single,  terminal,  bifid.    Stigmas  2.    Placenta  2,  parietal  or  on  stalks 
Pr. — Capsule  invested  with  the  permanent  calyx. 

Sds.  few,  crustaceous.    Embryo  conical,  in  abundant,  cartilaginous  albumen. 
Genera  16,  species  75,  chiefly  American.    Of  no  known  use. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(Placenta large,  fleshy,  free.      .       .    Hydrophyllum.  1 

( appendag'd  inside  with  { Sta.  exserted.  ( Placentae  on  the  middle  of  the  valves.  Pftacelia.  4 

<  5  melliferous  grooves.    { Stamens  included.    Sepals  very  large.      .        .       .    Ellisia.  2 

Corolla  (  destitute  of  grooves  or  scales  inside.    Stamens  as  long  as  the  corolla.    .       .    Cosmanthtis.       3 

1.   HYDROPHYLLUM.    Tourn. 

Gr.  v6(>)p,  water,  and  (f>v\\ov,  a  leaf;  the  leaves  in  Spring  hold  each  a  quantity  of  water. 

Sepals  slightly  united  at  base  ;  corolla  campanulate,  with  5  longi- 
tudinal, margined,  nectariferous  grooves  inside;  stamens  exserted; 
capsule  globose,  2-celled,  2-valved,  4-seeded,  3  of  the  seeds  mostly 
abortive  ;  placenta  fleshy,  free. — North  American  herbs.  Radical  Ivs. 
on  long  petioles,  pinnately  or  palmately  veined^  cauline  alternate.  Cymes 
scorpoid,  bractless. 
*  Calyx  appendaged  between  the  sepals  at  base.  Stamens  as  long  as  the  corolla. 

1.  H.  APPENDICULATUM.  Michx.     (Ncmophila  paniculata.  Spreng.} 

Lvs.  hairy,  lower  ones  pinnatifid,  cauline  palmately  5-lobed,  dentate,  lobes 
diverging,  and  with  the  long  petioles,  ped.  and  cal.  hispid ;  sep.  lance-subulate, 
the  appendages  at  the  base  ovate,  acute,  4  times  shorter ;  cor.  glabrous  except 
the  minute  appendages  inside;  sta.  included. — (g)  Mich,  to  la.,  Plummerl  and 
111.  to  Va.,  moist  woods  and  bottoms.  Stems  1 — l£f  high,  branched.  Petioles 
1 — 4'  long.  The  leaves  are  of  a  singular  form,  roundish  in  outline,  the  broad, 
acute  lobes  diverging  in  a  stellate  manner ;  teeth  mucronate.  Calyx  4 — 5"  long, 
appendages  deflexed,  1'  long.  Corolla  blue,  on  long  peduncles.  May. 
*  *  Calyx  not  appendaged.  filaments  much  exserted. 

2.  H.  VIRGINICUM.     Virginian  Water-leaf. 

Plant  nearly  smooth;  Ivs.  pinnatifid  and  pinnate,  the  segments  oval- 
lanceolate,  incisely  serrate ;  fascicles  conglomerate ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  peti- 
oles.— ^  An  inhabitant  of  wet  or  moist  woods,  Can.  to  Car.  and  Western 
States.  Stem  a  foot  high,  bearing  large,  roundish  tufts  of  flowers  peculiarly 
distinguished  by  their  exserted  stamens  and  style,  which  are  twice  the  length 
of  the  bell-shaped  corollas.  Leaves  few,  on  long,  clasping  petioles,  with  about 
5  distinct  leaflets,  the  upper  3  more  or  less  confluent  at  base,  all  irregularly 
toothed.  Corollas  varying  from  white  to  sky-blue.  June. 

3.  H.  CANADENSE.     Canadian  Water-leaf.     Burr-flower. 

Lvs.  smoothish,  palmate,  roundish,  with  5 — 7  shallow  lobes,  unequally 


COSMANTHUS.  XCV.    HYDROPHYLLACE^.  437 

dentate,  teeth  obtuse-mucronate;  fls.  in  crowded  fascicles ;  peds.  shorter  than  the 
petioles. — Tj.  Gluite  different  in  aspect  from  the  last.  Found  in  alpine  woods, 
Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ohio !  Stem  12 — 18'  high,  with  large,  roughish  leaves, 
divided  into  5 — 7  lobes.  Fascicles  of  flowers  dense,  axillary  and  terminal. 
Corollas  white  or  variously  tinged  with  purple.  Stamens  and  style  much 
exserted,  as  in  the  last.  Jn.,  Jl. 

4.  H.  MACROPHYLLUM.  Nutt.  (H.  hispidum.  Riddell.} 
Whole  plant  reversely  hispid  with  white  hairs ;  Ivs.  oblong-oval  in  outline, 
pinnatifid,  lower  segments  distinct,  upper  confluent,  all  incised  into  rounded, 
mucronate  teeth,  cauline  solitary  or  tew,  much  smaller ;  cymes  terminal,  long- 
pedunculate,  dense-flowered ;  cor.  glabrous  except  the  grooves  inside. — Ij.  Ohio, 
Locke !  to  the  Alleghany  Mts.  Stem  a  foot  high,  almost  leafless,  with  a  termi- 
nal, globose  cyme  of  white  flowers.  Radical  leaves  8 — 12'  (including  the 
petiole  3 — 4')  by  3 — 5',  the  segments  ovate-oblong.  Corolla  twice  longer  than 
the  ovate,  acute  sepals,  half  as  long  as  the  capillary  filaments  which  are  9"  in 
length.  Jn. 

2.   ELLISIA. 

In  honor  of  Joseph  Ellis,  F.  R.  S.,  an  English  naturalist,  correspondent  of  Linnaeus. 

Calyx  5-parted,  equaling  the  tubular-campanulate,  caducous  corol- 
la ;  tube  with  10  minute  appendages  within,  limb  5-lobed ;  sta. 
included  ;  nectary  annular,  5-toothed ;  sty.  bifid,  with  linear  lobes  ; 
caps,  ovoid-globose,  2-valved;  seeds  4. — (D  North  American  herbs, 
with  pinnatifid  Ivs.  Cor.  white. 
E.  NYCTEL.EA. 

Ascending,  branching,  with  few,  scattered  hairs  ;  Ivs.  pinnatifid,  petiolate, 
upper  ones  alternate,  segments  linear-oblong,  nearly  distinct,  sparingly  dentate ; 
ped.  1-flowered,  opposite  the  leaves,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  cal.  seg.  trian- 
gular-acuminate, broad  at  base,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla. — ®  111. 
Mead!  to  Va.,  woods  and  river  banks.  Stem  4 — 10'  long.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long 
|  as  wide.  Calyx  at  length  remarkably  large  for  the  size  of  the  plant,  nearly 
an  inch  in  diam.  Corolla  lobes  obtuse,  emarginate,  with  purple  spots  at  base 
inside. 

3.   COSMANTHUS.    Nolte. 

Gr.  Kovpos,  elegance,  av$os,  &  flower. 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  cor.  broadly  campanulate,  caducous,  5-cleft,  tube 
without  appendages ;  sta.  5,  about  equaling  the  corolla ;  nectary 
minute  ;  ova.  hairy  except  at  base,  1 -celled  ;  sty.  bifid  ;  caps.  2-valved, 
valves  septiferous  in  the  middle  ;  seeds  4 — 10,  rugulose. — CD  .ZV".  Ame- 
rican herbs,  with  alternate  Ivs.  Rac.  long,  bractless.  Fls.  small,  white 
or  pale  blue. 

17  C.  PARviFLoRus.  Alph.  DC.    fPhacelia.  Ph.    Eutoca.  Dr.} 

Diffuse,  pubescent ;  lis.  subsessile,  pinnatifid  or  trifid,  segments  oblong 
or  ovate,  sparingly  lobed  or  entire;  roc.  solitary;  pedicels  in  flower  longer  than 
the  calyx;  sta.  subequal  to -the  corolla ;  placenta  6 — 8-ovuled. — Penn.  to  Va. 
Stem  6—8'  high.  Flowers  pale  blue,  4"  diam.,  the  lobes  rounded  and  entire. 
Capsule  ovoid,  shorter  than  the  calyx.  May. 

2.  C.  PURSHII.  Wood.    (C.  fimbriatus.    Nolte.    Phacelia  fimbriata.  Ph. 

not  MX.  P.  Purshii.  Buckley.)  Miami  Mist. — Nearly  glabrous;  lower 
Ivs.  petiolate,  pinnatifid,  segments  few,  entire,  ovate,  terminal  one  largest,  upper 
Ivs.  sessile,  pectinately  pinnatifid,  with  oblong,  acute  lobes;  roc.  terminal,  sim- 
ple, 5 — 10-flowered ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  lance-linear  sepals ;  lobes  of  tlie  car. 
fimbriate. — Fields  and  river  bottoms,  Penn.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  la. !  and  Ky.  Plant 
8 — 12'  high,  slender  and  with  slender  branches.  Radical  leaves  with  obtuse 
lobes,  mostly  shorter  than  the  petiole.  Flowers  light  blue,  4 — 5"  broad,  spread- 
ing. May,  Jn. 


438  XCVI.   POLEMONIACEJE.  PHLOX. 

4.   PHACELIA. 

Gr.  ^a/fcXof,  a  bundle  or  fascicle ;  alluding  to  the  fasciculate  racemes. 

Calyx  5  parted  ;  cor.  tubular-campanulate,  caducous,  5-lobed,  tube 
within  furnished  with  5  melliferous  grooves ;  sta.  5,  mostly  exserted ; 
ova.  1 -celled,  hispid;  sty.  bifid;  caps,  ovoid,  2-valved,  valves  placen- 
tiferous  in  the  middle ;  seeds  4. — American  herbs,  hispid,  with  alter- 
nate Ivs.,  and  loose  or  dense,  one-sided  racemes. 

P.   BIPINNATIF1DA.      Michx. 

Hairy,  suberect;  Ivs.  incisely  pinnatifid,  long-petiolate,  lateral  segments 
3 — 4,  incisely  lobed  and  toothed,  terminal  trifid ;  roc.  elongated,  bifid  or  sub- 
paniculate  ;  cor.  lobes  entire,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  shorter  than  the 
stamens. — Tj.  or  (g)  Woods  and  hill  sides,  Penn.  to  Ohio !  and  la. !  Plant 
sometimes  nearly  smooth,  1 — 2f  high,  bearing  several  leafless  racemes  at  top. 
Leaves  3 — 6'  long,  including  the  petiole.  Corolla  6"  broad,  blue,  the  grooves 
bordered  with  narrow,  pubescent  margins.  May,  Jn. 

/?.  Plummeri.  St.  ferruginous-hirsute ;  fls.  much  smaller ;  cor.  scarcely  longer 
than  the  calyx. — Richmond,  la.  Plummer ! 

ORDER  XCVI  .      POLEMONIACEJE.— PHLOXWORTS. 

Herbs,  with  opposite,  occasionally  alternate,  compound  or  simple  leaves. 

Cal.  5  united  sepals,  inferior,  persistent,  sometimes  irregular. 

Cor.  5  united  petals,  regular,  the  lobes  imbricate  or  twisted  in  aestivation. 

Sta.  5,  inserted  into  the  midst  9f  the  corolla  tube  and  alternate  with  its  lobes. 

Ova.  3-celled,  free.    Styles  united  into  1.    Stigma  trifid. 

Caps.  3-celled,  3-valved,  loculicidal,  valves  also  separating  from  the  3-cornered  axis. 

Sds.  few  or  many.    Albumen  horny.    Embryo  foliaceous. 

Genera  17,  species  104,  chiefly  North  American.    They  are  valued  only  in  cultivation  as  ornamental 
plants. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(.  hypocraterifbrm.    Phlox.  1 

<  infundibuliform.     Gilia.  2 

Corolla  (  campanulate.        Polemonium.  3 

1.   PHLOX. 

Gr.  foot-,  aflame ;  from  the  color  and  profusion  of  the  flowers. 

Calyx  prismatic,  deeply  5-cleft ;  corolla  hypocrateriform,  the  tube 
more  or  less  curved ;  stamens  very  unequal,  inserted  in  the  tube  of 
the  corolla  above  the  middle  ;  capsule  3-celled,  cells  1 -seeded. — A 
highly  ornamental,  North  American  genus.  Lvs.  mostly  opposite,  sessile, 
simple,  entire.  Fls.  in  terminal  corymbs  or  panicles. 

1.  P.  PANICULATA.     Panicled  Phlox  or  Lychnidea. 

St.  glabrous,  erect ;  Ivs.  glabrous,  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate 
at  each  end,  rough-edged,  flat ;  corymbs  paniculate,  subpyramidal,  many-flow- 
ered ;  col.  teeth  setaceous-acuminate,  shorter  than  the  tube ;  pet.  roundish,  obovate, 
entire. — 1\.  This  well-known  favorite  of  gardens  is  found  native  in  woods  and  on 
river  banks,  Western  States  !  to  Penn.  and  Car.  It  flourishes  in  rich,  moist 
soil,  or  in  leaf- mould  or  peat.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  ending  in  a  large,  oblong- 
pyramidal  panicle  of  innumerable  pink-colored,  scentless  flowers.  Leaves  3— 
5'  by  9 — 16",  lower  ones  distinctly  petioled,  the  highest  sometimes  subcordate 
at  base.  July— Sept.  f 

2.  P.  ACUMINATA.  Ph.     Acuminate  Lychnidea. 

St.  erect,  paniculate,  branching  above;  Ivs.  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  the  upper  ones  subcordate  at  base,  all  pubescent  beneath,  as  well  as 
the  stem ;  panicle  pyramidal-corymbose,  many-flowered ;  cal.  teeth  briefly  seta- 
ceous-acuminate.— %  This  species',  whose  numerous  varieties  are  common  in 
gardens,  is  a  native  of  Mo.,  Ky.  and  111.  Although  distinguishable  at  sight 
from  P.  paniculata,  being  stouter  and  rougher,  its  chief  technical  distinction  is 
its  pubescence  and  shorter  calyx  teeth.  Petals  rounded  at  the  end,  light  purple, 
varying  to  deep  purple  and  red.  June — Aug.  f 


PHLOX.  XCVI.   POLEMONiACE^.  439 

3.  P.  MACULATA.    (P.  pyramidalis.  Sm.    P.  latifolia.  Michx.*) 

St.  erect,  subsimple,  scabrous  or  nearly  smooth  ;  lower  Ivs.  lanceolate,  the 
highest  ovate,  cordate  at  base,  all  subcoriaceous,  roughish  or  smooth;  panicle 
oblong  or  subpyramidal ;  col.  teeth  lanceolate,  acute  ;  pet.  orbicular. — 7|_  Moist 
fields,  Penn.  to  Car.  and  Western  States.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  mostly  punctate, 
with  purple  spots.  Lower  branches  of  the  panicle  shorter  than  the  leaves,  or 
often  elongated.  Corolla  tube  more  or  less  curved,  smooth.  Petals  obtuse  or 
retuse,  purple,  varying  in  gardens  from  white  to  crimson,  f  .  . 

/?.  suaveolens.     (P.  suaveolens.  Ait.*)     Fls.  white,  fragrant,  f 

4.  P.  CAROLINA.   (P.  revoluta.  Aiken.   P.  nitida.  Ph.~)  Carolina  Lychnidea. 
Glabrous,  erect  or  ascending;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  attenuated  to  the  apex, 

subcoriaceous,  margins  revolute,  lower  attenuated  to  the  base,  upper  rounded 
at  base ;  panicle  corymbose,  puberulent  or  smooth ;  cal.  teeth  short-acuminate ; 
cor.  tube  awned,  segments  obovate,  entire. — Tj.  A  very  smooth  species,  fields  and 
barrens,  Ohio,  la. !  common ;  also  Md.  to  Car.  Stem  slender,  1 — 2f  high. 
Leaves  2 — 4'  long,  mostly  quite  narrow  (3—4"),  thick  and  shining.  Panicle 
few  (15 — 25)-flowered.  Corolla  purple.  May — Aug. 
0.  ovata.  Benth.  (P.  ovata.  Linn.)  Lvs.  ovate  and  lance-ovate. — Car.  -f 

5.  P.  GLABERRIMA.     Ohio  Lychnidea. 

Glabrous  ;  st.  branching  at  base,  the  branches  subsimple  ;  Ivs.  lance-linear 
or  lance-oblong,  rather  obtuse,  thin,  sessile,  flat,  upper  ones  lance-ovate,  often 
rounded  at  base ;  panicle  corymbose,  few-flowered,  glabrous ;  cal.  teeth  lanceo- 
late, subacuminate,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla  tube;  pet.  obovate,  entire. — TJ. 
Pine  barrens,  Ohio  !  Very  distinct  from  the  former  by  its  shorter,  obtuse,  never 
acuminate  or  revolute  leaves  and  its  much  larger  calyx.  Stem  2f  high.  Leaves 
li—2A'  by  3 — 5".  Flowers  purple.  June,  July. 

6.  P.  REPTANS.  Michx.     Creeping  Lychnidea. 

Stolons  creeping ;  sts.  low,  assurgent ;  Ivs.  ovate,  obovate  or  oblong ;  cor.  few- 
flowered  ;  cal.  puberulent,  segments  linear-subulate ;  pet.  obovate,  entire. — 1\. 
Hill-sides  and  mountains,  la.  PLummer !  to  S.  Car.  Flowering-stems  6'  high, 
with  small  (4 — 9"  by  2 — 4")  and  remote  leaves.  Stolons  with  leaves  2 — 3  times 
larger,  somewhat  crowded  at  the  end.  Flowrers  3 — 8.  Corolla  bluish-purple, 
tube  scarcely  twice  longer  than  the  calyx.  June. 

7.  P.  DIVARICATA.     Early-flowering  Lychnidea. 

Low,  diffuse,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  ovate  or  oblong ;  panicle  corym- 
bose, loose ;  cal.  roughish -puberulent,  segments  linear-subulate ;  cor.  segments 
emarginate-bifid. — 1|_  Can.,  N.  Y. !  to  Va.  Stems  loosely  branched,  a  foot  or 
more  long,  flaccid.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  acute,  the  lower  tapering  to  the  base, 
the  upper  broad  and  clasping  at  base,  the  floral  linear-setaceous.  Pedicels  di- 
verging, longer  than  the  calyx  which  is  half  as  long  as  the  corolla  tube,  Corol- 
la of  a  peculiar  light  but  brilliant  grayish-blue.  May. 

01  Laphami.  Lvs.  ovate;  pet.  obtuse,  entire. — Wis.  Lapham!  Western  Re- 
serve. Cowles! — Intermediate  between  P.  divaricata  and  P.  glaberrima,  and 
may  prove  distinct  from  both. 

8.  P.  PILOSA.     (P.  aristata.  Michx.  Benth.*) 

Pilose-puberulent.  erect  or  decumbent  at  base ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  margin 
subrevolute,  subamplexicaul ;  panicle  corymbose;  cal.  hirsute,  segments  seta- 
ceous-acuminate; pet.  obovate,  entire. — 7].  Penn.  to  Ohio,  Clark !  Wis.  Lap- 
ham!  and  Southern  States.  Stem  12—  18'  high,  rigid.  Leaves  1£  -3'  by  2 — 4", 
attenuated  to  the  apex.  Corolla  pale  red  or  bluish-white,  the  tube  a  third 
longer  than  the  long,  slender,  awn-like  teeth  of  the  calyx.  May,  June. 
/?  Lvs.  shorter,  broadest  at  base,  sessile ;  fls.  smaller. — Indiana ! 

9.  P.  BIFIDA.  Beck.     Beck's  Lychnidea. 

Low,  assurgent,  diffusely  branched,  puberulent ;  Ivs.  amplexicaul,  subre- 
volute on  the  margin,  acutish,  lower  lance-ovate,  upper  lance-linear ;  corymbs 
very  loose,  2 — 5-flowered;  cal.  segments  linear,  acute;  cor.  tube  curved,  seg- 
ments deeply  bifid. — A  very  distinct  species,  and  very  rare,  in  Mo.  Beck,  Cass 
Co.,  111.,  Mead  I  Stem  brownish-purple,  slender,  6'  high.  Leaves  12 — 15"  by 
1 — 2",  lower  much  shorter.  Pedicels  1'  long.  Tube  of  corolla  much  curved, 
segments  cleft  nearly  half  way  down,  purple.  Apr. 


440  XCVL   POLEMONIACE^E.  POLEMONIUM. 

10.  P.  DRUMMONDII.     Drummond's  bychnidea. 

Erect,  dichotomously  branched,  glandular-pilose ;  Ivs.  oblong  or  lance- 
olate, scabrous;  corymb  dense-flowered;  cal.  hairy,  segments  lanceolate,  seta- 
ceous, elongated,  revolute;  cor.  tube  pilose,  segments  obovate,  entire. — One  of 
the  handsomest  species  of  the  genus,  common  in  cultivation.  Whole  plant 
glandular-scabrous,  8 — 12'  high.  Flowers  very  showy,  all  shades  from  white 
to  dark  purple,  f 

11.  P.  SUBTJLATA  (and  P.  setacea.  Linn.}    Moss  Pink. 
Procumbent,  caespitose,  much  branched,  pubescent;  Ivs.  rigid,  subulate 

or  linear-subulate,  ciliate,  fascicled  in  the  axils  ;  cal.  teeth  linear-subulate,  very 
acute;  cor.  lobes  cuneate,  emarginate. — Rocky  hills  and  mountains,  Penn.  to 
Ga.  and  Ky.,  abundant  in  its  localities,  in  dense,  turfy  masses,  sprangled  over 
in  May  with  rose-colored  flowers.  Flowering  branches,  2 — 4'  long,  numerous 
and  fascicled.  Corymb  3 — 6-flowered.  Corolla  white  or  pink,  deeper  purple 
in  the  centre.  May.  -f 

2.   G I L I  A .    Ruiz  &  Pavon. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  segments  acute ;  cor.  tube  long  or  short,  limb  regu- 
larly 5-lobed  ;  sta.  5,  equally  inserted  at  top  of  the  tube  ;  disk  cup- 
form  ;  caps,  oblong  or  ovoid,  few  or  many-seeded. — Herbs  with 
alternate,  pinnatifid  Ivs.  Fls.  paniculate^  capitate  or  scattered^  generally 
bractless. 

§  1.  Corolla  subrevolute,  tube  included  in  the  calyx. 

1.  G.   TRICOLOR.    Benth.     Tri-colored  Gilia. — St.  erect,  nearly  smooth;  Ivs. 
twice   or  thrice  pinnatifid,  with  narrow,  linear  segments;  cymes  paniculate, 
3 — 6-flowered ;  cor.  tricolored,  2  or  3  times  longer  than  the  calyx,  tube  very 
short. — ®  An  elegant  little  garden  plant,  from  California,  If  high.    Flowers 
numerous,  limb  pale  lilac-blue,  throat  purple  and  tube  yellow,  t 

§  2.  IPOMOPSIS.     Corolla  infundibuliform,  tube  much  exserted. 

2.  G.  (IPOMOPSIS)  CORONOPIFOLIA.  Pers. 

Erect,  tall ;  st.  strict,  hairy ;  Ivs.  crowded,  pinnatifid  with  subulate  divi- 
sions;  thyrse  elongated,  with  very  short  branches;  cor.  elongated,  segments 
oval-oblong,  erect-spreading  ;  sta.  exserted. — @  Southern  States  !  A  splendid 
herb,  2 — 4f  high,  bearing  at 'top  a  long  (If)  thyrse  of  scarlet-red  flowers.  Co- 
rollas li'  long,  f 

3.  POLEMONIUM. 

Gr.  7roX£//of ,  war ;  Pliny  relates  that  two  kings  fought  for  the  merit  of  its  discovery. 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft :  corolla  rotate-campanulate,  limb 
5-lobed,  erect,  tube  short,  closed  at  the  base  by  5  stameniferous 
valves ;  capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  cells  many-seeded. — Herbs  with 
alternate ,  pinnately-divided  Ivs.  Fls.  terminal. 

1.  P.  REPTANS.     American  Greek- Valerian. 

St.  smooth,  branching,  erect;  Ivs.  pinnately  7— 11-foliate,  leaflets  oval- 
lanceolate,  acute ;  fls.  terminal,  nodding  ;  cells  of  caps.  2— 3-seeded. — Tj.  A 
handsome  plant  of  woods  and  damp  grounds  in  N.  Y.  to  111. !  and  sometimes 
cultivated.  Stem  12 — 18'  high,  weak,  fleshy.  Leaflets  mostly  7,  subopposite, 
smooth,  entire,  sessile,  an  inch  long  and  half  as  wide.  Flowers  numerous, 
rather  large,  on  short  petioles.  Segments  of  the  calyx  lanceolate-acute,  per- 
sistent, much  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Corolla  blue,  lobes  short, 
rounded  at  the  ends.  Anthers  introrse.  Root  creeping. 

2.  P.  C03RULEUM.     Greek  Valerian. — St.  smooth,  simple,  erect;  Ivs.  pinnately 
11 — 17-foliate,  segments  acuminate;  fls.  erect;  cal.  equaling  the  tube  of  the 
corolla ;  cells  of  caps.  6 — 10-seeded. — (g)  A  handsome,  cultivated  plant,  native 
in  England.     Stems  clustered,  several  from  the  same  root,  about  2f  high,  hol- 
low, stout,  each  dividing  at  top  into  a  corymbose  panicle.    Leaves  mostly  radi- 
cal, on  long,  grooved  petioles ;  leaflets  all  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  subopposite, 
oblique,  odd  one  lanceolate.    Fls.  terminal,  suberect.    Cor.  blue,  about  $'  diam. 


CONVOLVULUS.  XCVIII.   CONVOLVULACE.E.  441 

ORDER  XCVIL     DIAPENSIACE^B. 

Under  shrubs,  prostrate,  with  crowded,  heath-like  leaves  and  solitary,  terminal  flowers. 

Col.— Sepals  5,  much  imbricated,  surrounded  at  base  with  imbricated  scales. 

Cor.— Petals  5,  united,  regular,  imbricated  in  aestivation. 

Sta.  5,  equal,  the  filaments  petaloid  and  inserted  on  the  corolla  tube. 

Anth.  2-celled,  transversely  valved. 

Ova.  3-.celled,  free.    Styles  united  into  1.    Stigma  3-lobed. 

Pr.—  Capsule  3-valved,  loculicidal.    Seeds  many,  small,  albuminous. 

Genus  l,  or  2  according  to  many  authors,  species  2,  natives  of  the  north  of  Europe  and  the  northern 
parts  of  North  America. 

DIAPENSIA. 

Calyx  5-parted,  calyculate  with  3  bracts  at  base ;  corolla  hypocra- 
teriform,  limb  5-cleft,  flat ;  stamens  5,  from  the  summit  of  the  tube  ; 
stigmas  3  ;  capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded. — Low,  evergreen 
undershrubs. 

§  J .  Anthers  awnless. 

1.  D.  LAPPONICA.     Northern  Diapensia. 

Caespitose ;  Ivs.  dense,  spatulate,  fleshy,  evergreen,  obtuse  and  entire ;  fls. 
pedunculated. — fy  A  little,  leafy  plant,  2 — 3'  high,  growing  on  the  summits  of 
the  White  Mts.  in  N.  Hampshire,  forming  dense  tufts  among  the  rocks.  Leaves 
crowded,  pale  beneath,  fleshy,  5 — 8"  by  1"  with  a  revolute  margin,  clasping 
base,  and  broadly  obtuse  point.  Flowers  on  short,  terminal,  solitary  peduncles, 
which  are  an  inch  long  in  fruit.  Calyx  of  5,  obtuse  leaves,  longer  than  the 
leafy  bracts  at  its  base.  Corolla  white,  with  5,  flat  segments.  July. 

§  2.  PYXIDANTHERA.     Anthers  with  the  lower  valves  beaked. 

2.  D.  BARBULATA.  Ell.     (Pyxidanthera  barbulata.  Michx.     D.  cuneifolia. 
PA.)— Branches  short,  ascending;  Ivs.  lance-cuneiform,  acute,  pubescent 

at  base  ;  fls.  terminal,  sessile  ;  lower  valve  of  the  anther  beaked  or  awned  at  base. 
— A  prostrate,  creeping  plant,  abundant  in  pine  barrens.-  N.  J.  to  Car.,  forming 
dense  beds.  It  has  also  been  found  by  Dr.  Peck  on  the  White  Mts.  {fide  Torr.) 
Stems  3 — 6'  long,  subhispid.  Leaves  1 — 2"  by  J — 1".  Flowers  white,  3"  diam. 
Sepals  denticulate,  as  long  as  the  corolla  tube.  May,  Jn. — The  beak  of  the 
anther  appears  to  be  quite  variable,  sometimes  reduced  to  an  acute  point. 

ORDER  XCVIII.     CONVOLVULACE^].— BINDWEEDS, 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  a  milky  juice,  mostly  twining,  sometimes  erect. 

Lvs.  alternate,  without  stipules,  sometimes  wholly  wanting.    Fls.  showy. 

Cal.—  Sepals  5,  much  imbricated,  usually  united  at  base,  persistent. 

Car.  regular,  limb  5  lobed  or  entire,  plaited  and  twisted  in  aestivation. 

Sta.  5,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes. 

Ova.  2— 4-celled,  free.    Styles  united  into  1. 

Fr.— Capsule  2— 4-celled.  valves  with  septifragal  dehiscence. 

Sds.  few,  large,  with  thin  mucilaginous  albumen.     Cotyledons  fohaceous,  or  wanting. 

Genera  43,  species  660,  very  abundant  in  tropical  climates,  rare  in  cold. 

Properties— The  roots  abound  in  an  acrid,  milky  juice  which  is  strongjy  purgative.    Jalap  of  the  shops 

is  the  product  of  the  root  of  Exogonium  purga  of  Mexico,  and  other  species.    Scammony  of  Convolvulus 

Scammonia,  native  of  Levant.    The  drastic  qualities  of  both  depend  upon  the  presence  of  a  peculiar 

resin.    The  sweet  potato,  a  valuable  article  of  food,  is  the  product  of  C.  Batatas,  native  at  the  South. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

$  Style  simple Convolvulus.  I 

£  Stamens  included.  ( Styles  3  or  2 Stylisma.        3 

$  Calyx  naked.  ( Stamens  exserted.    Corolla  scarlet        .       .       .  Quamoclit,     2 

(leafy,  green.  { Calyx  enclosed  in  two  large,  leaf-like  bracts.    .       .     '.       .       .  Calystegia.     4 

Plants  ( leafless,  parasitic,  orange-colored Cuscuta.         5 

SUBORDER  1.— C  OXVOLVTJIvE-E. 

Embryo  with  cotyledons.    Carpels  united.    Fruit  capsular,  dehiscent. 
1.  CONVOLVULUS. 

Lat.  convolvere,  to  entwine  ;  from  the  habit  of  most  of  the  plants. 

Calyx  5-parted,  naked  or  with  2  small  bracts  near  the  base ;  cor. 
campanulate.  or  funnel-form,  limb  5-plaited ;  sta.  shorter  than  the 
limb,  rarely  a  little  longer ;  ova.  2 — 4-celled5  cells  1 — 2-ovuled ;  sty, 


442  XCVII1.   CONVOLVULACEJE.  CONVOLVULUS. 

simple ;  stig.  simple  or  2-lobed ;  caps,  valvate,  2 — 4-celled,  4 — 6- 
seeded. — A  large  genus  of  twining  or  'prostrate,  herbs,  rarely  shrubby  or 
arborescent. 

Obs.— The  generic  distinctions  adopted  by  Choisy  in  the  Prodromus  of  De  Candolle,  Vol.  ix.,  appear  to 
me  to  be  too  indefinite  to  be  generally  useful  in  a  work  like  the  present.  I  have  adopted  them  merely  as 
sections  of  the  present  genus. 

§  1.  Stigmas  2,  linear-cylindric,  often  revolute.     Capsule  2-celled. 

1.  C.  ARVENSIS.     Small  Bindweed. 

St.  striate,  angular,  generally  prostrate ;  Ivs.  sagittate,  somewhat  auricu- 
late ;  ped.  mostly  1-flowered,  bibracteate  near  the  apex ;  sep.  roundish-ovate ; 
caps,  smooth. — 'ij.  A  twining  plant,  growing  in  fields  and  pastures,  Maine  to 
Car.,  not  common.  Stems  several  feet  long,  climbing  or  prostrate,  a  little  hairy. 
Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  the  lower  ones  obtuse.  Flowers  small,  white,  often  with  a 
tinge  of  red.  The  small,  acute  bracts  are  near  the  middle  of  the  peduncle.  Jn. 
2.  C.  TRICOLOR.  Tricolored  Bindweed. — St.  ascending,  villose;  Ivs.  lance- 
obovate,  subspatulate,  sessile,  ciliate  at  base ;  ped.  1-flowered,  bracteate,  longer 
than  the  leaves ;  sep.  ovate-lanceolate,  acute ;  cor.  tricolored ;  capsule  villose. — 
(£>  About  the  Mediterranean.  Stem  weak,  ] — 3f  long.  Corollas  yellowish  in 
the  centre,  white  in  the  middle,  and  of  a  fine  sky-blue  on  the  upper  part  of  the 
border.  July. 

§  2.  IPOMGEA.  Stigma  capitate,  entire  or  2-lobed.  Capsule  2-celled,  ^-seeded. 

3.  C.  PANDURATUS.     (Ipomcea.  Meyer.}     Wild  Potato.     Man-of-the-earth. 
St.  twining ;  Ivs.  broad-cordate  or  panduriform ;  ped.  long,  1— 4-flowered ; 

cal.  smooth;  cor.  tubular-campanulate. — 1\.  In  sandy  fields,  N.  Y.  toGa.  Stems 
several  from  the  same  root,  4— 8f  long,  slender,  smooth.  Leaves  2 — 3'  long  and 
of  about  the  same  width,  acute  or  obtuse,  with  rounded  lobes  at  the  base,  some- 
times lobed  and  hollowed  on  the  sides  .and  becoming  fiddle-shaped.  Petioles 
2 — 3'  long.  Peduncles  axillary,  longer  than  the  petioles,  generally  branching 
at  the  top,  and  bearing  several  large  flowers.  Corolla  2'  long,  purple  and  white. 
July,  Aug. 

4.  C.  LACUNOSUS.     (C.  micranthus.  Riddell.}     Small-flowered  Bindweed. 
Minutely  pubescent ;  st.  twining ;  Ivs.  cordate,  acuminate,  angular-lobed 

or  entire,  on  long  petioles ;  ped.  1 — 3-flowered,  half  as  long  as  the  petioles ;  sep. 
oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla,  ciliate,  lobes  acute;  caps. 
pilose. — (T)  Penn.,  Md. !  to  Flor.,  W.  to  Ohio  and  111.  A  small,  prostrate  spe- 
cies, 2 — 6f  long,  in  dry  fields  and  hills.  Leaves  2'  by  1J',  deeply  cordate,  often 
deeply  3-lobed !  petioles  1 — 3'  long.  Flowers  8"  diam.,  9"  long,  white  with  a 
purplish  rim.  Aug.  Sept. 

§  3.  PHARBITIS.     Stigma  capitate,  granulate.     Ovary  3-  rarely  ^-celled, 

cells  2-seeded. 

5.  C.  PURPUREUS.     (Ipomcea.  Ph.     Pharbitis  hispida.   Choisy.}     Common 
Morning  Glory. — St.  climbing  and  twining,  retrorsely  pilose;  Ivs.  cordate, 

entire;  /.nodding;  ped.  2 — 5-flowered;  pedicels  thick;  cal.  hispid.— (I)  In  fields, 
Mid.  and  W.  States.  Stems  climbing  many  feet.  Leaves  roundish,  heart- 
shaped.  Flowers  large,  beautiful,  generally  of  a  dark  purple,  sometimes  blue, 
flesh-colored,  striped,  &c.  A  well  known  and  favorite  climber  and  free  flower, 
of  the  easiest  culture.  Jn.  §  f 

6.  C.  NIL.     (Pharbitis.   Choisy.}     Morning  Glory. 

Lvs.  cordate,  3-lobed;  fls.  half  5-cleft;  ped.  shorter  than  the  petioles,  1 — 3- 
flowered. — A  very  beautiful  twining  plant,  found  wild,  Penn.  to  Flor.,  but  best 
known  as  a  garden  annual.  Stem  and  leaves  somewhat  hairy.  .  Calyx  very 
hairy,  the  segments  long-acuminate.  Flowers  large,  the  tube  white  and  the 
border  of  a  clear  blue  color  (whence  its  specific  name,  Anil  or  Nil,  indigo). 
It  is  of  the  easiest  culture,  and  raised  from  the  seed.  Blossoms  from  July  to 
September,  f 

§  4.  BATATAS.  Stig.  capitate,  2-lobed.  Ova.  4-,  or  by  abortion,  3 — 2-celled. 

7.  C.  JALAPA.     (C.  macrorhizus.  Ell.    Batatas  Jalapa.  Choisy.} 

St.  creeping  or  twining ;  Ivs.  cordate,  entire,  sinuate  or  lobed,  tomentose- 


CALYSTEGU.  XCVIII.   CONVOLVULACE^E.  443 

pubescent  beneath  ;  ped,  scarcely  equaling  the  long  petioles,  1—  3-flowered  ;  sep. 
roundish-ovate,  pubescent  ;  seeds  villose,  with  long  hairs.—  7J.  Western  States  ! 


is  tuberous  and  mildly  purgative. 

8.  C.  BATATAS.  (Batatas  edulis.  Choisy.}  Sweet  Potato.  —  St.  creeping, 
rarely  twining;  Ivs.  cordate,  hastate,  angular,  5-veined,  smoothish;  ped.  long; 
As  fascicled  ;  sep.  lanceolate,  acuminate.  —  ©  The  sweet  potato  is  native  of 
both  Indies  and  cultivated  in  all  tropical  climates.  Not  only  the  tubers,  but 
the  leaves  and  tender  shoots  are  boiled  and  eaten.  The  tubers  are  sweet  and 
considered  nutritive.  This  is  the  potato  of  the  old  English  botanists,  of  Shake- 
speare, and  their  cotemporaries,  the  Solanum  titberosum  then  being  unknown. 
The  stem  is  round,  hispid,  prostrate,  creeping,  sending  out  scattered,  oblong 
tubers  which  are  purplish  without.  Flowers  large,  purple  or  white.  $ 

2.   GIUAM6CLIT.     Tourn. 
Gr.  Kvapos,  &  bean,  KAtroj,  dwarf;  resembles  the  climbing  tean,  but  smaller. 

Sepals  5,  mostly  mucronate  ;  cor.  tubular-cylindric  ;  sta.  exserted  ; 
sty.  1  ;  stig.  capitate,  2-lobed  ;  ovary  4-celled,  cells  1  -seeded.  —  Twin- 

ing herbs,  mostly  American. 

1.  Q,.  VULGARIS.  Choisy.  (Ipomsea.  'Linn.  Convolvulus.  1st.  edit.}  Jasmine. 

Bindweed.  Cypress  Vine.  —  Lvs.  pinnatifid  to  the  midvein,  segments  linear, 
parallel,  acute;  ped.  1-flowered;  sep.  ovate-lanceolate.—®  An  exceedingly 
delicate  vine,  Penn.  Eaton,  Southern  States  !  generally  cultivated.  Stems  gla- 
brous, very  slender,  twining  and  climbing  to  the  height  of  5  —  lOf.  Flowers 
much  smaller  than  'those  of  the  common  morning  glory,  scarlet,  varying  to 
crimson  and  rose-color.  Trained  upon  twine  it  forms  a  most  delicate  and 
beautiful  awning.  July,  Aug. 

2!  Q..  COCCINEA.  Mcench.     (Ipomaea.  Linn.    Convolvulus.  Spreng.} 

Lvs.  cordate,  acuminate,  entire  or  angular  at  base  ;  ped.  elongated,  about 
5-flowered  ;  cal.  awned.  —  (T)  Southern  States,  naturalized  in  the  Western,  occa- 
sionally cultivated.  Flowers  varying  from  yellow  to  scarlet,  f 

3.   STYLISMA.    Raf. 

The  name  has  reference  to  the  plurality  of  the  styles. 

Sepals  5,  eqtfcl  ;  cor.  campanulate  ;  ovary  2-celled  ;  styles  2,  rarely 
3.  stigmas  thick  ;  sta.  included.  —  ^  Slender,  creeping.  . 

S.  TENELLUS.   Wood.    (S.  evolvuloides.  Choisy.     Convolvulus  tenellus. 

Lam.    C.  Sherardi.  PA.)  —  Dry,  sandy  or  rocky  soils,  Ohio,  to  Flor.    Stem 

long,  prostrate,  branching,  pubescent.     Leaves  lance-linear  or  linear,  obtuse,  1' 

in  length,  with  short  petioles.     Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  1  —  5-flowered. 

Sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  3"  long.     Corolla  'twice  longer,  hairy  outside. 

4.    CALYSTEGIA.     Br. 

Gr.  KO\V%,  calyx,  crreyjy,  a  covering  ;  alluding  to  the  conspicuous  calycine  bracts. 

Calyx  5-parted,  included  in  2  large,  foliaceous  bracts  ;  cor.  cam- 
panulate, 5-plicate  ;  sta.  subequal,  shorter  than  the  limb  ;  ova.  half 
bilocular,  4-ovuled  ;  sty.  simple  ;  stig.  2,  obtuse  ;  caps.  1  -celled,  4-seed- 
ed.  —  Herbs  twining  or  prostrate.  Ped.  \-floicered,  solitary. 

1.  C.  SPITHAMJEUS.  Br.  (Convolvulus.  Linn.  C.  stans.  Michx.}  Erect 
Bindweed.  —  St.  erect  or  assurgent;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  subcordate, 
hoary-pubescent;  ped.  1-flowered,  generally  longer  than  the  leaves.  —  7J.  An 
erect,  downy  species,  (a  span)  8  —  10'  high,  found  in  fields  and  hilly  pastures, 
Can.  to  Penn.,  W.  to  111.  Stem  branching,  leafy,  bearing  one,  often  two  or 
more  large,  white  flowers,  on  peduncles  2—  4'  long,  issuing  from  near  the  root. 
Leaves  2  —  3'  long,  £  as  wide,  oval,  with  an  abrupt,  cordate  base,  and  on  peti- 
oles t  as  long.  Bracts  concealing  the  calyx.  June. 

38 


444  XCIX.   SOL  AN  ACE  ^E. 

2.  C.  SEPIUM.  Br.  (Convolvulus.  Linn.}  Hedge  Calystegia.  Rutland 
Beauty. — St.  twining ;  Ivs.  sagittate,  the  lobes  being  truncate  and  the  apex 
generally  acute;  ped.  quadrangular,  1 -flowered;  bracts  cordate,  much  longer 
than  the  calyx.— 1\.  A  vigorous  climber,  in  hedges  and  .low  grounds,  Can.  to 
Car.,  W.  to  111.  Stems  5— 8f  in  length.  Leaves  cordate-sagittate,  2- — 4  long, 
J  as  wide.  Flowers  numerous,  large,  white,  with  a  reddish  tinge,  appearing 
in  long  succession.  The  bracts  are  so  close  to  the  corolla  as  to  appear  like  the 
calyx  which  they  entirely  conceal.  It  is  cultivated  as  a  shade  for  windows, 
arbors,  &c.  June,  July. 

SUBORDER  2.     CUSCUTE^J. 
Embryo  without  cotyledons.     Leafless,  parasitic  herbs. 

5.   C  U  S  C  tJ  T  A.     Tourn. 

Calyx  5  (rarely  -4)-clefb ;  corolla  globose-campanulate,  4 — 5-cleft, 
marescent ;  stamens  4 — 5,  inserted  upon  the  corolla  at  the  clefts  ; 
stigmas,  2  ;  capsule  2-celled,  circumscissile  at  the  base  ;  cells  2-seeded. 
— Herbs  without  verdure,  germinating  in  the  soil,  at  length  withering  at 
the  root,  and  deriving  their  nourishment  from  other  plants  about  which 
they  twine  from  right  to  left.  Stem  yellowish  or  reddish.  Leaves  none, 
or  minute  scales  instead.  Fls.  variously  aggregated. 

1.  C.  GRONOVII.  Willd.     (C.  Americana.  Linn.    C.  vulgivaga  and  sau- 
ruri.   Eng.y — St.   filiform,  thick;  fls.   densely  glomerate,  in  paniculate 

spikes,  sessile ;  sep.  broad-ovate,  obtusish  ;  cor.  5-cleft,  segments  short,  spread- 
ing or  reflexed,  withering  at  the  base  of  the  capsule  ;  scales  oblong,  fimbriate  ; 
sty.  diverging ;  stig.  capitate. — ®  An  extremely  delicate  vine,  found  in  damp 
places,  by  rivulets,  Can.  and  U.  S.  The  stem  is  smooth,  slender,  3 — 5f  long, 
springing  from  the  soil  at  first,  but  after  having  twined  itself  about  the  low 
plants  in  its  way,  and  becoming  fixed  upon  them  by  its  lateral  radicles,  it  with- 
ers away  at  base,  and  is  henceforth  disconnected  with  the  soil.  It  is  of  a  light 
orange  color,  wholly  destitute  of  green,  furnished  with  a  few  minute  scales, 
branching,  always  turning  from  right  to  left,  or  hanging  in  festoons.  Flowers 
nearly  globose,  about  a  line  long,  and  on  peduncles  of  about  the  same  length. 
Calyx  segments  round-obtuse.  Corolla  twice  as  long,  yellowish-white.  Aug. 

2.  C.  LEPIDANCHE.  Wood.    (C.  glomerata.  Choisy.    L^pidanche  composi- 
tarum.  Engelm.) — St.  filiform ;  fls.  in  compact  masses  surrounding  the 

stem,  sessile,  with  scarious  bracts  intermixed ;  cal.  5-sepaled,  scarious ;  cor. 
tubular-campanulate,  5-lobed,  longer  than  the  calyx,  lobes  lanceolate,  acute, 
spreading  or  reflexed  ;  anth.  elongated ;  scales  fimbriate. — (J)  Abundant  in  Mo., 
111. !  and  la. !  on  the  Labiates,  composites,  &c.  Flowers  about  2"  long,  form- 
ing compact,  cylindrical  masses  while  the  stems  decay,  appearing  as  if  spring- 
ing from  the  stems  of  other  plants.  Corolla  white  and  scarious.  Anthers 
partly  exserted.  July. 

13.  adpressa.  Chois.  (Lepidanche  adpressa.  Eng.}  Bracteate ;  sep.  obtuse 
or  orbicular-ovate. — 111. 

3.  C.  EPiLlNUM.  Weih.     (C.  Europaea.    Darl.  $>  others.}     Flax  Dodder. — 
Fls.  sessile,  in  small,  dense,  remote  heads ;  cal.  5-parted,  segments  rather 

obtuse ;  cor.  globose-cylindric,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx,  withering  around 
the  capsule ;  scales  minute,  crenate-dentate. — ®  Europe,  introduced  into  the 
Mid.  States,  growing  on  flax.  Torr.  Darl.  Stems  reddish-orange.  Flowers 
yellowish-white.  Calyx  thickish ;  stamens  included.  Stigmas  acute.  Cap- 
sule depressed-globose,  surrounded  with  the  withering  corolla.  June. 

ORDER  XCIX.     SOLANACE^B.— NIGHTSHADES. 

Plants  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  with  a  colorless  juice.  Lvs.  alternate,  the  floral  ones  sometimes  collateral 

Inflorescence  often  supra-axillary  ;  pedicels  bractless. 

Cal.— Sepals  4—5,  more  or  less  united,  mostly  persistent. 

Cor.  regular,  limb  4— 5-cleft,  plaited  in  aestivation,  deciduous. 

Sta.  4—5  (sometimes  1  abortive),  inserted  on  the  corolla,  alternate  with  its  segments. 


NICOTIANA.  XC1X.   SOLANACE^E.  445 

Anth.  bursting  longitudinally,  rarely  by  terminal  pores. 

Ova.  free  (superior),  2-celled,  (4-celled  in  Datura)  with  the  placenta  in  the  axis. 

Styles  and  stigmas  united  into  1. 

Fr.  a  capsule  or  berry.    Seeds  numerous.    Embryo  curved,  lying  in  fleshy  albumen. 

Genera  60,  species  900,  diffused  throughout  the  world,  except  the  frigid  zones,  but  most  abundant  in 
.the  torrid. 

Properties.  These  are  highly  important.  A  large  portion  of  the  genera  are  pervaded  by  a  narcotic 
principle,  rendering  the  herbage  and  fruit  dangerously  poisonous,  yet  furnishing  some  of  the  most  active 
medicines;  as  the  henbane  (Hyoscyamus),  belladonna  (Atropa),  ttrtttnanium  (Datura),  tobacco  (Nicoti- 
ana),  &c.  At  the  same  time  several  species  of  Solanum  aflbrd  wholesome  and  nutritious  food,  not 
because  they  are  free  from  the  narcotic  principle,  but  because  it  is  expelled  in  the  process  of  cooking  or 
ripening  in  the  sun.  Such  are  the  tubers  of  the  invaluable  potato,  the  fruit  of  the  tomato  and  egg  plant. 
The  genus  Capsicum  is  entirely  free  from  narcotine,  and  produces  the  well-known  stimulant  fruit, 
Cayenne  pepper. 

Conspectus  oj  trie  Crencra. 

(Fruit       ( sitting  on  the  calyx SoJanum.  8 

rotate,  with  a    <  baccate,  J  enclosed  in  the  calyx.      ...       .       .  Physalis.  6 

very  short  tube.  ( Fruit  capsular,  dry. Capsicum.  7 

\  Sepals  lanceolate- Atropa. 

campanulate.      c  Sepals  leafy,  sagittate Nicandra.  5 

<>  Capsule  spinose Datura.  3 


C  regular, 


Herbs.    (.  Capsule  smooth, Nicotiana.       z 

.     ..  Trailing  shrubs Lycium.        10 

<,  salver- form,  lower  segments  larger Petunia.         1 


funnel-form.   .     (.  Trailing  shru 


,  . 

Corolla  (  irregular,  I  funnel-form,  upper  segments  larger  ........    Hyoscyamtis.  4 

1.   PETUNIA.    Juss. 

The  Brazilian  name  is  petun,  Latinized,  petunia. 

Calyx  tube  short,  the  limb  5-cleft,  foliaceous  ;  corolla  hypocrateri- 
form,  the  tube  cylindric,  limb  in  5,  unequal,  flat,  plicate  lobes  ;  sta- 
mens 5,  unequal,  included,  arising  from  the  middle  of  the  corolla 
tube;  capsule  2-valved.  —  Herbs  with  simple  Ivs.  and  axillary,  solitary, 
showy  fls. 

1.  P.  VIOLACEA.  —  Si.  weak,  viscid-pilose;  Ivs.  acute,  on  short  petioles;  cor. 
ventricose,  cleft  into  rounded,  acute  lobes.  —  ®  (§)  A  pretty,  trailing  or  climbing 
plant,  becoming  quite  popular  in  cultivation,  native  of  Brazil.     Whole  plant 
clothed  with  clammy  hairs.     Stems  simple,  several  from  the  same  root,  2  —  8f 
long.     Leaves  1  —  2'  long,  nearly  as  broad,  tapering  at  base  into  a  winged  peti- 
ole, fleshy,  nearly  smooth  beneath.     Sepals  obtuse.     Peduncles  as  long  as  the 
leaves,  and  scarcely  longer  than  the  corolla  tube.     Limb  of  the  corolla  bright 
purple,  an  inch  or  more  broad,  upper  segment  smallest.     Capsule  furnished 
with  a  tube  each  side  of  the  sutures. 

2.  P.  ALBA.  —  St.  weak,  viscid-pilose  ;  Ivs.  ovate,  acute,  upper  ones  sessile  ; 
cor.  tube  cylindric,  scarcely  dilated  above,  2  or  3  times  longer  than  the  obtuse, 
spatulate  sepals,  limb  flat,  spreading,  greenish-white.  —  (£)  (g)  Brazil.     Usually 
regarded  as  a  variety  of  the  first,  and  perhaps  it  may  have  originated  from  that 
species  by  cultivation.    It  is  usually  a  stouter  plant,  with  larger  leaves  and 
flowers,  the  latter  constantly  yellowish  or  greenish-  white,  with  a  long,  slender 
tube. 

2.  NICOTIANA.  Toum. 

In  honor?  of  John  Nicot,  of  Languedoc,  who  seems  to  have  introduced  it  into  Europe. 

Calyx  urceolate,  5-cleft  ;  corolla  infundibuliform,  regular,  limb 
5-lobed  ;  stamens  5  :  stigma  emarginate  ;  capsule  2-celled,  2  —  4 
valved.  —  CD  Coarse,  narcotic  herbs,  with  simple  Ivs.  and  terminal  fls. 
Cor.  white,tinged  with  green  or  pur  ph. 

1.  N.  RTJSTICA.     Common  Tobacco. 

Viscid-pubescent  ;  ITS.  petioled,  ovate,  entire  ;  tube  of  the  cor.  cylindric, 
longer  than  the  calyx,  segments  round,  obtuse.  —  For  the  purposes  of  tobacco 
this  plant  is  considered  inferior  to  the  Virginian.  Stem  12  —  18'  high.  Flowers 
greenish-yellow,  in  a  terminal  panicle  or  raceme.  In  western  N.  Y.,  &c.,  said 
to  have  been  introduced  by  the  Indians.  Aug.  § 

2.  N.  TABACUM.     Virginian  Tobacco. 

Viscid-pubescent  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  sessile,  decurrent  ;  cor.  tube  inflated  at 
the  throat,  lobes  acute.  —  Native  of  Central  America,  particularly  the  Island  of 
Tobago,  and  the  Province  of  Tabasco  in  Mexico,  whence  it  was  first  exported 


446  XCIX.   SOLANACE.E.  NICANDIU. 

to  Europe,  1586.  It  is  extensively  cultivated  in  the  Middle  and  Western 
States,  and  is  exported  in  vast  quantities.  Stem  4 — 6f  high,  paniculate  above. 
Leaves  1 — 2f  by  £ — If  entire.  Flowers  rose-color,  not  inelegant.  July. 

Obs.— Sir  "Walter  Raleigh  has  the  honor  of  first  introducing  the  practice  of  smoking  into  England,  more 
than  200  years  ago,  and  in  his  house  at  Islington  is  still  to  be  seen  a  shield  bearing  his  arms,  with  a  tobacco 
plant  at  the  top.  London.  The  use  of  this  nauseous  weed  has  bec6me  almost  universal,  and  furnishes 
a  striking  illustration  of  the  force  of  habit.  Its  first  use,  whether  smoked  or  chewed,  produces  a  deadly 
sickness ;  and  it  is  only  by  repeated  and  painful  trials  that  it  can  be  tolerated.  At  length,  however,  it 
becomes  so  necessary  to  the  comfort  of  its  victim,  that,  at  all  times  and  places,  its  precious  smoke  or 
extract  must  be  flowing  continually  from  his  mouth.  Taken  into  the  stomach,  it  is  a  powerful  narcotic 
poison.  July. 

3.   DATURA. 

An  alteration  of  the  Arabic  name  Tatorah. 

Calyx  large,  tubular,  ventricose.  5-angled,  deciduous,  with  a  persis- 
tent, orbicular,  peltate  base  ;  corolla  infundibuliform,  tube  cylindric, 
long,  limb  5-angled  and  plaited  ;  stamens  5  ;  stigma  obtuse,  bilamel- 
late ;  capsule  2-celled,  4-valved  ;  cells  2 — 3-parted. — (D  herbs,  with 
bluish-white  or  purple,  solitary,  axillary  Jlowers. 

1.  D.  STRAMONIUM.     Thorn  Apple. 

St.  dichotomous ;  Ivs.  ovate,  smooth,  angular-dentate ;  caps,  spiny,  erect. — 
A  well-known  poisonous  plant,  growing  among  rubbish  in  waste  places.  Stem 
about  3f  high,  smooth,  hollow.  Leaves  large,  situated  at  the  base  of  the  dichoto- 
mous branches,  their  sides  unequal,  with  large,  irregular  teeth  and  sinuses. 
Flowers  solitary,  axillary;  corolla  funnel-shaped,  with  a  long  tube  and  a  plaited, 
5-toothed  border,  the  color  white  with  a  slight  tinge  of  purple.  Fruit  egg-shaped, 
the  size  of  a  small  apple,  covered  with  spines.  Aug. — Every  part  is  poisonous, 
but,  when  used  with  certain  restrictions,  is  a  useful  medicine  for  asthma,  &c.  § 
/?.  Tatula.  St.  and_/?s.  purple. — This  variety  has  advanced  along  the  national 
road  to  la.,  Piummer!  and  111.,  Mead. 

2.  D.  METEL. 

bvs.  cordate,  nearly  entire,  pubescent ;  fr.  prickly,  globose,  nodding. — 
Banks  of  the  Ohio,  Locke.  Doubtless  introduced,  having  escaped  from  gardens. 
Plant  2f  high.  Flowers  white.  §  f 

4.   HYOSCYAMUS.    Tourn. 

Gr.  v$,  voj ,  a  pig,   and   Kva/ios,  bean ;  the  fruit  is  said  to  be  not  poisonous  to  swine. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft ;  corolla  infundibuliform,  irregular  ;  one  of 
the  5,  obtuse  lobes  larger ;  stamens  5,  declinate ;  stigma  capitate ; 
capsule  ovoid,  2-celled,  opening  with  a  lid  near  the  summit. —  Coarse, 
weed-like  kerbs,  native  in  eastern  countries. 

H.  NIGER.     Common  Henbane. 

St.  branching,  erect,  very  leafy ;  Ivs.  sinuate,  clasping ;  fls.  sessile. — @  A 
tall,  well  known,  icetid  weed,  growing  about  the  rubbish  of  old  houses,  road- 
sides, &c.  The  whole  plant  is  hairy,  viscid,  and  of  a  sea-green  hue,  emitting 
a  Icetid  odor.  Stem  2f  high,  round.  Leaves  large,  oblong,  cut  into  acute,  sinu- 
ate lobes.  Flowers  in  terminal,  one-sided  spikes ;  the  corolla  straw-color,  finely 
reticulated  with  dark  purple  veins.  The  whole  plant  is  reputed  poisonous,  but 
has  long  been  regarded  as  an  excellent  medicine  in  nervous  diseases,  coughs, 
convulsions,  &c.  Jl.  §  fc 

5.   NICANDRA.     Adans. 
In  honor  of  Nicander,  a  Greek  physician,  who  lived  about  50  years  B.  C. 

.  Calyx  5-cleft,  5-angled,  the  angles  compressed,  sepals  sagittate  ; 
corolla  campanulate  ;  stamens  5,  incurved  ;  berry  3 — 5-celled,  en- 
veloped in  the  persistent  calyx. — (D  Peruvian  herbs. 

N.  PHYSALolDEs.  Adans.  (Atropa  physaloides.  Linn.)  Apple  of  Peru. — St. 
herbaceous ;  Irs.  glabrous,  sinuate,  angular ;  fls.  solitary,  axillary,  on  short  pe- 
duncles; cat.  closed  with  the  angles  very  acute. — Native  of  Peru,  cultivated  in 
gardens,  from  whence  it  has  in  a  few  instances  strayed  into  the  neighboring 


CAPSICUM.  XCIX.    SOLANACE^E.  447 

fields.  It  is  a  large,  coarse  herb,  2 — 5f  high,  very  branching.  Leaves  large, 
oblong,  decurrent.  Corolla  slightly  lobed,  pale  blue,  white  and  with  5  blue  spots 
in  the  centre.  July — Sept.  § 

6.   PHYSlLIS. 

GT.  <pv<n$j  a.  bladder ;  the  inflated  calyx  enclosing  the  fruit. 

Calyx  5-eleft,  persistent,  at  length  ventricose  ;  corolla  campanu- 
late-rotate,  tube  very  short,  limb  obscurely  5-lobed  ;  stamens  5,  con- 
nivent ;  berry  globose,  enclosed  within  the  inflated,  5-angled,  colored 
calyx. — Herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  with  axillary  or  supra-axillary  flowers. 

1.  P.  VISCOSA.  Aikin.   (P.  viscosa,  obscura,  pubescens,  Pennsylvanica  and 
Philadelphica,  of  authors.}    Yellow  Henbane.    Ground  Cherry. — Pubescent; 

st.  decumbent,  herbaceous ;  branches  somewhat  dichotomous  and  angular ;  Ivs. 
solitary  or  in  pairs,  ovate,  more  or  less  cordate,  repand-toothed  or  entire  ;  Jis. 
solitary,  axillary,  pendulous. — Dry  fields,  roadsides,  &c.  Stem  more  or  less 
decumbent,  about  a  foot  high,  often  viscid  as  well  as  the  whole  plant.  Leaves 
very  variable  in  the  same  plant,  1 — M  long,  of  J,  f ,  or  even  of  equal  breadth, 
acute,  acuminate,  or  often  obtuse  at  the  apex,  often  abrupt  at  base,  sometimes 
nearly  or  quite  entire  on  the  margin,  twice  as  long  as  the  petioles ;  when  in 
pairs  one  of  them  is  much  smaller.  Corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  green- 
ish-yellow, with  5  brownish  spots  at  base  inside.  Fruit  yellow  or  orange-colored, 
not  unpleasant  to  the  taste,  enclosed  in  the  enlarged,  inflated,  angular  calyx.  Jl. 
a.  Lvs.  somewhat  viscid,  oval,  subcordate,  geminate. 

0.  (P.  Pennsylvanica.  Linn.)    Lvs.  ovate  and  lance-ovate,  subentire,  nearly 
smooth,  geminate. 

y.  (P.  obscura.  Michx.)    Lvs.  pubescent,  broad-ovate,  subcordate,  subsolitary. 

Obs.— Many  other  varieties  have  been  noticed  as  species,  but  having  examined  specimens  in  numerous 
localities,  1  am  but  confirmed  in  concurring  with  Dr.  Aikin  in  the  above  view. 

2.  P.  LANCEOLATA.  Michx.  Lance-leaved  Physalis. 

St.  herbaceous,  dichotomously  branched,  densely  pubescent ;  Ivs.  mostly 
in  pairs,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire,  unequal  at  base  ;  fls.  solitary,  nod- 
ding ;  col.  villose. — 7J.  Penn.,  Western  States,  S.  to  Ga.  Stem  1— 2f  high. 
Leaves  3 — 6'  by  1| — 3',  often  very  unequal  at  base.  Flowers  nodding.  Calyx 
half-cleft,  with  lanceolate,  acuminate  segments.  Corolla  pale  greenish-yellow, 
with  dark  spots  at  base.  JL-  Darl.  Fl.  Cest,  p.  139.— I  strongly  suspect  this  to 
be  only  another  variety  of  the  preceding. 

P.  ALKEKENGI.  Winter  Cherry. — St.  somewhat  branching  below ;  Ivs.  in  pairs, 
entire,  acute ;  col.  of  the  fruit  red  or  reddish. — Native  of  S.  Europe,  cultivated 
for  ornament.  Plant  about  a  foot  high.  Flowers  white.  Berries  acid  and 
somewhat  bitter.  | 

7.   CAPSICUM.     Tourn. 

Gr.  KaTrrw,  to  bite ;  from  the  acridity  of  the  fruit. 

Calyx  erect,  5-cleft,  persistent ;  cor.  rotate,  tube  very  short,  limb 
plaited,  5-lobed ;  anth.  connivent ;  fr.  capsular,  dry,  inflated,  2 — 3- 
celled  ;  seeds  flat,  very  acrid. — A  large  genus  of  herbaceous  or  shrubby 
plants,  pervaded  by  a  heating,  acrid  principle.  Lvs.  often  in  pairs. 
Ped.  axillary,  solitary. 

1.  C.   ANNUCM.     Red  Pepper.     Cayenne   Pepper. — St.   herbaceous,  angular, 
branching  above ;  Ivs.  ovate,  acuminate,  entire,  petiolate,  glabrous ;  ped.  smooth, 
axillary ;  col.  angular,  with  short,  acute  lobes ;  cor.  lobes  spreading,  longer  than 
the  stamens;  berry  oblong  or  subglobose,  red. — ®  India.     Cultivated  for  its 
fruit,  whose  stimulant  properties  are  well  known. — There  are  in  gardens  seve- 
ral varieties  .in  respect  to  the  fruit,     a.  The  long,  or  Cayenne,  /?.  the  depressed- 
globose  or  squash  pepper,  best  for  pickling,  y.  the  cherry  pepper,  used  for  pep- 
per-sauce and  in  seasoning  meat,  <J.  the  sweet  Spanish  pepper,  used  as  a  salad. — 
Sown  in  March  in  hot-beds,  transplanted  in  May.  Kcnrick,   Am.  Orch.,  p.  374.  \ 


448  XCIX.   SOLANACE^E.  SOLANUM. 

8.   SOLANUM. 

Calyx  5 — 10-parted,  persistent ;  cor.  rotate,  subcampanulate,  tube 
very  short,  limb  plicate,  5 — 10-lobed;  anth.  erect,  slightly  cohering 
or  connivent,  opening  at  the  top  by  2  pores ;  berry  2 — 6-celled,  sub- 
globose  or  depressed,  often  torose  ;  seeds  00. — Herbs  or  shrubs,  un 
armed  or  prickly.  Lvs.  sometimes  geminate,  pinnatifid  or  undivided. 
Ped.  solitary  or  several,  1 — QQ-Jlowered. 

§  1.  Berry  2-celled.     Stem  and  leaves  unarmed. 

1.  S.  DULCAMARA.  Bittersweet.     Woody  Nightshade. 

St.  shrubby,  fiexuous,  thornless ;  Ivs.  ovate-cordate,  upper  ones  hastate ; 
clusters  cymose. — A  well-known,  shrubby  climber,  with  blue  flowers  and  red 
berries,  N.  Eng.  to  Ark.  Stem  branching,  several  feet  in  length,  climbing 
about  hedges  and  thickets  in  low  grounds.  Lower  leaves  entire ;  the  upper 
ones  becoming  auriculate  or  hastate.  Flowers  drooping,  on  branching  pedun- 
cles from  the  side  of  the  stem.  Corolla  of  5  reflexed  segments,  purple,  with  2 
green  spots  at  the  base  of  each  segment.  Berries  bright  red.  The  root  being 
chewed,  gives  at  first  a  sensation  of  bitterness,  then  of  sweetness.  The  ber- 
ries are  poisonous.  The  leaves  and  twigs  have  been  used  medicinally  with 
good  effect.  July. 

2.  S.  NIGRUM.  /?.  Virginicum.     Black  Nightshade. 

St.  herbaceous,  thornless;  Ivs.  ovate,  toothed  and  waved;  umbels  lateral, 
drooping. — (g)  A  weed-like  plant  without  beauty  and  of  suspicious  aspect, 
about  rubbish,  in  old  fields,  N.  and  W.  States.  Stem  erect,  branching,  angu- 
lar, a  foot  high.  Leaves  almost  always  with  the  lamina  perforated  and  the 
margin  erose  as  if  gnawed  by  insects.  Peduncles  branching  into  a  sort  of  um- 
bel, from  the  side  of  the  stem,  generally  remote  from  the  leaves.  Flowers 
white,  anthers  yellow.  Berries  globose,  black.  It  is  reputed  poisonous,  but  is 
used  medicinally.  Flowers  in  summer. 

3.  S.  TUBEROSUM.     Common  Potato. — fit.  tuberous ;  st.  herbaceous ;  segments 
of  the  Ivs.  unequal,  the  alternate  ones  minute  ;fls.  subcorymbed;  cor.  5-angled. — 
(§)  This  most  valuable  plant  is  supposed  to  be  a  native  of  S.  America,  where 
it  still  grows  wild.     Although  it  now  constitutes  so  large  a  portion  of  the  food 
of  civilized  man,  it  was  scarcely  known  until  the  17th  century,  and  was  not 
extensively  cultivated  before  the  middle  of  the  18th.     The  varieties  of  the  po- 
tato are  very  numerous,  differing  in  their  time  of  ripening,  quality,  color,  form, 
size.  &c.    New  varieties  are  readily  procured  by  sowing  the  seeds,  which,  with 
care,  will  produce  good  tubers  the  third  year.     Potatoes  thus  reared,  are  now 
thought  to  be  less  liable  to  the  "  potato  rot."  ^ 

4.  S.  PSEUDO-CAPSICUM.     Jerusalem  Cherry. — St.  shrubby ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceo- 
late, subrepand;  ped.  1-flowered,  opposite  the  leaves. — Tj  A  small,  ornamental 
shrub,  native  of  Madeira,  cultivated.     Stem  2 — 4f  high,  branching  into  a  sym- 
metrical summit.     Leaves  dark  evergreen,  smooth  and  shining,  about  2'  long. 
Flowers  white,  with  orange  anthers,  drooping,  succeeded  by  a  few  scarlet,  glo- 
bose berries  of  the  size  of  small  cherries,  f 

§  2.  Berry  2-celled.    Stems  and  leaves  prickly. 

5.  S.  CAROLINENSE.     Horse  Nettle. 

St.  and  petioles  aculeate ;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  petiolate,  strigose,  angular- 
lobate,  acute,  midvein  beneath  with  a  few  spines ;  roc.  loose,  supra-axillary, 
few-flowered ;  berries  globose. — 7J.  Roadsides,  &c.,  Penn.  to  Car. !  W.  to  la. ! 
and  111. !  A  rough  weed,  1 — 2f  high,  armed  with  straw-colored,  scattered 
prickles.  Leaves  4 — 6'  by  2 — 3',  usually  in  unequal  pairs,  with  a  few  large, 
repand  lobes  or  teeth.  Flowers  white,  lateral  and  terminal.  Corolla  white, 
12 — 15"  diam.  Berries  yellowish.  June. 

6.  S.  MELONGENA.  (S.  insanum.  L.)  Egg  Plant. — St.  prickly ;  Ivs.  ovate, 
subsinuate,  downy,  prickly ;  fls.  many-parted.—®  An  herbaceous,  branching 
plant,  about  2f  high.  The  fruit,  with  which  it  is  heavily  laden,  consists  of 
?gg-shaped  berries,  from  the  size  of  an  egg  to  that  of  an  ordinary  water  melon, 


LYCIUM.  XCIX.    SOLAN ACE^E.  449 

smooth,  and  of  a  glossy  purple.  It  is  prepared  for  food  in  various  ways,  and 
considered  wholesome  and  delicious  eating.  Like  the  tomato,  it  is  cultivated 
from  the  seed  sown  early  in  warm,  dry  and  mellow  soil.  £ 

/?.  Fr.  smaller,  white. — Cultivated  for  the  curiosity  of  the  fruit,  which  when 
ripe  can  scarcely  be  distinguished  by  its  appearance  from  a  hen's  egg. 

§  3.  Berries  3 — 6-celled,  often  torose. 

7.  S.  LYCOPERSICUM.  Tomato. — Hairy;  st.  herbaceous,  weak;  Ivs.  unequal- 
ly pinnatifid,  segments  cut,  glaucous  beneath ;  fr.  torulose,  furrowed,  smooth. — 
(1)  This  plant  resembles  the  potato  in  its  general  aspect.  It  grows  3 — 4f  high, 
with  jagged  leaves,  greenish-yellow  flowers,  and  an  unpleasant  odor.  The 
fruit  is  large  and  abundant,  with  acute  furrows,  at  first  green,  becoming  when 
ripe  of  a  beautiful  red.  This  plant  has  come  into  high  repute,  and  its  cultiva- 
tion is  rapidly  extending.  The  fruit  is  prepared  in  various  ways,  for  sauces, 
stews,  &c.,  having  an  agreeable  acid  taste.  | 

Obs.—  Cultivation  has  produced  numerous  varieties.  One  has  large,  torulose,  bright-yellow  fruit; 
another  has  small,  globose,  golden-yellow  fruit,  not  torulose;  the  fruit  of  a  third  is  small,  pear-shaped, 
less  juicy,  &c. 

9.  ATRtfPA. 

Name  of  one  of  the  three  Fates  in  Grecian  mythology,  whose  office  was  to  cut  the  thread  of  human  life. 

Calyx  persistent,  5-cleft ;  corolla  campanulate  ;  stamens  5,  distant ; 
berry  globose,  2-celled,  sitting  on  the  calyx. — Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees, 
natives  of  the  Old  World. 

A.  BELLADONNA.  Deadly  Nightshade. — St.  herbaceous ;  Ivs.  ovate,  entire ; 
berries  black. — This  foreigner  is  far  less  repulsive  in  its  appearance  than  most 
others  of  its  order.  The  lurid,  pale  purple  of  the  flower,  indeed,  looks  suspi- 
cious, but  not  its  smell ;  nor  is  there  any  warning  of  its  deadly  nature  given 
by  the  aspect,  taste  or  smell  of  the  berries,  which  are  larger  than  cherries,  round, 
green,  at  length  of  a  fine  glossy  black,  full  of  a  purple  juice.  Stem  5f  high, 
branching  below,  and  with  the  large  leaves,  inclines  more  or  less  to  a  purplish 
hue.  Every  part  of  the  plant,  especially  the  berries,  is  poisonous,  f 

10.  LYCIUM. 

Named  from  Lycia,  the  native  country  of  the  original  species. 

Calyx  2 — 5-cleft,  short ;  corolla  tubular,  limb  mostly  5-lobed, 
spreading,  orifice  closed  by  the  beard  of  the  filaments ;  stamens  4 — 
5,  exserted ;  berry  2-celled ;  seeds  several,  reniform. — Shrubs,  the 
branches  ending  in  a  spinose  point,  and  often  having  axillary  spines. 
Fls.  axillary,  solitary,  or  in  pairs. 

L.  BARBARUM.  Matrimony  Vine. — St.  angular;  branches  long,  pendulous, 
somewhat  spiny ;  Ivs.  often  fasciculate,  lanceolate ;  cal.  mostly  3-cleft. — Native 
of  Barbary,  cultivated  and  nearly  naturalized.  It  is  a  shrub,  with  long,  slen- 
der, trailing  or  hanging  branches  which  overspread  walls,  &c.,  with  a  thick, 
tangled  mass.  Leaves  smooth,  3  times  as  long  as  wide,  often  broadest  above, 
acute  or  obtuse,  tapering  into  a  petiole.  Flowers  greenish-purple.  Berries 
orange-red,  f 


450 


C.   GENTJANACE^S. 


SABBATIA. 


ORDER   C.     GENTIANACE^B. 

Plants  herbaceous,  rarely  shrubby,  generally  smooth,  sometimes  twining.    Juice  colorless. 

Lvs.  opposite,  entire  ami  smooth.    Stip.  0. 

FIs.  conspicuous,  terminal  or  axillary,  regular  or  sometimes  irregular. 

Cal.—  Sepals  4—5—10,  united  at  base,  persistent. 

Cor.  usually  regular,  limb  divided  into  as  many  lobes  as  there  are  sepals,  mostly  twisted  in  aestivation. 

Sta.  issuing  from  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  as 
many  as  its  lobes  and  alternate  with 
them. 

Ova.  l-celled,  sometimes  rendered  appar- 
ently 2-celled  by  the  introflexed  pla- 
centse. 

Sty.  united  into  I,  or  wanting.    Stig.  1—2. 
Fr.  Capsule  many-seeded.     Seeds  small. 
Embryo  straight,  with  fleshy  albu- 
men, 

Genera  60,  species  450,  found  in  every 
part  of  the  world. 

Properties.—  An  intensely  bitter  princi- 
ple, railed  gcntianine,  pervades  the  whole 
order  without  exception,  residing  in  every 
part,  rendering  them  tonic  and  febrifugal. 
The  gentian  of  the  shops  is  most  com- 
monly the  product  of  Gentiana  lutea,  but 
almost  any  of  our  species  may  be  substitut- 
ed tor  it.  (Dr.  Gray.)  In  the  other  genera 
of  the  order,  the  buck-bean  (Menyanthes 
trifoliutii),  Limnanthemum  nymphoides, 
Sabbatia  angularis,  Frasera  Carolinensis, 
&c.,are  valued  in  medicine  for  the  same 
properties.  Many  are  cultivated  for  orna- 
ment 

FIG.  53.—  1.  Gentiana  Saponaria.  2.  The 
calyx  and  capsule.-  3.  The  corolla  laid 
open,  showing  the  folds  (2-lobed)  between 
the  proper  petals,  and  the  stamens  attached 
at  base.  4.  Capsule  cut  across.  5.  Seed 
magnified,  with  its  large,  loose  testa. 


Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(  Petals  5,  or  4  and  fringed. 
(  Anthers  <  Pet.  4,  $  Sep.  4,  subulate. 
<  straight.  (  entire.  (.  Sep.  9,  leaf-like. 
( tubular.  (  Anthers  spirally  twisted.     . 
(Corolla  with-  \  $  Petals  with  no  gland. 

<  out  horns,  .  .  (  rotate.    ( Petals  with  a  glandular  pit. 
'opposite.  (  Corolla  without  4  horns  at  base. 


Gentiana. 

Cicendta. 

Obolaria. 

Erythraa. 

Saubatia. 

Swertia. 

Halenia. 


verticillate  in  whorls  of  4s,  5s  and  6s Frasera. 


Leaves 


\  none,  or  reduced  to  small  opposite  scales  ........    Centaurella. 

A  simple,  floating  in  water  ......    Limnanthemu/m.  10 

I  alternate  and  radical,  i  trifoliate  ..........    Menyanthes.          11 

TRIBE  1.    Corolla  imbricate  from  right  to  left  in  oestivation.    Testa  of  the  seed 

membranaeeous.    Terrestrial  herbs  with  opposite  leaves. 

1.   SABBATIA.    Adans. 

In  honor  of  Sabbati,  a  distinguished  Italian  botanical  author. 

Calyx  5  —  12-parted;  corolla  rotate,  limb  5  —  12-parted  ;  stamens 
5(  —  12)  ;  anthers  erect,  at  length  recurved,  2-celled,  cells  distinct  ; 
stigma  2-parted,  with  spiral  divisions  ;  capsule  l-celled,  the  valves 
a  little  introfle'xed.  —  ©  Slender  herbs,  with  pedicellate,  mostly  ^oseatejls. 
Native  of  the  temperate  regions  of  North  America. 

1.  S.  GRACILIS.  Salisb.     (S.  campanulata.   Torr.    Chironia.  Linn.} 

St.  slightly  angular,  internodes  twice  longer  than  the  leaves;  branch 
alternate,  spreading;  Ivs.  linear  and  lance-linear,  the  lowest  lance-ovate;  pani- 
ck  few-flowered;  col.  segments  linear-setaceous,  about  equaling  the  corolla; 
cor.  5-parted,  lobes  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse.  —  Wet  meadows,  Penn.  to  Flor.,  W. 
to  Ky.  Stem  a  foot  high,  with  long,  diverging  branches.  Flowers  terminal, 
subsolitary,  purple,  on  long  peduncles.  July,  Aug. 

2.  S.  CORYMBOSA.    Baldwin.     (S.  paniculata.  a.  PK.    Chironia.   Walter. 
Swertia.  Linn.}  —  St.  slightly  4-angled,  internodes  twice  longer  than  the 

leaves  ;  branches  opposite  •  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  3-veined,  acutisli,  upper  ones 


ERYTHRJSA.  C.   GENTIANACE^.  451 

lanceolate;  cyme  fastigiate,  terminal;  sep.  linear,  3  times  shorter  than  the 
corolla  ;  cor.  5 — 6-parted,  white,  lobes  obovate-oblong,  obtuse. — Pine  barrens, 
N.  J.  to  Ga.  Stem  a  foot  high,  branching  near  the  summit.  Leaves  an  inch 
in  length,  closely  sessile.  Flowers  few,  generally  pentamerous. 

3.  S.  CONCINNA.  Wood.     (Nov.  sp.)    Elegant  Star  Flower. 

St.  slender,  subquadrangular,  internodes  2 — 4  times  longer  than  the  leaves ; 
branches  opposite,  suberect;  Ivs.  linear  and  lance-linear,  lower  ones  ovate,  all 
acutish,  sessile ;  panicle  oblong ;  cat.  segments  linear,  twice  longer  than  the 
tube,  twice  shorter  than  the  corolla ;  cor.  5-parted,  segments  oblong-obovate, 
obtuse,  light  purple. — Dry,  grassy  prairies,  la. !  abundant.  Stem  a  foot  high, 
few  or  many-flowered.  Leaves  9—12"  by  I — 3",  Flowers  15"  diam.,  of  a  deli- 
cate blush-purple,  the  star  in  the  centre  yellow,  bordered  with  green.  Jl.  Aug. 

4.  S.  STELLARIS.  Ph.     (S.  gracilis.  Ell.    Chironia  amoena.  Raf.) 

St.  erect,  terete  ;  branches  dichotomous,  elongated,  1-flowered ;  Ivs.  lanceo- 
late, acute,  seg.  of  the  ecJl.  subulate,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  seg.  of  the  cor. 
obovate.— Frequent  in  salt  marshes,  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  Stems  somewhat  angular, 
12 — 18'  high,  with  many  forked  divisions,  forming  a  sort  of  loose  corymb. 
Leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  1 — 2'  long,  sessile.  Flowers  rose-color,  with  a  yellow 
star  in  the  centre  bordered  with  a  purple  ring.  Aug. 

5.  S.  CALYCOSA.  Ph.     (Chironia  dichotoma.   Walter.) 

St.  erect,  leafy,  few-flowered ;  Ivs.  oblong,  3-veined,  obtuse ;  fls.  solitary, 
7 — 9-parted ;  col.  leafy,  longer  than  the  corolla ;  pet.  oblanceolate. — Fields  and 
meadows,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  Stem  a  foot  high,  subangular,  with  a  few  axillary, 
spreading  branches.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  sessile,  mostly  obtuse,  oval,  thin.  Flow- 
ers large,  terminal,  often  solitary,  variable  in  the  number  of  its  parts,  but  mostly 
in  7s.  Corolla  pyik-colored.  Sepals  acute.  This  species  is  quite  variable. 

6.  S.  ANGULARIS.  Ph.     (Chironia.  Linn.}    Angular-stemmed  Star  Fl. 

St.  quadrangular,  with  winged  angles ;  Ivs.  ovate,  amplexicaul,  5-veined ; 
panicle  corymbose;  ped.  elongated;  sep.  lance-linear,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla, 
distinct  almost  to  the  base ;  cor.  segments  obovate,  obtuse. — Wet  meadows  and 
prairies,  Can.  to  Car.  and  Ark.  Stem  10 — 18'  high,  much  branched,  branches 
opposite.  Leaves  closely  embracing  the  stem,  1 — 2'  by  i — !£',  as  long  as  the 
internodes  or  often  shorter.  Flowers  numerous,  1$ — !£'  diam.,  deep  rose-color, 
the  star  in  the  centre  greenish.  July,  Aug. 

7.  S.  CHLOROIDES.  Ph.    (Chironia  dodecandra.  Linn.) 

St.  slender,  weak,  angular ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  erect ;  branches  few,  1-flower- 
ed ;  fls.  7 — 12-parted  ;  sep.  linear,  shorter  than  the  corolla. — An  elegant  plant, 
with  large,  showy  flowers,  in  wet  grounds,  Mass.,  R.  I. !  to  Car.  The  stem  is 
2 — 3f  high,  somewhat  angular,  with  few,  opposite,  spreading  branches.  Leaves 
1 — !£'  long,  opposite,  entire,  smooth,  closely  sessile,  acute,  veinless.  Flowers 
solitary,  terminal.  Corolla  nearly  2'  diam.,  much  larger  than  the  calyx,  bright 
purple,  with  a  yellow  base,  segments  spatulate,  rounded  at  end,  varying  in 
number  with  the  other  parts  of  the  flower.  June. 

Obs.  The  species  of  this  genus  are  very  ornamental,  some  of  them  perhaps  among  the  most  beautiful 
of  our  native  plants. 

2.   ERYTHR^SA.  Renealm. 

Gr.  spvSpos  red ;  from  the  color  of  the  flowers. 

Calyx  5,  rarely  4-parted  ;  cor.  infundibuliform,  twisted  and  wither- 
ing above  the  capsule,  tube  cylindric,  limb  5 — 4-parted  ;  sta.  5 — 4, 
inserted  near  the  top  of  the  tube  ;  anth.  exserted,  spirally  twisted ; 
sty.  1  ;  stig.  bilamellate  or  capitate ;  caps.  2-valved,  1  or  partly  2- 
celled. — ©  St.  subangular.  Lvs.  connate  at  base.  Fls.  cymose,  roseate, 
white  or  yellow. 

1.  E,  MUHLENBERGII.  Griseb.    (E.  Centaurium.  Beck  ?  E.  pulchella.  Hook. 

Chironia  dubia.  WilldJ) — St.  simple  below,  dichotomously  branched  above ; 
Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  obtusish ;  cymes  loose,  dichotomous ;  fls.  pedicellate  ;  cor.  tube 
a  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  segments  oblong-lanceolate,  acutish. — N.  Y., 
Penn.  Very  rare.  Stem  3—8'  high,  1 — 3  times  forked,  sometimes  with  oppo 


452  C.    GENTIANACEJE.  GENTIANA. 

site  or  brachiate  branches.  Leaves  4 — 7"  by  1 — 3",  closely  sessile.  Flowers 
lateral  and  terminal  and  central,  the  pedicels  in  the  forks  near  £'  long,  the 
others  shorter.  Corolla  bright  purple,  tube  yellowish-green,  slender,  persistent 
and  withering  on  the  caps  ale.  July — Sept. 

2.  E.  PICKERINGII.  Oakes.     Pickering's  Erythr&a. 

St.  dichotomously  branched,  erect ;  Ivs.  clasping  and  slightly  decurrent, 
lower  ones  oval,  obtuse,  upper  lanceolate,  acute ;  fls.  sessile,  mostly  lateral  on 
the  long  branches;  sep.  linear,  acute,  erect;  cor.  tube  slender,  contracted  at  the 
neck,  lobes  spreading,  obtuse ;  anth.  linear-oblong,  finally  twisting  outwards. — 
(1)  Coast  of  Maryland.  Dr.  Pickering.  Sandy  margins  of  the  sea-shore,  Nan- 
tucket,  Mr.  Oakes.  Whole  plant  very  smooth  and  intensely  bitter,  6 — 12'  high. 
Leaves  1'  long,  fleshy,  pale  green.  Corolla  8"  long,  rose  or  nearly  white. 

3.   CICENDIA.  Adans. 

Calyx  4 — 5-parted ;  cor.  infundibuliform,  marescent,  tube  cylin- 
dric,  limb  4 — 5-parted ;  sta.  4 — 5,  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the 
corolla  ;  anth.  erect,  roundish,  scarcely  exserted  ;  sty.  deciduous ; 
stig.  capitate  ;  caps.  1  or  partly  2-celled,  2-valved. — ©  Low  herbs,  with 
yellow  or  rose-colored  flowers. 

C.  1  PULCHELLA.  Griseb.     (Exacum.  Pfi.} 

Lower  Ivs.  suborbicular,  upper  subulate;  panicle  corymbose;  ped.  filiform; 
cal.  4-parted,  segments  subulate. — Sea  coast,  N.  J.  This  plant  appears  not  to 
have  been  detected  by  any  botanist  since  Pursh,  and  from  his  brief  description 
it  is  impossible  to  ascertain  its  true  position  in  the  order. 

4.   OBOLARIA. 

Gr.  o/?oAos,  a  small  coin,  with  which  the  leaves  of  these  plants  are  compared. 

Calyx  of  2  cuneate-oblong  sepals  or  bracts  ;  corolla  tubular-cam- 
panulate,  marescent,  4-cleft,  lobes  entire  or  crenulate ;  stain,  inserted 
on  the  corolla  at  the  clefts;  stigma  subcapitate,  bifid;  capsule  1- 
celled,  2-valved  ;  seeds  00,  very  minute. — %  Leaves  opposite.  Fls. 
axillary  aud  terminal,  sessile,  with  leaf-like  sepals. 

0.  VIRGINICA.     Penny-wort. 

Penru  to  Car.,  W.  to  Ky.,  in  woods.  Stem  4 — 8'  high,  often  in  clusters, 
subsimple  or  with  a  few  opposite  branches  above.  Leaves  cuneate-obovate  or 
roundish-rhomboidal,  sessile  and  decurrent  at  base,  fleshy,  obtuse  or  truncate 
at  apex,  lower  ones  small  and  remote,  upper  crowded,  glaucous-purple,  sepals 
or  bracts  similar.  Corolla  pale  purple  or  whitish,  longer  than  the  stamens. 
Capsule  ovoid,  obtuse,  surrounded  by  the  withered  corolla.  Apr.,  May. — There 
is  some  doubt  in  respect  to  the  order  of  this  genus.  It  has  more  recently  been 
referred  to  Orobanchaceae. 

5.   GENTIANA.   Tourn. 

From  Gentius,  king  of  Illyria,  who  discovered  the  tonic  virtues  of  this  genus. 

Calyx  5 — 4-parted  or  cleft ;  cor.  marescent,  tubular  at  base,  limb 
4 — 5-parted,  segments  either  spreading,  erect  or  convergent,  often 
furnished  with  intermediate,  plicate  folds ;  sta.  5 — 4,  inserted  in  the 
corolla  tube  ;  stig.  2,  revolute  or  erect ;  sty.  short  or  0 ;  caps.  2- 
valved,  1 -celled,  many-seeded. — Herbs  of  various  habit.  Lvs.  oppo- 
site. Fls.  terminal  or  cymose. 

§  1.  Flowers  5 — W-merous. 

1.  G.  PNEUMONANTHE.     (G.  saponaria.  Griseb.) 

St.  ascending ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  or  the  lower  oblanceolate,  the  mar- 
gin smooth  !  cyme  terminal ;  fls.  aggregated,  or  in  a  racemose  cyme,  sessile ; 
cal.  5-cleft,  the  lobes  linear,  equaling  the  tube;  cor.  clavate,  connivent  at  apex, 
twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  lobes  ovate-obtuse,  much  longer  than  the  interme- 


GENTIANA.  C.   GENTIANACEjE.  453 

diate  folds. — Can.  and  U.  S.,  rare  in  N.  Eng.  A  fine  plant,  with  large,  showy 
flowers.  Stem  simple,  8 — 15'  high,  often  purple.  Leaves  1 — 2'  by  2 — 3", 
thick,  entire,  sessile,  acute.  Flowers  2'  in  length,  2 — 4  together  at  top  of  the 
stem  and  a  few  solitary  ones  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Corolla  blue. 
Calyx  segments  6 — 9"  long,  acute,  distant.  Aug.,  Sept. 

0.  riibricaulis.    (G.  rubricaulis.   Sckw.)    Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate ;  folds  of  the 
cor.  more  or  less  cleft. 

2.  G.  SAPONARIA.  Linn,  in  part.     (G.  Andrewsii.  Griseb.)     Soapwort  Gen- 
tian.— bvs.  oval-lanceolate,  3- veined,  acute  ;  fls.  in  whorled  heads,  sessile ; 

cor.  ventricose,  clavate-campanulate,  closed  at  top,  10-cleft,  the  inner  segments 
plicate  and  fringed,  equaling  the  exterior. — 1\.  Brit.  Am.  to  Car.  A  handsome 
plant,  conspicuous  in  meadows  and  by  brook-sides.  Stem  12 — 18'  high,  sim- 
ple, erect,  smooth,  with  opposite,  smooth  leaves,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  resem- 
bling those  of  the  common  soapwort.  Flowers  large,  bright-blue,  erect,  1J' 
long,  subsessile,  in  bunches  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  and  often  solitary  in  the 
upper  axils.  The  inflated  corollas  are  so  nearly  closed  at' the  top  as  to  be 
easily  mistaken  for  buds ;  and  the  young  botanist  waits  in  vain  to  see  them 
expand.  Calyx  of  5  ovate  segments,  shorter  than  the  tube.  Sept.,  Oct. 

3.  G.  OCHROLEUCA.  Froel.     Ochroleucous  or  Straw-colored  Gentian. 

St.  ascending ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  margins  slightly  sca- 
brous ;  cymes  terminal,  aggregated ;  col.  5-cleft,  lobes  unequal,  as  long  as  the 
tube ;  cor.  clavate,  apex  connivent  or  slightly  expanding,  lobes  ovate,  obtuse, 
the  folds  entire,  acute,  short ;  anth.  free. — Can.,  Western  States !  to  Flor. 
Stems  1 — 1J'  high,  stout.  Leaves  amplexicaul  or  sessile,  2 — M  by  I — !£', 
acute,  or  slightly  acuminate.  Flowers  2'  in  length,  f '  thick.  Corolla  open  at 
top,  ochroleucous  or  straw-color.  Seeds  smooth,  wingless.  Aug.,  Sept. 

4.  G.  ANGUSTIFOLIA.  Michx.     (G.  purpurea.   Walt.)     Narrow-leaved  Gen- 
tian.— Si.  erect,  slender,  1-flowered ;  ft.  pedunculate ;  Ivs.   linear-obtuse, 

smooth,  the  lower  ones  subcuneate ;  cor.  funnel-form,  narrow,  open,  5-cleft, 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  lobes  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  twice  as  long  as  the 
lacerate  folds. — 7J.  N.  J.  to  Car.,  in  sandy  fields.  Stem  a  foot  high.  Flower 
large,  sky-blue.  Calyx  deeply  cleft,  with  linear  segments. 

5.  G.  QUINQUEFLORA.     Five-flowered  Gentian. 

St.  4-angled,  branching;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  3-veined ;  fls.  termi- 
nal and  axillary,  about  in  5s,  pedicellate ;  cor.  tubular-campanulate,  in  5, 
lanceolate,  setaceously  acuminate  segments ;  cal.  very  short. — (g)  Woods  and 
pastures.  Stem  a  foot  high,  smooth,  generally  branched.  Leaves  3 — 5-veined, 
half-clasping,  acute,  smooth.  Flowers  small,  on  pedicels  half  an  inch  in 
length.  Corolla  pale  blue,  4  times  as  long  as  the  subulate  sepals.  Sept.,  Oct. 
0.  parviflora.  Raf.  Cal.  enlarged,  lobes  foliaceous,  lance-linear,  half  as  long 
as  the  smallish  corolla. — This  variety  prevails  in  Ohio  !  la. !  and  Ky. 

6.  G.  LUTEA.     (Swertia.   Vent.}     Yellow  Gentian. 

St.  tall,  strict ;  Ivs.  oval  and  ovate,  margin  smooth ;  cymes  umbellate, 
dense-flowered,  pedunculate,  axillary  and  terminal;  cor.  yellow,  rotate,  seg- 
ments oblong-linear,  acuminate,  spreading,  without  folds. — Tj.  In  alpine  and 
hilly  lands,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  Eaton.  Doubtless  not  native.  It  is  a  handsome 
plant,  often  cultivated,  both  for  ornament  and  for  the  sake  of  its  powerfully 
tonic  virtues,  f  £ 

§  2.  Corolla  4:-cleft,  segments  fimbriate.     CROSSOPETALUM. 

7.  G.  cRiNlTA.  Froelich.     Blue  Fringed  Gentian. 

St.  terete,  erect ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute  ;  fls.  tetramerous ;  seg.  of  the  cor. 
cut-ciliate. — U  The  Fringed  Gentian  is  among  our  most  beautiful  and  interest- 
ing native  plants ;  not  uncommon  in  cool,  low  grounds,  Can.  to  Car.  The 
stem  is  about  If  high,  round  and  smooth.  The  branches  are  long,  and,  with  a 
slight  curve  at  base,  become  perfectly  erect  and  straight,  each  bearing  2  leaves 
at  the  middle,  and  a  single,  large,  erect  flower  at  the  top.  Leaves  broadest  at 
base,  tapering  to  the  apex,  1 — 2'  long  and  £  as  wide.  Calyx  square,  segments 
acuminate,  equaling  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Cor.  of  a  bright  bluish-purple,  the 
segments  obovate,  finely  fringed  at  the  margin,  and  expanded  in  the  sunshine.  Aug. 


454  C.   GENTIANACE^E.  SWERTIA. 

8.  G.  DETONSA.     SJwrn  or  Slightly-fringed  Gentian. 

St.  nearly  strict,  simple  or  branched  ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate  or  linear,  the 
lowest  rosulate,  spatulate ;  ped.  1-flowered,  very  long,  subsolitary;  cal.  4( — 5)- 
cleft,  lobes  ovate  and  lanceolate,  nearly  equaling  the  corolla ;  cor.  lobes  round- 
ish-obtuse, ciliate  and  crenate-ciliate,  erect-spreading ;  stig.  distinct. — N.  Y., 
Wis.  Laphaml  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay.  A  fine  species,  with  large  blue  flowers. 
Stem  a  loot  high.  Leaves  1 — 2£'  by  1 — 3'',  tapering  to  an  acute  point.  Pedun- 
cles 4 — 7'  long,  each  with  a  single  large,  erect,  showy  flower.  Cor.  15 — 20" 
long,  obconic  or  bell-shaped,  blue. 

6.  CENTAURELLA. 

Name  a  Latin  diminutive  of  Centaurea. 

Flowers  tetramerous  ;  sepals  appressed  ;  corolla  subcampanulate  ; 
petals  slightly  united,  nearly  erect,  stigma  thick,  glandulous,  some- 
what bifid  ;  capsule  1 -celled,  2-valved,  invested  by  the  permanent 
calyx  and  corolla ;  seeds  many. — ®.2V.  American,  slender,  erect  herbs 
with  scale-like  leaves  and  small  white  flowers. 

1.  C.  AUTUMNALIS.  Pursh.    (Bartonia  tenella.  Muhl.    C.  paniculata.  Me.) 
Screw-stem. — St.  smooth,  branching  above,  branches   subdividided ;   Ivs. 

subulate,  minute;  panicle  erect,  many-flowered;  cal.  equaling  the  corolla;  sly. 
much  shorter  than  the  ovary. — A  slender  and  nearly  naked  plant,  5 — 8'  high,  of 
a  yellowish-green  color.  Native  in  wet  grounds,  Mass,  to  Ga.  Stem  square, 
often  twisted,  with  very  minute,  bract-like  leaves,  which  are  mostly  opposite. 
Peduncles  opposite  or  terminal,  simple  or  branched.  Pedicels  bracteate  at  base, 
i'  in  length.  Calyx  segments  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  oval 
segments  of  the  corolla.  Cor.  white,  small,  bearing  the  stamens  at  its  clefts.  Aug. 
/?.  fcstivalis.  (C.  aestivalis.  PA.)  Cor.  segments  oblong,  obtusish,  twice  longer 
than  the  calyx ;  ova.  attenuated  at  apex. — In  Penn.  Pursh. 

2.  C.  MOSERI.  Stendel.     Moser's  Centaurella  or  Screw-stem. 

Cyme  racemiform ;  branches  alternate,  spreading,  racemiform ;  cor.  seg- 
ments ovate,  acute,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx  segments ;  ovary  oblong,  obtuse ; 
sty.  0;  Ivs.  mostly  alternate. — In  Penn.,  Moser,  in  DC.  Prod.  9;  121. 

7.  HALENIA.     Borkh. 

Flowers  tetramerous ;  corolla  short  campanulate,  petals  spurred  at 
base,  with  glands  at  the  base  of  the  spur  within ;  stigmas  2,  termi- 
nating the  acuminate  ovary  5  capsule  1 -celled  ;  seeds  indefinite,  fixed 
to  the  sutures  of  the  valves. — Erect,  branching. 

H.  DEFLEXA.  Griseb.  (Swertia  corniculata.  MX.  S.  deflexa.  Shit.)  Fel- 
wort. — St.  erect,  leafy;  Ivs.  3 — 5-veined,  radical  ones  oblong-spatulate, 
tapering  into  a  petiole,  cauline  ones  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  sessile ;  spurs 
cylindric,  obtuse,  deflexed,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla. — (§)  Swamps,  Can.,  Ban- 
gor,  Maine,  Miss  Towle!  N.  Y.,  rare.  Stem  about  18'  high,  obtusely  4-angled, 
smooth,  with  few  branches  above.  Leaves  opposite,  1J — 2'  long,  £  as  wide, 
smooth.  Flowers  greenish-yellow,  in  terminal  fascicles.  Sepals  linear-lanceo- 
late, half  as  long  as  the  petals.  Corolla  persistent,  with  4,  spreading  horns  or 
spurs  descending  betwen  the  sepals.  Seeds  numerous,  obtuse,  yellow.  Aug. 

8.   SWERTIA. 

Calyx  5 — 4-parted ;  cor.  marescent,  rotate,  5 — 4-parted,  without 
crown  or  folds,  each  segment  with  a  glandular  pit  fringed  at  the  mar- 
gin ;  sta.  5 — 4,  inserted  in  the  throat ;  anth.  nodding ;  ova.  1-cellcd ; 
sty.  0  ;  caps.  1 -celled,  many-seeded. — i\- 

S.  PUSILLA.  Ph. 

St.  simple,  1-flowered;  Ivs.  oblong;  cal.  segments  obtuse,  half  as  long  as 
the  large  corolla;  cor.  rotate,  segments  oblong-acuminate.— White  Hills,  N.  H., 
Pursh.  Stem  an  inch  or  two  high,  with  one  or  two  pairs  of  small  leaves  and  a 


MENYANTHES.  C.   GENTIANACE^E.  455 

single  large,  terminal,  blue  flower.   Jn. — I  understand  that  this  interesting  plant 
has  been  rediscovered  on  the  White  Mts.  by  Mr.  Abel  Starrs. 

9.   FRASfiRA.    Walter. 

In  honor  of  John  Fraser,  an  American  cultivator  of  exotics. 

Flowers  mostly  tetramerous ;  petals  united  at  base,  oval,  spread- 
ing, deciduous,  each  with  1  or  2  bearded,  orbicular  glands  in  the  mid- 
dle ;  style  1  ;  stigmas  2,  distinct ;  capsule  compressed,  1 -celled ;  seeds 
few,  imbricate,  large,  elliptic,  margined. — ^  Showy  and  tall,  with  oppo- 
site or  verticillate  leaves. 

F.  CAROLINENSIS.  Walt.    (F.  Walteri.  MX.  and  1st  edit.')     Columbo. 

SI.  tall,  erect,  glabrous,  branched  above ;  Ivs.  verticillate,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acutish,  sessile,  feather-veined,  entire  or  wavy;  panicle  compound,  pyra- 
midal, leafy,  verticillate ;  col.  segments  acute,  shorter  than  the  oblong,  obtusish 
petals;  gland  solitary,  oval-orbicular. — A  tall  and  showy  plant,  in  moist  woods, 
Western  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ohio !  la. !  Ky.,  111.  Stem  dark  purple,  4— 7— 9f! 
high,  perfectly  straight,  1  -2'  thick  at  base.  Leaves  smooth,  subcarnose,  3 — 12' 
by  1 — 3',  in  whorls  of  4 — 6,  rarely  opposite.  Branches  of  the  panicle,  also 
whorled,  spreading-erect.  Flowers  tetramerous,  li'  diam.  Petals  greenish 
with  blue  dots  and  a  large  purple  gland  near  the  base.  June,  July. — Highly 
valued  as  a  tonic. 

TRIBE  2.   MEXYANTHEJE. — ^Estivation  of  the  corolla  induplicate.  Aquatic 

or  marsh  herbs.     Sheaths  of  the  leaves  alternate. 

10.   LIMNANTHfiMUM.    Gmel. 

Gr.  \tpvT),  a  lake,  ai/-&of,  a  flower;  from  its  aquatic  habitat. 

Calyx  5-parted ;  corolla  subcampanulate,  with  a  short  tube  and 
spreading,  5-lobed  limb,  deciduous,  segments  obtuse ;  stamens  5,  alter- 
nating with  5  glands ;  capsule  1 -celled,  without  valves ;  placentae 
fleshy,  many-seeded. — ^  submersed,  generally  in  stagnant  water.  Lvs. 
floating,  on  long  petioles. 

L.  LACUNOSA.  Gmel.  (Villarsia.  Ph.  V.  trachysperma.  Mr.)  Lake-flower. 
Floating;  Ivs.  reniform,  subpeltate,  scabrous  above,  spongy  and  lacunose 
beneath;  fls.  umbellate,  from  the  summit  of  the  stem  (petiole?)  ;  cor.  smooth; 
glands  from  the  base  of  the  petals,  stipitate ;  col.  shorter  than  the  capsule;  seeds 
muricate. — A  curious  aquatic,  in  ponds  and  lakes,  N.  Y. !  to  Car.  The  stems 
are  1,  2  or  3f  long,  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water,  bearing  at  the  top  three 
kinds  of  organs ;  the  summit  is  prolonged  into  a  petiole  bearing  a  leaf  about  an 
inch  in  diameter,  resembling  that  of  Nymphaea ;  on  the  upper  side  is  an  umbel 
of  small  white  flowers,  blossoming  successively  at  the  surface  of  the  water,  and 
beneath,  a  cluster  of  short,  simple,  tuberous  radicles,  each  of  which  is  capable 
of  producing  a  new  plant.  July. 

11.   MENYANTHES.    Tourn. 

Gr.  fiTjvri)  a  month ;  avSos  ;  in  allusion  to  its  supposed  properties  as  an  emenagogue. 

Calyx  5-parted ;  corolla  funnel-form,  limb  spreading.  5-lobed,  vil- 
lous  within  ;  stamens  5  ;  style  1  ;  stigma  bifid  ;  capsule  1 -celled. 

M.  TRIFOLIATA.     Buck  Bean. 

Lvs.  trifoliate. — Grows  in  swamps,  margins  of  ponds,  &c.,  N.  Am.  N.  of 
latitude  38°.  This  fine  plant  arises  from  large,  black  roots  descending  deep 
into  the  boggy  earth.  Stem  8—12'  high,  round.  Leaves  on  long,  round  foot- 
stalks stipuled  at  base.  Leaflets  obovate.  Peduncle  long,  naked,  terminal, 
bearing  a  pyramidal  raceme  of  flesh-colored  flowers.  Pedicels  thick,  bracteate 
at  base.  Sepals  obtuse,  about  a  third  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Petals  acute, 
about  as  long  as  the  stamens,  remarkably  and  beautifully  distinguished  by  the 
soft,  fringe-like  hairs  at  the  base  and  in  the  throat  of  the  tube.  Bitter  herbs, 
actively  medicinal,  sometimes  substituted  for  hops.  May. 


Cl.    APOCYNACE^. 


APOCYNUM. 


ORDER  01.     APOCYNACE^E.— DOGBANES. 

Trees,  shrubs  and  herbs  with  a  milky  juice.    Lvs.  opposite,  entire,  without  stipules. 

Cal.— Sepals  5,  united  at  base,  persistent. 

Cor.  5  lobed,  regular,  twisted  in  aestivation,  deciduous. 

Sta.  5,  arising  from  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  segments. 

Fil.  distinct.    Anthers  2-celled,  opening  lengthwise, 

sometimes  slightly  connected. 
Pollen  granular,  globose  or  5-lobed,  immediately  ap- 
plied to  the  stigma. 

Ova.  2,  distinct  or  rarely  united.  Styles  distinct  or 
united.  Stigmas  united  into  1  which  is  com- 
mon  to  botjj  gtyies. 

Fr.— Follicles  2,  rarely  l  of  them  abortive. 
Sds.  numerous,  pendulous,  with  or  without  a  coma, 
albuminous.    Embryo  foliaceous. 

Genera  100,  species  566,  chiefly  natives  of  the  torrid 
zone. 

Properties.— 'These  plants  possess  active  and  often 
suspicious  qualities  residing  in  the  white  juice  with 
which  the  order  is  pervaded,  and  in  the  seeds  which 
are  often  deadly  poisons.  The  alkaloid  strychnine  or 
strichnia^  one  of  the  most  violent  of  poisons,  is  the 
active  principle  of  the  seeds  of  the  Strychnos  Nux- 
vomica  of  India.  It  is  sometimes  administered  as  a 
medicine,  but  with  doubtful  success.  S.  Tieute  of 
Java  is  one  kind  of  Upas.  Cerbera  Tanghin,  a  tree  of 
Madagascar,  is  powerfully  poisonous,  a  single  seed 
being  sufficient  to  destroy  twenty  persons.  The  App- 
cynese  are  emetic,  and  becoming  highly  valued  in 
hydrocephalus,  &c.  The  juice  contains  caoutchouc  in 
small  quantities,  but  in  Sumatra  this  is  obtained 
largely  from  the  juice  of  Urceola  elastica. 

FIG.  54.— 1.    Apocynum  androsa;mifolium.    2.    A 


flower,  somewhat  enlarged.    3.  The  flower  cut  ope 
showing  the  stamens  with  distinct  filaments  and  united 
4.  The  ovaries  and  stigma.    5.  Plan  of  the 
7.  A  seed  with  the  long, 


Herbs 
Shrubs 


anthers. 

flower.  6.  Matured  follicles. 

silky  coma. 

Conspectiis  of  the  Genera. 

with  white  or  flesh-colored  flowers Apocynwtn.  1 

with  blue  flowers Amsonia.     2 

with  opposite  leaves  and  bluish-purple  flowers Vinca.          3 

with  ternately  ver  dilate  leaves  and  rose-colored  flowers Nerinm.      4 


1.   APOC^NUM. 

Gr.  two,  away,  KVUV,  dog;  Pliny  says  this  plant  is  fatal  to  dogs. 

Calyx  very  small ;  corolla  campanulate,  lobes  short ;  stamens 
included  ;  filaments  short,  arising  from  the  base  of  the  corolla,  and 
alternate  with  5  glandular  teeth  ;  anthers  sagittate,  connivent,  coher- 
ing to  the  stigma  by  the  middle  ;  ova.  2  ;  stigmas  connate  ;  follicles 
long,  sublinear,  distinct. — Herbs,  suffrutescent,  erect,  with  opposite, 
entire,  mucronate  Ivs.  Cymes  terminal  and  axillary.  Pedicels  not 
longer  than  the  palejlowers. 

1.  A.  ANDROS.KMIFOLIUM.     Dog's-bane. 

Smooth ;  Ivs.  ovate ;  cymes  lateral  and  terminal ;  limb  of  cor.  spreading, 
the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx. — A  smooth,  elegant  plant,  31  high,  in  hedges 
and  borders  of  fields.  Stem  reddened  by  the  sun,  erect,  branching  above. 
Leaves  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath,  opposite,  rounded  at  base  and  acute  at 
apex,  2 — 3'  long  and  f  as  wide,  on  petioles  \'  long.  Cymes  paniculate,  at  the 
top  of  the  branches  and  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Pedicels  \'  long. 
Calyx  much  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Corolla  as  long  as  the  pedicels,  bell- 
shaped,  white,  striped  with  red,  with  5,  acute,  spreading  segments.  Medicinal. 
U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.  June,  July. 
/?.  incanum.  Lvs.  hoary  pubescent  beneath. 

2.  A.  CANNABlNUM.     Indian  Hemp. 

Lvs.  oblong,  obtuse  at  each  end,  mucronate ;  cymes  paniculate,  many- 
flowered,  terminal  and  lateral ;  cal.  seg.  lanceolate,  equaling  the  tube  of  the 
corolla;  cor.  seg.  erect. — A  species  with  smaller  leaves  and  erect  flowers,  found 


NERIUM.  CI.   APOCYNACE^E.  457 

in  low  shades  and  hedges,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ark.  Stem  2 — 4f  high,  generally 
dividing  above  into  long,  slender  branches.  Leaves  li — 2£7  by  8 — 11",  oppo- 
site, on  petioles  2"  long,  and,  when  young,  downy  beneath.  Cymes  terminal, 
with  linear  bracts.  Flowers  about  half  as  long  as  those  of  the  last  species. 
Sepals  lanceolate,  acute.  Corolla  white,  with  straight,  obtuse  segments.  The 
fibres  of  the  bark  are  strong  and  pliable,  said  to  be  used  by  the  Indians  in 
various  ways  as  hemp.  July,  Aug. 
/?.  pubescens.  LTS.  beneath  and  cymes  pubescent. 

3.  A.  HYPERICIFOLIUM.     St.  John*  s-wort.     Dog's-bane. 

Smooth ;  Ivs.  oblong,  on  very  short  petioles,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  base, 
mucronate ;  cymes  terminal,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  cat.  nearly  as  long  as  the 
tube  of  the  corolla. — Gravely  banks  of  streams.  Stem  erect,  2f  high,  with 
opposite  branches.  Leaves  2 — 4'  long,  £  as  wide,  lower  ones  often  sessile  and 
cordate,  smooth  both  sides  but  paler  beneath.  Flowers  very  small,  in  dense 
cymes  at  the  ends  of  the  stems  and  branches.  Sepals  lance-linear,  about  as 
long  as  the  tube  of  the  greenish- white,  erect  corolla.  Aug. 

2.   AMSONIA.  Walt. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  segments  acuminate  ;  cor.  5-cleft,  tube  narrowly 
funnel-form,  bearded  inside,  hispid  at  throat ;  segments  linear,  con- 
volute in  aestivation  ;  sta.  5 ;  sty.  1  ^  ova.  2,  connate  at  base ;  folli- 
cles 2,  erect,  slender,  fusiform ;  seeds  in  one  row,  cylindric,  truncate 
at  each  end. — Lvs.  alternate,  entire,  subsessile.  Cymes  terminal,  corym- 
bose. Fls.  blue. 

A.  TABERN^MONTANA.  Walt.  (A.  latifolia.  Michx.} 
Erect ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  acute  at  base,  briefly  petiolate, 
margin  slightly  revolute  ;  sep.  glabrous,  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  cor.  pilose  out- 
side near  the  top  of  the  tube. — A  plant  of  singular  appearance,  in  prairies  and 
damp  grounds,  Western !  and  Southern  States !  Stem  terete,  smoothish,  2f 
high,  branched  above.  Leaves  numerous,  3 — 4'  by  1 — !£',  conspicuously 
veined  beneath.  Flowers  pale  blue,  in  several  terminal,  cymose  clusters. 
Corolla  8"  diam.,  very  hairy  at  top  of  tube.  Follicles  in  pairs,  2 — 3'  long, 
about  6-seeded.  May,  June. 

3.   VINCA. 

Lat.  vinculum,  a  band ;  from  the  long  twining  branches. 

Corolla  hypocrateriform,  contorted,  border  5-cleft,  with  the  lobes 
oblique,  orifice  5-angled ;  2  glands  at  the  base  of  the  ovary ;  capsule 
follicular,  erect,  fusiform ;  seed  oblong. —  Trailing  shrubs.  Lvs. 
evergreen. 

1.  V.  MINOR.     Lesser  Periwinkle. — Sts.  procumbent;  Ivs.  elliptic-lanceolate, 
smooth  at  the  margins  ;  fls.  pedunculate  ;  seps.  lanceolate. — Native  in  Europe. 
A  handsome  evergreen,  flowering  in  Ma)''.    Stems  several  feet  in  length,  round, 
smooth  and  leafy.    Leaves  opposite,  smooth  and  shining,  about  an  inch  long. 
Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  alternate,  violet,  inodorous. 

2.  V.  MAJOR.     Greater  Periwinkle. — Sts.  nearly  erect ;  Ivs.  ovate,  ciliate ;  fls. 
pedunculate ;  sep.  setaceous,  elongated. — Native  in  Europe.     Shrub  with  nume- 
rous, slender,  straggling  branches,  very  leafy,  forming  light  masses  of  ever- 
green foliage  flourishing  best  beneath  the  shade  of  other  plants.    Leaves  1 — 2' 
in  length,  rounded  or  somewhat  cordate  at  base.    Flowers  blue,  appearing  in 
May  and  June. 

4.   NERIUM. 

Calyx  with  5  teeth  at  the  base  outside  of  the  corolla  ;  corolla  hy- 
pocrateriform^  segments  contorted,  orifice  with  a  corona  consisting  of 
5,  laciniate  leaflets  ;  filaments  inserted  into  the  middle  of  the  tube  ; 
anthers  sagittate,  adhering  to  the  stigma  by  the  middle. — Oriental 
shrubs.  Lvs.  evergreen. 


458 


GIL    ASCLEPIADACE^E. 


ASCLEPIAS. 

N.  OLEANDER.  Rose  Day-tree.  Oleander. — Lvs.  linear-lanceolate ;  sep.squa.T- 
rose  ;  corona  flat,  its  segments  3-toothed.  Native  in  S.  Europe  and  the  Levant. 
Stem  branched.  Leaves  3  together,  on  short  stalks,  smooth,  very  entire,  coria- 
ceous, with  prominent,  transverse  veins  beneath.  Flowers  terminal,  corym- 
bose, large  and  beautiful,  rose-colored.  One  variety  has  white  flowers,  another 
variegated,  and  a  third,  double.  This  splendid  shrub  is  common  in  Palestine, 
(Rev.  S.  Hebard!}  growing  by  rivulets,  &c.  It  is  commonly  supposed  by  travel- 
ers to  be  the  plant  to  which  the  Psalmists  alludes,  Ps.  i.  3,  and  xxxvii.  35. 


ORDER  OH.     ASCLEPIADACEJE.— ASCLEPIADS. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  a  milky  juice.    Lvs.  almost  constantly  opposite,  entire,  exstipulate. 
Fls.  somewhat  umbeled,  fascicled  or  racemose.    Sep.  5,  slightly  united,  persistent. 

Cor.  petals  5,    united  at   base,  regular,   deciduous, 

twisted  -imbricate  in  activation. 

75  /JliPiiAiNv*  Sfefc  5>  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  corolla  and  alter- 

nate with  its  segments. 
Fil.  connate.    Anth.  2-celled,  cells  sometimes  nearly 

divided  by  partial  septa. 

Pol.   when  the  anther   bursts   cohering   in  masses 
which  are  as  many  as  the  cells,  or  confluent  into 
pairs  and  adhering  to  the  5  processes  of  the 
stigma  either  by  2s,  by  4s  or  singly. 
Ova.  2,  styles  2,  approximate,  often  very  short.    Stig- 
mas united  into  1,  which  is  common  to  both 
styles,  and  with  5  glandular  angles. 
Fr.—  Follicles  2,  one  of  them  sometimes  abortive. 
Sds.  numerous,  pendulous,  almost  always  comose  at 

the  hilum.    Albumen  thin. 

,  Embryo  straight.     Cotyledons  foliaceous.     RadicJe 

I  0  superior. 

Genera  141,  species  910,  chiefly  natives  of  tropical 
regions,  and  especially  abundant  in  S.  Africa,  S.  India 
and  New  Holland,  but  are  not  uncommon  in  tempe- 
rate regions. 

Properties.—  Similar  to  those  of  the  Apocynaceae, 
is  acrid  and  stimulat- 
A  few 
nch  con- 
sequence. 

FIG.  55.— 8.  Asclepias  cornuti.  9.  A  flower,  the 
petals  and  sepals  reflexed,  and  the  corona  erect.  10. 
One  of  the  segments  of  the  corona  with  the  horn  bent 
inwardly.  11.  A  pair  of  pollen  masses  suspended 
from  the  glands  at  an  angle  of  the  antheridium.  12. 
The  two  ovaries.  13.  A  mature  follicle.  14.  A  seed 
with  it*  'ong  silky  coma. 


ropertes.— mar  to  tose  o   te  Apocy 
but  far  less  active.    The  juice  is  acrid  and  st 
ing,  and  generally  to  be,  at  least,  suspected. 
01  the  species  are  medicinal,  but  none  of  mu 


Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 


$ each  with  a  horn. 

(erect.    Segments  of  the  corona  5,  distinct,  I  without  horns.    Fls.  greenish. 
(  Corona  leaflets  5,  distinct,  each  2-lobed.    Fls.  white 
<  Corona  annular,  undulate,  0-awned.     Fls.  purple. 
Herbs  I  twining  and  climbing.  (  Corona  urceolate,  5-cleft,  5-awned.    Fls.  purple. 


Asclepias.  1 

Acerates.  2 

Enslenia.  3 

Gonolobus.  4 

Periploca.  5 


1.   ASCLEPIAS. 

The  Gr.  name,  from  Esculapius,  the  fabulous  god  of  medicine  and  physicians. 

Calyx  deeply  5-parted  ;  cor.  deeply  5-parted,  valvate  in  aestivation, 
finally  reflexed  ;  staminal  corona  3-leaved,  leaflets  cucullate,  with  an 
averted,  horn-like  process  from  the  base,  curved  towards  the  stigma ; 
antheridium  (connate  mass  of  anthers)  5-angled,  truncate,  opening 
by  5  longitudinal  fissures  ;  pollinia  (masses  of  pollen)  5  distinct 
pairs,  fixed  by  the  attenuated  apex,  pendulous  ;  follicles  2,  ventri- 
cose  ;  seeds  comose. —  "A-  Mostly  North  American,  with  opposite,  verti- 
cillate,  rarely  alternate  leaves.  Umbels  between  the  petioles. 

*  Leaves  opposite. 

1.  A.  CORNUTI.  Decaisne.    (A.  Syriaca.  Linn,  and  1st  edit.)    Common  Silk- 
weed. — St.    simple ;    Ivs.    oblong-lanceolate,    petiolate,   gradually  acute, 
tomentose  beneath ;  umbels  nodding ;  seg.  «f  the  corona  bidentate ;  follicles  muri- 
cate. — A  coarse,  very  lactescent  plant,  common  by  roadsides,  and  in  sandy 


ASCLEPIAS.  CII.   ASCLEPIADACE/E.  459 

fields.  Stem  3 — 4f  high,  seldom  branched.  Leaves  5 — 8'  by  2—3',  tapering  at 
both  ends.  Umbels  several,  axillary,  subterminal,  dense,  globose,  each  of  20 
or  more  sweet-scented  flowers.  Calyx  segments  lanceolate.  Corolla  pale  pur- 
ple, reflexed,  leaving  the  corona,  which  is  of  nearly  the  same  hue,  quite  con- 
spicuous. But  few  of  the  flowers  prove  fertile,  producing  oblong,  pointed, 
rough  pods  or  follicles,  which  contain  a  mass  of  long,  silky  fibres  with  seeds 
attached.  July. 

2.  A.  PHYTOLACcolDES.  Ph.     Poke-leaved  Silkweed. 

St.  simple,  erect,  puberulent ;  Ivs.  broadly  ovate,  attenuated  at  base  and 
apex,  acute,  smoothish  both  sides,  glaucous  beneath ;  ped.  terminal,  subequal- 
ing  the  leaves,  whitish-puberulent,  many-flowered ;  pedicels  slender,  loose ; 
antheridium  stipitate  ;  seg.  of  the  corona,  truncate,  bidentate  ;  horns  exserted. — 
A  tall  and  elegant  species,  found  in  low,  shady  grounds,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ark. 
Stem  4 — 5f  high,  smooth  and  slender.  Leaves  acuminate  at  each  end,  6 — 9' 
long  and  nearly  half  as  wide.  Umbels  near  the  top  on  lateral  peduncles,  4 — 6' 
long  and  consisting  each  of  10 — 20  large  flowers,  on  pedicels  about  2'  in  length. 
Petals  green.  Corona  flesh-colored,  each  segment  truncate,  with  its  inner  mar- 
gin 2-toothed,  and  with  a  long,  slender,  incurved  horn.  June. 

3.  A.  OBTUSIFOLIA.  Michx.     (A.  cordata.  Walt.}    Blunt-leaved  Silkweed. 
St.  simple,  erect;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  mucronate,  sessile, 

cordate  and  subamplexicaul,  undulate,  very  smooth  both  sides ;  umbels  termi- 
nal, many-flowered,  glabrous,  long-pedunculate  ;  corona  horns  arcuate,  falcate, 
indexed.— In  shady  grounds,  prairies,  Mid. !  W. !  and  S.  States.  Stem  2 — 3f 
high,  bearing  a  single  (rarely  2)  terminal  umbel  of  30 — 40  large,  reddish-green 
flowers.  Leaves  much  waved  on  the  margin,  4 — 5'  long,  £  as  wide,  with  a 
broad,  rounded,  mucronate  apex.  Corolla  light  purple.  Corona  nearly  white, 
its  segments  large,  slightly  2-toothed.  July. 

4.  A.  PURPURASCENS.     Purple  Silkweed. 

St.  simple,  erect,  puberulent ;  Ivs.  elliptical,  ovate-elliptical  or  ovate,  mu- 
cronate, narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  petiole,  smooth  above,  tomentose-pubes- 
cent  and  paler  beneath  ;  corona  segments  oblong  or  lance-ovate,  obtuse ;  horns 
falcate,  acute,  resupinate. — In  hedges  and  thickets,  N.  H. !  Mass. !  to  la. !  Stem 
3f  or  more  high,  simple  or  slightly  branched  at  top.  Leaves  paler  and  downy 
beneath,  the  midvein  purple,  smooth  above.  "Flowers  in  terminal,  erect  um- 
bels. Calyx  small,  green.  Corolla  dark  purple,  with  reflexed  segments. 
Corona  purple,  twice  as  long  as  the  antheridium,  its  horns  abruptly  bent  in- 
wards to  a  horizontal  position  and  lying  close  upon  it.  July. 

5.  A.  INCARNATA.     (A.  amcBna.  Mittix.}    Rose-colored  Silkweed. 

St.  erect,  branching  above ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  on  short  petioles,  slightly  to- 
mentose  ;  umbels  numerous,  erect,  mostly  terminal,  often  in  opposite  pairs;  seg. 
of  the  corona  entire,  horns  exsert. — A  handsome  species,  found  in  wet  places, 
Can.  and  U.  S.  Stern  3 — 4f  high,  with  2  hairy  lines.  Leaves  4 — 7'  by  £ — !£', 
rather  abrupt  at  base,  tapering  to  a  yery  acute  point,  on  petioles  i'  long.  Um- 
bels close,  2 — 6  together  at  the  top  of  the  stem  or  branches,  each  an  inch  or 
more  in  diameter,  on  a  peduncle  2'  long,  and  consisting  of  10—20  small  flow- 
ers. Corolla  deep  purple,  corona  paler.  Horns  subulate,  curving  inwards  over 
the  summit  of  the  antheridium.  July. 

/?.  pulchra.  St.  and  Ivs.  densely  tomentose,  the  latter  elliptical-lanceolate,  3 — 
4  times  as  long  as  wide,  sessile  or  on  very  short,  hairy  stalks. — Stem  4 — 5f 
high.  A  remarkable  variety. 

6.  A.  auADRiroLiA.  Pursh. 

St.  erect,  simple,  smooth ;  Ivs.  smooth,  thin,  petiolate,  ovate,  acuminate, 
mostly  in  4s ;  umbels  few,  lax,  on  long,  terminal  or  axillary  peduncles ;  corona 
long,  segments  2-toothed,  horns  short. — An  elegant  species,  in  dry  woods,  Can. 
and  U.  S.  Stem  about  2f  high,  slender,  often  with  1 — 2  hairy  lines.  Leaves 
opposite,  the  middle  or  upper  pairs  near  together  so  as  to  appear  in  4s,  2 — 3' 
long,  |  as  wide,  acute  or  acuminate,  on  petioles  2 — 4'  long.  Flowers  small, 
white,  on  filiform  stalks  with  a  pubescent  line.  Corona  twice  as  long  as  an- 
Iheridium.  July. 

39* 


460  OIL   ASCLEPIADACE^:.  ACERATES, 

0.  lanceolata.  Decaisne.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  acute  at  base  and  nar- 
rowed into  the  petiole. — Ohio,  la.,  Dr.  Plummer ! 

7.  A.  PARVIFLORA.  Ph.     (A.  debilis.  Mr.)     Small-flov.iered  Asclepias. 
Suffrutescent  and  branched  at  base ;  sts.  ascending,  terete,  smooth ;  Ivs. 

lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base  and  apex,  petiolate,  smooth  both  sides,  thin ;  ped. 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  umbellate,  many-flowered ;  umbels  small,  pubescent ; 
corolla  3  or  4  times  snorter  than  the  pedicels;  horns  filiform,  acute. — A  very 
delicate  species,  with  small,  white  flowers.  Woods,  along  rivers,  N.  Y.  to  Ga., 
W.  to  la. !  Stems  often  clustered,  1| — 3f  high,  very  leafy.  Leaves  4 — 6'  (in- 
cluding the  1'  petiole)  by  1 — !£'.  Umbels  several,  1'  diam.,  15 — 20-flowerea. 
July,  Aug. 

8.  A.  VARIEGATA.     (A.  hybrida.  Michx.} 

St.  simple,  erect,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  ovate '  or  obovate,  mucronate,  glabrous, 
glaucous  beneath ;  ped.  lateral  or  terminal,  one-third  as  long  as  the  leaves,  um- 
bellate, many-flowered;  cor.  segments  ovate;  corona  segments  rounded  at  apex; 
horns  broad-falcate,  with  the  apex  horizontal  or  suberect ;  follicles  oblong,  with 
a  long  and  slender  point,  minutely  puberulent. — Woods,  N.  Y.  to  Carolina.  Stem 
3 — 4f  high.  Leaves  with  a  slight  acumination,  at  length  slightly  undulate. 
Umbels  about  2,  20 — 30-flowered.  Corolla  white,  slightly  tinged  with  purple. 

9.  A.  PAUPERCULA.  Michx.    (A.  laurifolia.  Ph.  not  MX.    A.  lanceolata. 

Wall.}— St.  virgate,  erect,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  linear  and  linear-oblong,  mar- 
gin narrowly  revolute,  both  sides  glabrous,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole;  ped.  1 
or  2  at  top  of  the  stem,  umbel  puberulent,  few-flowered;  corona  segments  ovate, 
dilated  above  ;  horns  short,  included. — N.  J.  to  La.  in  wet  woods.  Stem  3 — 4f 
high,  very  smooth.  Leaves  green  on  both  sides,  rough  on  the  edges,  mostly 
very  narrow.  Flowers  greenish-red,  petals  linear-oblong,  half  as  long  as  the 
pedicel. 

10.  A.  RUBRA.  (A.  laurifolia.  MX.  A.  acuminata.  Ph.  A.  periplocaefolia.  Nuit.) 
St.  simple,  erect ;  Ivs.  ovate-acuminate,  very  acute,  subcordate  or  rounded 

at  base,  subsessile,  glabrous  ;  umbels  on  long,  mostly  terminal  peduncles ;  corona 
segments  acute,  rather  longer  than  the  suberect  horns. — A  small  and  elegant 
species,  in  Penn.,  N.  J.  to  Car.,  not  common.  Stem  I — 2f  high,  with  a  pubes- 
cent line  on  one  side.  Leaves  3—5'  by  1 — 2',  in  remote  pairs,  the  upper  some- 
times alternate.  Peduncles  1 — 5,  2— 3' long,  pedicels  about  1'.  Flowers  green- 
ish-purple. Follicles  veritricose-acuminate,  smoothish.  July,  Aug. 
*  Leaves  alternate. 

11.  A.  TUBEROSA.     Tuber-root  Asclepias.     Butterfly  Weed. 

St.  ascending,  hairy,  with  spreading  branches  at  top ;  Ivs.  alternate,  ob- 
long-lanceolate, sessile ;  umbels  numerous,  forming  large,  terminal  corymbs. — 
Found  in  sandy  fields,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  rare  in  N.  Eng.  Root  large,  fleshy, 
sending  up  numerous  stems.  These  are  about  2f  high,  leafy,  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, hairy  and  colored.  Leaves  hairy,  scattered,  only  the  upper  ones  quite  ses- 
sile, lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  obtuse  at  base,  2 — 4'  by  J — 1'.  The  co- 
rymb consists  of  numerous,  bright  orange-colored  flowers.  Petals  5,  oblong, 
reflexed,  concealing  the  small  calyx.  Pods  or  follicles  lanceolate,  pointed,  and 
like  the  other  species,  containing  long,  silky  down,  uniting  the  flat,  ovate  seeds 
to  the  placentae.  Aug. — Medicinal. 

*  *  Leaves  verticillate. 

12.  A.  VERTICILLATA.     Whorl-leaved  Asclepias. 

St.  erect,  simple,  marked  with  pubescent  lines ;  Ivs.  generally  verticillate, 
very  narrowly  linear,  revolute ;  segs.  of  the  corona  short,  2-toothed,  horn  falcate, 
exsert. — A  slender  and  delicate  species,  2f  high,  in  swamps  or  moist  meadows. 
Can.  and  U.  S.  Leaves  in  whorls  of  4 — 6,  3—5'  long  and  a  line  in  width. 
Flowers  small,  greenish-white,  in  small,  lateral  umbels.  Peduncles  half  as 
long  as  the  leaves.  July. 

2.    ACERATES.     Ell. 
Gr.  a,  privative,  Keparcs,  horns;  the  corona  being  destitute  of  these  processes. 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  cor.  deeply  5-parted,  limb  spreading  or  reflexed  ; 


PERIPLOCA.  GIL    ASCLEPIADACE^.  461 

staminal  corona  5-leaved,  leaflets  without  horns,  concave,  appressed  to 
the  angles  of  the  antheridium  ;  pollinia  5  pairs,  pendulous  ;  follicles 
smooth  or  muricate. — %  Herbs  differing  from  Asctepias  only  in  the  ab- 
sence of  the  horn-like  processes  of  the  corona.  Lvs.  mostly  opposite. 

1.  A.  VIRIDIFLORA.  Ell.  (and  A.  lanceolata.  Ives,  and  1st.  edit.    Asclepias. 
Pursh.) — Suffruticose  at  oase,  pubescent  above;  Ivs.  elliptical,  varying  to 

oblong  and  lanceolate,  briefly  petiolate,  scabrous  above  and  on  the  margin,  to- 
mentose-pubescent  beneath;  umbels  sessile,  globose,  many-flowered  ;  pedicels  pu- 
bescent ;  pet.  ovate,  reflexed ;  segments  of  the  corona  erect  and  adnate  to  the 
antheridium. — Can.,  Conn,  to  Ark.,  in  dry,  stony  soils.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  as- 
cending and  often  branched  at  base,  clothed  with  dense,  close  hairs.  Leaves 
3 — 6  or  8'  long,  \ — £  as  wide,  obtuse  or  acute,  or  even  acuminate,  scarce- 
ly petiolate.  Flowers  green,  small,  inelegant,  in  2  or  3  small,  subglobose  um- 
bels. July. — The  plant  varies  greatly  in  respect  to  its  leaves. 

2.  A.  LONGIFOLIA.  Ell.    Long-leaied  Acerates. 
Scabroue-puberulent ;   st.  ascending,   simple ;   Ivs.  alternate,   numerous, 

linear  and  lance-linear,  subsessile,  acute ;  umbels  half  as  long  as  the  leaves, 
numerous,  many-flowered,  pubescent,  axillary,  pedunculate ;  corona  scales 
shorter  than  the  antheridium. — Mich,  to  la. !  and  Miss.,  in  meadows  and  prai- 
ries. Stem  stout,  2 — 3f  high.  Leaves  3 — 5'  (including  the  1 — 3"  petiole)  by 
3 — 5".  Flowers  very  numerous  in  each  umbel,  green,  peduncle  and  pedicels 
about  1'  long.  July,  Aug. 

3.   ENSLENIA.     Nutt. 
In  memory  of  Mr.  Aloysius  Enslen,  who  collected  many  plants  in  the  Southern  States. 

Calyx  small,  5-parted ;  cor.  5-parted.  segments  erect ;  corona  5- 
leaved,  leaflets  membranaceous,  free,  truncate,  each  terminated  by  2 
filiform,  flexuous  lobes  ;  pollinia  oblong,  obtuse  at  base  and  apex, 
pendulous  ;  stig.  5-angled,  conical ;  follicles  cylindraceous,  smooth. — 
'2J-  A  twining  herb,  with  opposite,  cordate-ovate,  acuminate  Ivs.  Ped.  ra- 
cemose-umbellate, many-floicered.  Fls.  white. 

E.    ALB1DA.    Nutt. 

Ohio,  Clarke !  to  Va.  and  Ark.  Stems  slender,  with  an  alternate,  pubes- 
cent line.  Leaves  thin,  glabrous,  with  rounded,  auriculate  lobes  at  base,  2 — 3' 
diam.,  margin  entire.  Peduncles  axillary,  as  long  as  the  petioles.  Flowers 
ochroleucous,  sweet-scented.  July,  Aug. 

4.   GONOL6BUS.    Michx. 

Calyx  much  smaller  than  the  corolla  ;  cor.  rotate,  deeply  5-parted  ; 
corona  small,  shield-form,  undulate,  5-lobed  ;  antheridium  depressed, 
discoid,  pentangular,  terminated  by  a  membrane  ;  pollinia  transverse, 
5-pairs  ;  follicles  2  ;  seeds  comose. — %  St.  climbing.  Lvs.  opposite,  cor- 
date. Ped.  inter petiolar,  racemed  or  corymbose. 

G.  MACROPHYLLUS.   (and  G.  hirsutus.  Michx.    Cynanchium   obliquum. 

Jacq.  C.  macrophyllus.  MM.} — St.  tomentose-pubescent  and  with  soft, 
scattered  hairs ;  Ivs.  broad,  ovate  or  oval,  cordate,  acuminate,  tomentose-pu- 
bescent ;  ped.  shorter  than  the  petioles,  2 — 5-flowered,  with  linear  bracts  at  sum- 
mit ;  pet.  linear  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  smooth  above,  minutely  puberulent 
beneath. — Thickets,  along  streams,  Penn.  to  Car.,  W.  to  Ohio !  Ky.  Vine 
trailing  or  climbing,  3— 5f.  Leaves  3 — 5'  by  2 — 4',  the  lobes  at  base  rounded, 
and  often  nearly  or  quite  closed,  with  a  short  acumination  at  apex.  Flowers 
dark  purple.  Petals  5 — 1"  by  I".  June,  July. 

5.  PERIPLOCA. 

Gr.  irept,  around,  irAcJK>7,  a  binding  or  twining ;  from  the  habit  of  the  plant. 

Calyx  minute  ;  corolla  rotate,  flat,  ^-parted,  orifice  surrounded  by 


462  CIV.    OLEACE^E.  SYRINGA. 

a  5-cleft,  urceolate  corona,  terminating  in  5  filiform  awns  ;  filaments 
distinct,  anthers  cohering,  bearded  on  the  back  ;  pollinia  solitary,  4- 
lobed  ;  follicles  2,  smooth,  divaricate ;  seeds  comose. — Twining  shrubs. 
Fls.  in  umbels  or  cymes. 

P.  GRJECA. 

Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate ;  corymbs  axillary ;  cm:  villous  within. — A  climb- 
ing shrub,  10 — 15f  long,  sparingly  naturalized  in  Western  N.  Y.,  also  culti- 
vated in  gardens.  Leaves  opposite,  3 — 4'  long,  |  as  wide,  and  on  petioles  J' 
long.  Flowers  in  long,  branching,  axillary  peduncles.  Sepals  minute,  lan- 
ceolate, acute.  Petals  very  hairy  within,  linear,  obtuse,  dark  purple.  Folli- 
cles about  2'  long.  Aug. 

ORDER  CIII.     JASMIN  AC  E.E.— JASMINWORTS. 

Shrubs,  often  with  twining  stems.    Lvs.  opposite  or  alternate,  mostly  compound. 

Fls.  opposite,  in  corymbs,  white  or  yellowf  mostly  fragrant. 

Cal.  divided  or  toothed,  persistent. 

Cor.  regular,  hypocraterifbrm,  limb  in  5—8  divisions,  twisted-imbricate  in  aestivation. 

Sta.  2,  arising  from  the  corolla  and  included  within  its  tube. 

Ova.  free,  2-celled,  each  cell  with  l  erect  ovule.    Sty.  l.    Stig.  2-lobed. 

Fr.  either  a  double  berry,  or  a  capsule  separable  into  2.    Sds.  2. 

Genera  5,  species  100,  ornamental  shrubs  abounding  in  tropical  India.  The  essential  oil  which  pervades 
the  order,  residing  chiefly  in  the  flowers,  is  exquisitely  fragrant.  On  this  account,  as  well  as  for  their 
beauty,  many  of  these  plants  are  cultivated. 

JASMINUM. 

Gr.  laepn,  perfume  ;  from  the  fragrance  of  the  flowers. 

Calyx  tubular,  5 — 10-cleft;  corolla  hypocrateriform,  tube  long, 
limb  flat,  5 — 10-cleft;  berry  double;  seeds  2,  solitary,  ariled. — 
Shrubs  bushy  or  climbing.  Lvs.  opposite^  compound.  Petioles  articu- 
lated. Fls.  paniculate. 

1.  J.  FRUTICANS.     Yellow  Jasmine. — Glabrous,  erect;    branches  angular ;  Ivs. 
alternate,  trifoliate,  rarely  simple;  Ifts.  curved;  fls.  few,  subterminal ;  cat.  seg- 
ments subulate;  cor.  tube  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  limb  of  5,  obtuse  lobes. — 
S.  Europe.     Stem  3f  high.     Flowers  yellow,  inodorous,  tube  about  6"  long. 
Propagated  by  layers,  f 

2.  J.  OFFICINALE.     White  Jasmine. — Smooth,  scarcely  climbing ;  branches  sub- 
angulate ;  Ifts.  3 — 7,  lanceolate,  acuminate ;  panicles  terminal,  few-flowered, 
corymbose  ;  cor.  tube  twice  longer  than  the  calyx. — Asia.     Stem  several  feet  in 
length.    Flowers  white.    Both  species  are  beautiful  and  much  cultivated.   The 
deliciously  fragrant  oil  of  Jasmine  of  the  shops  is  extracted  from  this  plant,  f 

ORDER  CIY.     OLEACEJE  — OLIVES. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  with  opposite,  simple,  sometimes  pinnate  leaves. 

Fls.  perfect  (sometimes  dioecious).    Sepals  united  at  base,  persistent.  [vation ;  rarely  0. 

Cor.— Petals  4,  united  below,  sometimes  distinct  but  connected  in  pairs  by  the  filaments,  valvate  in  aesti- 

Sta.  2.  alternate  with  the  petals.    Anth.  2-celled,  bursting  longitudinally. 

Ova.  free,  2-celled.    Ovules  in  pairs,  pendulous.    Style  1  or  0.    Stigma  entire  or  bifid. 

Fr.  drupaceous,  baccate  or  samara,  usually  1-seeded  by  abortion. 

Sds. — Albumen  dense,  fleshy,  abundant,  twice  as  long  as  the  straight  embryo. 

Genera  24,  species  130,  natives  of  temperate  climates.  The  ash  is  very  abundant  in  N.  America.  The 
Phillyreas  and  the  Syringas  are  all  Oriental. 

Properties.— Olive  oil  is  expressed  from  the  pericarp  of  the  olive  (Olea  Europsea).  The  bark  of  this 
tree,  and  also  of  the  ash,  is  bitter,  astringent  and  febrifugal.  Manna,  a  sweet,  gentle  purgative,  is  the 
concrete  discharge  of  several  species  of  the  Fraxinus,  particularly  of  the  European  F.  Ornus.  The  spe- 
cies of  the  ash  are  well  known  for  their  useful  timber. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(  Corolla  tube  long,  including  the  short  stamens.  ....  Syringa.         1 

S  limb  of  spreading,  ovate  segments.    .        .        .  Lygustrum.    2 

$  colored.  (  Corolla  tube  short,  ?  limb  of  long,  linear  segments Chionanthus.  3 

Flowers  { green.    Fruit  a  simple  samara.    Trees  with  pinnate  leaves,     ....  Fraxinus.       4 

1.   SYRINGA. 

Gr.  orvpiv%,  a  shepherd's  pipe  ;  from  the  use  once  made  of  its  branches. 

Calyx  small,  teeth  erect;    •ofolla  hypocrateriform,  tube  several 


FHAXINCS.  CIV.    OLEACE^J.  463 

times  longer  than  the  calyx,  limb  cleft  into  deep,  obtuse,  spreading 
segments  ;  stamens  short,  included  within  the  tube.  Capsule  2-celled, 
2  valved. — Oriental,  flowering  shrubs,  with  simple,  entire  leaves. 

1.  S.  VULGARIS.  Common  Lilac. — Lvs.  cordate-ovate,  entire,  glabrous,  green 
both  sides ;  inflorescence  thyrsoid ;  limb  of  cor.  subconcave. — Hungary.  There 
are  many  varieties  of  this  beautiful  shrub,  o.  Corolla  lilac-purple,  in  a  dense 
thyrse.  ~/3.  ccerulea.  Fls.  purplish-blue,  y.  alba.  Cor.  white,  thyrse  subcom- 
pdund.— One  of  the  most  popular  shrubs,  beautiful  in  foliage  and  flowers. 

-2.  S.  PERSICA.-  Persian  Lilac.— Lvs.  lanceolate,  acute,  smooth,  both  sides 
green,  sometimes  pinnatifid;  limb  of  the  cor.  flattish. — Persia.  A  smaller  shrub 
than  the  first,  with  smaller  thyrses  of  white  or  lilac-blue  flowers.  The  leaves 
vary  from  entire  to  pinnatifid,  small  at  flowering  time.  Apr.  May. 

2.   LIGUSTRUM. 

Lat.  ligo,  to  bind,  from  the  use  made  of  its  shoots. 

Calyx  minutely  toothed ;  cor.   tube  short,  limb  with  spreading, 
ovate  lobes  ;  sta.   2  ;  sty.  very  short ;  berry  2-celled,  2 — 4-seeded  ; 
seeds  convex  on  one  side,  angular  on  the  other. — Shrubs  with  simple 
Ivs.     Fls.  in  terminal  panicles,  tetramerous. 
L.  VULGARE.     Privet.     Prim. 

Lvs.  lanceolate  and  obovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  on  short  petioles;  panicle 
dense,  terminal. — A  smooth  shrub,  5 — 6f  high,  in  woods  and  thickets,  N.  Y. !  to 
Va.  W.  to  the  Miss.  Branches  wand-like  with  opposite,  entire,  smooth,  dark 
green  leaves  which  are  1 — 2'  long,  \  as  wide,  varying  from  obovate  to  ellipti- 
cal, with  a  rounded,  obtuse  or  acute  point.  Flowers  small,  numerous,  white. 
Anthers  large,  exserted.  Berries  black,  in  conical  bunches,  bitter.  It  is  said  to 
have  been  introduced  from  England  where  it  is  used  for  hedges.  May,  June. 

3.   CH1ONANTHUS. 

Gr.  %twv,  snow,  avSos  ',   alluding  to  the  whiteness  of  the  flowers. 

Calyx  4-parted,  short ;  cor.  tube  very  short,  limb  4-parted,  lobes 
linear,  elongated ;  sta.  2,  inserted  into  the  cor.  tube,  included ;  sty. 
very  short;  drupe  fleshy;  putamen  bony,  1 -celled,  1 -seeded. — Trees 
with  opposite  leaves.  Branchlets  compressed.  Racemes  terminal  and 
axillary. 

C.    VIRGINICA.     Virginian  Fringe-Tree. 

Lvs.  oval  and  oblong-lanceolate ;  pedicels  long,  1-flowered ;  cal.  glabrous ; 
cor.  segments  linear,  acute,  flaccid. — An  ornamental  shrub  or  small  tree,  8 — 25f 
high,  Penn.  to  Tenn. !  on  mountains.  Leaves  coriaceous,  smooth.  Flowers  in 
rather  dense,  pendulous  panicles.  Petals  snow-white,  8 — 10"  in  length.  Drupes 
oval,  purple.  May,  Jn.  f 

/?.  maritima.  Pursh.  Lvs.  obovate-lanceolate,  membranaceous,  pubescent; 
panicles  very  loose. — In  low,  maritime  woods,  N.  J.  -f 

4,  FRAXlNUS. 

Gr.  0pa£is,  a  separation ;  in  allusion  to  the  easy  separation  of  its  annual  layers  into  laminse. 

Flowers  dioeciously  polygamous.  Staminate  fls.  (often  perfect). — 
Calyx  0  or  3 — 4-parted  ;  corolla  0  or  4-petaled  ;  stamens  2.  Pistil- 
late fls. — Calyx  and  corolla  as  the  perfect ;  samara  2-celled,  by  abor- 
tion 1 -seeded. —  Trees.  Lvs.  unequally  pinnate.  Fls.  paniculate,  the 
staminate  ones  densely  so. 

1.  F.  AMERICANA.     (F.  acuminata.  Lam.)     White  Ash. 

Lfts.  petiolate,  oblong,  shining,  entire  or  slightly  toothed,  acuminate,  glau- 
cous beneath ;  fls.  calyculate. — The  white  ash  is  one  of  the  most  desirable  ten- 
ants of  our  forests.  It  is  chiefly  confined  to  the  northern  parts  of  the  U.  States 
and  Canada.  Few  trees  exceed  it  in  the  beauty  and  magnitude  of  its  proper- 


464  CIV.    OLEACE.E.  FRAXINUS. 

tions.  The  trunk  arises  often  more  than  40f  without  a  branch  and  then  expands 
into  a  regular  summit  of  an  equal  additional  height.  The  leaves  are  a  foot  or 
more  in  length,  opposite,  pinnate,  consisting  of  about  7  leaflets.  Flowers  in 
loose  panicles,  the  fertile  ones  with  a  calyx  and  the  barren  ones  without.  The 
wood  is  light,  firm,  elastic  and  durable,  furnishing  a  most  excellent  timber  for 
carriage  frames,  agricultural  implements,  pins,  handspikes,  bars,  &c.  May. 

2.  F.  JUGLANDIFOLIA.  Lam.     (F.  viridis.  Mtchx.} 

Lfis.  3 — 4  pairs,  petiolulate,  ovate,  serrate,  opaque,  green  above  and  with 
the  branchlets,  glabrous  and  glaucous  beneath,  pubescent  in  the  axils  of 
the  veins ;  fls.  calyculate ;  samara  cuneate-lanceolate,  obtuse. — A  small  tree, 
15 — 25f  high,  in  wet  woods  from  the  banks  of  the  Ohio  to  Car.,  not  common. 
Leaves  10 — 15'  long,  consisting  of  7 — 15  leaflets  which  are  green  both  sides, 
with  a  glaucous  hue  beneath,  margin  denticulate.  Flowers  greenish.  Fruit 
much  smaller  than  in  the  other  species.  May. 

3.  F.  PUBESCENS.  Walt.     (F.  tomentosa.  Michx.}    Red,  Ash. 

Lfis.  petiolate,  elliptical-ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  covered  with  a  dense 
tomentum  beneath,  as  well  as  the  petioles  and  branchlets;  fls.  calyculate. — The 
red  ash  is  abundant  in  Penn.  and  the  southern  parts  of  N.  England,  resembling 
the  last  species,  so  as  often  to  be  confounded  with  it.  It  arises  GOf,  with  a  straight 
trunk  covered  with  bark  of  a  deep  brown  color.  Leaves  of  about  7  leaflets, 
which  become  reddish  underneath!  The  wood  is  similar  to  that  of  the  white 
ash,  and  is  valuable  for  about  the  same  diversified  uses.  May. 

4.  F.  SAMBUCIFOLIA.  Lam.     Black  Ash.     Water  Ash. 

Lfts.  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  rugose  and  shining,  round-oblique 
at  the  base  ;  axils  of  the  veins  villous  beneath ;  fls.  naked. — This  species  is  com- 
mon in  the  northern  U.  S.  and  the  British  Provinces,  where  it  is  almost  uni- 
versally known  as  black  ash.  It  prefers  moist  woods  and  even  swamps,  which 
it  sometimes  almost  exclusively  occupies.  It  grows  to  the  height  of  60 — 70f, 
with  a  diameter  of  2f.  The  bark  is  of  a  darker  hue  than  that  of  the  white  ash 
and  less  deeply  furrowed.  Buds  of  a  deep  blue,  not  yellow  as  in  the  former. 
Leaves  9 — 16'  in  length,  of  about  7  sessile  leaflets,  which  are  smooth  above  and 
red-downy  on  the  veins  beneath.  The  wood  is  purplish,  very  tough  and  elastic, 
but  less  durable  than  the  white  ash.  The  young  saplings  are  in  great  requisi- 
tion for  hoops,  and  the  mature  trunks  for  baskets.  May. 

5.  F.  CIUADRANGULATA.  Michx.     Blue  Ash. 

Lfts.  3 — 4  pairs,  sessile,  elliptic-lanceolate,  serrate,  pubescent  beneath ; 
branchlets  glabrous,  quadrangular-winged,  at  length  subterete ;  buds  velvety ; 
samara  oblong,  obtuse  at  each  end,  apex  slightly  emarginate. — A  tall  tree,  in 
rich  woods,  Ohio  to  Tenn.,  E.  to  the  Alleghanies.  Trunk  often  60— 80f  high,  16 
— 20'  diam.  at  base.  Leaves  12 — 18'  long,  consisting  of  7 — 11  leaflets.  Leaflets 
vary  from  oval  to  lanceolate,  distinctly  serrate,  3 — 4'  long.  The  branchlets  are 
furnished  with  4  membranous  margins  2  or  3"  wide,  which  disappear  when 
the  twig  is  older.  Samara  slightly  narrowed  towards  the  base.  Sterile  pani- 
cles compound,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves.  May. — The  wood  possesses  the 
same  strength  and  elasticity  that  characterize  the  other  species. 


ARISTOLOCHIA.  CV.    ARISTOLOCHIACEJE.  465 


SUBCLASS   III.     APETALJE. 

Corolla  none ;  the  floral  envelops  consisting  of  a  single  series  of 
organs  (calyx)  only,  or  sometimes  wholly  wanting. 


ORDER  CV.     ARISTOLOCHIACEJE.—  BIRTHWORTS. 


rbaceous  or  shrubby,  the  latter  often  climbing.    Wood  without  concentric  layers. 
rnate,  simple,  petiolate,  often  with  a  stipule  opposite  the  leaf,  or  exstipulate. 
ct,  axillary,  solitary,  brown  or  of  some  dull  color. 


Plants  her 

Lvs.  alternat 

Fls.  perfect,  ,  , 

Col.—  Tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  segments  3,  valvate  in  aestivation 

Sta.  6—12.  epigynous  or  adhering  to  the  base  of  the  short  and  thick  styles. 

Ova.  3—  6-celled.    Stig.  radiate,  as  many  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary. 

Fr.  capsule  or  berry,  3—  6-celled  many-seeded. 

Embryo  minute,  in  the  base  of  fleshy  albumen. 

Genera  8,  species  130,  most  abundant  in  the  tropical  countries  of  S.  America,  and  thinly  diffused  through- 
out the  northern  hemisphere. 

Properties.—  Ionics  and  stimulants.    Both  the  following  genera  are  successfully  employed  in  medicine. 
Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(  equal.        Asarum.        1 
Calyx  limb  i  unequal.    Aristolochia.  2 

i.  AS  ARUM. 

Said  to  be  from  the  Gr.  a,  not,  and  ffctpw,  to  bind  ;  because  not  used  in  garlands. 

Calyx  campanulate  ;  stamens  12,  placed  upon  the  ovary;  anthers 
adnate  to  the  middle  of  the  filaments  :  style  very  short  ;  stigma  6- 
rayed  ;  capsule  6-celled,  crowned  with  the  calyx.  —  Herbs  with  creeping 
rhizomas  ajid  1  —  2  Ivs.  on  each  branch.  Fls.  solitary. 

1.  A.  CANADENSE.     Wild  Ginger.     Asarabacca. 

Lvs.  2,  broad-reniform  ;  cal.  woolly,  deeply  3-cleft,  the  segments  reflected. 
—  1\.  A  small,  acaulescent  plant,  growing  in.rich,  shady  soil,  Can.  to  Ga.  and 
W.  States.  The  leaves  are  radical,  large,  2  —  4'  by  3  —  5',  with  a  deep  sinus  at 
base,  on  long,  hairy  stalks,  and  having  a  soft,  velvet-like  surface.  The  flower 
grows  from  between  the  bases  of  the  leaf-stalks,  solitary,  on  a  nodding  pedun- 
cle, and  is  close  to  the  ground,  sometimes  even  buried  just  beneath  the  surface. 
Calyx  purplish,  of  3,  broad,  long-pointed  divisions  abruptly  spreading.  The 
12  filaments  bear  the  anthers  on  their  sides  just  below  the  extremity.  The  root 
or  rhizoma  is  aromatic,  and  has  been  considered  useful  in  whooping-cough, 
May  —  July. 

2.  A.  VIRGINICUM.  Michx.     Sweet-scented  Asarabacca. 

Lvs.  solitary,  orbicular-ovate,  glabrous,  coriaceous,  cordate,  entire,  obtuse  ; 
JL.  subsessile  ;  cal.  short,  subcampanulate,  glabrous  externally.  —  Grows  in  light 
soils  among  rocks,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  A  low,  stemless  plant,  very  similar  in  habit  to 
the  preceding.  Each  branch  of  the  rhizoma  bears  a  terminal  leaf  and  a  flower. 
Leaf  3  —  4'  diam.,  very  smooth,  clouded  with  spost,  the  petiole  2  or  3  times 
longer,  lobes  at  base  rounded  and  nearly  closed.  Flower  many  times  shorter 
than  the  petiole.  Calyx  segments  obtuse,  of  a  dusky  purple,  greenish  outside.  Apr. 

2.  ARISTOLOCHIA. 

Gr.  aptjroj,  excellent,  Ao^eoj,  pertaining  to  parturition  ;  alluding  to  the  medicinal  properties. 

Calyx  ligulate,  with  an  inflated  base  and  an  unequal  border  ;  an- 
thers 6,  subsessile  upon  the  style  ;  stigma  6-cleft  ;  capsule  6-celled, 
many-seeded.  —  St.  erect  or  twining. 

1.  A.  SERPENTARIA.     Virginia  Snake-roof,. 

St.  erect,  flexuous  ;  Ivs.  oblong,  cordate,  acuminate  ;  ped.  radical  ;  lip  of  the 
cal.  lanceolate.  —  A  curious  vegetable  of  low  growth,  in  hedges  and  thickets, 
Penn.  to  111.  and  La.  Stem  8  —  13'  high,  subsimple,  jointed,  herbaceous.  Leaves 
2  —  4'  by  f  —  2',  rarely  larger,  petioles  3  —  9"  in  length.  Flowers  few,  near  the 


466 


CVI.   CHENOPODIACE^E. 


SALICORNIA. 


base  of  the  stem.  Calyx  dull  purple,  of  a  leathery  texture,  tubular,  bent  almost 
double,  gibbous  at  the  base  and  at  the  angle,  limb  2-lipped,  upper  lip  2-lobed. 

Capsule  obovate,  6-angled,  6 — 9"  long,  with  numerous  small  seeds.  June. 

The  dried  root  is  a  valuable  stimulant,  diaphoretic  and  tonic,  containing  cam- 
phor. It  has  a  warm,  bitter,  pungent  taste. 

2.  A.  SIPHO.  L'Her.     Dutchman's  pipe. 

St.  twining,  shrubby;  Ivs.  ample,  suborbicular,  cordate,  entire,  acute, 
petiolate;  ped.  1-flowered,  furnished  with  a  single,  ovate  bract;  cal.  tube  bent, 
ascending,  limb  3-cleft,  equal. — A  vigorous  climber  in  mountainous  woods, 
Western  Penn.  to  Ky.  and  S.  States.  St.  woody,  twining,  and  ascending  trees 
30  or  40f.  Leaves  6—12'  diam.,  alternate,  sprinkled  with  soft  hairs.  Flowers 
solitary,  the  tube  long  and  bent  at  nearly  a  right  angle,  in  the  form  of  a  (siphon 
or)  tobacco  pipe,  and  of  a  dull  brown  color.  It  is  highly  ornamental  in  culti- 
vation, for  arbors.  June,  j- 


ORDER  CVI.  CHENOPODIACEJE.—  CHENOPODS. 

Herbs  or  undershrubs,  with  alternate  (rarely  opposite)  leaves  without  stipules. 

Fls.  inconspicuous,  generally  perfect,  often  dioecious  or  polygamous. 

Cal.  deeply  divided  often  tubular  at  base,  imbricate  in  aestivation. 

Sta.  from  the  base  of  the  calyx,  as  many  as  its  lobes  or  fewer,  and  opposite  to  them. 

Ova.  l,  with  I  ovule  attached  to  its  base  within.     Styles  2—4,  rarely  1. 

F}'.  a  utricle.    Embryo  usually  curved  around  fleshy  albumen. 

Genera  63,  species  360,  often  maritime  plants,  and  more  generally  weeds,  abounding  in  the  northern 
temperate  zone. 


tain 


Properties.—  Some  are  useful  for  food,  as  the  beet,  mangel-wurtzel,  orache,  spinach,  fyc.    Others  con- 
in an  essential  oil,  which  renders  them  tonic,  antispasmodic  and  anthelmintic  ;   as  Chenopodium 


,  ,  ;   as        enopoum 

botrys,  C.  ambrosioides,  C.  anthelminticum  :  the  latter  yields  the  officinal  worm-seed  oil.    Salsoli,  Sali- 
cornia  and  other  sea-side  species  yield  soda  from  their  ashes  in  great  abundance. 


FIG.  52.— 1.  Flower  of  Chenopodium  album.  2.  Calyx,  &c.,  removed,  showing  the  ovary  and  two 
(hypogynous)  stamens.  3.  Cross  section  of  the  seed,  showing  the  coiled  embryo.  4.  Branch  of  Salicor- 
nia  herbacea.  5.  Two  joints  magnified.  6.  Ovary  of  a  flower.  7.  Flower  of  Blitum  capitatum,  wilh 
the  fleshy  calyx.  8.  Vertical  section  of  the  ovary.  9.  Flower  of  Beta  vulgaris. 

'Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

{Fruit  partly  invested  I  Seed  lenticular.  Chenopodium.  7 

in  calyx ( Seed  renifbrm.  Beta.  8 

Fr.  wholly  invested  in  cal.    Lvs.  subulate  Salsola.  2 

Styles  1.    Leafless  plants.    .        .       .  Sa/icornia.  1 

Call  perfect.   ( Stamens  1—2 1£  Styles  2.    Leafy  plants.        .        .        .  Blitum.  6 

!  dioecious.      ( Stigmas  sessile.    Leaves  ovate-lanceolate.         .        .  Acnida.  4 

I  Stamens  5.  ( Stig.  on  capillary  styles.    Lvs.  hastate-lanceolate.     .  Spinacia.  3 

Flowers  I  polygamous.    Stamens  5 Atriplev.  6 

1.   SALICORNIA. 

Lat.  sal,  salt,  cornu,  horn ;  in  allusion  both  to  its  locality  and  appearance. 

Calyx  turbinate,  fleshy,  closed,  entire  ;  sta.  1 — 2;  style  1,  bifid  ; 
utricle  invested  in  the  calyx,  1 -seeded. — Salt  marsh  herbs^  rarely 
shrubby,  destitute  of  haves. 

1.  S.  HERBACEA.    (S.  mucronata  7  Bw.}     Herbaceous,  Samphire  or  Saltwort. 

St.  erect,  herbaceous,  spreading ;  joints  compressed ;  internodes  dilated 
upwards,  truncated ;  branches  numerous,  opposite,  light  green,  jointed,  succu- 
lent, smooth,  terminating  in  a  spike ;  spikes  lateral  and  terminal,  tapering 
upwards ;  fls.  small,  sessile,  about  three  on  each  side  of  the  base  of  every 
joint. — A  leafless  plant  with  succulent  and  jointed  branches,  about  a  foot  high, 
growing  abundantly  on  sea  shores  and  salt  marshes,  N.  Eng. !  to  Ga. ;  also,  at 
Salina,  N.  York.  This  and  other  species  are  said  to  make  a  good  pickle  for 
the  table.  When  burned,  its  ashes  yield  soda.  Ang. 


ATRIPLEX.  CVI.    CHENOPODIACE^E.  467 

2.  S,  AMBIGUA.  Michx.     Dubious  or  Prostrate  Samphire. 

Perennial,  procumbent,  branching ;  joints  small,  crescent-shaped ;  spikes 
opposite  and  alternate ;  cal.  truncate ;  anth.  purplish-yellow ;  stig.  2. — A  small 
species,  found  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Bedford,  Ms.  Dewey. 

2.  SALS  OLA. 

Latin  salsus,  salt. 

Calyx  5-parted.  persistent,  embracing  the  fruit  with  its  base,  and 
crowning  it  with  its  enlarged  limb ;  styles  2 ;  seed  horizontal  ; 
embryo  spiral. — Salt-marsh  herbs,  with  linear  or  subulate  leaves. 

1.  S.  KALI. 

Herbaceous,  decumbent;  Ivs.  subulate,  channeled,  spinose,  smooth;  cal. 
margined,  axillary.— A  rigid,  prickly  and  very  branching  plant,  of  the  sea- 
coast,  N.  Eng. !  to  Ga.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  diffuse.  Leaves  about  an  inch  long, 
sessile,  ending  with  a  spine.  Flowers  green,  succulent,  sessile,  bracteate. 
Seed  cochleate,  enclosed  in  the  calyx.  Aug.  Used  in  the  preparation  of  soda. 
ft.  Caroliniana.  (Nutt.  S.  Caroliniana.  Walt.};  Ivs.  dilated;  cal.  with  a 
broader  margin ;  st.  smooth. 

2.  S.  SODA. 

Herbaceous,  glabrous;  branches  ascending;  Ivs.  semiterete,  rather  acute; 
cal.  in  fruit  transversely  connate,  somewhat  membranaceous. — In  N.  Y.  Muh- 
lenbcrg,  who  also  attributes  S.  Tragus,  another  European  species,  to  the  shores 
of  N.  J.  But  this  is  very  uncertain.  July.  § 

3.  SPINACIA. 

Lat.  spina,  a  prickle  ;  on  account  of  the  spiny  processes  of  the  fruit. 

Flowers  d*  9- — cT  Calyx  5-parted  ;  stamens  5.  9  Calyx  2 — 4-cleft ; 
styles  4,  capillary  ;  utricle  contained  within  the  indurated  and  some- 
times muricated  calyx. 

S.  OLERACEA.  Spinage. — Lvs.  hastate-lanceolate,  petiolate ;  Jr.  sessile,  prickly 
or  unarmed. — ©  Native  country  unknown,  but  it  has  long  been  a  common 
plant  in  gardens,  and  in  some  esteem  as  an  esculent.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  with 
leaves  between  hastate  and  sagittate,  2 — 3'  long,  and  nearly  half  as  wide,  taper- 
ing at  base  into  a  long  petiole.  Flowers  greenish,  the  sterile  ones  in  a  ter- 
minal-panicle, the  fertile  ones  in  dense,  sessile,  axillary  racemes.  June,  July. 

4.   ACNlDA.   Mitchell. 

Gr.  a.  not,  KviSri,  the  nettle  ;  a  nettle-like  plant  which  does  not  sting. 

Flowers  tf  9  • — cT  Calyx  5-parted  ;  stamens  5.  9  Calyx  3-parted ; 
stig.  3 — 5,  sessile  ;  utricle  t -seeded. — Herbaceous  weeds,  mostly  aquatic. 

1.  A.  CANNABINA.     Water  Hemp. 

Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate;  caps,  smooth,  acute-angled. — (T)  In  salt  marshes 
and  inland  swamps,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  furrowed,  smooth,  2 — 4f  high. 
Leaves  alternate,  petiolate,  2 — 5'  long,  tapering  to  a  long  point.  Panicles 
axillary  and  terminal,  with  numerous  small,  green  flowers.  Aug. 

2.  A.  RUSCOCARPA.    Michx. 

Lvs.  oval-lanceolate ;  caps,  obtusely  angled,  rugose.— (I)  Can.  and  U.  S. 
A  tall,  branching,  unsightly  plant  in  similar  situations  with  the  last.  Stem 
6 — Sfhigh,  angular.  Flowers  greenish-white,  in  terminal  and  axillary  spikes.  Jl. 

5.   ATRlPLEX 

Fls.  mono3ciously  polygamous.     $  Calyx  5-parted ;  sta.  5  ;  style 

bipartite  ;  utricle  depressed,  invested  in  the  calyx.   9  Calyx  2-leaved  ; 

sta.  0  ;  style  and  fruit  as  above. — Mostly  CD,  rarely  shrubby  plants. 

Lvs.  alternate.     Fls.  glomerate,  paniculate,  c?  and  9  on  the  same  plant. 

1.  A.  HORTENSIS.     Garden  Orache.     Golden  Orache. 

St.  erect,  herbaceous ;  Ivs.  triangular,  toothed,  of  a  uniform  color  both 
sides ;  cal.  of  the  fruit  ovate,  reticulate,  entire.— (J)  Sparingly  naturalized  in 
40 


468  CVI.    CHENOPODIACE^E.  CHENOPODIUM. 

cultivated  grounds.  Stem  3f  or  more  high,  with  thick  leaves  of  variable 
shape,  and  2 — 3'  long.  Flowers  green,  in  terminal,  interrupted  racemes  or 
spikes.  It  is  sometimes  cultivated  as  a  pot-herb.  July.  § 

2.  A.  PATULA.     Spreading  Orache. 

St.  spreading,  herbaceous  ;  Ivs.  triangular-hastate,  acuminate  ;  cat.  of  the 
fruit  submuricate  on  the  disk. — ®  A  very  branching  plant,  1 — 2f  long,  found 
in  salt  marshes,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  Stem  and  leaves  dull  green,  somewhat  glaucous. 
Lower  leaves  hastate,  with  coarse  teeth,  upper  ones  lanceolate  and  nearly 
entire.  Flowers  in  long,  terminal  and  axillary,  interrupted  racemes.  Sepals 
of  the  fertile  flowers  triangular,  studded  with  tubercles  in  the  midst.  Aug. 

3.  A.  ARENARIA.  Nutt.     Sand  Orache. 

St.  spreading,  herbaceous;  Ivs.  entire,  oblong-ovate,  subsessile,  silvery- 
white  beneath,  upper  ones  acute  or  acuminate ;  fls.  aggregated,  axillary ;  col. 
of  the  fertile  fls.  muricate,  dentate,  retuse. — ®  Grows  on  sandy  shores,  N.  Y.  to 
Car.  Stem  about  a  foot  high,  reddish,  angular,  very  branching.  Lower  leaves 
often  wedge-shaped.  Flowers  monrecious,  the  sterile  ones  in  short,  dense 
spikes  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  the  fertile  in  axillary  clusters.  July. 

4.  A.  LACINIATA.     Frosted  Sea  Orache. 

Stem  spreading,  herbaceous ;  Ivs.  triangular-ovate,  deeply  toothed,  hoary 
pubescent  beneath,  lower  ones  opposite  ;  $  tetrandrous  ;  cal.  of  the  fruit,  rhom- 
boid, 3-veined,  denticulate. — (£)  In  salt  marshes,  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Stem  a  foot  long, 
mostly  procumbent,  mealy,  alternately  branched.  Leaves  stalked,  entire  at 
base,  covered  with  small,  grayish  scales.  The  perfect  flowers  in  terminal,  ses- 
sile clusters,  their  ovaries  about  5.  Pistillate  flowers  axillary,  2 — 3  together.  Jl. 

5.  A.  HALIMUS.     Common  Orache. 

St.  shrubby;  Ivs.  often  subopposite,  oblong-rhomboidal,  entire,  attenuated 
into  the  margined  petiole. — A  tall,  shrubby  species,  6f  high,  said  by  Dr.  Muh- 
lenberg  to  be  naturalized  on  the  sea-coasts  of  N.  J.  It  is  ornamental  on  account 
of  its  silvery  foliage,  and  sometimes  cultivated.  § 

6.   BLITUM. 

Gr.  /?A>?roi',  insipid;  in  allusion  to  the  fair  but  insipid  berries. 

Fls.  £.  Calyx  3-cleft,  segments  ovate,  equal ;  sta.  1,  exserted  ; 
sty.  2  ;  ova.  ovoid,  acuminate ;  seed  1,  contained  in  the  calyx  which, 
becomes  a  berry. — ©  Herbaceous  weeds.  Fls.  and  Jr.  in  capitate  clus- 
ters terminal  and  axillary. 

1.  B.  CAPITATUM.     Strawberry  Elite. 

Lvs.  triangular-hastate,  toothed;  Ms.  in  a  terminal,  leafless  spike;  fr. 
consisting  of  the  reddened  flowers,  appearing  like  strawberries,  full  of  a  purple 
juice,  taste  insipid. — Va.  to  Arc.  Circle.  A  weed-like  plant,  about  a  -foot  in 
height,  branching,  growing  in  fields,  and  sometimes  cultivated  for  borders  in 
the  flower  garden.  Heads  of  flowers  sessile,  near  together,  on  the  branches  and 
summit  of  the  stem.  June,  f 

2.  B.  VIRGATUM.     Slender  Elite. 

St.  with  spreading  branches ;  Ivs.  triangular-hastate,  sinuate-dentate ;  glo- 
merules  scattered,  lateral. — Fields  and  waste  places.  Stem  2f  in  length,  spread- 
ing'or  procumbent.  Leaves  2— 3'  by  1 — 2'  coarsely  toothed,  on  petioles  half  as 
long.  Flowers  always  in  axillary  clusters,  never  terminal.  Calyx  finally 
fleshy  and  red  in  fruit.  Jn.  § 

3.  B.  MARITIMUM. 

Lvs.  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  each  extremity,  incisely  dentate ;  hds.  axil- 
lary, sessile,  spiked ;  cal.  membranaceous. — ®  A  coarse,  unsightly  plant,  in 
salt  marshes,  N.  Y.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  very  branching.  Leaves  fleshy,  with  2 
or  more  large  teeth  each  side.  Flowers  very  numerous  and  minute,  not  be- 
coming red  in  fruit.  Aug. 

7.   CHENOPODIUM 

Gr.  %T)v,  a  goose  ;   irovs,  a  foot ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  leaves. 

Calyx  5-parted,  obtusely  5-angled,  free,  partially  enveloping  the 


CHEXOPODIUM.  CVI.    CHENOPODIACE^E.  469 

fruit ;  stamens  5  ;  styles  2  ;  utricle  membranaceous  ;  seed  lenticular, 
vertically  depressed. — Mostly  ®  weeds  with  alternate  leaves.  Fls. 
glomerate,  paniculate. 

1.  C.  ALBUM  (and  C.  viride.  Linn.}     White  Goose-foot.     Hogweed. 

Lvs.  rhomboid-ovate,  crowded,  entire  at  base,  the  upper  ones  oblong,  very 
entire ;  roc.  branched,  leafy,  smooth. — (p  A  weed,  common  in  cultivated 
grounds,  Can.  and  N.  States.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  furrowed,  smooth,  branching, 
leaves  more  or  less  mealy  as  also  the  whole  plant.  Flowers  numerous,  small, 
green,  in  irregular,  terminal,  erect  racemes.  July — Sept. 

2.  C.  RUBRUM.     Red  Goose-foot. 

Lvs.  rhomboid-triangular,  deeply  toothed  and  sinuate ;  roc.  erect,  com- 
pound, leafy. — (p  A*  weed  in  waste  grounds,  rubbish,  &c.,  N.  Eng.  and  Brit. 
Am.  Stem  reddish,  1£ — 2f  high,  with  short  branches,  very  compound,  and  with 
compact  clusters  of  small,  reddish-green  flowers.  Leaves  dark  green,  the  upper 
on.es  small,  and  intermixed  with  the  flowers.  July. 

3.  C.  HYBRIDUM.     Tall  Goose-foot. 

Lrs.  cordate,  angular-toothed,  acuminate ;  roc.  branched,  subcymose,  divari- 
cate, leafless. — A  weed  in  waste  places,  &c.,  N.  Eng. !  to  Ky. !  rather  taller  than 
the  foregoing.  Stem  slender,  2 — 3f  high,  bearing  a  loose,  branching  cluster  of 
unsightly  and  ill-scented  flowers,  remote  from  the  leaves.  Leaves  bright  green, 
with  large,  remote  teeth  and  a  tapering  point.  July.  § 

4.  C.  RHOMBIFOLIUM.    Mllhl. 

Lvs.  rhombic-triangular,  acute,  sinuate-dentate,  upper  ones  lanceolate, 
cuneate  at  base ;  roc.  axillary,  erect,  mostly  leafless  ;  bracts  minute,  inflexed. — 
Penn.  and  Ohio.  Plant  yellowish-green,  2— 3f  high.  Stem  branching,  angular 
with  stripes  of  a  deeper  green.  Leaves  2 — 3'  by  1 — !£',  widest  near  the  base, 
with  a  few  acute  dentures,  petioles  nearly  half  as  long.  Flowering  branches 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  axillary,  nearly  leafless,  with  several  roundish,  dense 
clusters  of  green  flowers. 

5.  C.  AMBROsiolDEs.     Ambrosia  Goose-foot. 

Lvs.  lanceolate,  remotely  dentate;  rac.  simple,  axillary,  leafy. — Fields  and 
roadsides,  N.  Eng.  to  111.  Plant  rather  fragrant.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  much 
branched,  angular,  slightly  pubescent.  Leaves  acute  at  each  end  (the  upper 
ones  nearly  linear),  about  4  times  as  long  as  wide,  the  petioles  0 — \[  long. 
Flowers  green,  in  sessile  clusters  on  short,  erect,  slender,  leafy  branches.  Sta- 
mens exsert.  Aug.  Sept. 

6.  C.  BOTRYS.     Oak-of- Jerusalem. 

Lvs.  oblong,  sinuate  ;  rac.  much  divided. — Sandy  fields,  &c.,  N.  Eng.  to 
111.  This«f)lant  is  sometimes  cultivated  both  on  account  of  its  fragrance,  and 
the  remarkable  appearance,  of  its  compound  clusters  of  innumerable  flowers. 
Plant  1 — 3f  high,  viscid-pubescent.  Leaves  petiolate.  the  sinuses  deep,  giving 
them  some  resemblance  to  oak  leaves.  The  branches  put  forth  numerous  leaves 
and  short,  axillary  clusters  on  every  side,  forming  long,  leafy,  cylindric,  green, 
compound  racemes,  of  which  the  central  one  is  much  the  tallest.  June,  t 

7.  C.  ANTHELMINTICUM.     Worm-seed. 

Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  toothed ;  spike  simple,  slender,  interrupted,  leafless. 
— Maine !  to  111.  A  strong-scented  species,  said  to  be  a  good  vermifuge,  as 
both  its  specific  and  common  name  would  imply.  Stem  1  \ — 2f  high,  its  branches 
ending  in  long  spikes  of  green,  inconspicuous  flowers.  Aug. 

8.  C.  GLAUCUM.     Sea-green  Goose-foot. 

Lvs.  oblong  and  ovate-oblong,  repand-sinuate  on  the  margin,  glaucous  be- 
neath ;  spikes  simple,  leafless,  glomerate,  axillary  and  terminal. — N.  Y.  Muhl. 

9.  C.  MARITIMUM. 

Lv's.  linear,  subulate,  fleshy,  semi-cylindrical ;  fls.  in  sessile,  axillary  clus- 
ters ;  sta.  shorter  than  the  sepals. — A  fleshy  plant  growing  in  salt  meadows, 
Can.  to  Flor.  Stem  1£ — 2f  high,  branching.  Leaves  numerous,  very  acute, 
I — 1'  long.  Flowers  in  Axillary  glomerules,  green.  Utricle  thin  and  semi- 
transparent,  containing  a  black  and  shining  seed.  Aug.  Sept. 


470  CVIII.   AMARANTHACE.E.  AMARANTHUS. 

8.   BETA. 
Celtic  bett,  red ;  the  usual  color  of  the  beet. 

Calyx  5-sepaled  ;  sta.  5  ;  styles  2,  very  short,  erect,  with  acute  stig- 
mas ;  seed  reniform,  imbedded  in  the  fleshy  calyx. — ®  Stems  jurrowed. 
Lvs.  alternate.  Fls.  glomerate,  green,  in  spikes  or  paniculate  racemes. 

1.  B.  VTJLGARIS.    Common  Beet. — Fls.  in  dense,  sessile,  axillary  clusters ;  lower 
Irs.  ovate ;  rt.  fleshy. — This  useful  culinary  is  said  to  grow  wild  in  S.  Europe. 
Besides  its  use  in  salads,  pickles,  soups,  &c.,  the  beet  yields  sugar  equal  to  that 
of  the  cane.    There  are  several  varieties,  of  which  the  purple-leaved  is  the 
most  esteemed  for  the  kitchen,  and  the  green-leaved  for  extracting  sugar.    Aug. 

2.  B.  CICLA.     Scarcity. — L/vs.  with  very  thick  veins ;  fls.   3   together ;  rts. 
scarcely  any. — Native  of  Portugal.    Root  leaves  stalked,  those  of  the  stem  ses- 
sile.   Flowers  green,  numerous,  in  very  long  spikes.    A  culinary  plant,  with 
very  large  leaves,  used  as  a  salad,  &c.    Aug. 

/?.  Mangel-  Wurtzel.  Rt.  very  large. — Cultivated  as  food  for  cattle,  for  which 
purpose  it  is  highly  prized  by  many  farmers. 

ORDER  CVII.     SCLERANTHACEJE.— SCLERANTHS. 

Herbs  small,  inconspicuous,  with  opposite  leaves,  no  stipules  and  minute,  axillary,  sessile  flowers. 
Cal.— Tube  urceolate,  limb  4— 5-toothed. 

Sta.  inserted  on  the  calyx  tube,  and  usually  twice  as  many  as  its  lobes. 
Ova.  l,  free,  1-seeded.    Styles  2  or  1.'    Fr.  a  utricle,  in  ihe  hardened  calyx. 
Seed  pendulous  from  the  apex  of  a  funiculus  which  arises  from  base  of  cell. 
Embryo  curved  around  farinaceous  albumen. 
Genera  4,  species  14,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

SCLERANTHUS. 
Gr.  crK\r)pos,  hard,  avSos ,  when  in  fruit,  the  floral  envelope  appears  hard  and  dry. 

Calyx  persistent,  5-cleft,  the  tube  contracted  at  the  orifice  5  sta. 
1 0,  rarely  5  or  2  ;  styles  2 ;  utricle  very  smooth,  enclosed  in  the  calyx. 

S.  ANNUUS.     Common  Knawel. 

St.  spreading,  slightly  pubescent;  sta.  10;  cal.  ofthefr.  with  acute,  spread- 
ing segments. — (j)  weed  in  dry  fields  and  roadsides,  N.  Eng.  and  Mid.  States. 
Stems  numerous,  branching,  decumbent,  short,  ending  with  leafy  clusters  of 
sessile,green  flowers.  The  leaves  are  numerous,  linear,  acute,  short,  opposite, 
partially  united  at  their  basis.  Fls.  very  small,  green,  in  axillary  fascicles.  Jl. 

ORDER  CVIII.  AMARANTHACE^E.— AMARANTHS. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves,  withoul  stipules. 

Fls.  in  heads  or  spikes  usually  colored,  generally  perfect. 

Cal.—  Sepals  3—5,  dry  and  scarious,  persistent,  generally  with  dry,  colored  bracts. 

Sta.  5  or  some  multiple  of  5.  distinct  or  monadelphous,  hypogynous. 

Ova.  1,  free,  1  or  few-ovuled.    Style  1  or  none.    Stigma,  simple  or  compound. 

Fr.  a  utricle.    Seeds  pendulous.    Embryo  curved  around  farinaceous  albumen. 

Genera  38,  species  282,  most  abundant  in  warm  latitudes.  A  few  of  them  are  cultivated  for  their  richly 
colored,  imperishable  flowers.  Others  are  mere  weeds. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(Rachis  1  ere te  or  furrowed Amaranthiis.  1 

(alternate.  \  Rachis  broad,  flat  and  crest-form Celosia.  5 

^  Flowers  paniculate Iresme.  2 

(  Bracts  whitish  or  greenish.  £  Flowers  spicate Oplotheca.      3 

opposite.   ( Bracts  crimson.    Flowers  capitate Gomphrena.    4 

1.   AMARANTHUS. 

Gr.  a,  not,  fjtapaivo),  to  wither;  the  flowers  of  some  of  the  species  are  imperishable. 

Fls.  cT  9  ;  calyx  deeply  3 — 5-parted,  mostly  colored,  persistent ; 
segments  lanceolate,  acute.  cT  Stamens  3 — 5.  9  Styles  2 — 3  ;  cap- 
sule 1 -celled,  circumscissile  ;  seed  1. — ©  Herbs  with  alternate  leaves. 
Fls.  in  axillary  and  terminal  clusters,  rarely  scattered. 

*  Flowers  triandrous. 
\.  A.  ALBUS.      While  Cockh-comb. 
St.  obtusely  angular ;  Irs.  obovate,  retuse ;  fis.  triandrous,  in  small,  axillary 


IRKSINK.  CV1II.   AMARANTHACEJE.  471 

clusters. — A  common  garden  weed,  1 — 2f  high,  simple  or  branched.  Leaves 
entire,  varying  from  oval  to  obovate,  emarginate,  with  a  mucronate  point, 
tapering  to  a  petiole  which  is  nearly  as  long  as  the  blade,  those  upon  the 
branches  very  small.  Flowers  inconspicuous,  pale  green,  accompanied  with 
numerous,  setaceous-pointed  bracts.  July.  § 

2.  A.  BLITUM.     Low  Amaranth. 

St.  diffusely  branched  and  spreading ;  Ivs.  ovate,  long-petiolate,  obtuse  or 
abruptly  decurrent  at  base,  entire,  lower  ones  retuse,  upper  obtuse  or  acute ;  fls. 
in  short,  axillary,  spicate  clusters,  shorter  than  the  petioles. — A  weed  naturalized 
in  waste  places.  Stem  mostly  prostrate  and  spreading.  Leaves  as  long  as  the 
petioles,  | — J  as  wide.  § 

3.  A.  OLERACEUS.     Pot  Amaranth. 

Lvs.  rugose,  oblong,  very  obtuse,  emarginate;  dusters  axillary,  branching ; 
fls.  sometimes  pentandrous. — Fields  and  waste  places,  Mass,  to  Penn.  Stem 
18— 24' high.  July. 

*  *  Flowers  pentandrous. 

4.  A.  HYBRIDUS.     Hybrid  Amaranth. 

St.  furrowed,  erect;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate;  roc.  pentandrous,  decompound 
crowded,  erect. — A  common  weed  in  waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  N.  Eng.  to 
Miss.  Stem  3f  high,  or  more^leaves  alternate,  long-stalked,  mostly  entire,  ob- 
tuse, emarginate,  mucronate,  the  lowest  ones  retuse.  Flowers  minute,  in  large, 
green,  oblong  spikes  becoming  at  length  a  dull  red;  axillary  and  terminal. 

5.  A.  PUMILUS.  Nutt.     Dwarf  Amaranth. 

Lvs.  ovate,  obtuse,  smooth  and  fleshy,  often  retuse ;  dusters  axillary ;  fls. 
pentandrous ;  cal.  5-leaved,  concave. — Sandy  sea  shores,  N.  Y.  Stem  8— 12' 
high,  often  decumbent.  Flowers  green,  obscure. 

6.  A.  RETROFLEXUS. 

Lvs.  ovate,  undulate ;  branches  downy ;  roc.  pentandrous,  triply  compound, 
compact,  erect. — Waste  grounds,  among  rubbish,  N.Y.toVa.  Stem2fhigh.  Aug. 

7.  A.  SPINOSUS.     Spiny  Amaranth. 

St.  glabrous,  much  branched;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  with  two  stipular 
spines  at  base  of  the  petioles ;  fls.  in  compound,  terminal  and  axillary  spikes. — 
In  cultivated  grounds  and  roadsides.  Middle  States.  A  vile  weed,  2f  or  more 
high,  readily  known  by  its  stipular  spines.  Aug.  § 

8.  A.  HYPOCHONDRIACUS.     Prince's  Feather. 

Lvs.  oblong,  lanceolate,  mucronate ;  roc.  pentandrous,  compound,  com- 
pact, erect. — This  species  is  native  in  the  Middle  States,  and  cultivated  often  as 
a  garden  annual.  The  whole  plant  is  dark  red,  3 — 4f  high,  with  long,  plume- 
like  clusters,  f 

9:  A.  MELANCHOLICUS.  Love-lies-bleeding . — Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  colored ; 
roc.  axillary,  peduncled,  roundish.—®  From  India.  The  whole  plant  purple, 
18'  high,  t  Several  other  species  are  rarely  cultivated. 

2.   IRESINE. 

Gr.  eipeaiuvr] .  an  olive  branch  hound  with  tufts  of  wool,  borne  by  suppliants ;  from  the  resemblance. 

Flowers  3"  9 — &  Calyx  deeply  5 — 7-parted,  subtended  by  2  bracts  ; 
scales  or  nectaries  (petals?)  5  or  7.  9  Stigmas  2,  sessile;  capsule  at 
length  tomentose,  many-seeded. — Mostly  %•  Lvs.  opposite,  entire, 
Fls.  paniculate,  axillary  and  terminal. 

I.    CELOSlSlDES. 

St.  erect,  furrowed,  paniculate  above ;  Ivs.  scabrous,  punctate,  lower  ob- 
long, acuminate,  upper  ovate-lanceolate ;  panicle  compound,  large,  rather  dense. 
— A  tall,  handsome  annual,  3 — 4f  high,  on  river  banks,  Ohio,  near  Cincinnati, 
&c.  Leaves  tapering  to  the  base  into  a  winged  petiole,  3 — 6'  by  2 — 4'.  Pani- 
cle of  whitish  flowers  large,  with  opposite  branches,  branchlets  and  pedicels, 
nearly  or  quite  leafless.  Sept.  Oct. 
40* 


478  CIX.   NYCTAGINACE.E.  MIRABILIS. 

3.    OPLOTHECA.     Nutt. 
Gr.  OTT\O$,  armor,  Srixi),  sheath ;  alluding  to  the  armed  cover  of  the  fruit. 

Fls.  $ — Calyx  scarious,  tubular,  5-toothed,  densely  tomentose, 
subtended  at  base  by  2  truncated  bracts ;  sta.  5,  filaments  united 
into  a  sheath  below ;  stig.  simple  ;  utricle  1 -seeded,  enclosed  in  the  in- 
durated, muricate  calyx. — (D  Lvs.  opposite,  entire.  Spikes  opposite,  sessile. 

O.  FLORIDANA.  JNutt. 

St.  simple,  erect,  arachnoid-pubescent ;  Ivs.  linear,  tapering  to  the  base, 
obtusish  at  apex ;  fls.  imbricated,  in  short,  dense,  cottony  spikes. — On  sandy 
river  banks,  111.  Mead !  Plant  1 — 2f  high,  with  a  terminal,  virgate  inflorescence 
6 — 10'  long.  Leaves  1 — 2'  by  3 — 5".  Spikes  remote,  J — If  long.  Calyx 
white-scarious,  persistent,  contracted  above,  enclosing  the  utricle. 

4.   GOMPHRENA. 

Bracts  5,  colored,  the  3  outer  ones  connivent,  carinate ;  sepals  5,  vil- 
lous,  disk  (nectary)  cylindric,  5-toothed ;  utricle  circumscissile,  1- 
seeded. — Herbs  and  shrubs  with  opposite  leaves.  None  of  the  species  native. 

1.  G.  GLOBOSA.     Globe  Amaranth. — St.  erect,  hairy;  Ivs.  oblong,  pubescent; 
hds.  globose,  solitary,  2-leaved ;  keels  of  the  bracts  winged.— A  tender  annual  from 
India,  valued  for  its  heads  of  flowers,  which,  if  gathered  before  too  far  ad- 
vanced, will  retain  their  beauty  several  years.    Height  18'.    Branches  oppo- 
site, axillary.    Flowers  purple. 

2.  G.  PERENNIS.     Perennial  Globe  Amaranth. — Lvs.  lanceolate  ;  hds.  2-leaved ; 
fls.  distinguished  by  a  peculiar  calyx. — 1\.  Plant  about  2f  high,  native  of  S. 
America.     The  heads  2-leaved  and  terminal,  resemble  heads  of  clover.     The 
crowded,  purple  perianths  are  chiefly  conspicuous.     Gathered  like  the  former 
species,  its  flowers  are  equally  fadeless  and  durable.    July — Oct. 

5.   CELOSIA. 

Gr.  KTI\£OS,  burnt ;  some  of  the  species  appear  as  if  singed. 

Sepals  3 — 5,  colored;  stamens  united  at  base  by  a  plicate  disk 
(nectary);  style  2 — 3-cleft;  utricle  circumscissile. — A  genus  of  orna- 
mental foreign  herbs.  Lvs.  mostly  alternate. 

C.  CRISTATA.  Cock's-comb. — Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate  ;  stip.  falcate ;  common ped. 
striated ;  spike  oblong,  compressed. — This  curious  annual  is  said  to  have  come 
from  Japan,  where  the  flowers  or  crests  are  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  of  an  in- 
tense, purplish-red.  Height  2f.  June — Sept. 

ORDER  CIX.     NYCTAGINACE^B.— NYCTAGOS. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.    Lvs.  opposite,  one  of  each  pair  smaller  than  the  other. 

CaL  colored,  tubular,  the  upper  part  resembling  a  corolla  with  a- plaited  limb,  falling  off  from  the  lower 

part  which  becomes  indurated  in  fruit. 
Sta.  hypogynous,  definite.    Anth.  2-celled. 
Oca.  free,  with  a  single,  erect  ovule.    Style  l.    Stigma  I. 
Fr.  a  thin  utricle,  enclosed  within  the  enlarged  and  persistent  calyx. 
Seed  with  its  testa  coherent  with  the  utricle.     Cotyledons  leafy. 

Genera  14,  species  100,  natives  of  warm  latitudes.  Nearly  all,  except  the  following  beautiful  genus,  are 
obscure  weeds.  Roots  purgative. 

MIRABlLIS. 

Calyx  funnel-form,  tube  contracted,  free  from  the  ovary,  limb  plait- 
ed, entire,  deciduous  ;  sta.  5  ;  stig.  globose" 

1.  M.  JALAPA.  Four-o'clock.  Marvel-of-Peru. — Lvs.  smooth ;  fls.  in  clusters, 
stalked. — %  This  well-known  and  much  admired  plant  is  from  the  W.  Indies. 
Root  large,  tuberous,  and  is  one  of  the  substances  which  furnish  the  Jalap  of 
the  shops.  Stem  2f  high.  Leaves  opposite,  cordate,  acuminate.  Flowers 
large,  very  fragrant,  in  axillary  and  terminal  clusters ;  border  wide-spreading, 
opening  at  about  4  o'clock,  P.  M.  Calyx  bright  purple.  By  cultivation  it 


POLYGONUM.  CX,   POLYGONACE^E.  473 

sports  into  many  pleasing  varieties  with  yellow  and  white,  red  and  white,  red 
and  yellow  flowers.     June — Sept. 

2.  M.  DICHOTOMA.    Mexican  Four-o'clock. — Fls.  sessile,  erect,  axillary,  soli- 
tary.— 1\.  From  Mexico.     Stem  2f  high,  dichotomous,  with  yellow  flowers, 
opening  at  4  o'clock  like  the  former.    July,  Aug. 

3.  M.  LONGIFLORA.    Long-flowered  Four-o'clock. — Lvs.  pubescent ;  fls.  crowd- 
ed ;  tube  of  the  col.  very  long. — 9|  Native  of  Mexico.     Stem  2f  high.     Tube  of 
the  calyx  slender,  hairy,  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves.   Flowers  white.   Jn. — Sept. 

ORDER  CX.     POLYGONACEJE.— BUCKWHEATS. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves.  [base  of  the  leaf-stalks ;  occasionally  0. 

Slip,  of  that  remarkable  kind  called  ochreae,  cohering  round  the  stem  in  the  form  ot  a  sheath  above  the 

Fls.  mostly  perfect,  and  in  racemes. 

Cal.—  Sepals  united  at  base,  imbricate  in  aestivation. 

Sta.  definite,  inserted  on  the  calyx  near  the  base. 

Ova.  free,  with  a  single  erect  ovule.    Styles  or  stigmas  several. 

Fr.— Achenium  usually  triangular. 

Sds.—  Embryo  generally  on  one  side  of  farinaceous  albumen. 

Genera  29,  species  490,  widely  diffused  throughout  the  world. 

Properties.— "The  roots  of  these  plants  are  nauseous  and  purgative.    Rhubarb  of  the  shops  is  the  root 
of  some,  unknown  species  of  this  order,  native  of  Tartary.    But  the  leaves  and  stalks  of  sorrel,  the  gar- 
den rhubarb,  &c.,  are  agreeably  tart,  and  contain  oxalic  acid  ;  the  petioles  of  the  latter,  together  with  the 
iarinaceous  seeds  of  the  buck- wheat,  are  well-known  articles  of  food. 
Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

t 6.    Stigmas  3,  multifid.    3  outer  sepals  smaller Rumex.         4 

(  6.    Stamens  { 9.    Stigmas  multifid Rficum.          1 

<  mostly  5,  united  at  base,  persistent  and  enclosing  the  fruit Polygonum.  3 

Sepals  (4.    Radical  leaves  reniform,  on  long  petioles Oxyria.         2 

1.   RHEUM. 

Rfia,  the  river  Volga,  on  whose  banks  the  plants  are  said  to  be  native. 

Calyx  colored,  6-sepaled,  persistent ;  stamens  9  ;  styles  3  ;  stigmas 
multifid,  reflexed  ;  achenia  3-angled,  the  angles  margined. — ^  Fls. 
fasciculate,  in  racemose  panicles. 

R.  RHAPONTICUM.  Garden  Rhubarb  or  Pie-plant. — L/vs.  smooth,  cordate- 
ovate,  obtuse;  petioles  channeled  above,  rounded  at  the  edges. — Native  of  Asia, 
cultivated  in  gardens  for  the  sake  of  the  juicy,  acid  petioles.  These  are  taken 
in  a  green  state,  in  the  spring  of  the  year,  and  made  into  tarts  and  pies,  whose 
excellence  is  well  known  to  every  one.  Stem  stout  and  fleshy,  3 — 4f  high, 
hollow,  with  large,  sheathing  stipules  at  the  joints.  Leaves  very  large,  1 — 2f 
long,  J  as  wide,  on  petioles  of  nearly  the  same  length.  Panicle  terminal,  at 
first  enclosed  in  a  white,  membranous  bract  which  at  length  bursts,  disclosing 
innumerable  greenish-white  flowers.  May. 

2.  OXYRIA.    R.  Br. 

Gr.  o%vs,  acid ;  in  allusion  to  the  qualities  of  its  leaves. 

Cal.  4-sepaled,2  inner  sepals  largest ;  achenium  3-sided,  with  abroad, 
membranaceous  margin  ;  sta.  2 — 6  ;  styles  2,  stigmas  large,  plumose. — 
Q  Lvs.  mostly  radical,  petiolate.    Stem  nearly  leafless,  paniculate-racemose. 
O.  RENIFORMIS.  Hook.     (Rumex  digynus.  Linn.)    Mountain  Sorrel. 
Radical  Ivs.  reniform,  on  long  petioles ;  outer  sepals  oblong,  half  as  long  as 
the  inner,  valvular  sepals ;  stamens  2 ;  styles  2. — Found  on  the  summits  of  the 
White  Mts.,  in  moist  ravines,  and  N.  to  the  Arc.  Sea.     The  plant  is  acid  to  the 
taste,  like  Rumex  acetosus.     Stem  3 — 4'  in  height.    June. 

3.  POLYGONUM. 

Gr.  iroXvf,  many,  yovv,  knee  ;  that  is,  plants  with  many  joints. 

Sepals  4 — 6,  mostly  5,  connected  at  base,  colored  or  corolla-like, 
persistent ;  sta.  5—9,  mostly  8  ;  sty.  2—3,  mostly  3,  short,  filiform ; 
ach.  mostly  triangular,  usually  covered  by  the  persistent  calyx. — 
Herbaceous.  Sts.  jointed.  Fls.  in  axillary  and  terminal  fascicles  and 
spikes  or  paniculate  racemes. 


474  CX.   POLYGONACE^E.  POLYGONUM. 

§  1.  AVICULARIA.     Flowers  axillary.    Stamens  5 — 8.    Stigmas  3. 

1.  P.  AVICULARE.     Bird  Polygonum  or  Knot-grass. 

St.  procumbent ;  Ivs.  elliptical-lanceolate,  rough-edged,  acute,  sessile ; 
flowers  subsessile. — ©  A  common  weed  in  fields,  highways  and  door-yards,  U. 
S.  and  Brit.  Am.  Stems  slender,  \ — l}f  long,  striate,  smooth,  branching, 
with  short,  white,  torn,  remotely  veined  stipules  at  the  joints.  Leaves  smooth 
except  the  edges,  £ — 1'  long  and  J  as  wide.  Flowers  reddish,  small,  2  or  3 
together  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  appearing  all  summer. 

/?.  glaucum.  (P.  glaucum.  Nutt.}    Lvs.  fleshy,  glaucous,  revolute  on  the  mar- 
gin.— Grows  on  the  sea-coast,  Long  Island. 

2.  P.  ERECTUM.     (P.  aviculare.  0.  latifolium.  Michx.}    Erect  Knot-grass. 

St.  mostly  erect,  branched ;  Ivs.  smooth,  broadly  oval,  petiolate ;  fls.  pedi- 
cellate ;  sta.  mostly  5. — 7|.  Western  and  Mid.  States  and  Brit.  Am.  A  species 
remarkably  distinct  in  appearance  from  the  last,  in  similar  situations,  but  sel- 
dom growing  with  it.  Stem  1 — 2jf  high,  branched,  smooth.  Leaves  1 — 2' 
long  and  about  }  as  wide,  rather  obtuse,  the  petioles  0 — f  long.  Flowers  2—3 
together,  pedicellate,  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  yellowish.  Jn. — Sept. 

3.  P.  TENUE.  Michx.     (P.  linifolium.  MM.}     Slender  Knot-grass. 

St.  slender,  erect,  branched,  acute-angled ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  erect, 
acuminate  ;  slip,  tubular,  villose  at  top ;  fls.  alternate,  subsolitary,  axillary. — ® 
A  small,  slender  plant,  on  rocky  soils,  N.  Eng.,  Mid.  States.  Stem  £ — If  high. 
Leaves  1 — 1%'  long,  1 — 2"  wide,  3-veined,  sessile.  Flowers  white.  JL,  Aug. 

§  2.  PERSICARIA.     Spikes  terminal  or  axillary. 

4.  P.  PUNCTATUM.   Ell.    (P.  Hydropiper.   Michx.  not  of  Linn.}     Water 
Pepper. — St.  branched,  often  decumbent  at  base ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  punctate 

with  pellucid  dots,  waved  and  scabrous  on  the  margin  ;  spike  loose,  interrupted, 
drooping;  sta.  6 — 8;  sty.  2,  united  half  way  up. — Q  Can.  to  Flor.  A  plant 
well  known  for  its  acrid  taste,  growing  in  ditches,  low  grounds,  among  rub- 
bish, &c.  Stem  smooth,  'swelling  above  the  joints,  2f  high,  and,  like  the 
leaves,  sprinkled  with  glandular  dots,  in  which  the  acrimony  is  said  to  reside. 
Leaves  2 — 3'  long  and  not  more  than  \  as  wide.  Flowers  green,  tinged  with 
purple  and  white.  Aug.,  Sept. 

5.  P.  MITE.    Pers.    (P.  hydropiperoides.   Michx.    P.  barbatum.     Walt.} 
Mild  or  Tasteless  Knot-grass. — St.  mostly  decumbent  at  base,  erect  and 

hairy  above ;  Ivs.  narrow,  lanceolate,  subhirsute ;  stip.  hirsute,  long-ciliate ; 
spikes  linear ;  bracts  ciliate,  subimbricate ;  sta.  8  ;  sty.  3. — ©  Ditches  and  ponds, 
Can.  to  Car.  and  Tenn.  Stem  a  foot  or  more  high.  Leaves  2 — 4'  long,  -|  as  wide, 
sessile.  Spikes  several,  crowded  near  the  summit  of  the  stem,  composed  of  small 
fascicles  of  reddish  flowers.  JL,  Aug.  See  also  Addenda,  p.  638. 

G.  P.  PENNSYLVANICUM.     Pennsylvanian  Knot-grass. 

St.  smooth,  tumid  at  the  joints;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  petiolate;  stip.  glabrous, 
not  ciliate  ;  spikes  oblong,  crowded  ;  ped.  hispid  ;  sta.  8;  sty.  2  or  1. — (J)  Mar- 

nof  ponds  and  ditches,  N.  H.  to  Car.     Stem  geniculate,  branched  above, 
f  high.     Leaves  3 — 5'  long,  £  as  wide,  slightly  scabrous.    Spikes  short  and 
dense,  large,  and  somewhat  nodding.   Flowers  large,  rose-colored,  pedicellate.  JL 

7.  P.  LAPATHIFOLIUM.     (P.  incarnatum.  Ell.} 

St.  geniculate,  smooth ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  petiolate,  often  hoary 
beneath;  spikes  numerous,  rather  crowded,  erect,  on  scabrous  peduncles;  sta. 
6 ;  sty.  2. — ®  A  rare  species  in  swamps  and  ditches,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  Stem  2 — 4f 
high.  Leaves  3 — 5'  long,  £ — £  as  wide.  Petioles  i — \'  long.  Flowers  small, 
white,  or  tinged  with  red,  in  numerous,  panicled  spikes.  Aug. 

8.  P.  PERSICARIA.     Ladies'  Thumb.     Spotted  Knot-weed. 

St.  erect;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  the  upper  surface  spotted;  stip.  fringed ;.  spikes 
dense,  oblong,  erect;  ped.-  smooth  ;  sta.  6;  sty.  2,  half  united. — (J)  A  common 
species  about  buildings,  fences,  wet  grounds,  &c.  Stem  smooth,  branched, 
leafy,  1 — 2f  high,  often  colored.  Leaves  2 — 4'  long,  i  as  wide,  entire,  short- 
stalked,  acuminate,  generally  marked  with  a  brownish,  heart-shaped  spot  near 
the  middle.  Flowers  rose-colored,  in  short,  dense,  terminal  spikes.  Jn..  Aug.  § 


POLYGONUM.  CX.   POLYGONACE^E.  475 

9.  P.  ORIENTALS.     Oriental  Knot-grass.     Prince's  Feather. 

St.  erect,  paniculately  branched ;  Ivs.  large,  with  hairy,  salver-form  sti- 
pules ;  sta.  7 ;  sty.  2. — ®  Native  of  the  East,  naturalized  in  fields  and  roadsides, 
throughout  the  U.  S.  A  tall,  showy  plant,  often  cultivated  for  ornament. 
Stem  5 — 8f  high.  Leaves  8 — 12'  long,  £  as  wide,  ovate,  acuminate.  Spikes 
numerous,  large,  red,  plume-like,  terminal.  Aug.  §  j- 

10.  P.  AMPHLBIUM.    (P.  coccinium.  Muhl.}    Amphibious  Knot-weed. 

St.  assurgent,  prostrate  or  decumbent  at  base,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints ; 
Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate  and  oblong,  acute,  or  rounded  or  cordate  at  base,  petiolate, 
smooth,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex ;  spike  terminal,  ovoid  or  oblong,  dense; 
sta.  5 ;  sty.  2-cleft. — Marshes,  ponds,  N.  Eng.  to  111.  A  very  variable  species, 
with  large  leaves  and  a  terminal,  dense  spike  of  bright  red  flowers.  Stems 
smooth,  furrowed,  short-jointed,  often  very  long  and  creeping  or  floating  and 
rooting.  Stipules  large,  sheathing,  mostly  lacerated.  Leaves  5 — 7'  by  1 — 2', 
often  shining.  Spikes  1 — 2'  long,  the  shorter  mostly  thicker.  Aug. — The  prin- 
cipal varieties  are  as  follows  : 

a.  coccineum.  St.  thick,  suberect,  1— 3f  long ;  Ivs.  oblong,  acute,  shining 
both  sides;  stipules  truncate;  spikes  ovoid.  (N.  Eng. !) 

/?.  natans.  St.  very  long,  thick,  rooting,  prostrate,  with  erect  branches ;  Ivs. 
lance-oblong,  subcordate,  acuminate,  slip,  lacerate,  long ;  spike  long,  slender. 
(Indiana !  &c.) 

y.  (P.  fluitans.  Ea.  ?)  Lvs.  lance-linear,  tapering  to  each  end ;  ochrece,  long, 
hirsute,  with  a  leafy,  spreading  summit;  spike  oblong. — Lancasterj  N.  H. 
Rickard!  Wisconsin,  Lapham! — I.  am  by  no  means  certain  that  these  three 
varieties  are  not  distinct. 

11.  P.  VIRGINIANUM. 

St.  simple,  pilose  above ;  Ivs.  broadly  lanceolate,  ciliate-serrulate,  acumi- 
nate, smooth,  on  short  petioles ;  roc.  long,  slender,  few-flowered ;  fls.  tetrame- 
rous,  unequal,  remote  ;  sta.  5 ;  sty.  2,  unequal. — 1\.  Shades,  Can.  to  Flor.,  W. 
to  Miss.  Stem  2 — 4f  high.  Leaves  3—6'  long,  £  as  wide,  petioles  1 — 5"  long. 
Stipules  hairy.  Spike  or  raceme  terminal,  simple  or  with  one  or  two  branch- 
lets,  leafless,  'l — 2f  long.  Flowers  small,  white,  Jl.,  Aug. 

§  3.  BISTORTA.     Fls.  in  terminal,  solitary  spikes.    Sta.  7 — 9.     Stig.  3. 

12.  P.  VIVIPARUM.     Viviperous  Bistort. 

St.  simple ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  revolute  at  the  margin ;  spike  linear, 
solitary. — Stem  erect,  leafy,  £f  high,  bearing  a  single  spike  of  white  flowers 
which  are  often  transformed  into  bulblets  while  on  the  stem. — %  White  Mts.  N. 
to  Arc.  Am.  Leaves  1 — !£'  by  2 — 3",  with  entire,  obtuse,  smooth  stipules.  Jl. 

13.  P.  HIRSUTUM.  Walt.    Hairy  Knot-grass. 

St.  and  stip.  very  hirsute  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  hirsute,  punctate  with  pellucid 
dots ;  spikes  filiform ;  sta.  7 ;  sty.  3-parted.— ®  On  river  banks,  Ohio  and  South- 
ern States.  The  whole  plant  is  clothed  with  soft  hairs.  Stem  2f  high.  Flowers 
white.  July. 

§  4.  POLYGONELLA.     Flowers  in  paniculate  spikes.    Stamens  8. 

14.  P.  ARTICULATUM.     Jointed  Polygonum. 

St.  erect ;  Zrs.  linear  ;  spikes  panicled,  filiform ;  fls.  solitary,  pedunculated, 
with  imbricate,  truncated  bracts  ;  sta.  8 ;  sty.  3. — <£)  N.  Y.,  Mich.,  found  in  dry, 
hilly  pastures.  Stem  slender,  branching,  straight,  with  numerous,  racemed 
spikes,  and  imbricate,  sheathing  bracts.  Leaves  \ — 1'  by  1 — 2",  obtuse. 
Flowers  flesh-colored,  on  nodding,  hair-like  peduncles  issuing  from  above  the 
bracts.  Achenia  acutely  triangular.  Aug. 
§5.  FAGOPYRUM.  Fls.  in  racemose  panicles.  Lvs.  subcordate  or  sagittate. 

15.  P.  SAGITTATUM.     Scratchgross. 

St.  prostrate,  rough-angled ;  Ivs.  sagittate ;  fls.  capitate ;  sta.  8 ;  sty.  3. — @) 
Wet  grounds,  N.  Eng.  to  Flor.  and  W.  States.  A  rough,  climbing  species, 
often  several  feet  in  length.  Stem  square,  the  angles  very  rough  with  prickles 
pdftiting  downwards.  Leaves  acute,  1 — 3'  long,  £  as  wide,  on  petioles  i — f ' 
long,  with  smooth  stipules.  Flowers  in  small,  terminal  heads,  whitish.  Jn. 


476  CX.   POLYGONACE^E.  RUMEX. 

16.  P.  ARIFOLIU'M.     Hastate  Knotgrass. 

St.  aculeate  with  reversed  prickles;  Ivs.  hastate;  s'pikes  few-flowered ;  fls. 
distinct ;  star.  6  ;  sty.  2. — ®  Wet  grounds,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  W.  States.  Distin- 
guished irom  the  last  chiefly  by  its  larger,  halbert-shaped  leaves,  which  are 
2 — 4'  long  and  £  as  wide.  Petioles  J — 1'  long.  Clusters  racemose,  slender, 
loose,  few-flowered,  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  June,  July. 

17.  P.  CONVOLVULUS.     Knot  Bindweed. 

St.  twining,  angular;  Ivs.  cordate-hastate;  seg.ofthe  cal.  obtusely  keeled ; 
sta.  8;  sty.  3. — 0  A  common  climbing  species,  in  fields  and  waste  grounds,  Can. 
to  Ky.  and  Car.  Stem  2 — 6f  long,  roughish,  angled,  with  axillary  branches. 
Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  £  as  wide,  on  petioles  £ — f '  long,  with  somewhat  spreading 
and  acute  lobes  at  base.  Flowers  whitish,  in  terminal,  interrupted  spikes. 
June — Sept. 

/?.  cilinode.  (P.  cilinode.  MX.}  Plant  minutely  pubescent ;  stip.  fringed  with 
reflexed  hairs  at  base. 

18.  P.  SCANDENS.     Climbing  Knotgrass. 

St.  twining,  smooth ;  Ivs.  cordate,  acuminate ;  seg.  of  the  cal.  winged ;  sta. 
8;  sty.  3. — 71.  N.  Eng.  to  Ark.  Stem  3 — 7f  long,  climbing,  often  colored  and 
with  axillary  branches.  Leaves  heart-shaped,  with  distinct,  rounded  lobes. 
Flowers  in  long,  interrupted  racemes.  Calyx  and  fruit  conspicuously  3- winged, 
the  wings  decurrent  on  the  slender,  jointed  pedicel's.  Aug. 

19.  P.  FAGOPYRUM.  Buckwheat. — 'St.  erect,  smooth ;  Ivs.  cordate-sagittate ; 
rac.  panicled;  sta.  8;  sty.  3;  angles  of  the  ach.  equal. — (T)  The  name  from  the 
"Lai.fagus,  beech,  and  pyrum,  a  pear;  the  fruit  resembles  in  shape  a  beech-nut. 
Native  of  Asia,  but  here  naturalized.  A  valuable  grain  cultivated  for  the  flour 
which  is  made  into  pan-cakes  and  eaten  warm.  Stems  2 — 4f  high.  Leaves 
2 — 4'  long,  J  as  wide.  Flowers  numerous,  white,  very  grateful  to  bees.  £  § 

-4.   RUMEX. 

Calyx  persistent,  of  6  colored  sepals,  the  3  inner  (valves)  larger ; 
sta.  6  ;  sty.  3,  spreading  ;  stigmas  many-clbft ;  achenium  3-cornered, 
covered  by  the  3  valve-like  inner  sepals. — Herbs  with  the  flowers  in 
dense,  fasciculate  panicles. 

§  1.  LAPATHUM.     Flowers  all  $ .     Inner  sepals  (valves)  granuliferous. 
*  Inner  sepals  entire. 

1.  R.  CRISPUS.     Yellow  Dock. 

L/vs.  lanceolate,  waved,  acute;  valves  (inner  sepals)  of  the  cal.  entire,  ovate, 
each  bearing  a  tubercle. — 1|_  Can.  and  U.  S.  A  weed  so  common  as  hardly  to 
need  description,  growing  in  cultivated  grounds,  about  rubbish,  &c.,  much  to 
the  annoyance  of  the  farmer.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  smooth,  channeled,  from  a  yel- 
low, fusiform  root.  Flowers  numerous,  in  a  large  panicle,  consisting  of  many 
racemes  of  half-whorls,  interspersed  with  leaves.  Calyx-valves  3,  enclosing 
the  seed,  each  with  a  grain  on  the  back.  The  root  is  used  in  medicine  for  cuta- 
neous diseases.  June.  § 

2.  R.  SANGUINEUS.     Bloody-veined  Dock. 

L/vs.  petiolate,  cordate,  lanceolate ;  valves  of  the  cal.  entire,  one  of  them 
principally  bearing  the  granule. — 7J.  Can.  and  N.  States.  Stem  of  a  reddish 
color,  branching,  leafy,  2 — 3f  high.  Leaves  smooth,  radical  ones  large,  mostly 
with  red  veins,  somewhat  cordate,  slightly  curled  at  the  edges.  Flowers  in 
small,  distant  whorls.  Grows  in  waste  and  shady  places.  July.  <j 

3.  R.  BRiTTANicus,     British  Water  Dock. 

Lvs.  broad-lanceolate ;  joints  with  nearly  obsolete,  torn  sheaths ;  fls.  poly- 
gamous ;  valves  entire,  all  bearing  granules. — 7J.  Can.,  U.  S.  Aquatic,  growing 
in  muddy  places.  Root  yellow  internally,  large.  Stem  3f  high,  furrowed, 
angular  ancf  branched.  Leaves  large,  petiolate,  acute.  Flowers  in  verticiij&te 
fascicles,  collected  into  a  large,  terminal  panicle.  Pedicels  nodding  in  fruit. 
Calyx  valves  large,  cordate.  July. 


CXI.   PHYTOLACCACE^E.  477 

4.  R.  VERTICILLATUS.     Naked-spiked  Dock. 

Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate ;  valves  entire,  all  bearing  granules ;  spikes  leafless, 
with  flowers  in  half- whorls. — 7L  Northern  States.  An  aquatic  species  of  muddy 
situations.  Stem  2f  high,  with  long,  tubular  sheaths  and  few  branches.  Leaves 
long,  narrow,  acute,  flat.  Whorls  few-flowered.  Pedicels  £ — 1'  long.  June. 

5.  R.  AQUATICUS.     Great  Water  Dock. 

Lvs.  lanceolate,  acute,  lower  ones  cordate,  on  long  petioles ;  valves  ovate, 
entire,  all  of  them  bearing  granules. — Tj.  Northern  U.  S.  Ponds  and  ditches. 
Root  large,  very  astringent.  Stem  3 — 4f  high.  Leaves  somewhat  glaucous, 
the  lower  ones  distinctly  cordate  at  base.  Flowers  verticillate,  in  a  terminal, 
leafy  panicle.  Pedicels  nodding. 

6.  R.  ALTISSIMUS.  Wood.    (R.  verticillata,  Mead  7)    Peach-leaved  Dock. 
Glabrous,  tall,  erect ;  Ivs.  linear-elliptic,  entire,  petiolate,  tapering  to  each 

end ;  roc.  slender,  paniculate,  somewhat  secund,  leafless  or  the  lowest  verticil 
axillary;  fls.  all  $;  inner  sep.  broad-cordate,  one  graniferous,  one  abortively 
so,  and  the  third  naked. — 7J.  Marshy  prairies  and  borders  of  streams,  Indiana ! 
A  very  showy  Rumex,  3 — 6f  high,  slightly  branched  above.  Leaves  3 — 5'  by 
i — 1',  somewhat  acuminate,  broadest  in  the  middle.  Verticils  approximate, 
pedicels  2 — 3"  long.  Achenium  exactly  resembling  a  beach-nut  in  form  and 
color.  June.  (Nov.  sp.) 

*  *  Inner  sepals  toothed. 

7.  R.  ACUTUS.     Dock. 

Lvs.  oblong-cordate,  acuminate ;  whorls  leafy ;  valves  oblong,  subdentate, 
all  of  them  bearing  granules. — 1\.  N.  States.  Ditches  and  waste  places.  Stem 
2 — 3f  high.  Leaves  large,  the  lower  ones  distinctly  cordate,  on  long  petioles. 
Racemes  paniculate,  composed  of  dense,  leafy,  dimidiate  verticils.  Granules 
large,  red,  one  upon  the  back  of  each  valve.  May.  § 

8.  P.  PALLIDUS.  Bw.     White  Dock. 

Lvs.- linear-lanceolate,  acute;  spikes  slender;  valves  ovate,  entire,  hardly 
larger  than  the  granule. — 7J_  Found  in  salt  marshes,  Ms.  Stems  numerous, 
ascending.  Leaves  smooth,  acute,  petioled,  wavy  on  the  margin.  Flowers 
crowded,  on  short  pedicels.  Granule  large,  white,  nearly  covering  the  back  of 
each  valve.  June. 

9.  R.  MARITIMUS.     Golden  Dock. 

Lvs.  linear,  very  long,  entire,  acute  at  each  end ;  fls.  in  leafy  racemes ; 
inner  sepals  dentate,  all  graniferous.— Tj.  "  Borders  of  brackish  ponds  in  Mar- 
tha's Vineyard  and  Nantucket."  Oakes.  Plant  a  foot  or  more  high.  Flowers 
yellowish-green,  in  crowded  half-whorls  on  the  branches  and  main  stem  above.  § 

10.  R.  OBTUSIFOLIUS.     Broad-leaved  Dock. 

St.  roughish ;  radical  Ivs.  ovate,  obtuse ;  valves  toothed,  one  of  them  prin- 
cipally bearing  a  granule  on  the  back. — 1\.  N.  States.  A  weed  as  troublesome 
as  the  first,  growing  about  houses  and  fields  wherever  it  is  least  welcome.  Stem 
2 — 3f  high,  furrowed,  branching,  leafy.  Leaves  oblong,  cordate,  obtuse,  cre- 
nate-wavy ;  upper  ones  narrower  and  more  acute ;  root  leaves  very  large, 
oblong,  heart-shaped,  often  with  stalk  and  veins  red.  Flowers  in  long,  nearly 
naked  racemes.  July.  § 

§  2.  ACETOSA.     Flowers  tf  9-    Inner  sepals  without  granules. 

11.  R.  ACETOSELLA.     Field  Sorrel.     Sheep  Sorrel. 

Lvs.  lanceolate-hastate ;  fls.  9  cf  • — Q  A  common  weed,  growing  in  pas- 
tures and  waste  grounds  throughout  the  U.  S.,  preferring  dry,  hard  soils.  Stem 
I — If  high,  leafy.  Leaves  halbert-shaped,  very  acid,  but  pleasant  to  the  taste. 
Flowering  all  summer.  Flowers  small,  red  or  reddish,  collected  in  panicled 
racemes,  the  valves  destitute  of  granules.  "  The  stamens  and  styles  are  on  sepa- 
rate plants. 

ORDER  CXI.     PHYTOLACCACE^E.— PHYTOLACCADS. 

Herbs  or  under  shrubs,  with  alternate,  exstipulate  leaves. 

Fls.  racemose,  perfect.    Sepals  4—5,  petaloid. 

Sta.  4—5  and  alternate  with  the  sepals,  or  indefinite. 

Ova.  l— several-celled.    Styles  and  stiftrxa  eqtial  in  number  to  the  cells. 


478  CXII.    LAURACE^E.  SASSAFRAS. 

Pr.  baccate  or  dry.    Seeds  solitary,  ascending. 
Embryo  cylindric,  curved  around  fleshy  albumen. 

Genera  9,  species  60,  chiefly  natives  of  the  tropics.  Phytolacca  decandria  possesses  active  properties, 
but  they  appear  to  be  yet  little  understood  and  of  doubtful  application. 

PHYTOLACCA.     Tourn. 

Gr.  <f>VTOv,  a  plant,  Lat.  lacca,  lac;  from  the  purple  juice  of  the  berries. 

Calyx  5-sepaled,  resembling  a  corolla;  stamens  7 — 20;  styles 
5 — 10;  berry  superior,  10-celled,  10-seeded. — Herbaceous.  Racemes 
often  opposite  the  leaves. 

P.  DECANDRIA.     Poke.     Garget.     Jalap. 

Lvs.  ovate,  acute  at  both  ends ;  fls.  with  10  stamens  and  10  styles. — 1\.  A 
common,  well-known  plant,  growing  about  roadsides,  hedges,  U.  S.  and  Can. 
Root  very  large  and  branching.  The  stem,  with  the  diameter  of  an  inch,  is  5 
— 8f  high,  round,  smooth,  branching,  and  when  mature,  of  a  fine,  deep  purple. 
Leaves  5'  by  2 — 3',  smooth,  of  a  rich  green  color,  entire  and  petioled.  Racemes 
cylindric,  long,  at  first  terminal,  becoming  finally  opposite  to  the  leaves.  Flow- 
ers greenish- white,  consisting  of  5  ovate,  concave  sepals,  10  stamens  with  white, 
2-lobed  anthers,  and  10  short,  recurved  styles.  The  fruit  is  a  dark  purple  berry, 
of  a  round,  depressed  form.  The  juice  of  the  berries  stains  paper  and  linen  a 
beautiful  purple  color,  which,  however,  is  not  durable.  In  Spain,  it  is  said 
they  are  used  to  color  wine.  July — Sept. 

ORDER  CXII.     LAURACEJE.— LAURELS. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  with  alternate,  exstipulate  Ivs.  and  umbelled  or  panicled  fls. 

Cal.— Sepals  4—6,  somewhat  united,  free  from  the  ovary,  imbricated  in  2  series. 

Sta.  definite,  perigynous,  usually  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals,  the  3  inner  sterile  or  wanting. 

Anth.  adnate,  2— 4-celled,  opening  by  recurved  valves,  from  the  base  to  the  apex. 

Ova.— Style  and  stigma  single. 

Fr.— Berry  or  drupe  on  a  thickened  pedicel.  Seed  large,  without  albumen.  Plumula  conspicuous,  2-leaved. 

Genera  46,  species  450,  chiefly  natives  of  the  tropics,  but  few  being  sufficiently  hardy  to  endure  our 
climate. 

Properties.— The  species  of  this  highly  important  order  are  throughout  pervaded  by  a  warm  and  stimu- 
lant aromatic  oil.  Cinnamon  is  the  dried  bark  of  Cinnamomum  Zeylanicum,  of  Ceylon,  &c.  Camphor 
is  obtained  from  many  trees  of  this  order,  but  chiefly  from  Camphora  Officinarum,  of  Japan,  China,  &c. 
Cassia  Bark,  from  Cinnamomum  aromaticum,  of  China.  Persea  gratissima,  a  tree  of  the  W.  Indies, 
yields  a  delicious  fruit  called  the  Avocado  pear.  Both  of  the  following  species  are  also  moderately  medi- 
cinal. 

Genera. 

$  2  valves/    Benzoin.    1 
Anthers  opening  by  £  4  valves.    Sassafras.  2 

1.  BENZOIN.    Nees. 

Flowers  $ ,  rarely  by  abortion  cT  9 .  Calyx  deeply  6-parted  ;  sta. 
9,  the  inner  row  each  with  a  pair  of  opposite,  pedicellate  glands  at 
base  ;  anth.  opening  by  2  valves,  detached  below  and  reflected  up- 
ward ;  sty.  short,  thick;  drupe  1  -seeded. — Lvs.  deciduous,  entire.  Fls. 
preceding  the  leaves,  lateral. 

B.  ODORIFERUM.  Nees.   (Laurus  Benzoin.  Linn.}   Fever-bush.  Spice  Wood. 

Lvs.  obovate-lanceolate,  veinless,  entire,  deciduous  \fls.  in  clustered  umbels, 
often  direcious;  buds  and  pedicels  smooth. — A  shrub  6 — 12f  in  height,  in  moist 
woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.  It  has  an  aromatic  flavor  resembling  gum  Benzoin, 
and  the  bark  an  agreeable,  spicy  taste.  Leaves  oval  or  obovate,  cuneiform  and 
acute  at  base,  2 — 4'  long  and  J  as  wide,  paler  beneath.  Flowers  pedicellate,  in 
small,  sessile  umbels,  greenish,  appearing  in  advance  of  the  leaves.  Calyx  6- 
cleil,  with  oblong  segments.  Berries  red.  May. 

2.   SASSAFRAS.    Nees. 

Dioeciously-polygamous  ;  calyx  colored.  6-parted.  c?  Sta.  9,  fertile, 
the  inner  row  with  each  a  pair  of  opposite,  pedicellate  glands  at  base ; 
anth.  opening  by  4  valves.  9  Sta.  6,  short,  abortive  ;  sty.  filiform  ; 


PYRULARIA.  CXIII.   SANTALACE^E.  479 

drupe  superior,  1 -seeded. — Lvs.  deciduous^  lobed.  Fls.  and  Ivs.  ex- 
temporary and  from  the  same  bud. 

S.  OFFICINALE.     (Laurus  Sassafras.  Linn.}     Sassafras. 

Lvs.  of  two  forms,  ovate  and  entire,  or  3-lobed  and  cuneate  at  base  ;  fls. 
in  terminal  and  axillary,  corymbose  racemes,  with  linear  bracts. — Not  uncom- 
mon in  N.  Eng.,  very  abundant  in  the  forests  and  barrens  of  the  other  states. 
It  varies  in  height  from  10 — 40f.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  those  of  the  young 
shoots  ovate-lanceolate,  others  with  3  large  lobes.  Flowers  greenish-yellow, 
appearing  in  May  and  June,  in  clustered  racemes  at  the  end  of  the  last  year's 
twigs,  and  after  the  leaves  have  expanded.  Every  part  of  the  tree  has  a  pleas- 
ant fragrance,  and  a  sweetish,  aromatic  taste,  which  is  strongest  in  the  bark  of 
the  root.  These  qualities  depend  upon  an  essential  oil  which  may  be  obtained 
by  distillation,  and  which  has  been  highly  valued  in  medicine.  The  young 
shoots  are  a  common  ingredient  in  small  beer,  imparting  to  it  a  grateful  flavor. 

ORDER  CXIII.     SANTALACEJE.— SANDALWORTS. 

Trees,  shrubs  and  herbs,  with  alternate,  undivided  leaves. 

Fls.  small,  in  spikes,  rarely  in  umbels  or  solitary. 

Col.  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  limb  4— 5-cleft,  valvate  in  aestivation. 

Sta.  as  many  as  the  sepals,  inserted  at  their  base  and  opposite  to  them. 

Ova.  1-celled,  1— 4-ovuled.     Style  l.     Stigma  often  lobed. 

Fr.  hard,  dry  and  drupaceous,  1-seeded,  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx. 

Genera  18,  species  110,  natives  of  Europe,  America,  Australasia,  &c.    The  fragrant  sandal-wood  is  the 
product  of  Santalum  album,  &c  ,  of  India. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

Herbs.  Comandra.  1 
Shrubs.  Pyrularia.  2 
Trees.  Nyssa.  3 

1.   COMANDRA.     Nutt. 
Gr.  K0)firi,  hair,  avSpes,  stamens ;  stamens  connected  to  the  petals  by  a  tuft  of  hairs. 

Calyx  somewhat  urceolate,  tube  adherent,  limb  4 — 5-parted  ;  sta- 
mens 4 — 5,  opposite  the  sepals,  inserted  into  the  top  of  the  tube  ; 
disk  perigynous,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  alternating  with  the  stamens. 
Fruit  drupaceous,  1-seeded,  crowned  with  the  limb  of  the  calyx. — 
Very  smooth,  suffruticose  plants  of  N.  America.  •  Ped.  axillary  and  ter- 
minal. Fls.  small,  umbellate. 

C.  UMBELLATA.  Nutt.  (Thesium  umbellatum.  Linn.')  Bastard  Toad-flax. 
Erect ;  Ivs.  oval-lanceolate ;  fls.  subcorymbed,  terminal.— If.  Plant  about  a 
foot  high,  in  rocky  woods,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.  Stem  slender,  striate,  general- 
ly branching  at  top.  Leaves  entire,  alternate,  acutish,  1 — 1|7  long,  and  £  as 
wide,  tapering  to  a  very  short  petiole.  Flowers  small,  white,  in  little  umbels 
of  about  3.  Each  umbel  is  furnished  with  a  deciduous  involucre  of  about  4 
small  leaflets,  the  whole  constituting  a  kind  of  corymb.  Each  anther  is  at- 
tached to  its  opposite  sepal  by  several  hair-like,  yellow  filaments.  June. 

2.   PYRULARIA.     L.  C.  Rich. 

Flowers  9  £  c?.  Calyx  5-cleft,  subcampanulate  ;  disk  5-toothed, 
glandular,  half  adherent  to  the  ovary  ;  sty.  1  ;  stig.  2  or  3,  sub- 
lenticular  ;  drupe  pyriform,  1-seeded,  enclosed  in  the  adhering  base  of 
the  calyx. — Shrubs  with  the  habit  of  Celaslrus.  Lvs.  alternate,  entire. 
Roc.  terminal. 

P.  OLEIFERA.  L.  C.  Rich.  (P.  pubera.  Michx.    Hamiltonia.  MuM.)  Oilnut. 
Margins  of  mountain  streams,  Penn.  to  Ga.     Shrub  4 — 6f  high,  hirsute- 
pubescent.     Root  foetid.    Leaves  2—3'  by  1— !£',  oblong-ovate,  entire,  acumi- 
nate, petiolate,  veins  prominent  beneath.     Flowers  small,  in  a  terminal  raceme, 
greenish-yellow.     Calyx  tube  short,  nearly  filled  with  the  glandular  disk  in  the 
J*  flowers,  the  segments  reflexed  in  the  $  .     Stamens  alternate  with  the  lobes 
of  the  disk,  opposite  to  those  of  the  calyx.    Drupe  globose-depressed.    May, 
41 


480  CXIV.   THYMELACE^E.  DIRCA. 

June. — The  whole  plant  is  more  or  less  oily,  and  is  greedily  devoured  by  cattle. 
Sometimes  called  Buffalo  Oil. 

3.    NYSSA. 
The  name  of  a  nymph,  according  to  Linnaeus. 

Flowers  dioecious-polygamous,  c?  Calyx  5-parted ;  stamens  5 — 10, 
inserted  around  a  glandular  diskj  pistil  0.  $9  Calyx  5-parted; 
stamens  5  or  0  ;  pistil  1 ;  drupe  inferior  ;  nut  1 -seeded. — Trees. 

1.  N.  MULTIFLORA.  Walt.  (N.  villosa.  Michx.)  Pepperidge.    Tulepo.    Gum 
Tree. — Lvs.  oblong,  obovate,  very  entire,  acute  at  each  end,  the  petiole, 

midvein  and  margin  villous ;  fertile  ped.  3 — 6-flowered ;  nut  short,  obovate, 
obtuse,  striate. — This  tree  is  disseminated  throughout  the  U.  S. ;  it  is  found 
30 — 70f !  high,  the  trunk  1 — 3f !  in  diameter,  with  horizontal  branches  forming 
a  pyramidal  summit.  The  bark  is  light  gray,  similar  to  that  of  the  white  oak, 
and,  like  the  next  species,  broken  into  hexagons.  Leaves  tough  and  firm,  2 — 
5'  long,  and  £  as  wide,  often  with  1  or  more  blunt  teeth.  Flowers  small,  green- 
ish, in  small  clusters  on  a  long,  branching  peduncle,  the  fertile  ones  succeeded 
by  a  few  deep  blue,  oblong  drupes.  The  wood  is  white,  fine-grained,  rather 
soft,  the  texture  consisting  of  interwoven  bundles  of  fibres,  rendering  it  very 
difficult  to  split.  It  is  therefore  useful  for  beetles,  naves  of  wheels,  hatters' 
blocks,  &c.  Jn. 

2.  N.  AQ.UATICA.    (N.  biflora.   Walt.)     Water  Tulepo  or  Gum  Tree. 

"  Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  entire,  acute  at  both  ends,  smooth;  fertile  ped.  2-flow- 
ered ;  drupe  short,  obovate ;  nut  striate. — This  tree  grows  in  swamps,  in  certain 
sections  of  the  Northern  and  Middle  States.  The  trunk  when  full  grown  is 
30 — 50f  high  and  15 — 20'  in  diameter,  the  bark  divided  by  deep  furrows  into 
hexagons.  Leaves  alternate,  smooth,  2 — 4'  in  length.  Flowers  small  and 
obscure,  the  fertile  ones  producing  a  fruit  of  a  deep  blue  color,  growing  in 
pairs  on  a  common  stalk  which  is  shorter  than  the  leaves.  The  wood  is  dark 
brown,  similar  in  quality  and  uses  to  the  last.  Jn."  Michx.  abr. 


ORDER  CXIV.     THYMELACE^B.— DAPHNADS. 

Shrubs  with  a  very  tenacious  bark,  alternate  or  opposite,  entire  leaves  and  perfect  flowers. 

Cal.  free,  tubular,  colored,  limb  4  (rarely  5)-cleft,  imbricated  in  aestivation.  [as  many. 

Sta.  definite,  inserted  into  the  calyx  and  opposite  to  its  lobes  when  equal  to  them  in  number ;  often  twice 

Ova.  solitary,  with  1  ovule.    Style  1.    Stigma  undivided. 

Fr.  hard,  dry,  drupaceous.    Albumen  0  or  thin. 

Genera  38,  species  300,  very  abundant  in  Australasia  and  S.  Africa,  sparingly  disseminated  in  Europe 
and  Asia.  The  only  North  American  genus  is  that  which  follows. 

Properties.— The  bark  is  acrid  and  caustic,  raising  blisters  upon  the  skin.  It  is  composed  of  interlaced 
fibres  which  are  extremely  tough,  but  easily  separable.  The  lace-bark  tree  (Lagetta)  of  Jamaica  is  par- 
ticularly remarkable  for  this  property. 

Genera. 

$  obsolete.'  Stamens  exserted.       Dirca.     1 
Corolla  limb  (  spreading.    Stamens  included.    Daphne.  2 

1.  DIRCA. 

Gr.  <5ijOKa,  a  fountain ;  the  shrub  grows  in  wet  places. 

Calyx  colored,  tubular,  with  an  obsolete  limb  ;  stamens  8,  unequal, 
longer  than,  and  inserted  into  the  tube ;  style  1  ;  berry  1 -seeded. — 
Lvs.  alternate^  simple.  Fls.  expanding  before  the  leaves, 

D.  PALUSTRIS.     Leather-wood. 

Lvs.  oblong-ovate  or  obovate ;  fls.  axillary,  2 — 3  in  a  hairy,  bud-like  in- 
volucre.— A  shrub,  5f  in  height,  when  full  grown,  U.  S.  and  Can.  The  flowers 
appear  in  April  and  May,  much  earlier  than  the  leaves.  They  are  small, 
yellow,  funnel-shaped,  about  3  together,  issuing  from  the  same  bud.  Leaves 
entire,  on  short  petioles,  pale  underneath.  Stamens  much  longer  than  the 
sepals,  alternately  a  long  and  a  short  one.  Berry  oval,  small,  red.  Every  part 
of  this  shrub  is  very  tough.  The  twigs  furnish  "  rods  for  the  fool's  back,"  the 
bark  is  used  for  ropes,  baskets,  &c. 


ELJEAGNUS.  CXV.   EL^EAGNACE^E.  481 

2.   DAPHNE. 

For  the  nymph  Daphne,  who,  it  is  said,  was  changed  into  a  laurel  which  this  resembles. 

Calyx  4-cleft,  inarescent,  limb  spreading  ;  stamens  8,  included  in 
calyx  tube  ;  sty.  1 ;  drupe  1 -seeded. — Mostly  evergreen  shrubs,  of  much 
beauty  and  fragrance.  Lvs.  generally  from  the  terminal  buds,  fls.  from 
the  lateral.  None  are  American. 

1.  D.  MEZEREUM. — DCS.  deciduous,  lanceolate,  in  terminal  tufts,  entire,  ses- 
sile ;  fls.  sessile,  about  three  from  each  lateral  bud ;  col.  hypocrateriform,  seg- 
ments ovate,  spreading ;  sta.  inserted  in  2  rows  near  the  top  of  the  tube ;  fit. 
very  short ;  stig.  sessile. — A  beautiful,  early-flowering,  European  shrub.    The 
whole  plant,  especially  the  bark,  is  very  acrid.    Flowers  pink-colored  in  one 
variety,  white  in  another,  clothing  nearly  the  whole  plant  in  March.    Height 
2— 3f.  f 

2.  D.  LAUREOLA.      Spurge  Laurel. — Lvs.   evergreen,   lanceolate,    glabrous, 
acute,  entire,  subsessile;  fls.  5  together  in  each  axillary  raceme. — A  taller 
shrub  than  the  preceding,  from  Europe.     Stem  4 — 6f  high,  with  ample  and 
beautiful  foliage.    Flowers  fragrant,  greenish-yellow.    Mar.,  Apr.  f 

3.  D.  COLLINA. — Lvs.  evergreen,  oblanceolate,  obtuse,  tapering  to  a  short  pe- 
tiole, very  smooth  above,  villous  beneath ;  fls.  fasciculate,  terminal.   Apr. — Jn.  f 

ORDER  CXV.     EL^EAGNACEJE.— OLEASTERS. 

Trees  and  shrubs  usually  covered  with  a  leprous  scurf.    Lvs.  alternate  or  opposite,  entire.    Stip.  0. 
Fls.  axillary,  dioecious,  rarely  perfect. 

Sterile  fl.     Cal.— 4 -parted.    Sta.  3,  4  or  8,  sessile.    Anth.  2-celIed. 
Fertile  Jl.    CoZ.— Free,  tubular,  persistent,  limb  entire  or  2— 4-toothed. 
Ova.  simple,  1-celled.    Ovule  solitary,  stipitate.    Stig.  simple,  subulate,  glandular. 
Fr-Achenium  crustaceous,  enclosed  within  the  calyx,  which  becomes  succulent  and  baccate. 
Sds.  ascending.    Embryo  straight,  in  thin,  fleshy  albumen. 
Genera  4,  species  30,  thinly  dispersed  throughout  the  whole  northern  hemisphere. 

Genera. 

$  s.    Shepherdia.  1 
Stamens  \  4.    Elceagnus.   2 

1.   SHEPHERDIA.    Nutt. 
In  honor  of  John  Shepherd,  curator  of  the  botanic  garden  of  Liverpool. 

Flowers  9  cT. — cT  Calyx  4-cleft ;  sta.  8,  alternating  with  8  glands. 
9  Calyx  tube  closely  investing  the  ovary,  but  not  adhering  to  it, 
limb  4-lobed  ;  sty.  1 ;  stig.  oblique ;  berry  globose,  composed  of  the 
fleshy  calyx. — North  American  shrubs,  with  spinescent  branches,  and 
opposite,  deciduous  leaves.  Fls.  aggregated. 

1.  S.  CANADENSIS.  Nutt.     (Hippophae.   Wittd.) 

Lvs.  elliptic-ovate,  nearly  smooth  above,  clothed  beneath  with  stellate 
hairs  and  ferruginous,  deciduous  scales. — A  shrub  6 — 8f  high,  found  in  Vt, 
N.  Y.  and  W.  to  Wis.,  Lapham!  by  streams  and  on  river  banks.  Leaves  ob- 
tuse at  each  end,  the  upper  surface  green,  with  few,  scattered,  stellate  hairs, 
lower  surface  white,  with  rust-colored  spots,  densely  tomentose,  margin  entire ; 
petioles  2 — 4"  long,  lamina  1 — 2'  by  J — 1'.  Flowers  minute,  in  small,  lateral, 
nearly  sessile  clusters.  Berries  oval,  scaly,  consisting  of  the  fleshy  calyx  en- 
closing the  achenia  in  its  tube,  sweetish  to  the  taste.  Jl. — A  curious  and  orna- 
mental shrub. 

2.  S.  ARGENTEA.  Nutt.  (Hippophae.  PA.) — Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  both 
surfaces  smooth  and  equally  covered  with  silvery  scales. — A  small  tree,  12 — 18f 
high,  with  thorny  branches.  Leaves  1 — 2'  by  4—9".  Petioles  i'  long,  margin 
entire,  the  surface  of  a  light,  silvery  hue,  sprinkled  with  rust-colored  spots. 
Fruit  the  size  of  a  currant,  scarlet,  well-flavored,  f 

2.ELJEAGNUS. 
Gr.  £\aia.  the  olive ;  the  trees  having  a  resemblance  to  the  olive. 

Calyx  4-cleft,  campanulate,  colored  on  the  inner  side ;  sta.  4,  alter- 


483  CXVI.   ULMACE^E.  ULMUS. 

nate  with  the  calyx  lobes ;  anth.  subsessile ;  sty.  short ;  fruit  baccate, 
consisting  of  the  achenium  enclosed  in  the  dry,  farinaceous  calyx  tube, 
marked  with  8  furrows. — Trees  or  shrubs^  cultivated  for  the  silvery  foli- 
age. Leaves  alternate. 

1.  E.  ARGENTEA.     Silver-leaved  Oleaster. 

Lvs.  broad-ovate  or  oval,  wavy,  acutish  at  each  end,  both  surfaces,  par- 
ticularly the  lower,  silvery  and  shining  with  ferruginous  scales. — Missouri, 
&c.  A  beautiful  shrub,  with  reddish  branches  and  small,  roundish-ovate,  carti- 
laginous drupes,  -f 

2.  E.  ANGUSTIPOLIA.    Narrow-leaved  Oleaster. — Lvs.  narrow-lanceolate,  acute 
at  each  end,  entire,  alternate,  smooth,  canescent ;  fls.  axillary,  aggregate. — A 
tree  of  middle  size  from  Europe,  cultivated  for  its  beautiful  foliage  and  fine 
fruit,  which,  "  when  dried,  resembles  an  oblong  plum  with  a  reddish  skin  and 
a  flavor  similar  to  that  of  a  date."  £ 

3.  E.  LATIFOLIA.    Broad-leaved  Oleaster. — Lvs.  ovate,  evergreen. — E.  India,  f 

ORDEH  CXVI.     ULMACEJE.— ELMWORTS. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  alternate,  simple,  deciduous  leaves. 

Stip.  2  at  the  base  of  each  leaf,  deciduous. 

Fls.  sometimes  by  abortion  dioecious,  in  loose  clusters,  never  in  catkins. 

Cal.  free  from  the  ovary,  campariulate,  4— 5-cleft,  imbricate  in  aestivation. 

Sta.  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  calyx,  as  many  as  its  lobes  and  opposite  to  them. 

Ova.  1— 2-celled.    Ovules  solitary.    Stig'tnas  2,  distinct. 

Fr.  indehiscent,  either  a  samara  or  drupe,  l-celled  ;  1-seeded. 

Seed  pendulous,  without  albumen.     Cotyledons  fohaceous. 

Genera  9,  species  60,  natives  of  the  northern  temperate  zone.    The  mucilaginous  bark  of  the  slippery 
elm  (Ulmus  fulva)  is  the  only  important  medicinal  product.    Several  of  the  elms  afford  excellent  timber. 

Genera. 

Flowers  all  perfect.    Calyx  4— 5-cleft.    Fruit  samarae Ulmus.  1 

Flowers  polygamous.    Calyx  of  sterile  fl.  6-parted.    Fruit  a  drupe Celtte.    2 

1.   ULMUS. 

From  elm,  its  original  name  in-Anglo-Saxon,  Teutonic,  Gothic,  and  other  Celtic  dialects. 

Flowers  $  •  Calyx  campanulate,  4 — 5-cleft ;  stamens  5 — 8  ;  styles 
2  ;  samara  compressed,  with  a  broad,  membranaceous  border. — Trees, 
rarely  shrubs.  Lvs.  retroi'sely  scabrous,  often  abrupt  at  base.  Fls.  fas- 
ciculate^ appearing  before  the  leaves. 

1.  U.AMERICANA.     American  Elm.     White  Elm. 

Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  unequal  at  the  base;  fls.  pedicelled ;  fr.  fim- 
briate. — This  majestic  tree  is  common  in  the  Northern,  Middle  and  Western 
States.  It  is  a  native  of  the  forest,  but  often  grows  spontaneously  in  open  fields, 
where  it  is  readily  distinguished  by  its  long,  pendulous  branches.  The  trunk, 
with  a  diameter  of  3 — 5f,  towers  to  the  height  of  30,  50,  and  even  70f,  perfectly 
straight  and  naked,  when  it  divides  into  2  or  more  primary  branches.  These 
ascend,  gradually  spreading,  and  repeatedly  dividing  into  other  long,  flexible 
limbs  bending  in  broad,  graceful  curves.  It  is  a  great  favorite  as  a  shade  tree, 
and  is  frequently  seen  rearing  its  stately  form  and  casting  its  deep  shade  over 
the  "  sweet  homes"  of  New  England.  Leaves  short-stalked,  oval-acuminate, 
doubly  denticulate,  and  4 — 5'  long.  The  veins  are  quite  regular  and  promi- 
nent. Flowers  small,  purplish,  collected  into  small,  terminal  clusters,  and 
appearing  in  April,  before  the  leaves.  Fruit  flat,  fringed  with  a  dense  down. 
The  wood  is  tough  and  strong,  but  not  easily  wrought;  used  for  the  naves  of 
wheels,  &c. 

2.  U.  FULVA.     Slippery  Elm.     Red  Elm. 

Branches  rough ;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  nearly  equal  at  base,  une- 
qually serrate,  pubescent  both  sides,  very  rough ;  buds  covered  with  fulvous 
down ;  fls.  sessile. — Woods  and  low  grounds,  N.  Eng.  to  Car.  The  slippery 
elm  is  much  sought  on  account  of  the  mucilage  of  the  inner  bark.  Its  diam- 
eter is  1 — 2f,  and  height  20 — 40.  The  leaves  are  larger,  thicker  and  rougher 
than  those  of  the  white  elm,  and  exhale  a  pleasant  odor.  Flowers  collected  at 


CELTIS.  CXVI.   ULMACE.E.  483 

the  ends  of  the  young  shoots.  Calyx  downy,  sessile.  Stamens  short,  reddish,  7 
in  number.  April. 

3.  U.  RACEMOSA.  Thomas.     Cork  Elm. 

Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  auriculate  on  one  side ;  fls.  in  racemes ;  pedicels  in 
distinct  fascicles,  united  at  their  base. — A  tree  found  in  Meriden,  N.  H. !  to 
N.  Y. !  The  twigs  and  branches  are  remarkably  distinguished  by  their  nume- 
rous, corky,  wing-like  excrescences.  Leaves  3 — 4'  long,  f  as  wide,  produced 
into  a  rounded  auricle  on  one  side,  doubly  serrate,  smooth  above,  veins  and 
under  surface  minutely  pubescent.  Flowers  pedicellate,  2—4  in  each  of  the 
fascicles  which  are  arranged  in  racemes.  Calyx  7 — 8-cleft.  Stamens  7—10. 
Stigmas  recurved.  Samara  orate,  pubescent,  the  margin  doubly  fringed. 

4.  U.  CAMPESTRIS.    English  Elm. — Las.  (small)  ovate,  doubly  serrate,  unequal 
at  base;  fls.  subsessile,  densely  clustered;  sta.  5 — 8;  cat.  segments  rounded,  ob- 
tuse; samara  suborbicular,  the  border  destitute  of  a  fringe  of  hairs. — From 
Europe.    Introduced  and  naturalized  in  the  Eastern  States  to  a  small  extent. 
It  is  a  majestic  tree,  50 — 70f  high.    The  main  trunk  is  2 — 4f  diam.  at  base, 
usually  prolonged  to  the  summit.    The  bark  is  more  rough  and  broken  than 
that  of  the  American  elm,  the  branches  more  rigid  and  thrown  off  at  a  larger 
angle,  the  foliage  more  dense,  consisting  of  smaller  and  darker-colored  leaves. 
In  form  it  favors  the  oak  more  than  our  own  native  elms.    Many  trees  of  this 
kind,  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston,  are  particularly  mentioned  in  Emerson's  Report, 
pp.  301,  302. 

5.  II.  MONTANA.     Scotch  Elm.     Wych  Elm.— Lvs.  doubly  serrate,  unequal  at 
base ;  fls.  pedicellate ;  sta.  6 — 8 ;    samara  with  the  margin  fringed. — Another 
European  elm,  often  attaining  an  enormous  size.    The  timber  is  highly  valua- 
ble.   In  form  it  more  nearly  resembles  the  slippery  elm  than  the  white  elm. 

6.  U.  NEMORALIS.     River  Elm. 

Lvs.  oblong,  nearly  smooth,  equally  serrate,  nearly  equal  at  the  base  ;  fls. 
sessile. — Banks  of  rivers,  N.  Eng.  to  Virginia,  according  to  Pursh,  Fl.  p.  200, 
but  unknown  to  any  subsequent  botanist. 

2.  CELTIS. 
Celtis  was  the  ancient  name  for  the  lotus,  which  this  genus  is  said  to  resemble. 

Flowers  monoecious-polygamous.  <?  Calyx  6-parted ;  stamens  6. 
$  Calyx  5-parted  ;  stamens  5  ;  styles  2  ;  stigmas  subulate,  elongated, 
spreading ;  drupe  1 -seeded. — Trees  or  large  shrubs.  Lvs.  mostly 
oblique  at  base.  Fls.  subsolitary,  axillary. 

1.  C.  OCCIDENT ALIS.     American  Nettte  Tree.     Hoop  Ash.     Beaver  Wood. 
Las.  ovate,  acuminate,  entire  and  unequal  at  base,  serrate,  rough  above, 

and  rough-hairy  beneath ;  fr.  solitary.— This  species  is  some  30f  high  in  New 
England,  where  it  is  rarely  found,  but  is  much  more  abundant  at  the  South 
and  West.  The  trunk  has  a  rough,  but  unbroken  bark,  with  numerous  slen- 
der, horizontal  branches.  Leaves  with  a  very  long  acumination,  and  remarka- 
bly unequal  at  the  base.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  small  and  white,  succeeded 
by  a  small,  round,  dull  red  drupe.  The  wood  is  tough,  and  is  used  for  making 
hoops,  &c. 

2.  C.  CRASSIFOLIA.  Lam.     Hackberry. 

Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  unequally  cordate  at  base,  subcoriaceous, 
rough  both  sides ;  ped.  about  2-flowered. — This  tree  is  thinly  disseminated  in 
the  northern  parts  of  the  U.  S.  In  woods  it  is  distinguished  by  its  straight, 
slender  trunk,  undivided  to  a  great  height,  covered  with  an  unbroken  bark. 
The  leaves  are  of  a  thick  and  firm  texture,  very  large,  heart-shaped  at  base. 
Flowers  small,  white,  succeeded  by  a  round,  black  drupe  about  the  size  of  the 
whortleberry.  The  wood  is  white  and  close-grained,  but  neither  strong  nor 
durable.  May. 

3.  C.  PUMILA.  Pursh.    (C.  occidentalis.    /?.  Muhl.} 

Lvs.  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  equally  serrate,  unequal  at  the  base,  smooth 
on  both  surfaces,  the  younger  only  pubescent ;  ped.  mostly  3-flowered ;  fruit 
solitary. — A  small  shrub,  on  the  banks  of  rivers,  Md.,  Va.  Pursh.     Leaves 
41* 


484  CXIX.   CALLITRICHACEJE.  CALLITRICHE. 

sometimes  cordate,  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  with  a  very  short  acumination. 
Berries  brown  and  glaucous. 

ORDER  CXVII.     SAURACEJE.— SAURURADS. 

Herbs  aquatic,  with  jointed  stems.    Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules. 

Fls.  in  spikes,  perfect,  achlamydeous,  each  in  the  axil  of  a  bract  or  scale. 

Sta.  definite,  persistent;  anth.  2-celled,  connectile  thick,  continuous  with  the  slender  filament. 

Ova.— Carpels  3—5,  each  few-ovuled. 

Fr.— Capsule  or  berry  3— 5-celled,  few-seeded. 

Sds.  usually  solitary  in  the  cells.    Embryo  minute,  cordate,  outside  of  hard,  farinaceous  albumen. 

Genera  4,  species  7,  natives  of  China  and  North  America,  growing  in  marshes  and  pools.    Properties 
unimportant. 

1.   SAUR0RUS. 

Gr.  o-avpa,alizzard,  ovpa,  a  tail;  alluding  to  the  form  of  the  inflorescence. 

Inflorescence  an  ament  or  spike  of  1 -flowered  scales  ;  stamens  6.  7, 
8  or  more ;  anthers  adnate  to  the  filaments ;  ovaries  4 ;  berries  4, 
1 -seeded. 

S.  CERNUUS.  Wilid.    (Anonymus  aquatica.   Walt.)    Lizzard  Tail. 

St.  angular ;  Ivs.  cordate,  acuminate,  petiolate. — 'ZJ.  An  aquatic  plant,  with 
neat  foliage,  and  yellowish,  drooping  spikes  of  flowers,  Can.  to  Car.  and 
W.  States  !  Stem  1£ — 2f  high,  weak,  furrowed.  Leaves  4 — &  long,  and  J  as 
wide,  smooth  and  glaucous,  with  prominent  veins  beneath  and  on  petioles  1 — 2' 
long.  Spikes  slender,  drooping  at  summit,  longer  than  the  leaf.  Scales  tubu- 
lar, cleft  above,  white.  Flowers  very  small  and  numerous,  sessile,  consisting 
only  of  the  long  stamens,  and  the  ovaries  with  their  recurved  stigmas.  Aug. 

ORDER  CXYIII.     CERATOPHYLLACEJE.— HORNWORTS. 

Herbs  submersed,  with  dichotomous,  cellular,  verticiilate  leaves. 

Fls.  monoecious.    Calyx  many-parted. 

Sterile.— Sta.  indefinite  (16—20).    Anth.  tricuspidate,  sessile,  2-celled. 

Fertile.— Ova.  free,  l-celled,  with  a  suspended,  solitary  ovule.    Style  filiform,  oblique,  sessile. 

Fr.—  Achenium  beaked  with  the  indurated  stigma. 

Seed  orthrotopous,  suspended,  exalbuminous,  and  containing  4  cotyledons. 

Herbs,  floating.    Leaves  cellular,  many-cleft,  verticiilate. 

This  order  consists  of  the  following  genus  only,  with  6?  species.    They  grow  in  ditches  and  pools, 
Europe,  Northern  Asia,  Barbary,  and  North  America. 

CERATOPHYLLUM. 

Gr.  Kspas,  a  horn,  (j>v\\ov,  a  leaf;  alluding  to  the  horn-like  divisions  of  the  leaves. 

Character  the  same  as  that  of  the  order. 

C.  DEMERSUM.     Hornwort. 

Lvs.  6 — 8  in  a  whorl,  doubly  dichotomous,  dentate-spinescent  on  the  back; 
fls.  axillary ;  fr.  3-spined. — 7J.  An  aquatic  weed,  in  ditches,  &c.,  N.  Y.  to  Va. 
W.  to  111.  Stem  floating  or  prostrate,  8 — 16'  long,  filiform,  with  numerous 
whorls  of  leaves.  They  are  dichotomously  divided  into  2  or  more  filiform  seg- 
ments. Flowers  minute,  axillary,  sessile,  with  sessile  anthers.  Fruit  an 
oblong,  beaked  capsule,  with  1  seed.  Jl. — Sept. 

ORDER  CXIX.     CALLITRICHACE^E.— STARWORTS. 

Herbs  aquatic,  small,  with  opposite,  simple,  entire  leaves. 

F/s.  axillary,  solitary,  very  minute,  monoecious,  achlamydeous,  with  2  colored  bracts. 
Sta.  1,  rarely  2;  filaments  slender;  anthers  l-celled,  2-valved,  reniform. 
Ova.  4-celled,  4-lobed ;  ovules  solitary.    Styles  2 ;  stigmas  simple  points. 
Fr.  l-celled,  4-seeded,  indehiscent.    Seeds  peltate,  albuminous. 
Genus  1,  species  6,  growing  in  stagnant  waters  both  of  Europe  and  America. 

CALLITRICHE. 

Gr.  KaAoj,  beautiful,  Sj9t£,  rpi^os,  hair;  alluding  to  the  slender  stems. 

Character  the  same  as  that  of  the  order. — %• 

C.  VERNA.     (C.  intermedia.    Willd.     C.  aquatica.  Bw.} 

Floating;  upper  Ivs.  oblong-r-patulate,  lower  ones  linear,  obtuse  or  emar- 


CXXI.    EUPHORBIACE^E.  485 

ginate  ;  caps,  with  the  lobes  obtusely  margined. — ®  This  little  polymorphous 
plant  is  common  in  shallow  streams  and  muddy  places,  U.  S.  Stem  floating, 

\ 2f  long,  composed  of  2  tubes,  simple  or  branched.  Leaves  2  at  each  node, 

becoming  crowded  above  into  a  star-like  tuft  upon  the  surface  of  the  water,  the 
lower  ones  becoming  gradually  narrower,  and  the  lowest  quite  linear.  Flowers 
white,  axillary,  1  or  2  together,  often  monrecious.  Anther  a  little  exssiied, 
yellow.  May — Sept. 

/?.  autumnalis.  Darl.  (C.  autumnalis.  L.  C.  linearis.  Ph.}  Floating ;  Ivs. 
nearly  all  linear,  1-veined,  truncate  or  emarginate,  the  upper  ones  a  little  di- 
lated towards  the  end. — In  similar  situations  with,  and  generally  accompanying 
the  former. 

y.  tcrrestris.  Darl.  (C.  terrestris.  Raf.  C.  brevifolia.  Ph.}  Procumbent  arid 
diffuse;  Ivs.  all  oblong,  obtuse,  crowded,  fleshy. — Grows  on  soft  mud,  ever- 
spreading  the  surface.  This  form  evidently  depends  on  the  locality. 


ORDER  CXX.     PODOSTEMACE^).— THREADFOOTS. 

Herbs  aquatic,  without  spiral  vessels,  of  the  habit  of  the  liverworts  or  mosses. 
Lvs.  capillary  or  linear,  not  articulated  with  the  stem. 

Fts.  monoecious,  achlamydeous,  bursting  through  an  irregularly  lacerated  spathe. 
Sta.  often  reduced  to  1  or  2,  and  monadelphous. 
Ova.  free,  2— 3-celled.    Sty.  2  or  0.    Stig.  2—3. 
Fr.— Capsule  subpedicellate,  opening  by  2  valves. 
Sds.  numerous,  without  albumen,  attached  to  a  central  column. 
Genera  9,  species  25,  natives  of  N.  America  and  Asia. 

PODOSTEMUM.    L.  C.  Rich. 

Gr.  irovs,  irodos,  a  foot,  ori7//oi/  ;  the  stamens  being  apparently  on  a  common  foot-stalk. 

Stamens  2,  with  the  filaments  united  below ;  ovary  oblong-ovoid  ; 
stigmas  2,  sessile,  recurved ;  capsule  2-celled  ;  seeds  minute. — Small, 
submersed  herbs,  adhering  to  stones  and  pebbles. 

P.  CERATOPHYLLUM.  Michx.    (Lacis  ceratophylla.  Bongard.}    Threadfoot. 

Lvs.  dichotomously  dissected ;  fls.  solitary,  axillary. — Middle !  Western 
and  Southern  States.  Stem  a  few  inches  long,  usually  destitute  of  roots  and 
attached  to  stones  by  lateral,  fleshy  processes.  Leaves  numerous,  alternate, 
coriaceous,  divided  into  many  long,  linear-setaceous  segments.  Flowers  on 
short,  thick  peduncles,  the  2  stamens  and  styles  at  length  bursting  through  the 
lacerated  calyx.  In  shallow,  running  streams.  July. 


ORDER  CXXI.     EUPHORBIACEJE.— SPURGEWORTS. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs,  often  abounding  in  an  acrid  milk. 

Lvs.  opposite  or  alternate,  simple,  rarely  compound,  often  furnished  with  stipules. 

Fls.  monoecious  or  dioecious,  axillary  or  terminal.     Cal.  inferior,  lobed  or  wanting. 

Cor.— Petals  or  scales  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals,  or  wanting. 

Sterile  fl.— Sta.  definite  or  indefinite,  distinct  or  monadelphous.    Anth.  2-celled. 

Fertile  fl.— Ova.  free,  of  2— 9  more  or  less  united  carpels,  coherent  to  a  central  prolongation  of  the  axis. 

Styles  distinct,  often  2-cleft. 

Fr.— Capsule  of  3  dehiscent  carpels  which  open  elastically. 
Sd.  with  a  large  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 

Genera  191,  species  2500?  chiefly  natives  of  S.  America,  not  more  than  50  species  being  found  in  N. 
America,  north  of  Mexico. 

Properties.— An  acrid,  stimulant  and  poisonous  principle,  residing  chiefly  in  the  milky  juice,  pervades 
the  whole  order  This  principle  varies  in  activity  from  mild  stimulants  to  the  most  active  poisons ;  but 
it  is  volatile  and  easily  expelled  by  heat.  Tapioca  is  a  starch-like  accumulation  formed  in  the  roots  ot 
the  Jatropha  Manihot.  When  fresh,  this  root  is  a  violent  poison,  but  loses  its  deleterious  properties  by 
washing  and  exposure  to  heat.  Castor-oil  is  expressed  from  the  seeds  of  Ricinus  communis,  Croton- 
oil  from  the  seeds  of  Croton  Tiglium.  Caoutchouc  is  yielded  in  abundance  by  several  S.  American  species. 

FIG.  53.— 1.  Head  or  capitulum  of  Eu- 
phorbia corollata,  with  the  corolla-like  in- 
volucre, and  pedicellate  pistillate  flower. 
2.  The  involucre  tube  cut  open,  showing 
the  monandrous,  staminate  flowers  sur- 
rounding the  pistillate.  3.  One  of  the 
flowers,  with  a  toothed  bract  at  base.  4. 
Cross  section  of  the  ovary,  showing  the  3 
one-seeded  cells  or  carpels. 


486  CXXI.   EUPHORBIACE^.  EUPHORBIA, 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

S  Fruit  in  a  toothed,  leafy  involucre. Acalypha.  2 

f8— 16-androus.  (Fruit  not  in volucrate Croton.  5 

polyandrous.    Leaves  large,  glaucous,  peltate Ricinus.  3 

I  tetrandrous.    Leaves  evergreen,  ov..te Buxus.  7 

]  pentandrous.    Leaves  clothed  with  shining  scales. Crotonopsis.  4 

triandrous.    Leaves  very  small. Phyllanthus.  6 

Sterile  fls.  Imonandrous,  several  in  a  corolla-like  involucre Euphorbia.  I 

1.  EUPHORBIA. 

Euphorliu,  physician  to  Juba,  king  of  Mauritiana,  first  used  these  plants  in  medicine. 

Flowers  c? ,  mostly  achlamydeous  ;  involucre  monophyllous,  sub- 
campanulate,  with  4 — 5  petaloid  segments  alternating  with  as  many 
external,  gland-like  teeth,  cf  12  or  more  ;  stamen  1 ;  filament  articu- 
lated in  the  middle.  9  solitary,  central ;  ovary  pedicellate  ;  styles 
3,  bifid ;  capsule  3-lobed,  3-celled  ;  cells  1 -seeded. — Herbs  or  shrubs, 
with  a  milky  juice.  Lvs.  generally  opposite,  sometimes  wanting,  often 
stipulate.  Invol.  axillary  or  subumbellate. 

*  Heads  of  flowers  in  involucrate  umbels,    f  Cauline  leaves  alternate. 

1.  E.  COROLLATA.     Flowering  Spurge. 

Erect;  cauline  and  floral  Ivs.  oblong,  narrow,  obtuse;  inner  segments  of  tJie 
invol.  obovate,  petaloid ;  umbel  5-rayed,  rays  2  or  3  times  di-  or  trichotomous. — 
n\.  In  dry  fields,  &c.}  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  slender,  erect,  1— 2f  high,  generally 
simple  and  smooth.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  often  quite  linear,  very  entire,  scat- 
tered on  the  stem,  verticillate  and  opposite  in  the  umbel.  The  umbel,  as  in 
other  species,  consists  of  about  5  verticillate  branches  from  the  summit  of  the 
stem,  each  of  which  is  subdivided  into  about.  3,  and  finally  into  2  peduncles. 
Corolla-like  involucre  large,  white,  showy.  July  Aug. — The  central  head  is 

2  or  3  weeks  earliest. 

2.  E.  HELIOSCOPIA.     Sun  Spurge. 

Erect ;  floral  Ivs.  obovate,  cauline  wedge-form,  serrate,  smooth ;  umbel  5- 
rayed,  then  3-rayed  and  forked. — (£)  A  milky  weed  in  cultivated  grounds,  N. 
H. !  to  Niagara !  S.  to  Car.,  remarkable  for  the  symmetry  of  its  vegetation. 
Stem  smooth,  erect,  8 — 16'  high.  Leaves  scattered,  f — !£'  long,  f  as  broad  at 
the  rounded  or  retuse  apex,  finely  and  sharply  serrate,  entire,  and  tapering  to 
the  base.  Umbels  subtended  by  a  large  involucre  of  5  obovate  leaves.  Each 
of  the  5  rays  is  pilose  with  scattered  hairs  and  subdivided  into  an  umbellet  of 

3  rays  with  a  3-leaved  involucel,  and  these  finally  into  2  or  more  pedicellate 
fascicles.    Capsules  smooth.    June,  July. 

3.  E.  NEMORALIS.  Darl.     (E.  pilosa.  Pursh.)    Hairy  Spurge. 

Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  and  oblanceolate,  acute,  narrowed  to  the  base, 
subsessile,  pilose  beneath,  those  of  the  involucre  ovate;  umbel  5 — 8-rayed,  rays 
ones  or  twice  divided;  seg.  of  the  floral  invol.  colored,  entire,  subreniform;  ova. 
verrucose. — 7J.  Moist  woods,  Can.  to  Va.  Stem  2— 3f  high,  smooth,  rarely 
branched  below  the  umbel.  Leaves  3 — 4'  by  1',  entire  or  slightly  serrulate 
above,  those  of  the  stem  alternate,  of  the  branches  opposite  and  nearly  as  broad 
as  long.  Floral  involucre  purplish-brown  within.  Capsule  at  length  nearly 
smooth.  May,  June. 

4.  E.  OBTUSATA.  Pursh.     Obtuse-leaved  Spurge. 

Erect ;  Ivs.  alternate,  sessile,  spatulate,  serrulate,  smooth ;  umbel  3-rayed, 
rays  twice  dichotomous  ;  floral  Ivs.  ovate,  subcordate,  somewhat  obtuse  ;  caps. 
muricate. — TJ.  Grows  in  waste  grounds,  Can.  to  Va.  Stem  12 — 18'  high. 

5.  E.  PEPLUS. 

St.  erect  or  ascending,  branched  below ;  umbels  3-rayed,  rays  mostly  di- 
chotomous ;   involucrate  Ivs.  ovate,  acute. — (f)  A  small  species,  in  cultivated 
grounds,  Penn.  to  Va.    Floral  leaves  large.     Flowers  conspicuous.     Torr. 
t  Cauline  leaves  opposite. 

6.  E.  MKRCURIALINA.  Muhl. 

St.  weak  and  slender,  simply  3-cleft;  Irs.  opposite  and  ternately  verti- 


EUPHORBIA.  CXXI.   EUPHORBIACE.E.  4&r 

cillate,  subsessile,  oval  and  entire ;  ped.  terminal,  solitary,  1-flowered. — 7J.  In 
rocky  shades,  Penn.  Pursh.  Jl.  Aug. 

7.  E.  LATHYRIS.    Mole-tree.     Caper  Spurge. 

St.  erect,  stout,  smooth ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  rather  acute,  entire,  glabrous, 
sessile  ;  umbel  mostly  4-rayed,  rays  dichotomous ;  glands  of  the  invol.  lunate,  2- 
horned,  the  horns  dilated  and  obtuse. — (g)  Cultivated  grounds  and  gardens. 
Stem  2 — 31'  high.  Leaves  2 — 4'  by  3 — 9",  numerous  and  arranged  in  4  rows  on  the 
stem.  Umbel  of  4  verticillate  branches  with  a  central  subsessile  head.  Jl. — Sept.  § 

8.  E.  HERRONII.  Riddell.     Herron's  Euphorbia. 

Erect,  pilose,  with  opposite  branches ;  lower  Ivs.  rhombic-ovate,  middle 
ones  lanceolate,  upper  lance-linear,  denticulate,  obtuse  ai  apex,  acute  at  base; 
umbels  small,  few  flowered. — ©  Ohio.  Plant  hairy  in  all  its  parts,  1 — 2f  high. 
Petiole  ciiiate,  half  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Aug.  Sept. 

9.  E.  ANGUSTIFOLIA.  Haworth  1 — St.  much  branched  at  base,  ascending  and 
with  barren  branches  above ;  Ivs.  crowded,  linear,  obtuse ;  umbel  many-rayed, 
proliferous ;  floral  invol.  2-leaved,  leaflets  broad-cordate. — 4|.  A  heath-like  plant 
of  the  gardens,  native  of ,  If  high.     Leaves  1'  by  1",  very  numerous,  spi- 
rally arranged,  apparently  verticillate.  -j- 

10.  E.  MARGINATA.  Pursh. — Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  subcordate,  sessile,  acute, 
mucronate,  entire  on  the  margin,  glabrous ;  umbel  3-rayed,  once  or  twice  dicho- 
tomous;  involucrate  Ivs.  oblong,  cordate,  colored  and  membranaceous  at  the 
margin ;  inner  segments  of  the  floral  involucre  roundish ;  caps,  hoary-pubes- 
cent.— (D  Gardens.    A  handsome  species,  remarkable  for  the  variegated  leaves 
of  the  involucre,  f 

*  *  Heads  axillary  or  fasciculate.    Leaves  opposite. 

11.  E.  HYPERICIFOLIA.     Spurge.     Eye-bright. 

St.  smooth,  branching,  nearly  erect,  branches  divaricate-spreading;  Ivs. 
opposite,  oval-oblong,  serrate,  sub-falcate;  corymbs  terminal. — (I)  A  slender  and 
branching  plant,  found  in  dry  and  rich  soils.  Stem  10 — 20'  high,  usually  pur- 
ple, very  smooth,  the  branches  often  pubescent,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Leaves  tripli- 
veined.  marked  with  oblong  dots  and  blotches,  ciiiate,  6 — 12"  long,  and  |  as 
wide,  oblique,  on  very  short  petioles.  Corymbs  of  small  white  heads,  terminal 
and  axillary.  July,  Aug. 

12.  E.  MACULATA.   (E.  depressa.  Ell.   E.  thymifolia.  Linn.')  Spotted  Spurge. 
Procumbent ;  branches  spreading ;  Ivs.  serrate,  oblong,  hairy  ;  fls.  axillary. 

— (D  -A-  prostrate  plant,  spreading  flat  upon  the  ground,  in  sandy  fields,  Mass. ! 
to  Ind. !  and  S.  States.  Stem  6— 12'  in  length,  much  branched,  hairy.  Leaves 
opposite,  3 — 6"  long  and  £  as  wide,  oblong,  obtuse,  serrulate,  smooth  above, 
often  spotted  with  dark  purple,  the  margin  ciiiate,  pale  and  hairy  beneath,  on 
short  stalks.  Heads  of  flowers  small,  ciowded  near  the  summit,  involucre 
minute,  white.  Jl. — Sept. 

13.  E.  POLYGONIFOLIA.     Knot-grass  Spurge. 

Procumbent;  Ivs.  entire,  lanceolate  and  oblong,  obtuse  at  base;  fls.  in  the 
axils  of  the  branches,  solitary. — (I)  Sea  shores,  R.  I. !  to  Flor.  A  very  smooth, 
succulent,  prostrate  plant,  with  milky  juice.  Stems  6 — 10'  long,  dichotomous, 
procumbent.  Leaves  oblong  and  linear-lanceolate,  rarely  cordate  at  base,  3 — 5" 
by  1",  petioles  about  1".  Stipules  subulate  and  simple.  Heads  small,  in  the 
forks  of  the  purple  stem.  June,  July. 

14.  E.  IPECACUANHA.     Ipecac  Spurge. 

Procumbent  or  suberect,  small,  smooth  ;  Ivs.  opposite,  obovate  and  oblan- 
ceolate  ;  ped.  elongated,  axillary,  1-flowered. — 1J.  Sandy  soil,  Middle  !  and  S. 
States.  Root  perennial,  very  long.  Stem  rather  thick  and  succulent,  3 — 8' 
long.  Leaves  1£ — 2'  by  3 — 6",  sessile,  varying  from  obovate  to  linear.  Heads 
solitary.  Peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves.  June. 

15.  E.  DENTATA.  Michx.     Toothed-leaf  Spurge. 

Hairy;  Ivs.  opposite,  oval,  dentate ;  fls.  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the 
stem. — (I)  Shady  rocks,  Penn.,  Torrey,  to  Tenn.,  Michaux.  Upper  leaves 
spotted. — Probably  a  variety  of  E.  hyperlcifolia.  Jl.  Aug. 


488  CXXI.   EUPHORBIACE.E.  CROTON. 

16.  E.  PUNICEA.  Scarlet  or  Splendid  Euphorbia. — St.  suffruticose,  fleshy,  armed 
with  rigid,  sharp  thorns ;  Ivs.  ovate,  tapering  to  the  base,  glabrous,  entire,  acute, 
raucronate ;  ped.  axillary,  2  or  3  times  dichotomous ;  involucrate  bracts  scarlet. 
— A  singular  and  showy  garden  plant. 

2.   ACALYPHA. 
The  Greek  name  for  the  nettle,  which  this  plant  resembles. 

Fls.  <?. — cT  Calyx  3 — 4-parted;  sta.  8—16,  united  at  base. — 9 
Calyx  3-parted,  segments  connivent,  persistent;  styles  3,  elongated, 
2 — 3-parted ;  caps.  3-celled,  cells  1 -seeded. — Herbaceous  or  shrubby. 
Lvs.  alternate. 

A.  VIRGINICA.     Three-seeded  Mercury. 

Pubescent,  branched ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate ;  invol.  of 
the  fertile  flowers  cordate,  broad-ovate,  acuminate,  veined  and  toothed. — ®  In 
dry  and  gravely  soils,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  rare  in  N.  Eng.  Stem  erect  or  ascend- 
ing at  base,  10 — 18'  high.  Leaves  3-veined,  1 — 2£'  long,  £  as  wide,  hairy,  ob- 
tusish.  Pistillate  flower  at  the  base  of  the  peduncle  of  the  staminate  spike. 
Involucrum  of  the  fruit  axillary,  on  a  short  stalk,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  its 
margin  cut  half  way  down  into  long,  acute  segments.  Aug. 

0.  (A.  Caroliniana.  Wall.)  Las.  rhombic-ovate,  on  long  petioles. — Penn. 
to  Ind.  ! 

3.  RlClNUS. 

Lat.  ricimis,  an  insect,  which  the  fruit  of  these  plants  resemble. 

Flowers  £ .— c?  Calyx  5-parted  ;  sta.  many.  9  Calyx  3-parted  ; 
sty.  3,  2-cleft ;  caps,  echinate,  3-celled,  3-seeded. — Herbs  and  shrubs 
with  peltate,  palmate  Ivs. 

R.  COMMUNIS.  Castor-oil  Sean.  Palma  Christi. — St.  frosted  or  glaucous, 
white,  herbaceous ;  Ivs.  peltate,  palmate,  lobes  lanceolate,  serrate ;  caps,  prick- 
ly.— Native  of  the  E.  Indies,  where  it  becomes  a  tree,  although  an  herbaceous 
annual  with  us.  In  our  gardens  it  is  a  tall,  smooth  plant  of  a  light  bluish- 
green  color.  Leaves  4 — 12"  diam.,  on  long  petioles.  From  its  seeds  is  ex- 
pressed the  well  known  castor  oil  of  the  shops.  For  this  purpose  it  is  exten- 
sively cultivated  in  the  U.  S.  July,  Aug.  £ 

4.  GROT  ON  OP  SIS.    Michx. 

Named  from  its  resemblance  (ot//t?)  to  the  next  genus  below. 

Flowers  <?. — c?  Calyx  5-parted;  cor.  of  5  petals;  stamens  5.  9 
Calyx  5-parted  ;  cor.  0  ;  stig.  3,  twice  bifid  ;  caps.  1 -seeded,  indehis- 
cent. — CD  Lvs.  alternate,  stellately  pubescent  and  shining.  Fls.  aggre- 
gate, the  upper  ones  sterile. 

C.  LINEARIS.  Michx. 

St.  erect,  dichotomously  branched  ;  Ivs.  clothed  with  a  stellate  pubescence 
above,  with  hairs  and  shining  scales  beneath. — In  the  sandy  swamps  of  N.  J. 
to  Car.  and  111.  Nuttall.  Stem  12—18'  high,  and  like  the  leaves  sprinkled  with 
silvery,  shining  scales.  Leaves  on  short  petioles,  linear-lanceolate  or  lance- 
ovate.  Flowers  very  minute,  in  terminal  and  axillary  spikes.  June. 

5.   CROTON. 

A  Greek  name,  synonymous  with  the  Lat.  ricinus.    See  genus  No.  3. 

Flowers  c?. — cT  Calyx  cylindrical,  5 -toothed  ;'cor.  of  5  petals  or  0  ; 
sta.  10 — 15.  9  Calyx  5 — manj-sepaled ;  cor.  0;  styles  3  or  6,  bi- 
fid ;  capsule  of  3,  coherent,  1 -seeded  carpels. — A  large  genus,  mostly 
tropical,  and  inconspicuous  weeds. 

1.  C.  CAPITATUM.  Michx.  * 

Si.  woolly,  tornentose ;  Ivs  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  rounded  and  entire  at  the 
base,  clothed  with  soft  tomentum  on  both  surfaces;  fertile fis.  at  the  base  of  the 


EMPETRUM.  CXXII.   EMPETRACE^E.  489 

spikelets;  sty.  6,  twice  bifid;  staminate  fls.  capitate,  crowded. — (J)  Grows  in 
sandy  prairies,  111.  to  the  sources  of  the  Missouri. 

2.  C.  ELLIPTICUM.  Nutt.     (Crotonopsis  elliptica.  Willd.} 

Plant  clothed  with  a  stellate  pubescence ;  Ivs.  elliptical-ovate,  the  older 
ones  obtuse  at  apex,  smoothish  and  green  on  the  upper  surface ;  fls.  glomerate ; 
sty.  3,  bifid ;  caps,  angular,  2-seeded. — ®  111.  Mead,  and  Mo. 

3.  C.    GLANDULOSTJM. 

St.  trichotomous ;  Ivs.  oblong,  serrate,  hairy  beneath,  nearly  entire,  and 
bearing  2  glands  at  the  base  ;  spikes  of  flowers  situated  in  the  division  of  the 
stem. — (J)  111.  (Mead'),  river  bottoms. 

6.  PHYLLANTHUS. 

Gr.  <f>v\\ov,  avSos  ;  the  leaves  of  the  original  species  bear  flowers  at  the  edges. 

Flowers  c? . — c?  Calyx  persistent,  with  6  spreading,  colored  seg- 
ments ;  stamens  3,  very  short,  filaments  united  at  base,  anthers  didy- 
mous.  9  Calyx  as  in  the  c? ;  styles  3,  bifid ;  capsule  3-celled ; 
cells  2-valved,  1 — 2-seeded. — Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  stipulate 
leaves  and  minute,  axillary  flowers. 

P.  CAROLINENSIS.  Walt.    (P.  obovatus.  Wittd.) 

St.  erect,  herbaceous,  with  alternate  branches;  Ivs.  simple,  entire,  gla- 
brous, oval  and  obovate,  obtuse,  slightly  petioled  ;/s.  few,  subsolitary,  axillary. 
— ©  A  small-leaved,  delicate  plant,  Penn. !  to  111. !  Stem  6—10'  high,  slender, 
the  branches  filiform.  Leaves  of  the  stem  6 — 8"  by  4 — 5",  of  the  branches 
twice,  and  of  the  branchlets  four  times  smaller.  Flowers  1 — 3  in  each  axil, 
the  tf  with  the  9,  £ — 1"  diam.,  whitish.  July,  Aug. 

7.    BUXUS. 
The  Greek  name  of  this  plant  was  0v£of . 

Flowers  <?. — c?  Calyx  3-leaved;  petals  2  ;  sta.  4,  with  the  rudiment 
of  an  ovary.  9  Cal.  4-sepaled  ;  pet.  3  ;  sty.  3  ;  caps,  with  3  beaks 
and  3  cells  ;  seeds  2. — Shrubs.  Lvs.  evergreen,  opposite. 

B,  SEMPERVIRENS.  Box. — Lvs.  ovate ;  petioles  hairy  at  edge;  anth.  ovate, 
saggittate. — Var.  angustifolia  has  narrow,  lanceolate  leaves.  Var.  suffruticosa, 
the  dwarf  box  has  obovate  leaves  and  a  stem  scarcely  woody,  highly  esteemed 
for  edgings  in  gardens. — The  box  with  its  varieties  is  native  of  Europe. 

ORDER  CXXII.     EMPETRACEJE.— CROWBERRIES. 

Shrubs  small,  evergreen,  heath-like,  with  exstipulate  leaves  and  minute,  axillary  flowers. 

Fls.  dioecious.     Cal.  consisting  of  hypogynous,  imbricated  scales. 

Sta  equal  in  number  to  the  inner  sepals  and  alternate  with  them. 

Ova.  3— 9-celled,  with  a  single  erect  ovule  in  each  cell. 

Styles  short  or  0.    Stigmas  Iqbed  and  often  lacerated. 

Fr. — Drupe  seated  in  the  persistent  calyx,  containing  3 — 9  bony  nucules. 

Sds.  solitary,  ascending,  albuminous.    Radicle  inferior. 

Genera  4,  species  4,  natives  of  Europe,  North  America  and  the  Straits  of  Magellan.  They  are  acrid. 
The  berries  are  used  for  food  in  Greenland. 

Genera. 

$  6— 9-seeded.    Empetrum.  1 
Drupe  { 3-seeded.         Oakesia.       2 

1.   EMPETRUM. 

Gr.  tvy  upon,  irerpos,  a  stone ;  from  the  places  of  its  natural  growth. 

Flowers  9  c?.  Perianth  consisting  of  2  series  of  sepaloid  scales, 
c?  Stamens  3,  anthers  pendulous  on  long  filaments.  9  Styles  6 — 9, 
very  short,  erect,  or  0  ;  stigmas  oblong,  radiate-spreading ;  drupe 
globose,  1 -celled  ;  seeds  6 — 9. — Low,  alpine  shrubs. 

E.  NIGRTJM.     Crowberry. 

Procumbent;  branches  smooth;  Ivs.  imbricated,  linear-oblong,  obtuse  at 


490  CXXIII.   JUGLANDACE^E.  JUGLANS. 

each  end,  nearly  smooth,  with  a  revolute  margin. — A  small,  prostrate,  alpine 
shrub,  found  on  the  granite  rocks  of  the  White  Mts.  of  N.  H.,  and  the  calcare- 
ous mountains  of  Vt.  The  stem  is  1  to  3  or  4f  long,  much  branched  and 
closely  covered  all  around  with  evergreen  leaves,  which  are  J — f '  long  and  a 
line  wide.  Flowers  very  small,  reddish,  crowded  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves.  Berries  black,  not  ill-flavored.  May,  Jn. 

2.   OAK  ESI  A.   Tuckerman. 

Dedicated  to  William  Oakes,  Esq.,  of  Ipswich,  Mass.,  to  whom  N.  Eng.  botany  is  greatly  indebted. 

Flowers  c?  $  9- — cT  Stamens  3,  enclosed  in  3—6  membranaceous, 
sepaloid  scales  ;  fil.  filiform,  exserted,  distinct ;  anth.  2-lobed,  open- 
ing by  lateral  clefts.  9  or  $  Calyx  of  3  equal,  membranaceous 
scales  in  the  axis  of  a  larger,  ovate,  ciliate  scale ;  stam.  3  or  0  ;  sty. 
trifid  ;  ova.  3-celled  ;  drupe  3-seeded. 

0.  CONRADI.     (Empetrum.    Torr.      Tuckermania.    Klotzch.}     Plymouth 
Crowberry. — A  low,  bushy,  tufted  shrub,  about  If  high,  in  Plymouth,  Mass., 

Emerson,  pine  barrens,  N.  J.,  Torrey,  N.  Y.,  Vasey.  Stems  slender,  with  a 
reddish-ash-colored  bark,  with  short," verticillate  branches.  Leaves  evergreen, 
numerous,  spiral  or  imperfectly  verticillate,  J'  long,  linear,  revolute.  Flowers 
in  terminal  clusters  of  10 — 15,  with  brownish  scales  and  purple  stamens  and 
styles. — Plants  with  £  are  less  common  than  those  with  ^  or  9 .  March,  Apr. 

ORDER  CXXIII.     JUGLANDACE^.— WALNUTS. 

Trees,  with  alternate  and  unequally  pinnate  leaves  and  no  stipules. 

Fls.  green,  inconspicuous,  montecious.    Sterile  in  aments.    Corolla  0. 

Cal.  membranaceous,  oblique,  irregular.    Sta.  indefinite  (3 — 36). 

Fertile  in  small  clusters.     Corolla  0  or  sometimes  present  and  3 — 5-petaled. 

Cal.—  Tube  adherent,  limb  3— 5-parted.  [dilated. 

Ova.  l-celled  (partially  2— 4-celled).    Ovule  solitary,  erect.    Styles  0—2,  very  short.    Stiff,  1—2,  much 

Fr.  drupaceous,  l-celled,  with  2 — 4  imperfect  partitions  ;  endocarp  bony. 

Sd.  2— 4-lobed,  without  albumen,  oily. 

Genera  4,  species  27,  mostly  North  American. 

Properties.— The  well  known  fruit  of  the  butternut,  walnut,  peecan-nut,  $*c.,  is  sweet  and  whole- 
some, abounding  in  a  rich,  drying  oil.  The  epicarp,  and  even  the  integument  of  the  kernel,  are  very 
astringent.  The  timber  is  highly  valuable. 

Genera. 

U-cleft.    Leaves  15— 21 -foliate Juglans.  1 

Corolla  of  the  fertile  flowers  ( none.    Leaves  5— 9-foliate. Carya.     2 

1.   JUGLANS. 

Lat.  Jovis  glans;  i.  e.  the  nut  of  Jove  ;  a  name  given  it  by  way  of  eminence. 

c?  in  an  imbricated,  simple  ament ;  calyx  scale  5 — 6-parted,  some- 
what bracteate  at  base  ;  stamens  about  20.  9  Calyx  4-cleft,  superior ; 
corolla  4-parted  ;  stigmas  2  ;  fruit  drupaceous,  epicarp  spongy,  in  de- 
hiscent, endocarp  rugose  and  irregularly  furrowed. —  Trees  of  large 
size,  with  alternate,  unequally  pinnate  leaves.  Leaflets  numerous. 
Sterile  aments  axillary.  Fertile  flowers  terminal. 

1.  J.  CINEREA.     (J.  cathartica.  Michx.)    Butternut.     White  Walnut. 

Lfls,.  numerous  (15 — 17),  lanceolate,  serrate,  rounded  at  the  base,  soft- 
pubescent  beneath ;  petioles,  villous ;  fr.  oblong-ovate,  with  a  terminal,  obtuse 
point,  viscid,  hairy ;  nucleus  oblong,  acuminate,  deeply  and  irregularly  furrow- 
ed.— The  butternut  is  found  throughout  the  N.  England,  Middle  and  Western 
States,  and  Canada,  growing  on  elevated  river-banks  and  on  cold,  uneven, 
rocky  soils.  It  is  40 — 50f  high,  with  a  large,  but  short  trunk.  The  branches 
are  horizontal,  and  unusually  wide-spreading,  forming  a  very  large  head. 
Leaves  12 — 20'  long,  consisting  of  7  or  8  pairs  of  leaflets,  with  an  odd  one. 
Barren  flowers  in  long  aments ;  fertile  in  short  spikes.  The  kernel  is  oily, 
pleasant-flavored,  and  well-known  in  N.  England.  The  wood  is  of  a  reddish 
hue,  light,  and  is  considerably  used  in  panneling  and  ornamental  work.  From 
the  bark  is  extracted  an  excellent  cathartic.  April,  May. 


CARYA.  CXXIII.   JUGLANDACE^E.  491 

2.  J.  NIGRA.     Black  Walnut. 

Lfts.  numerous  (15 — 21),  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  subcordate,  tapering 
above ;  petioles  and  under  side  of  the  leaves  subpubescent ;  fr.  globose,  with 
scabrous  punctures. — The  black  walnut  is  a  common  and  stately  forest  tree 
in  the  Middle  and  Western  States,  but  sparingly  found  in  the  Northern.  It 
arises  60 — 90f !  high  with  a  diameter  of  3—6.  In  open  lands  it  spreads  widely 
into  a  spacious  head.  The  duramen  of  the  wood  is  compact  and  heavy,  of  a 
deep  violet  color,  surrounded  with  a  white  alburnum.  It  is  used  extensively, 
west  of  the  Alleghanies,  for  building,  and  every  where  for  cabinet  work. 
April,  May. 

2.   CARYA. 

Gr.  xapvcij  the  walnut,  from  icapa,  roundish ;  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  nut. 

c?  Aments  imbricated,  slender  and  mostly  3-parted  or  trichoto- 
mous ;  scales  3-parted  ;  stamens  4 — 6  ;  anthers  hairy.  9  Calyx 
4-cleft,  superior ;  corolla  0  ;  styles  0 ;  stigma  divided,  2-lobed,  the 
lobes  bifid ;  epicarp  4-valved ;  nucleus  subquadrangular,  even. — 
Large  trees.  Pubescence  stellate.  Lfts.  few.  cT  aments  branched. 

1.  C.  ALBA.  Nutt.     (Juglans  squamosa.  MX.  /.)     Shag-bark   Walnut  or 
Hickory. — Lfts.  5 — 7,   on    long  petioles,   oblong-lanceolate,   acuminate, 

sharply  serrate,  villous  beneath,  the  odd  one  sessile ;  aments  filiform,  smooth ; 
fr.  somewhat  quadrangular,  smooth. — Native  throughout  the  Atlantic  States, 
and  abundant  farther  west.  In  forests  it  is  very  tall  and  slender,  with  rough 
and  shaggy  bark  consisting  externally  of  long,  narrow  plates  loosely  adhering 
by  the  middle.  Like  other  hickories,  the  wood  is  strong  and  elastic,  compact 
and  heavy,  and  is  much  used  where  these  qualities  are  required,  as  in  making 
hoops,  whip  stalks,  axe  handles,  the  keels  of  vessels,  &c.  It  is  considered 
superior  to  all  other  wood  for  fuel.  The  fruit  is  covered  with  a  very  thick  epi- 
carp separating  into  4  parts,  and  containing  a  thin-shelled,  richly-flavored 
kernel.  April,  May. 

2.  C.  TOMENTOSA.  Michx.    (Juglans  alba.  Linn.}    White  Walnut.   Mocker- 
nut  Hickory. — Lfts.  7  or  9,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  slightly  serrate, 

pubescent  beneath,  odd  one  subpetiolate ;  aments  filiform,  tomentose  ;  fr.  sub- 
globose,  smooth,  with  a  very  thick  pericarp  ;  nut  with  a  hard,  thick  shell  and  a 
small,  but  agreeably-flavored  kernel. — This  tree  is  found  in  all  the  Atlantic 
States,  growing  50f  high  in  woods.  The  bark  is  thick  and  rugged,  but  never 
scaly.  In  winter  it  may  be  known  by  its  la^ge,  greyish- white  and  very  hard 
buds.  The  drupes,  \diich  are  very  various  in  size,  have  a  small  kernel  diffi- 
cult to  extract,  on  which  account  they  are  less  sought  than  the  shag-barks. 
April,  May. 

3.  C.  PORCINA.  Nutt.    (Juglans  glabra.   Willd.}    Hog  Walnut. 

Lfts.  mostly  7,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  smooth  both  sides,  odd 
one  subsessile ;  fr.  and  nucleus  obcordate  or  oblong. — Found  in  woods  through- 
out the  U.  S.,  growing  to  the  height  of  50— 70f.  The  drupes  afford  small,  bit- 
ter kernels.  The  wood  possesses  the  general  properties  of  the  hickories  in 
a  superior  degree,  and  is  used  wherever  great  strength  is  required.  If.  makes 
excellent  fuel.  May. 

4.  C.  AMARA.  Nutt.     (Juglans  amara.  Michx.')     Bitternut  Hickory. 

Lfts.  about  9,  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  smooth  both  sides 
except  the  pubescent  veins  and  midvein,  odd  one  short,  petiolate,  the  rest  ses- 
sile ;  fr.  subglobose,  with  the  sutures  prominent  above ;  drupe  smooth,  subglo- 
bose ;  kernel  bitter. — Grows  in  most  of  the  U.  S.,  but  attains  its  greatest  size  in 
Penn.  and  along  the  Ohio  valley.  The  drupe  has  a  thin  shell  which  may  be 
broken  by  the  fingers  and  contains  a  kernel  so  bitter  that  animals  will  scarcely 
touch  it. 

5.  C.  SULCATA.  Nutt.  (Juglans.  Willd.  J.  laciniosa.  MX.    Thick  Shell-bark. 

Lfls.  7 — 9,  obovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  pubescent  beneath,  ter- 
minal one  subsessile  and  attenuate  to  the  base ;  fr.  roundish,  4-angled,  smooth, 
nut  oblong,  slightly  compressed,  conspicuously  mucronate. — N.  Y.  to  Car.  and 

42 


492  CXXIV.   CUPULIFER^E.  GltiERcus 

Western  States,  generally  growing  in  the  vicinity  of  rivers.  Rare  east  of  the 
Alleghanies.  It  more  nearly  resembles  C.  alba  than  any  other  species.  It  is  a 
large  tree,  50 — 70f  high.  The  bark  is  divided  into  long  strips  which  at  length 
are  attached  only  by  the  middle,  narrower  and  of  a  lighter  color  than  C.  alba. 
Leaves  10 — 20'  in  length,  composed  of  7,  or  more  frequently  9  leaflets.  Sterile 
aments  3-parted,  very  long.  Nut  with  a  very  thick,  4-parted  pericarp,  and 
nearly  twice  larger  than  in  C.  alba. 

6.  C.  MICROCARPA.  Nutt.     Small-fruited  Hickory. 

Lifts.  5 — 7,  oblong-lanceolate,  glabrous,  glandular  beneath,  serrate,  con- 
spicuously acuminate  ;  aments  glabrous ;  fr.  roundish-ovoid,  pericarp  thin ;  nut 
small,  slightly  quadrangular. — A  large  tree,  60 — 80f  high,  in  moist  woodlands, 
Penn.  Darlington.  Trunk  1J — 2fdiam.,  with  an  even  bark.  Leaflets  mostly 
5,  often  7,  4 — 8'  by  2 — 3',  the  under  surface  tufted  in  the  axils  of  the  veinlets 
and  sprinkled  with  dark,  glandular  dots.  Arnents  long  and  slender.  Pistillate 
flowers  2  or  3  together,  terminal,  on*a  common  peduncle,  with  conspicuous  se- 
pals. Fruit  about  the  size  of  a  nutmeg.  Nut  with  a  thin  shell,  not  mucronate. 


ORDER.  CXXIV.     CUPULIFER^E.— MASTWORTS. 

Trees  and  shrubs.    Lvs.  stipulate,  alternate,  simple,  straight- veined,  that  is  with  the  veinlets  proceeding 

straight  from  the  midvein  to  the  margin. 

Fls.  generally  monoecious.    Sterile  in  aments,  fertile  solitary,  or  2  or  3  together,  or  in  fascicles. 
Cal. — Sepals  regular  and  membranous,  or  scale-like. 

Sta.  1 — 3  times  as  many  as  the  sepals,  inserted  into  their  bases.  [each. 

Ova.  adherent,  seated  within  a  coriaceous  involucrum  (cupule),  with  several  cells  and  several  ovules  in 
Stiff,  several,  subsessile,  distinct. 

Fr.  A  bony  or  coriaceous  nut,  more  or  less  enclosed  in  the  cupule. 
Sets,  i,  2  or  3  (most  of  the  ovules  being  abortive),  pendulous.    Albumen  0. 
Embryo  large.     Cotyledons  fleshy,  plano-convex.    Radicle  minute,  superior. 

Genera  8,  species  265,  constituting  a  large  portion  of  the  forests  of  the  northern  temperate  regions,  and 
of  mountainous  tracts  within  the  tropics. 

Properties.— The  bark  of  the  oak  and  other  genera  is  well  known  for  its  astringent  qualities.  The 
edible  fruit  of  the  hazel-nut,  chestnut,  beechnut,  $*c.,  are  too  well  known  to  require  description.  Cork 
is  the  bark  of  Quercus  Suber.  Nut-galls  are  producd  from  the  petioles  of  Q,.  inlectoria  of  Asia  Minor, 
being  caused  by  wounds  made  by  insects. 

Conspectus  of  tlie  Genera. 

fin  an  echinate,  valvate  cupule,  and  ovoid-compressed.        ....  Castanea.  2 

1  in  a  muricate,  yalvate  cupule.  and  sharply  3-angled.  ....  Fagus.       3 

j  in  a  hairy,  £  coriaceous,  involucrate  cupule Corylus.     4 

(  enveloped  I  inflated  ..  ( membranous,  closed  cupule Ostrya.      5 

<  (acorn)  partly  immersed  in  a  scaly  cupule Quercus.    1 

Nut  (  naked,  concealed  in  the  axil  of  a  foliaceous  bract Carpinus.  6 

1.   aUERCUS. 

Celtic  quer,  fine,  and  cuez,  a  tree ;  so  called  emphatically,  because  the  sacred  mistletoe  grows  upon  it. 
The  more  common  Celtic  name  was  derw ;  hence  druid. 

tf  in  a  loose  ament;  calyx  mostly  5-cleft ;  stamens  5 — 10.  9  Cupule 
cup-shaped,  scaly  ;  calyx  incorporated  with  the  ovary,  6-lobed ;  ovary 
3-celled,  2  of  the  cells  abortive  ;  style  1 ;  stigmas  3 ;  nut  (acorn) 
coriaceous,  1 -celled,  1 -seeded,  surrounded  at  the  base  by  the  enlarged, 
cup-shaped,  scaly  cupule. — A  noble  genus  of  trees,  rarely  shrubs.  Aments 
axillary,  pendulous,  filiform,  with  the  flowers  distinct. 
§  1 .  Fruciificatio?i  annual.  Fruit  pedunculate.  Leaves  not  mucronate. 

*  Leaves  lobed. 
1.  d.  ALBA.     White  Oak. 

Lvs.  oblong,  pinnatind-sinuate,  smooth,  lobes  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  entire, 
dilated  upwards ;  fr.  pedunculate,  cup  deep,  warty,  acorn  ovate. — The  white 
oak  grows  in  woods  throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.,  and  for  grandeur,  strength 
and  usefulness,  stands  preeminent  among  the  sons  of  the  forest.  With  a  di- 
ameter of  5 — 6f,  it  attains  the  height  of  70 — 80,  but  its  magnitude  varies 
with  the  soil  and  climate.  Leaves  obliquely  divided  into  rounded,  obtuse  and 
entire  lobes,  not  terminated  by  mucronate  points,  pubescent  beneath  when  young. 
Fruit  rather  large.  Bark  white,  often  with  dark  spots.  The  trunk  yields  tim- 
ber of  great  value  for  strength  and  durability.  It  is  extensively  employed  in 


duERcus.  CXXIV.    CUPULIFER^E.  493 

ship-building,  in  coopering,  in  carriage-making,  in  ploughs,  mills,  &c.  The 
bark  is  useful  in  tanning,  and  in  medicine.  May. 

2.  d.  MACROCARPA.     Overciip  White  Oak. 

Lvs.  tomentose  beneath,  deeply  and  lyrately  sinuate-lobed  (most  deeply 
in  the  middle),  lobes  obtuse,  repand,  upper  ones  dilated ;  cupule  deep,  with  the 
upper  scales  setose ;  acorn  ovate,  turgid. — Most  common  in  the  Western  States ! 
frequenting  limestone  hills,  but  is  occasionally  met  with  in  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y. 
It  is  60 — 701'  in  height,  clothing  itself  with  dark  green,  luxuriant  foliage.  Leaves 
10 — 15'  long,  being  larger  than  those  of  any  other  species  here  described.  The 
acorns  are  also  of  extraordinary  size,  enclosed  f  of  their  length  in  the  cup  which 
is  usually  bordered  with  hair-like  filaments.  May. 

3.  Q,.  STELLATA.     (d.  obtusiloba.  Mic/ix.~)     Iron  Oak. 

Lvs.  deeply  sinuate,  cuneiform  at  the  base,  pubescent  beneath,  lobes  very 
obtuse,  the  3  upper  ones  dilated,  2-lobed ;  cal.  hemispherical ;  acorn  oval. — The 
iron  oak,  called  also  post  oak,  box  white  oak,  turkey  oak,  tf*c.,  is  common  in  the 
Western!  Middle  and  Southern  States,  rare  in  N.  Eng.  It  is  a  tree  of  moder- 
ate size,  with  widely  spreading  and  very  crooked  branches.  The  bark  is  grey- 
ish-white. Leaves  thick,  strongly  tomentose  beneath,  in  4  or  5  lobes  which  are 
sometimes  so  arranged  as  to  appear  cruciform  or  stellate.  Acorns  very  sweet. 
The  timber  is  finer  grained,  stronger  and  more  durable  than  white  oak,  hence 
it  is  useful  for  posts,  staves,  carriages,  &c.  The  crooked  branches  afford  knees 
for  ship-building. 

4.  d.  OUVTEFORMIS.     Mossy-cup  Oak. 

Lvs.  oblong,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  deeply  and  unequally  sinuate-pin- 
natifid  ;  cup.  deeply  bowl-shaped,  fringed  on  the  edge  ;  acorn  oval-ovate. — This 
species  of  oak  is  confined  to  a  few  districts  of  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  It  is  a  large 
and  majestic  tree,  chiefly  remarkable  for  its  smaller  branches  always  inclining 
downwards.  The  leaves  are  so  irregularly  cut  and  lobed  that  scarcely  two  can 
be  found  alike.  May. 

*  *  Leaves  dentate,  not  lobed. 

5.  d.  PRINUS.  Willd.  (Q,.  Prinus  palustris.  Michx.}  Swamp  Chestnut  Oak. 

Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  obovate,  acute,  pubescent  beneath,  with  coarse,  un- 
equal, dilated  teeth,  callous  at  the  tip ;  cup  deep,  attenuate  at  base;  acorn  ovate. 
— This  oak  is  seldom  met  with  in  N.  England,  but  abounds  in  the  rest  of  the 
U.  S.  It  is  one  of  the  loftiest  trees  of  the  forest,  arising  to  the  height  of  50f 
with  its  undivided,  straight  and  uniform  trunk,  and  thence  with  its  expansive 
top  to  the  height  of  80 — 90f.  Flowers  appear  in  May,  succeeded  by  large  and 
sweet  acorns.  The  timber  is  valuable  in  the  arts,  and  makes  excellent  fuel. 

6.  Q,.  BICOLOR.  Willd.     (Q..  Prinus  discolor.  Michx.}     Swamp  While  Oak. 
Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  downy,  white  underneath,  coarsely  toothed,  entire  at 

the  base,  the  teeth  unequal,  dilated,  rather  acute,  callous  at  the  tip ;  petioles 
short;  fr.  on  long  peduncles,  in  pairs,  cup  hemispherical,  acorn  oblong-ovate. — 
The  swamp  oak  is  diffused  throughout  most  of  the  U.  S.,  growing  in  low,  swampy 
woods.  It  is  a  beautiful  tree,  attaining  in  favorable  situations  the  height  of  70f. 
Foliage  rich  and  luxuriant,  leaves  smooth  and  green  above  and  white  downy 
beneath,  5 — 7'  by  2£ — 1'.  The  trunk  is  covered  with  a  grayish-white  bark 
which  divides  into  large,  flat  scales.  It  affords  excellent  fuel  and  timber. 

7.  C.  MONTANA.  Willd.     (d.  Prinus  monticola.  Mr.)     Mountain  Oak. 
Lvs.  broad-ovate,  oblong,  white  downy  beneath,  shining  above,  coarsely 

toothed,  obtuse  and  unequal  at  the  base ;  teeth  obtuse  (or  rarely  acute !)  sub- 
equal  ;  fr.  in  pairs,  on  short  peduncles,  cup  hemispherical,  with  rugose  and 
tubercular  scales,  acorn  ovate.  This  oak,  sometimes  called  rock  chestnut  oak, 
is  native  of  the  Northern  and  Middle  States,  growing  in  woods  and  mountain 
sides.  Its  height  seldom  exceeds  60f,  and  is  generally  much  less.  In  open 
situations  its  top  spreads  widely  and  symmetrically.  The  petiole  is  yellow, 
rather  short.  Timber  valuable  in  ship-building,  &c. 

8.  d.  CASTANEA.  Willd.    (d.  Prinus  acuminata.  Michx.}     YcUow   Oak. 
Chestnut  Oak. — Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  at  base, 

acuminate,  downy  beneath,  with  coarse,  subequal.  dilated,  obtuse  teeth;  cup 


494  CXXIV.    CTJPULIFER^E.  duERcus. 

hemispherical ;  acorn  roundish  ovate. — The  yellow  oak  abounds  in  the  Middle 
and  Western  States,  in  rocky  and  mountainous  woods.  It  is  a  large  tree,  60f 
in  height.  Bark  whitish,  slightly  furrowed.  Leaves  regularly  toothed,  light 
green  above,  whitish  beneath.  Flowers  in  May,  succeeded  by" acorns  usually 
sweet-flavored.  Timber  little  used. 

9.  d.  CHINQUAPIN.  Michx.     (d.  prinoides.  Wittd.}     Dwarf  Chestnut  Oak. 
Lvs.  on  short  petioles,  obovate,  acute  at  the  base,  glaucous  beneath,  with 

coarse,  subequal,  dilated  teeth,  callous  at  the  tip ;  cup  hemispherical ;  acorn 
ovate. — This  is  one  of  the  most  diminutive  of  all  the  oaks,  never  exceeding  3 — if :' 
in  height.    It  is  native  of  the  Northern  and  Middle  States,  in  barren  woods,  but 
not  common.     The  flowers  appear  in  May,  followed  by  acorns  of  middle  size, 
very  sweet  and  so  abundant  as  often  to  weigh  the  shrub  prostrate  on  the  ground. 

§  2.  Fructification  biennial.    Fr.  subsessile.    Lvs.  setaceously  mucronate. 
*  Leaves  sinuate-lobed. 

10.  d.  RUBRA.     Red  Oak. 

Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  smooth,  obtusely  sinuate,  lobes  rather  acute,  den- 
tate ;  cup  shallow  and  flat,  smoothish ;  acorn  subovate. — The  red  oak  is  the  most 
common  species  in  the  Northern  States  and  in  Canada.  It  is  a  lofty,  wide- 
spreading  tree,  70f  in  height  with  a  diameter  of  3  or  4.  Leaves  6 — 10'  long, 
smooth  on  both  sides,  with  deep  and  rounded  sinuses  between  the  narrow,  mu- 
cronate lobes.  The  flowers  appear  in  May,  succeeded  by  very  large  acorns 
contained  in  cups  so  shallow  as  rather  to  resemble  saucers  than  cups,  and  are 
greedily  devoured  by  wild  and  domesticated  animals.  The  bark  is  extensively 
used  in  tanning.  The  wood  is  reddish,  coarse-grained,  of  little  value  as  tim- 
ber, but  excellent  for  fuel. 

11.  R.  TINCTORIA.  Bartram.     Black  Oak.     Yellow-bark  Oak. 

Lvs.  obovate,  oblong,  sinuate,  pubescent  beneath,  finally  glabrous,  lobes 
oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate ;  cup  flat ;  acorn  depressed-globose. — This  oak  is 
found  throughout  the  U.  S.  It  is  one  of  the  loftiest  trees  of  the  forest,  80— 90f 
in  height  and  4 — 5  in  diameter.  Bark  deeply  furrowed,  black  or  deep  brown. 
Leaves  6 — 8'  long,  broadest  towards  the  end,  quite  variable.  Acorns  brown, 
nearly  sessile,  about  half  covered  with  the  thick,  scaly  cup.  From  the  bark  of 
this  species,  quercitron,  used  in  dyeing,  is  obtained,  hence  it  is  called  quercitron 
oak.  The  bark  is  used  in  tanning. 

12.  d.  COCCINEA.  Wang.     Scarlet  Oak. 

Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  oblong,  deeply  sinuate,  smooth,  lobes  divaricate, 
dentate,  acute;  cup  turbinate,  scaly;  acorn  short,  ovate. — The  scarlet  oak  is 
most  abundant  in  the  Middle  and  Southern  States,  but  is  often  met  with  in  the 
more  southern  parts  of  N.  England.  It  is  a  large  tree,  80f  in  height,  with  a 
diameter  of  3  or  4.  Leaves  of  a  bright,  shining  green,  with  about  4  deep  sinu- 
ses, remarkably  rounded  and  broad  at  the  base.  By  the  frosts  of  autumn  they 
are  changed  to  scarlet,  unlike  those  of  the  red  oak  which  become  dull  red  or 
brown.  Acorns  large,  similarly  rounded  at  both  ends,  half  immersed  in  the  cup. 
Bark  very  thick,  used  in  tanning.  The  wood  is  little  valued  for  timber  or  fuel. 

13.  Gt.  PALUSTRIS.  Michx.     Pin  Oak.     Water  Oak. 

Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  oblong,  deeply  sinuate,  smooth ;  axils  of  the  veins 
tufted-villous  beneath,  lobes  divaricate,  rather  narrow,  dentate,  acute;  cup  flat, 
smooth ;  acorn  subglobose. — The  pin  oak  is  most  luxuriant  in  the  W.  States ! 
and  the  adjacent  districts  of  other  States,  rare  in  New  England,  growing  in 
swamps  and  wet  woods.  Height  60 — 80f,  with  a  diameter  of  2—4.  It  is  remark- 
able for  its  unusual  number  of  secondary  branches  which  die  as  the  tree  ad- 
vances, giving  the  trunk  the  appearance  of  having  pins  or  tree  nails  driven  into 
it;  also  for  its  light  and  open  foliage.  Bark  smooth.  Wood  coarse-grained, 
little  esteemed  as  timber.  Acorns  small,  round,  in  shallow  cups.  May. 

14.  d.  ELONGATA.     (d.  rubra.   Walt.     d.  falcata.  Michx.}     Spanish  Oak. 

Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  3-lobed  or  sinuate,  tomentose  beneath,  lobes  some- 
what falcate,  setaceously  mucronate,  the  terminal  one  elongated ;  cup  shallow, 
somewhat  turbinate  ;  acorn  globose. — Sandy  soils,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  Trunk  70— 80f 
high,  4— 5f  diam.  in  the  Southern  States,  not  half  these  dimensions  in  N.  J. 


CASTANEA.  CXXIV.   CUPULIFER^B.  495 

Bark  blackish  and  deeply  furrowed.   Wood  coarse-grained,  reddish  and  porous. 
Lobes  of  the  leaves  often  not  at  all  falcate  in  the  smaller  trees  but  always 
clothed  with  a  thick  tomentum  beneath.    Acorns  small,  round,  on  peduncles 
1 — 2"  in  length.     May. — The  bark  is  highly  esteemed  in  tanning. 
*  *  Leaves  dentate  or  slightly  lobed. 

15.  a.  TLICIFOLIA.  Willd.     (a.  Bannisteri.  Michx.}     Shrub  or  Scrub  Oak. 
Bear  Oak. — Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  obovate-cuneate,  3 — 5-lobed,  entire  on 

the  margin,  whitish-downy  beneath ;  cup  subturbinate ;  acorn  subglobose. — A 
shrub,  common  throughout  the  U.  S.,  growing  only  on  gravely  hills  and  barrens 
which  it  occupies  exclusively  in  large  tracts.  Stem  3 — 4f  high,  divided  into 
numerous,  straggling  branches.  Acorns  small  and  abundant,  and  said  to  be 
greedily  eaten  by  bears,  deer  and  swine.  May. 

16.  d.  NIGRA.  Willd.    (a.  ferruginea.  Michx.}  Barren-Oak.    Black- Jack. 
Iron  Oak. — Lvs.  coriaceous,  cuneiform,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  base,  3- 

lobed  at  apex,  lobes  nearly  equal,  entire  or  retuse,  mucronate  when  young,  at 
length  wholly  awnless,  smooth  and  shining  above,  ferruginous-pulverulent  be- 
neath, villose  in  the  axils  of  the  veins;  Jr.  with  a  turbinate  cup  and  roundish 
ovoid  acorn ;  scales  of  the  cup  obtuse,  scarious.— A  small,  gnarled  tree,  with  dark, 
massy  foliage,  in  sandy  soils,  N.  J.  to  111. !  and  S.  States.  Trunk  20— 30f  high, 
with  a  thick,  black,  broken  bark.  The  leaves  are  very  firm  in  texture,  3—5' 
by  2£ — 4',  broadest  near  the  apex,  middle  lobe  scarcely  as  wide  and  but  little 
longer  than  the  other  two.  Petioles  3 — 6"  long.  May. — The  wood  is  very 
valuable  for  fuel. 

17.  a.  TRILOBA.     Downy  Black  Oak. 

Lvs.  oblong-cuneiform,  acute  at  the  base,  somewhat  3-lobed  at  the  end, 
tomentose  beneath,  lobes  equal,  mucronate  with  setaceous  awns,  middle  one 
longer ;  fruit  with  a  flat  cup  and  a  depressed-globose  acorn. — A  tree  of  rapid 
growth,  25 — 40f  high,  in  the  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  to  Flor. 

18.  a.  HETEROFtfYLLA.  Pursh.     (a.  Leana.  Clark.) 

Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  coriaceous,  oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  acute  or  rounded 
or  subcordate  at  base,  margin  with  a  few  shallow,  tooth-like  lobes,  or  often  only 
wavy  or  entire ;  lobes  setaceous-acuminate ;  acorn  subglobose,  in  a  hemispheri- 
cal cup ;  scales  of  the  cup  oblong-ovate,  obtuse. — Ohio !  I  have  specimens  of  the 
leaves  and  fruit  of  this  remarkable  and  long  lost  species  from  Mr.  J.  Clark, 
re-discovered  in  Ohio,  by  the  late  Mr.  T.  G.  Lea.  The  leaves  are  exceedingly 
variable,  usually  4 — 6'  by  1| — 2',  smooth  and  shining  above,  tomentose  along 
the  veins  beneath,  generally  broad  and  abrupt, at  base.  Fruit  f '  diam. 
*  *  *  Leaves  entire. 

19.  a.  PHELLOS.     Willow  Oak. 

Lvs.  deciduous,  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end,  very  entire,  gla- 
brous, mucronate  at  apex:  acorn  subglobose,  in  shallow  cups. — A  tree  30 — 60f 
high,  borders  of  swamps,  N.  J.  to  Flor.  and  Western  States.  Trunk  straight, 
10— 20'  diam.,  covered  with  a  smooth,  thick  bark.  The  leaves,  which  bear  con- 
siderable resemblance  to  those  of  the  willow,  are  of  a  light  green  color,  dentate 
when  young,  3 — 5'  in  length.  Acorn  f  diam.  May. — The  timber  is  of  little  value. 

20.  a.  IMBRICARIA.     Laurel  Oak.     Shingle  Oak. 

Lvs.  deciduous,  lance-oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  briefly  petiolate,  very 
entire,  shining-glabrous  above,  subpubescent  beneath,  mucronate  at  apex;  acorn 
subglobose,  in  a  shallow  cup;  scales  of  the  cup  broad-ovate. — A  beautiful  tree, 
very  abundant  in  the  Western  States,  also  common  along  rivers,  Penn.  to  Ga. 
Trunk  40 — 50f  high,  1 — 2f  diam.,  with  a  smooth  unbroken  bark,  and  a  large 
head  of  coarse,  irregular  branches.  The  leaves  are  dark  green,  thick  and 
firm  in  texture,  3—5'  by  1 — !£',  forming  a  dense,  heavy  foliage.  June. — The 
timber  makes  miserable  shingles.  In  Indiana  it  is  called  Jack  Oak. 

2.   CASTANEA.    Tourn. 

From  Costarica,  a  town  inThessaly,  where  this  tree  still  grows  to  magnificent  dimensions. 

c?in  a  long,  cylindric  ament :  cal.  6-cleft ;  sta.  10 — 12.    9  3,  within 
a  4-lobed.  densely  muricatcd  involucre  ;  cal.  5 — G-lobed  ;  sta.  10 — 12 


496  CXXIV.   CUPULIFER^E.  CORYLUS. 

abortive  rudiments  ;  sty.  6  ;  nut  mostly  1 -seeded,  invested  with  the 
enlarged,  echinate  involucre  or  cupule. —  Trees  and  shrubs.  Lvs.  mostly 
deciduous,  alternate,  acuminate.  Sterile  aments  axillary,  pendulous. 
Fruit  enclosed  in  very  prickly  Globed  burrs. 

1.  C.  VESCA.  Gaert.     /?.   Americana.  Michx.     (Fagus  Castanea.    Linn.) 
Chestnut. — Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  mucronately  serrate,  smootn 

both  sides. — Abundant  in  particular  districts  throughout  the  U.  S.  It  is  a  lofty 
tree,  with  a  large,  straight  trunk.  Leaves  quite  large  (6 — 9'  long  and  |  as 
wide),  with  large,  uniform  teeth,  mucronate  with  the  prolonged,  straight  veins. 
Aments  as  long  as  the  leaves  and  so  numerous  as  to  impart  their  yellowish  hue 
to  the  whole  tree  when  in  blossom.  The  nuts  are  about  3  together,  of  a  pecu- 
liar brown,  villous  above,  enclosed  in  the  enlarged  cupule  or  burr  which  is  beset 
on  all  sides  with  strong,  compound,  acute  spines.  Timber  coarse-grained, 
strong,  elastic,  light  and  very  durable,  hence  much  used  for  posts,  &c.  July. — 
The  nuts  are  smaller,  but  sweeter  than  those  of  the  European  variety  (the  Span- 
ish chestnut.) 

2.  C.  PUMILA.  Michx.     Dwarf  Chestnut.     Chinquapin. 

Lvs.  oblong,  ovate  or  obovate,  mucronate-serrate,  hoary-tomentose  be- 
neath; nut  solitary. — Sterile  places,  N.  J.,  Penn.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn.!  Shrub 
6 — 12f  high,  much  branched.  Leaves  3 — 5'  by  li — 2',  smooth  above,  generally 
obtuse  at  base,  acute  at  apex,  margins  mucronate  with  the  projecting,  straight 
veinlets ;  petioles  6"  long ;  under  surface  nearly  white.  Aments  axillary,  the 
lower  staminate,  6 — 10'  long,  upper  fertile  with  remote,  pistillate  flowers.  In- 
volucre of  fruit  bristly  and  prickly,  4-lobed.  Nut  (by  abortion)  solitary,  small, 
ovoid,  sweet.  Fl.  Jn.  Fr.  Oct. 

3.   FAGUS. 
Gr.  (priyos,  the  beech ;  it  also  signifies  something  eatable. 

cT  in  a  globose  ament;  cal.  6-cleft,  campanulate  ;  sta.  5 — 12.  9 
2,  within  a  4-lobed,  prickly  involucre  ;  cal.  single,  with  4 — 5  minute 
lobes  ;  sty.  3  ;  nut  1 -seeded,  enclosed  within  the  enlarged,  spiny 
involucre  or  capsule. — Lofty  trees,  with  smooth,  ash-colored  bark.  Lvs. 
alternate,  plicate  in  vernation.  cT  aments  on  long,  pendulous  peduncles. 

F.   SYLVATICA.    Linn.     /?.  Americana.    Nutt.     (F.  sylvestris.  Michx.     F. 

ferruginia.  Ait.)  Beech. — Lvs.  broadly  ovate-lanceolate,  briefly  petiolate, 
obtuse  at  base,  ciliate  with  soft  white  hairs  when  young,  at  length  nearly  gla- 
brous, margin  with  small,  remote  teeth,  apex  acuminate ;  buds  lanceolate- 
cylindric,  imbricated  with  brown  scales,  developing  both  leaves  and  flowers ; 
nuts  ovoid-triangular,  obtuse-mucronate. — A  common  forest  tree,  abundant  in 
N.  Eng.,  frequent  in  the  Western  States  and  British  provinces.  The  trunk  is 
tall  and  straight  in  forests,  50 — 80f  high,  but  lower  and  with  an  expansive 
head  in  open  situations,  always  known  by  the  light  gray,  unbroken  bark. 
Leaves  with  very  regular  and  straight  veinlets,  4—6'  long,  £  as  wide,  often 
persistent  through  the  winter.  ^  aments  pubescent,  peduncles  2'  long.  Nut 
small,  2  together  in  the  4-lobed  burr,  oily,  sweet  and  nutritious.  Timber  fine- 
grained, with  reddish  duramen  and  white  alburnum.  May. 

Obs.— The  Red  Beech  is  now  regarded  only  as  a  variety ;  with  the  wood  softer,  and  of  more  easy 
cleavage,  and  perhaps  a  slight  difference  in  foliage.  There  are  several  beautiful  varieties  in  cultivation, 
with  purple  foliage,  silver  foliage,  &c.  (See  garden  catalogues.) 

4.   CORYLUS. 

Gr.  Kopvs,  a  bonnet ;  to  which  the  cupule  enwrapping  the  nut  may  well  be  compared. 

oT  in  a  cylindric  ament;  cal.  scale  3-cleft ;  sta.  8;  anth.  1 -celled. 
9  Calyx  obsolete  ;  ova.  several ;  stig.  2  ;  nut  ovoid,  surrounded  with 
the  enlarged,  coriaceous,  lacerated  involucre  (capsule). — Shrubs. 
Aments  and  capitate  fertile  clusters  subterminal. 

1.  C.  AMERICANA.     Hazel. 

Lvs.  roundish,  cordate,  acuminate ;  invol.  roundish-campanulate,  much 


CXXV.   BETULACE.E.  497 

larger  than  the  roundish  nut,  its  border  dilated  and  coarsely  serrate. — Shrub 
5 — 6f  high,  growing  in  thickets  and  borders  of  fields,  U.  S.  Leaves  3 — 67  long 
and  §  as  wide.  From  the  ends  of  the  branches  hang  the  long,  pendulous 
aments  of  barren  flowers  in  April.  The  nuts  are  remarkably  distinguished  by 
the  large,  bell-shaped  involucre  in  which  each  one  is  enveloped.  They  are  a 
well-flavored  fruit,  though  somewhat  inferior  to  the  European  hazel  or  filbert. 

2.  C.  ROSTRATA.  Ait.     Beaked  Hazel. 

Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  acuminate ;  stip.  linear-lanceolate ;  invol.  campanu- 
late-tubular,  longer  than  the  nut,  2-parted,  with  dentate  segments. — This 
species  is  found  in  the  same  localities  as  the  former,  is  a  rather  smaller  shrub, 
and  chiefly  differs  from  it  in  the  involucre,  which  is  covered  with  short,  stiff* 
hairs,  and  contracted  at  the  top  into  a  long  (1 — !£')  narrow  neck,  like  a  bottle. 
Nuts  as  in  C.  Americana.  May. 

5.   OSTRYA. 

Or.  ovrpeov,  a  scale ;  in  allusion  to  the  conspicuous  sacs  (not  scales)  of  the  fertile  aments. 

J*  in  a  cylindric  ament;  cal.  scale  roundish-ovate,  ciliate,  1 -flower- 
ed ;  anth.  conspicuously  bearded  at  the  summit.  9  geminate,  in  a 
loose,  linear  ament ;  cal.  0 ;  fls.  enclosed  each  in  an  inflated  mem- 
branous sac,  which,  at  length,  enlarged,  contains  the  matured  nut. — 

Small  trees. 

O.  VIRGINICA.     Hop  Hornbeam.     Iron-wood.    Lever-wood. 

Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate;  fertile  ament  oblong,  pendulous;  buds 
rather  acute. — A  small  tree  disseminated  throughout  the  U.  S.,  25 — 30f  in  height. 
Its  bark  is  remarkable  for  its  fine,  narrow,  longitudinal  divisions.  Leaves  about 
twice  as  long  as  wide.  The  fruit  is  similar  in  appearance  to  hops,  suspended 
from  the  ends  of  the  branches,  consisting  of  membranous,  imbricated  sacs, 
(cups  ?)  containing  each  a  flower.  The  wood  is  very  white,  hard  and  strong, 
much  used  for  levers,  &c.  Apr.  May. 

6.   CARPINUS. 

Celtic  car,  wood,  and  pino,  the  head ;  alluding  to  its  use  in  making  yokes  for  cattle. 

c?  in  a  long,  cylindric  ament ;  cal.  scale  roundish,  ciliate ;  sta. 
8 — 14,  slightly  bearded  at  summit.  9  in  a  loose  ament ;  scale  large, 
oblong,  3-lobed,  1 — 3-flowered ;  cal.  6-toothed ;  stig.  2  ;  nut  long, 
ovoid,  furrowed,  1 -seeded. — Small  trees.  Scales  of  the  9  aments  per- 
sistent and  becoming  foliaceous 
C.  AMERICANA.  Hornbeam. 

Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  unequally  serrate;  scales  of  the  fertile  ament 
3-parted,  the  middle  segment  much  the  largest,  oblique,  with  a  lateral  tooth. — 
A  small  tree  (12 — 20f  high),  common  in  woods  throughout  the  TJ.  S.  The 
wood  is  very  fine-grained,  compact  and  white,  covered  with  a  light  gray  or  ash- 
colored  bark.  Leaves  2 — 4'  long,  £  as  wide,  petiolate.  From  the  ends  of  the 
branches  hang  the  long,  loose,  pale  green,  leafy  aments,  consisting  of  alternate 
pairs  of  enlarged  scales,  with  a  dark-colored  nut  at  the  base  of  each.  Apr.  May. 

ORDER  CXXV.     BETULACE^l.— BIRCHWORTS. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  deciduous  stipules. 

Lvs.  alternate,  simple,  with  the  veinlets  running  straight  from  the  midvein  to  the  margin. 

Fis.  monoecious,  amentaceous,  mostly  achlamydeous,  ternate  in  the  axil  of  a  3-lobed  bract. 

Perianth  wanting  or  of  several  small  scales,  sometimes  resembling  a  real  calyx. 

Sterile— Sta.  definite,  distinct.    Anth.  2-celled. 

Fertile.— Ova.  2-celled,  2-ovuled.    Styles  or  stigmas  2,  distinct 

Fr.  1-celled  and  l  seeded  (by  abortion), membranous  and  indehiscent. 

Seed  pendulous,  without  albumen.  / 

Genera  2,  ?  species  65,  chiefly  natives  of  the  cool  parts  of  the  northern  hemisphere.    Properties  gene- 
rally astringent.    The  birches  are  often  fine  timber  trees. 

Genera. 

<\  10— 12.    Scales  of  the  fertile  aments  3-flowercd.  ...  .    Betula.  1 

Stamens  (4.    Scales  of  the  fertile  aments  2-flowered.  .        .  .    Alnwi.   2 


498  CXXV.   BETULACE^E.  BETULA, 

1.   BETtfLA.    Tourn. 

Betu  is  the  Celtic  name  for  the  birch. 

cf  in  a  cylindric  ament ;  bracts  deeply  3-parted,  peltate ;  calyx  0  ; 
stamens  10 — 12.  9  Ament  oblong-ovoid:  scales  subtrilobate  ;  calyx 
0  ;  nut  compressed,  with  a  membranaceous  margin. — Trees  and  shrubs 
mostly  with  the  outer  bark  laminated  and  horizontally  fibrous.  Lvs. 
ovate,  serrate,  alternate. 

*  Trees. 

1.  B.  LENTA.     Black  Birch.     Sweet  Birch.    Mahogany  Birch. 

Lvs.  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  veins  beneath  and  petioles 
hairy;  fertile  aments  erect. — This  noble  species  is  common  in  the  Eastern  and 
Middle  States,  often  exceeding  60f  in  height,  with  a  diameter  of  2  to  3f.  The 
trunk  is  invested  with  a  dark  brown  or  reddish  bark,  which  becomes  rough  in 
old  trees,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  agreeably  aromatic  fragrance  and  flavor. 
Leaves  3 — 4'  long,  about  £  as  wide.  Sterile  aments  2 — 3'  long,  fertile  much 
shorter  and  thicker.  In  spring  the  cambium  affords  the  boys  a  delicious  morsel. 
The  wood  is  of  a  reddish  color,  strong,  compact,  and  takes  a  good  polish.  It 
is  much  used  in  cabinet  work.  April,  May. 

2.  B.  EXCELSA.  Ait.     Lofty  or  Yellow  Birch. 

Lvs.  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  on  pubescent  petioles,  shorter  than  the  pedun- 
cles ;  barren  aments  ovate,  erect ;  scales  with  rounded,  lateral  lobes. — A  common 
forest  tree  in  N.  England,  arising  in  woods  to  the  height  of  60 — 80f,  with  a 
trunk  2 — 3f  diam.,  invested  with  a  thin,  yellowish  cuticle.  Barren  aments  2 — 
4'  long,  cylindric,  clustered,  and  pendulous  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  The 
wood  is  chiefly  valuable  as  fuel.  April,  May. 

3.  B.  NIGRA.  Ait.     (B.  rubra.  Michx.}    Red  Bircfi. 

Lvs.  rhombic-ovate,  acute  at  each  end,  doubly  serrate,  glaucous  beneath ; 
fertile  ament  sessile,  erect,  ovoid,  scales  villous,  the  segments  linear,  equal. — A 
tree  30 — 50f  high,  growing  on  the  banks  of  streams,  Methuen,  Mass.,  Emerson, 
to  Car.  W.  to  la. !  and  111.,  Mead.  Trunk  covered  with  a  reddish  or  chocolate- 
colored  bark,  which  at  length  becomes  very  loose  and  torn,  hanging  in  shreds, 
and  finally  rough  like  that  of  the  black  cherry.  Branches  arched  and  slender ; 
branchlets  almost  filiform,  often  clothing  the  trunk  to  the  base.  Leaves  dark 
green  above,  about  3'  by  2',  often  smaller,  petioles  6 — 8"  long,  pubescent.  May. 

4.  B.  POPULIFOLIA.  Ait.     Poplar-leaved  Birch.     White  Birch. 

Lvs.  deltoid,  long-acuminate,  unequally  serrate,  very  smooth,  on  smooth 
petioles ;  fertile  aments  pedunculate ;  scales  with  roundish,  lateral  lobes. — This 
species,  like  the  preceding,  is  distinguished  for  the  white  cuticle  with  which  the 
trunk  is  invested.  It  is  common  in  the  rocky  and  mountainous  woods  of  N. 
England,  where  it  seldom  exceeds  30 — 40f  in  height.  The  branches  are  covered 
with  a  reddish-brown  bark,  very  slender,  and  throw  out,  in  May,  long,  pendu- 
lous aments. 

5.  B.  PAPYRACEA.  Ait.     Paper  Birch.     Canoe  Birch. 

Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate,  the  veins  hairy  beneath ;  fertile 
aments  nodding,  pedunculate ;  lateral  lobes  of  the  calyx  short,  roundish. — This 
birch  is  abundant  in  the  hillside  woods  of  N.  England,  &c.  It  sometimes  at- 
tains the  height  of  60 — 70f,  but  is  generally  smaller.  The  trunk,  which  is  1 — 
2f  in  diameter,  is  covered  with  a  tough  cuticle  consisting  of  numerous  laminae, 
the  outer  of  which  is  snow  white.  Of  this  the  Indians  construct  their  light 
canoes.  The  bark  upon  the  branches  is  dark  brown.  Leaves  2—3'  long,  £  as 
wide.  Sterile  aments  1 — 2'  long.  The  wood  is  of  a  fine,  compact  texture,  but 
not  durable,  and  is  used  in  turnery  and  furniture  work.  May,  June. 

/?.  minor.  Tuckerman.    Lvs.  smaller,  ovate,  glabrous,  acute,  some  of  them 
roundish-obtuse.— White  Mts.     Shrubs  6 — 9f  high. 

*  Shrubs. 

6.  B.  PCMILA.     Dwarf  Birch. 

Low,  shrubby  ;  young  branches  pubescent,  without  glandular  dots  ;  Ivs.  or- 
bicular-obovate,  petioles  densely  pubescent  beneath  ;  fertile  ament  cylindrical. 


CXXVI.   MYRICACE^E.  499 

Shrub  2— 3f  high,  mountains,  N.  Y.  and  Perm.  Pivrsh.  "  In  several  low  places 
towards  fhe  hills  "  Penn.  Bartram.  Cedar  swamps,  Columbus,  Ohio,  Sullivant 
(fide  Tnckcrman.~)  A  very  obscure  species,  unless  it  be  the  following. 

7.  B.  GLANDULOSA.  Michx.     Glandular  Dwarf  Birch. 

Low ;  branches  glandular-punctate,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  obovate,  entire  at  base, 
obtusely  serrate,  glabrous ;  fertile  aments  oblong ;  scales  half  3-cleft,  lobes  ovate- 
oblong,"  middle  one  rather  longest ;  nut  orbicular,  with  a  narrow  margin. — A 
beautiful  shrub,  inhabiting  the  mountainous  districts  of  the  N,  and  N.  W. 
States  !  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay.  Height  2— 4f.  Leaves  about  9"  by  6  or  7",  very 
regularly  toothed. — If  this  shrub  be  distinct  from  the  preceding,  it  may  be  known 
by  its  glandular-dotted  branches  and  its  want  of  pubescence— scarcely  by  its 
variable  leaves. 

8.  B.  LITTELLIANA.  Tuckerman. 

Low,  glabrous;  branches  resinous-punctate;  Ivs.  suborbicular,  coarsely 
serrate  ;  fertile  aments  oblong-cylindric,  scales  trifid,  lobes  oblong-obovate,  mid- 
dle one  longest. — White  Mts.,  Tuckerman.  Shrub  somewhat  erect.  Leaves  2 
— 4  times  larger  than  those  of  B.  nana. 

9.  B.  NANA.     Tiny  Birch. 

Low,  smooth ;  Ivs.  orbicular,  crenate,  reticulated  beneath ;  scales  of  the 
anient  deeply  3-parted ;  seeds  orbicular,  nearly  wingless-. — This  miniature  tree 
is  found  on  the  summits  of  Mt.  Clinton,  Mt.  Franklin,  &c.,  of  the  White  Mts. ! 
It  is  scarcely  more  than  a  foot  in  height,  often  but  a  few  inches,  the  branches 
few  and  straggling,  the  leaves  £ — § '  in  diameter,  smooth  both  sides,  pale  and 
distinctly  reticulate  beneath,  and  on  petioles  1 — 2"  long. 

2.   ALNUS.    Tourn. 

tf  Ament  long,  cylindric,  composed  of  cuneate,  truncate,  3-lobed, 
3-flowered  bracts ;  cal.  4-parted  ;  sta.  4.  9  Ament  ovoid ;  bracts  2- 
flowered  ;  3-fid  ;  cal.  0  ;  nut  wingless,  compressed. — Shrubs,  arising 
from  large  and  strong  roots.  Buds  pedunculate.  Lvs.  plicate  in  ver- 
nation^ alternate,  simple,  deciduous. 

1.  A.  INCANA.  Willd.    (A.  glauca.  Michx.    Betula  incana.  Linn.} 

Lvs.  submembranaceous,  oblong,  acutish,  obtuse  at  base  or  cordate,  mar- 
gin somewhat  lobed,  sharply  serrate,  glaucous-pubescent  beneath ;  veins  hirsute, 
their  axils  naked ;  stip.  oblong-lanceolate ;  fertile  aments  oval. — Not  uncommon 
in  N.  Eng.  and  Mid.  States.  A  tall  shrub  or  small  tree,  readily  distinguishable 
by  the  form  and  pubescence  of  the  leaves. 

2.  A.  RUBRA.  Marsh.    (A  serrulata.   Willd  and  1st  edit.)     Common  Alder. 
Lvs.  obovate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrulate,  the  veins  and  their  axils  hairy 

beneath ;  stip.  elliptical,  obtuse. — A  well  known  shrub  growing  in  clumps,  and 
forming  thickets  on  the  borders  of  ponds  and  rivers,  and  in  swamps.  Stems 
numerous,  rather  straight,  10 — 15f  in  height.  Leaves  2 — 4'  long  and  §  as  wide, 
strongly  veined ;  petioles  £ — £'  long.  Aments  2 — 3'  long,  slender,  pendulous, 
fascicled  at  the  ends  of  the  branches ;  fertile  ones  short,  thick,  dark  brown,  per- 
sistent, several  together  a  little  below  the  sterile  ones.  March,  April. 

3.  A.  CRISPA.  Michx.     (Betula  crispa.  Ait.) 

Lvs.  oval,  acute,  obtnsis"h  at  base,  doubly  serrate,  clothed  with  a  soft  vis- 
cid pubescence,  or  subglabrous,  villous  on  the  veins  and  axils  beneath ;  stip. 
broadly  ovate ;  fertile  aments  on  long  peduncles,  oval. — White  Mts.,  Tuckerman, 
Green  Mts.,  Bobbins,  Can.,  Michaux.  An  elegant  shrub,  3 — 4f  high.  Leaves 
varying  to  broad-ovate,  rarely  cordate,  nearly  smooth  in  the  alpine  state,  other- 
wise softly  pubescent  and  sprinkled  with  resinous  particles.  Apr. 

ORDER  CXXVI.     MYRICACE^E.— GALEWORTS. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  aromatic,  covered  with  resinous  glands  or  dots.    Lvs.  alternate, 

Fis.  monoecious  or  dioecious,  amentaceous,  each  axillary  to  a  bract. 

Sterile.— Sta.  2—6.    Antfi.  2— 1-celled,  opening  longitudinally. 

Fertile.— Ova.  1-celled,  l-ovuled,  surrounded  by  several  hypogynous  scales. 


500  CXXVII.    SALICACE^E. 

Stig.  2,  subulate,  or  dilated  and  petaloid. 

Fr.  drupaceous  or  dry.    Seed  solitary,  erect,  without  albumen.  % 

Genera  3,  species  about  20,  found  in  the  temperate  parts  of  North  America,  in  India  and  South  Africa, 
one  species  in  Europe.  Sweet  Fern  is  highly  aromatic  and  astringent.  The  fruit  of  the  bayberry  bush 
yields  wax  in  abundance. 

Genera. 

$  cuneate-lanceqlate,  serrate.    Flowers  dioecious Myrica.         1 

Leaves  { sinuate-pinnatifid.    Flowers  monoecious Comptonia.  2 

1.   MYRICA. 

Gr.  //vpo),  to  flow;  because  some  of  the  species  are  native  of  river  banks  and  inundated  places. 

Flowers  d*  9  •  Aments  ovate-oblong ;  scales  loosely  imbricate,  lunate, 
c? Stamens  4 — 6,  short,  erect;  anth.  large,  4-valved.  9  Ovary  1, 
superior;  sty.  2,  spreading;  stig.  2,  acute;  drupe  1 -celled,  1 -seeded. 
— Stipules  very  fugacious  or  0. 

1.  M.  GALE.     Sweet  Gale.     Dutch  Myrtle. 

Lvs.  glabrous,  cimeate-lanceolate,  obtuse  and  serrate  above,  margin  very 
entire  and  slightly  revolute  below,  tapering  to  a  very  short  petiole  ;  sterile  aments 
of  ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  ciliate  scales ;  fr.  in  an  oblong,  dense,  amenta- 
ceous head. — A  branching  shrub,  3 — 4fhigh,  on  the  inundated  borders  of  ponds 
and  mountain  lakes,  Northern  States  and  Can.  Leaves  dark  green,  paler  be- 
neath with  a  strong  midvein,  9 — 18"  by  4 — 6",  entire  |  the  length,  tf  and  9 
aments  on  separate  plants,  the  former  terminal,  about  1'  in  length,  the  latter 
axillary  and  much  shorter.  Fruit  and  leaves,  when  crushed,  with  a  pungent, 
spicy  odor.  May. 

2.  M.  CERIFERA.     Bayberry.     Wax  Myrtle. 

Lvs.  glabrous,  cuneate-oblong,  rather  acute  or  obtuse,  distinctly  petiolate, 
margin  entire  or  remotely  dentate  above,  paler  and  with  distinct  veinlets  be- 
neath ;  aments  cotemporary  with  the  leaves,  lateral,  naked,  the  $  larger,  with 
lax,  roundish  scales ;  fr.  spherical,  distinct,  clustered,  naked,  covered  with  wax. 
— This  interesting  and  useful  shrub  is  found  in  dry  woods  or  in  open  fields, 
Nova  Scotia  to  Flor.  W.  to  Lake  Erie.  It  varies  in  height  from  2 — 8f,  covered 
with  a  grayish  bark.  It  has  a  very  branching  top,  numerous  dry-looking  leaves 
1J — 2J'  by  $ — I'.  The  ^  and  9  aments  on  separate  plants,  below  the  leaves, 
} — f  long,  the  former  much  thicker.  The  fruit  consists  of  a  globular  stone  en- 
closing a  kernel,  and  covered  with  a  coating  of  whitish  wax,  which,  being  sepa- 
rated by  boiling  water,  constitutes  the  bayberry  tallow  of  commerce.  May. 

2.   COMPTONIA. 

In  honor  of  Henry  Compton,  Lord  Bishop  of  London,  who  made  an  extensive  collection  of  plants. 

Flowers  § .  cT  Ament  cylindric ;  bract  reniform-cordate,  acumi- 
nate ;  cal.  scale  2-parted  ;  sta.  3,  forked ;  anth.  6.  9  Ament  ovate  ; 
cal.  scales  6,  longer  than  the  bract ;  sty.  2  ;  nut  ovoid,  1 -celled. — 
Low  shrubs.  Lvs.  long  and  narrow,  pinnatifid-lobed,  with  small  stipules. 

C.  ASPLENIFOLIA.  Ait.     (Liquidambar,  Linn.)     Sweet  Fern. 

Lvs.  long,  linear-lanceolate,  alternately  sinuate-pinnatifid. — A  well  known, 
handsome,  aromatic  shrub,  2f  high,  common  in  dry  woods  and  hills.  The  main 
stem  is  covered  with  a  rusty,  brown  bark,  which  becomes  reddish  in  the  branches, 
and  white  downy  in  the  young  shoots.  Leaves  numerous,  on  short  peduncles, 
3 — 4'  by  J'i  divided  nearly  to  the  midvein  into  numerous,  rounded  lobes  so  as 
to  resemble  those  of  the  spleenwort.  Stipules  in  pairs,  acuminate.  Barren 
flowers  in  erect,  cylindric  catkins,  terminal  and  lateral.  Fertile  flowers  in  a 
dense,  rounded  burr  or  head,  situated  below  the  barren  ones.  Fruit  a  small, 
ovate,  brown,  1-celled  nut.  May. 

ORDER  CXXVII.     SALICACE^E. — WILLOWORTS. 

frees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate,  simple  leaves  and  deciduous  or  persistent  stipules. 
Ft*,  direcious,  amentaceous,  achlamydeous,  axillary  to  1-flowered  bracts. 
Sterile.— Sta.  2— several,  distinct  or  monadelphous.    Anth.  2-celled. 
Fertile.— Ova.  l— 2-celled.    Ovules  numerous,  erect.    Styles  or  stigmas  2. 


SALIX.  CXXVII.  SALICACE^E.  501 

Fr.  coriaceous,  1-celled.  2-valved. 

Sds.  numerous,  ascending,  furnished  with  a  silky  coma.    Albumen  0. 

Genera  2,  species  2-20,  chiefly  natives  of  the  northern  temperate  and  frigid  zones,  one  species,  Salix 
arctica,  extending  farther  north  than  any  other  known  woody  plant. 

Properties—  The  bark  is  astringent  and  tonic,  possessing  the  febrifugal  properties  of  the  sulphate  of 
quinia.  The  wood  is  employed  for  various  economical  purposes. 

Genera. 

$  2—5.    Capsule  l-celled.      Salix.       1 
Stamens  {  8—20.    Capsule  2-celled.    Populus.  2 

1.   SALIX.* 
Celtic  sal,  near,  and  lis,  water ;  alluding  to  their  usual  locality. 

Aments  cylindric,  bracts  imbricated,  1 -flowered,  each  with  a  nec- 
tariferous gland  at  base,  cT  Calyx  0 ;  sta.  2 — 7.  9  Calyx  0 ;  ova. 
ovoid-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  stig.  2,  mostly  bifid ;  caps.  1-celled, 
2-valved,  valves  acuminate,  finally  revolute  at  summit ;  seeds  numer- 
ous, minute,  comose. — Trees,  shrubs  and  under  shrubs.  Lvs.  usually 
narrow  and  elongated,  each  with  2  conspicuous  stipules.  Aments  termi- 
nal and  lateral. 

§  1.  CINERE.E.  Borrer.  Upland,  grayish  shrubs.  Leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  mostly 
entire,  rugose,  canescent-pilose,  margins  often  revolute.  Aments  oval  or  oval-cylin- 
dric,  expanding  before  the  leaves,  with,  centrifugal  inflorescence.  Stamens  2.  Scales 
red,  finally  black.  9  aments  recurved  when  young.  Ovary  pedicellate ;  stigma 
red  or  pale  yellow,  finally  green. — Barratt. 

1.  S.  TRISTIS.  Ait.     (S.  longirostris.  Michx.}     Sage  Willow. 

Lvs.  linear-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  cuneate  at  base,  entire  or  remotely 
undulate-toothed,  margin  subrevolute,  apex  acute  or  obtusish;  stip.  minute, 
narrow-lanceolate,  caducous ;  aments  very  small ;  scales  orbicular-oblong, 
hairy  at  the  margin ;  ova.  with  grayish,  silky  pubescence  ;  sty.  short. — Sandy 
or  dry  fields,  borders  of  woods,  pastures,  N.  Eng. !  to  Ind. !  and  111.  A  small, 
downy  shrub,  with  a  profusion  of  aments  in  spring,  appearing  before  the 
leaves.  Leaves  at  length  numerous,  often  crowded  and  rosulate  at  the  ends  of 
the  branches,  1 — 2'  long,  tapering  from  above  the  middle  to  a  very  short  peiiole, 
the  margin  often  revolute,  under  surface  glaucous,  often  pubescent,  upper  gene- 
rally smoothish.  In  starved  specimens  the  whole  plant  is  grayish-white,  with 
very  small  leaves.. 

13.  (S.  Muhlenbergiana.  Ph.  and  1st  edit.}  Shrub  larger  in  all  its  parts. 
Bark  green  on  the  stem,  yellowish  and  downy  on  the  new  branches.  Leaves 
2 — 3'  long,  often  abrupt  at  base. 

y.  Monadelphia.  Barratt.     Sta.  united  half  their  length. — Conn. 

2.  S.  MUHLENBERGIANA.  Barratt.    (S.  conifera.  Muhl.  and  1st  edit.}    Muh- 
knberg's   Willow. — Lvs.  oblanceolate,  remotely  serrate,  glabrous  above, 

pubescent  and  not  rugose  beneath ;  young  branches  smooth ;  stip.  lunate,  sub- 
dentate  ;  aments  precocious,  diandrous ;  scales  lanceolate,  obtuse,  villous ;  ova. 
pedicellate,  lanceolate,  silky ;  sty.  long,  bifid ;  stig.  2-lobed. — A  shrub  in  dry 
soils,  Northern  States,  4 — 8f  high,  with  brown  twigs.  On  the  ends  of  these, 
cone-like  excrescences  are  often  produced  by  the  punctures  of  insects.  Aments 
covered  with  very  hairy  scales,  appearing  before  the  leaves  in  April. 

3.  S.  CANDIDA.   Willd.     White  Willow. 

Lvs.  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  very  long,  obscurely  serrulate  at  the 
summit,  pubescent  above,  hoary-tomentose  beneath,  revolute  on  the  margin ;  stip. 
lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  petioles ;  amenls  cylindric ;  scales  obovate,  obtuse, 
very  long,  hairy ;  stig.  2-lobed. — A  beautiful  species  in  shady  woods.  Stems 
4 — 6f  high.  Leaves  8—12'  by  1 — 2'.  Catkins  dense,  white  with  dense  wool. 
Styles  and  stigmas  dark  red,  £'  in  length.  April,  May. 
§  2.  DISCOLORES.  Borrer.  Trees  or  shrubs  blossoming  in  early  spring.  Leaves 

serrate  or  denticulate,  smooth  and  shining  above,  glaucous  and  pubescent  beneath. 

Aments  oval  or  cylindrical,  preceding  the  leaves,  smooth,  silky  or  woolly,  withovtjloral 

*  Arranged  according  to  Dr.  Joseph  Barratt.    See  preface. 


503  CXXVII.    SALIC ACE^.  SALIX 

leaves,  centrifugal.     Scales  turning  black.     Stamens  2,  free  or  united.     Ova.  stipi- 
tote,  subpubescent.     Barratt. 

4.  S.  DISCOLOR.  Muhl.     Two-colored  or  Bog  Willow. 

Lvs.  oblong,  rather  acute,  glabrous  above,  entire  at  the  end,  glaucous 
beneath ;  slip,  lanceolate,  serrate,  deciduous ;  aments  cotemporary  with  the 
leaves,  oblong,  downy,  diandrous ;  scales  oblong,  acute,  black,  hairy ;  ova.  ses- 
sile, downy ;  stig.  2-parted. — A  shrub,  8 — lOf  high,  in  swampy  grounds,  Can.  to 
Car.,  with  tough  brown  twigs,  and  white,  glossy  catkins.  Leaves  1—3'  long, 
finely  serrate  except  at  the  end.  Sterile  aments  about  f '  long,  fertile  1'.  Fila- 
ments white,  anthers  at  length  yellow.  April. 
/?.  Monadelphia.  Barratt.  Tree  10 — 15f  high.  Filaments  3 — 4,  half-united. 

5.  ERIOCEPHALA.  Michx.     Woolly-headed  Swamp  Willow. 

Branchlets  very  pubescent,  brown  or  purplish ;  Ivs.  lanceolate-elliptic  or 
oblong,  cuneate  at  base,  entire  or  remotely  serrulate  above,  under  surface  glau- 
cous or  ferruginous,  both  surfaces  pubescent  when  young,  at  length  the  upper 
surface  green  and  nearly  smooth;  stip.  semicordate,  with  sharp  serratures; 
aments  oval-oblong,  densely  villous. — A  small  tree,  putting  forth  its  large  and 
exceedingly  woolly  catkins  in  April.  Grows  in  swamps,  N.  Eng. 

6.  S.  PRINOIDES.  Ph.     Prinos-leaved  Willow. 

Branchlets  puberulent  when  young,  at  length  glabrous  and  dark  brown ; 
Ivs.  oval-oblong  or  lance-oblong,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath,  cuneate  at  base, 
remotely  serrulate,  acute  or  abruptly  acuminate;  stip.  semicordate,  incisely 
serrate  ;  aments  preceding  the  leaves,  hairy ;  ova.  ovoid,  acuminate,  silky ;  sty. 
long";  stig.  bifid. — Shrub  6 — 8f  high,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.,  W.  to  Mich.  Catkins 
appearing  in  April,  1 — 2'  long.  Ovaries  distinctly  stipitate,  tapering  at  apex 
into  the  long,  exserted  style. 

7.  S.  CRASSA.  Barratt.     Dense-flowered  Early  Willow. 

Lvs.  elliptic-lanceolate,  rather  remotely  serrate,  entire  towards  the  base, 
glabrous  and  dull  green  above,  veiny  and  clothed  with  short,  ferruginous  hairs 
beneath,  adult  subcoriaceous ;  stip.  small,  lanceolate,  serrate  or  often  wanting  ; 
(f  aments  ovate,  sessile,  densely  clothed  with  yellowish- white,  silky  hairs ;  scales 
obovate. — A  hairy  and  beautiful  willow,  rare  in  N.  Eng.  Tree  about  15f  high, 
with  rough,  ash-colored  bark.  Branches  irregular  and  knotty,  with  thick, 
densely  flowered  twigs  in  April.  Leaves  3j'  by  1'.  $  catkins  1 — 2'  long. 

8.  S.  SENsiTiVA.  Barratt.     Frost  or  Tender  Will&w. 

Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  cuneate  and  entire  at  base,  finely  serrate 
at  the  apex,  and  more  distantly  and  strongly  serrate  towards  the  base,  glabrous 
and  rather  thin ;  stip.  subfalcate,  serrate ;  $  aments  rather  lax ;  scales  rather  lax, 
lightly  clothed  with  grayish-black  hairs. — A  small  tree,  about  15f  high,  found 
in  various  parts  of  N.  Eng.,  &c.  The  aments  and  twigs  are  frequently  destroy- 
ed by  irost  at  flowering-time,  being  thinly  protected  with  hairs.  Leaves  smooth, 
3 — 5'by'lJ — 2'.  Aments  1J'  long.  Apr. — This  and  the  three  next  preceding 
species  are  very  closely  allied,  as  suggested  by  Mr.  Emerson,  Rep.,  p.  262,  and 
it  is  possible  that  they  may  hereafter  be  united  under  one  species. 
§  3.  GRISEJE.  Borrer.  Shrubs  with  branches  brittle  at  base,  and  an  intensely  bitter 

bark.     Leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  grayish-silky  beneath,   turning  black  in  drying. 

Aments  cylindrical,  rather  short,  preceding  the  leaves,  with  2  or  3  minute  leaves  at 

base.     Stamens  2,  beginning  to  appear  from  the  middle  of  the  ament.     Ovaries 

grayish-silky.  Barratt. 

9.  S.  GRISEA.     Gray  Willow. 

Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrulate,  acuminate,  smooth  above,  silky  beneath ;  stip. 
ovate-oblong,  denticulate,"  deflected,  deciduous;  scales  oblong,  hairy,  black  at 
the  tip ;  ova.  oblong,  pedicellate,  silky ;  siig.  sessile,  obtuse.  A  shrub  6— 8f 
high,  in  inundated  meadows.  Branches  purplish,  long  and  slender,  very  tough, 
except  at  the  base,  where  they  are  very  brittle.  Leaves  2 — 4'  by  £ — I'  9  aments 
very  abundant,  \'  long.  Apr. 

10.  S.  PETIOLARIS.  Smith.     Long-stalked  Green  Osier. 

Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  silky  at  base,  mostly 
unequal,  stipules  lunate,  dentate  ;  aments  appearing  before  the  leaves;  scales  lax, 
obovate,  obtuse,  hairy,  black;  ova.  on  long  pedicels,,  ovate,  silky;  slig.  sessile, 

'' 


SALIX.  CXXVII.   SALICACE^E.  503 

two-lobed. — Low  grounds,  banks  of  streams,  Conn.,  N.  Y.,Car. — A  small  tree, 
with  long,  slender,  smooth,  purplish  or  yellowish-green,  tough  and  elastic 
branches,  which  may  be  useful  in  basket-making. 

11.  S.  MYRicolDEs.  Muhl.     Gale-leaved  Willow. 

Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  with  2  glands  at  base,  obtusely  serrate, 
smooth,  glaucous  beneath ;  stip.  ovate,  acute,  glandular-serrate ;  aments  villous, 
black ;  ova.  on  long  pedicels,  glabrous ;  sty.  bifid ;  stig.  bifid. — Swamps,  N.  Eng. 
to  Va.  A  small  shrub,  with  green  branches,  the  branchlets  purple,  smooth.  Leaves 
at  length  thick  and  coriaceous,  the  serratures  each  tipped  with  a  gland.  Apr. 

12.  S.  FUSCATA.  Pursh.     Leaden-flowered  Willow. 

Lvs.  lanceolate-obovate,  acute,  glabrous,  subserrate,  glaucous  beneath,  in 
the  young  state  pubescent ;  stip.  very  narrow ;  aments  nodding ;  scales  obtuse, 
scarcely  hairy  within;  ova.  short,  pedicellate,  ovoid,  silky;  stig.  sessile,  2-lobed. 
— Grows  in  pools,  swamps  and  on  wet  banks,  seldom  exceeding  3  or  4f  in  height, 
distinguished  by  the  leaden  hue  of  its  aments.  It  furnishes  excellent  twigs  for 
basket-work,  and  is  well  adapted  for  embankments  and  mill-dams. 
§4.  VIMINALES.  Borrer. 

13.  S.  VIMINALIS.     Basket  Osier. 

Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  very  long,  acuminate,  subentire,  silky-canescent 
beneath;  stip.  minute;  branches  virgate;  aments  precocious  (appearing  before 
the  leaves);  scales  roundish,  very  hairy;  ova.  sessile,  ovoid;  sty.  filiform;  stig. 
undivided,  acute. — This  beautiful  willow  was  probably  introduced  from  Europe. 
Wet  meadows  and  margins  of  rivers.  Stems  10— I2f  high,  with  long,  straight, 
slender  and  flexible  branches.  Leaves  often  a  foot  in  length,  narrow,  covered 
with  a  snow-white  pubescence  beneath.  Aments  very  hairy.  May. 

§  5.  FHAGILES.  Trees.  Leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-falcate,  serrate,  denticulate  or  en- 
tire. Aments  pedunculate,  cylindric,  loose,  acuminate,  cotemporary  vrith  the  leaves  ; 
scales  greenish-yellow,  pubescent  or  smooth.  Stamens  2 — 5,  expanding  Jirst  from 
the  base  of  the  ament.  Ovary  smooth.  Barratt. 

14.  S.  FRAGILIS.     Crack  Willow. 

Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  glabrous,  whole  margin  serrate,  acuminate,  petioles 
glandular ;  stip.  semicordate,  pointed,  dentate ;  ova.  on  short  pedicels,  oblong- 
ovoid,  glabrous ;  sty  short ;  stig.  bifid,  longer  than  the  styles ;  scales  oblong, 
about  equaling  the  ovaries,  pubescent,  ciliate ;  tf  with  an  abortive  ovary. — A 
tall  tree,  60  or  80f  high,  native  in  Great  Britain.  It  has  a  bushy  head,  with 
numerous  oblique,  irregular  branches.  The  twigs  break  off  at  base  by  a  slight 
touch.  The  wood  is  of  a  salmon-color. 

15.  S.  DECIPIENS.  Hoffm. 

Branches  smooth,  highly  polished ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  glabrous,  serrate,  acu- 
minate, floral  ones  often  obovate  and  recurved,  petioles  somewhat  glandular ; 
stip.  small,  semi-ovate,  acute,  dentate,  often  0 ;  ova.  pedicellate,  glabrous,  acu- 
minate ;  sty.  longer  than  the  2-cleft  stigma. — A  small,  elegant  tree,  remarkable 
for  the  polished,  light  reddish-brown  twigs,  appearing  as  if  varnished.  The 
young  twigs  stained  wtth  crimson.  It  is  often  set  in  rows  for  ornament  and 
shade. 

16.  S.  RUSSELLIANA.  Sni.     Bedford  Willow. 

Lvs.  glabrous,  lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end,  whole  margin  serrate,  very 
pale  beneath,  petioles  glandular  or  margined ;  stip.  semi-cordate,  strongly  ser- 
rate, acuminate  ;  ova.  glabrous,  pedicellate,  longer  than  the  scales  ;  sty.  as  long 
as  the  bifid  stigmas ;  scales  narrow-lanceolate,  slightly  ciliate. — A  large  tree, 
native  of  Britain,  often  propagated  in  this  country.  It  has  long,  green  shoots, 
long,  bright  green,  serrated  leaves.  Apr.  May.  § 

17.  S.  PAMEACHIANA.  Barratt.     Pameachy  Willow. 

Lvs.  long-lanceolate,  acuminate,  with  fine  cartilaginous  serratures,  glau- 
cous beneath  ;  slip,  small,  lanceolate,  often  0;  <?  aments  cylindrical,  lax  and 
somewhat  recurved ;  scales  obtuse,  yellowish ;  sta.  2 ;  bark  of  the  twigs  smooth, 
yellowish  and  variegated,  in  flowering  time  red  at  the  ends. — Grows  on  the 
banks  of  Pameachy  river,  Middletown,  Conn.  A  tree  of  small  size,  inter- 
mediate between  S.  decipiensandS.  vitellina,  but"certainlv  distinct  from  either." 
43 


504  CXXVII.   SAL1CACE.E.  SALIX. 

18.  S.  LUCIDA.  Muhl. 

Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  long-pointed,  rounded  at  base,  smooth  and  shining ; 
stip.  oblong,  serrate ;  aments  triandrous ;  scales  lanceolate,  obtuse,  serrate  and 
smooth  at  the  tip,  hairy  at  the  base ;  ovaries  lanceolate-subulate,  smooth ;  style 
bifid;  stigmas  obtuse.— A  small  and  beautiful  tree,  common  in  N.  Eng.,  Middle 
States,  Mich,  and  British  Am.  Trunk  13— 15f  high,  3 — 1'  diam.  Branches 
smooth,  dark,  shining  green.  Leaves  broad  and  glossy,  dark  green  above, 
tapering  to  a  long  point.  May. 

19.  S.  NIGRA.  Marshall.    Black  Willow. 

Lvs.  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  serrulate,  smooth  and  green  on  both 
sides,  petiole  and  midvein  above  tomentose  ;  stip.  dentate  ;  aments  erect,  cylin- 
dric,  villous ;  scales  oblong,  very  villous ;  fit.  3 — 6  (generally  5),  bearded  at  base ; 
ova.  pedicellate,  ovoid,  smooth ;  sty.  very  short ;  stig.  bifid. — A  small  tree,  on  the 
btnks  of  rivers,  chiefly  in  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  Branches  very  brittle  at  base,  pale 
yellow.  The  trunk  has  a  blackish  bark.  Sterile  aments  3'  long.  May. 

20.  S.  PURSHIANA.  Spreng.    (S.  falcata.  Hook.)    Pursh's  Willow. 

Lvs.  very  long,  lance-linear,  often  falcate,  gradually  attenuate  to  the  apex, 
acute  at  base,  finely  dentate-serrate,  smooth  on  both  sides,  silky  pubescent  when 
young ;  stip.  somewhat  lunate  or  obliquely  reniform-cordate,  dentate,  reflexed  ; 
ova.  glabrous,  pedicellate  ;  sty.  short. — Readily  recognized  by  its  very  long,  fal- 
cate leaves  and  the  broad  persistent  stipules.  Grows  in  swamps  and  margins 
of  ponds,  Middle  States,  N.  Eng.,  Western  States,  Can.  It  is  a  shrub  orsmall 
tree,  with  a  slender  trunk  sometimes  30  or  40f  high.  Leaves  green  both  sides, 
6—8'  long.  Aments  2'  long. 

§  6.  ALBEJE.  Borrer.  Trees  of  the  largest  size,  with  lanceolate,  serrate  leaves,  the 
serratures  glandular,  lower  surface  clothed  with  long,  appressed,  silky  hairs,  often 
the  upper  also,  giving  to  the  foliage  a  whitish  or  bluish  hue.  Aments  lax.  Stamens 
2.  Ovaries  glabrous. 

21.  .S.  ALBA.     White  Willow. 

Lvs.  elliptic-lanceolate,  regularly  glandular-serrate,  silky  beneath,  often 
above,  acute  at  apex ;  ova.  ovoid,  acuminate,  glabrous,  subsessile ;  stig.  short, 
recurved,  deeply  cleft ;  sta.  2,  with  hairy  filaments  ;  scales  short,  pubescent  at  the 
margin. — A  large  tree  of  rapid  growth*  native  of  Europe,  introduced  in  Mass. 
(Emerson)  and  probably  in  other  states. 

/?.  cozruka.    (Blue  Willow.)    Lvs.  of  a  bluish  hue,  less  silky  beneath. — A  tree 
of  rapid  growth,  completely  naturalized  in  Mass.     Emerson 

22.  S.  VITELLINA.     Yellow  Willow.     Golden  Osier. 

Lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  with  thickened  serratures,  smooth  above,  paler 
and  somewhat  silky  beneath ;  stip.  0 ;  aments  cylindric ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate, 
pubescent  outside ;  ova.  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  smooth ;  stig.  subsessile,  2-lobed. 
— This  willow  was  probably  introduced,  but  is  now  very  common  by  roadsides, 
&c.  It  is  a  tree  of  moderate  height,  with  shining  yellow  branches.  May. 

23.  S.  BABYLONICA.     Babylonian  or  Weeping  Willow. 

Branches  pendulous ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath , 
stip.  roundish,  oblique,  acuminate ;  ova.  sessile,  ovate,  smooth. — This  elegant 
species  has  been  introduced  from  the  East,  and  cultivated  until  nearly  natural- 
ized. The  long,  slender,  drooping  branchlets  very  naturally  indicate  the  Eng- 
lish name  of  the  tree,  and  give  it  a  place  in  the  church-yard  to  "  weep"  over  the 
remains  of  the  departed.  The  Latin  name  was  happily  suggested  to  Linnaeus 
by  the  137th  Psalm: 

"  By  the  rivers  of  Babylon  there  we  sat  down  : 

Yea,  we  wept,  when  we  remembered  Zion. 

We  hanged  our  harps  upon  the  willows  in  the  midst  thereof." 

§  7.  FULVJE.    Borrer. 

24.  S.  ROSTRATA.  Richardson.     Beaked  Willow. 

Branches  erect,  straight,  pubescent,  at  length  smooth ;  Ivs.  broadly  or  obo- 
vate-lanceolate,  acute,  subentire,  at  length  coriaceous,  smooth  above,  glaucous- 
pubescent  beneath  ;  stip.  semicordate,  dentate  ;  aments  short,  cylindric,  dense,  the 
fertile  ones  becoming  very  long  and  loose ;  scales  oblong,  membranous,  hairy  at 


SALIX.  CXXVIL   SALICACE.E.  505 

the  apex;  ova.  narrow-lanceolate,  silky,  long-acuminate,  on  very  long  pedicels ; 
sty.  very  short ;  stig.  lobed,  the  lobes  bifid  or  entire. — Shrub  or  small  tree  8 — lOf 
high.  Bark  of  the  trunk  dark-coloredj  of  the  branches  yellow. 

§  8.  CORDAT.E.  Tall  shrubs  with  dichotomous,  Jlexuous,  smooth  branches.  Leaves 
cordate  or  attenuate  at  base,  glabrous.  Stipules  semi-cordate,  serrate.  Aments  slightly 
pedunculate,  ovoid-cylindrical,  cotemporary;  scales  subciliate,  red  or  yellowish.  Sta- 
mens 2  or  3.  Ovaries  pedicellate,  glabrous.  Barratt. 

25.  S.  CORDATA.     Heart-leaved  Willow. 

Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  cordate  at  base,  smooth;  slip,  large, 
roundish-ovate,  serrate;  aments  triandrous;  scales  lanceolate,  woolly,  black; 
ova.  pedicellate,  lanceolate,  smooth ;  sty.  very  short ;  stig.  bifid. — An  elegant 
shrub,  6 — 8f  high,  in  swamps  throughout  the  Middle  States.  Branches  green 
and  smooth,  with  light  green  leaves  an  inch  wide  and  3'  long.  Aments  an  inch 
long,  accompanying  the  leaves  in  April  and  May. 

26.  S.  RIGIDA.     Stiff-leaved  Willow. 

Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  subcordate,  rigid,  smooth,  coarsely  ser- 
rate, the  lowest  serratures  elongated,  petioles  villous ;  slip,  large,  cordate,  obtuse, 
glandular-serrate ;  aments  triandrous ;  scales  lanceolate,  woolly,  black ;  ova.  on 
long  pedicels,  lanceolate,  smooth ;  sty.  very  short ;  stig.  2-parted. — A  small  tree, 
10 — 15f  high,  growing  in  swamps.  Branches  green,  red  towards  the  end,  the 
younger  ones  pubescent.  Much  used  in  basket-making.  April,  May. 

27.  S.  TORREYANA.  Barratt.     Tarrey's  Willow. 

Lvs.  cordate-ovate,  sharply  pointed,  margin  wavy,  finely  serrate,  paler 
beneath ;  slip,  large,  semicordate ;  $  aments  slender,  scales  lanceolate,  black- 
ish, ciliate ;  sta.  2 ;  fiL  rather  short ;  ova.  on  short  pedicels,  smooth,  deltoid- 
lanceolate  ;  stig.  4-parted,  flesh-colored ;  caps,  green. — A  fine,  shrubby  willow, 
6— lOf  high,  river  banks,  N.  Eng.,  recognized  by  its  broad,  heart-shaped,  glossy 
leaves  with  a  wavy  margin,  sharp  point,  and  very  large  stipules.  Branches 
of  a  light  gray  color,  branchlets  yellowish-green.  Apr. 

28.  S.  LONGIFOLIA.  Muhl.     Long-leaved  Willow. 

Lvs.  linear,  acuminate  at  each  end,  elongated,  remotely  toothed,  smooth, 
nearly  of  the  same  color  on  both  sides ;  stip.  lanceolate,  dentate ;  aments 
tomentose,  pedunculate ;  sta.  2 ;  scales  flat,  retuse ;  fil.  bearded  at  base,  twice 
longer  than  the  scales. — River  banks  from  the  Conn,  and  Ohio  to  Oregon  and 
Brit.  Am.  It  possesses  a  remarkable  power  of  rooting,  extending  itself  and 
binding  the  loose  sands  together.  Stems  about  2f  high,  with  brown  branches 
and  white  branchlets. 

29.  S.  ANGUSTATA.  Ph.     Narrow-leaved  Heart  Willow. 

Lvs.  lanceolate,  acute,  very  long,  gradually  attenuated  at  base,  very  gla- 
brous, serrulate,  nearly  the  same  color  both  sides ;  stip.  semi-cordate ;  aments 
erect,  somewhat  glabrous ;  ova.  pedicellate,  ovoid,  glabrous ;  sty.  bifid ;  stig. 
2-lobed. — Banks  of  streams  from  the  Conn,  to  the  Miss.  An  excellent  osier, 
with  very  long  and  slender  twigs,  long  and  narrow  leaves. 

§  9.  AHBUSCUL.E.     Small  shrubs,  inhabiting  arctic  or  alpine  regions.     Aments  cotem- 
porary with  the  leaves. 

30.  S.  HERBACEA.     Herb  Willow.     Arctic  Willow. 

Dwarf;  Ivs.  orbicular;  serrate,  glabrous,  veiny ;  aments  few-flowered,  ses- 
sile; scales  small,  glabrous;  ovaries  sessile,  lanceolate,  glabrous;  style  short; 
stig.  lobes  bifid. — On  the  alpine  regions  of  the  White  Mountains !  N.  to  Lab. 
and  the  Arc.  Islands.  An  interesting  little  shrub,  the  smallest  of  its  tribe. 
Stem  ascending,  1— 2'  high.  Leaves  about  3"  diameter,  smooth  and  shining 
on  both  sides.  Stipules  wanting.  Roots  long,  creeping,  branching.  Jn.  Jl. 

31.  S.  MYRTiLLdlDEs.    (S.  pedicellaris.  Ph.  and  auct.  Am.} 

Lvs.  oblong-elliptic,  acute  or  obtuse,  rather  obtuse  at  base,  entire,  both 
sides  glabrous,  beneath  glaucous  and  reticulate- veined;  aments  pedunculate; 
caps,  ovate-conic,  glabrous,  long-pedicellate ;  scales  short,  obtuse,  a  little  hairy ; 
sty.  very  short ;  lobes  of  the  stigma  cleft. — Swamps,  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  A  low 
and  elegant  shrub,  with  rather  a  virgate  habit,  remarkable  for  its  entire  smooth- 


506  CXXVII.   SALIC ACE^E.  POPULUS. 

ness.    Leaves  elliptical,  revolute  at  edge,  obtuse  at  base,  somewhat  glaucous 
beneath. 

32.  S.  AMBIGUA.  Ehrh.     Dubious  Willow. 

Lvs.  elliptical,  obovate  or  lanceolate,  recurved  at  the  point,  entire  or 
remotely  denticulate,  rugose-veiny  beneath,  silky-villous,  at  length  glabrous ; 
stip.  semi-ovate,  straight ;  aments  sessile,  briefly  pedunculate  in  fruit ;  caps. 
tomentose,  long-pedicellate ;  sty.  short ;  stig.  emarginate. — White  Mts.  Tucker- 
man.  A  prostrate  shrub,  with  leaves  about  !£'  by  £'. 

33.  S.  PHYLICIFOLIA. 

L/vs.  ovate  or  lanceolate,  remotely  repand-serrate,  glabrous,  glaucous 
beneath ;  stip.  semicordate,  oblique  at  apex ;  aments  bracteate,  $  sessile ;  caps. 
pedicellate,  conical-elongated,  somewhat  silky ;  sty.  long. — White  Mts.  Tuck- 
erman.  A  handsome,  low  shrub,  spreading,  with  broad-elliptical,  very  smooth 
leaves,  the  margins  repand-serrate. 

34.  S.  CUTLERI.   Tuckerman.    (S.  Uva-ursi  of  1st.  edit.,  etc.  ?)     Cutler's 
Willow. — Lvs.  elliptical,  acute  or  obovate,  obtuse  at  base,  glandular-den- 
ticulate, smooth  above,  glaucous-smoothish  beneath,  silky-villous  when  young; 
aments  pedunculate,  cylindric,  dense  ;  caps,  ovate-conic,  briefly  pedicellate,  gla- 
brous ;  scales  obovate,  black,  silky ;  stig.  bifid,  lobes  at  length  cleft. — White 
Mts.  Tuckerman.    A  low  or  prostrate  shrub. 

2.   POPULUS. 

Lat.  populus,  the  people  ;  being  often  planted  by  the  public  ways. 

Aments  cylindric  ;  bracts  lacerately  fringed ;  calycine  scales  tur- 
binate,  oblique,  entire.  cT  Stamens  8 — 30.  9  Ova.  superior  ;  style 
very  short,  bifid ;  stigma  large,  2-lobed  ;  caps.  2-valved,  2-celled. — 
Trees  of  large  dimensions.  Wood  soft  and  light.  Lvs.  broad,  petioles 
long,  often  compressed  vertically  and  glandular.  Aments  lateral,  preced- 
ing the  leaves. 

1.  P.  TREMULolDEs.     American  Aspen.     White  Poplar. 

Lvs.  orbicular-cordate,  abruptly  acuminate,  dentate-serrate,  pubescent  at 
the  margin. — Abundant  in  N.  England  and  in  the  Middle  States,  growing  in 
woods  and  open  lands.  Stem  25 — 40f  in  height,  with  a  diameter  of  8 — 12'. 
Bark  greenish,  smooth  except  on  the  trunk  of  the  oldest  trees.  Leaves  small 
(2 — 2j'  long,  and  li  as  wide),  dark  green,  on  petioles  which  are  2 — 3'  long  and 
laterally  compressed,  so  that  they  can  scarcely  remain  at  rest  in  any  position, 
and  are  thrown  into  excessive  agitation  by  the  slightest  breeze.  The  trembling 
of  the  "  aspen  leaf"  is  proverbial.  Aments  plumed  with  silken  hairs,  about  2' 
long,  pendulous,  appearing  in  April,  long  before  the  leaves.  The  wood  is 
white,  soft  and  light,  of  little  value. 

2.  P.  GRANDIDENTATA.  Michx.    Large  Poplar. 

Lvs.  roundish-ovate,  acute,  with  large,  unequal,  sinuate  teeth,  smooth, 
villous  when  young. — Woods  and  groves  in  the  northern  parts  of  the  U.  S., 
less  common  than  the  preceding  species.  Stem  40f  high,  with  a  diameter  of 
If,  straight,  covered  with  a  smooth,  greenish  bark.  Branches  distant,  coarse 
and  crooked,  clothed  with  leaves  only  at  their  extremities.  Leaves  3—5'  long 
and  nearly  as  wide,  clothed  with  thick,  white  down  in  spring,  but  becoming 
perfectly  smooth.  The  wood  is  white,  soft,  and  quite  durable.  May. 

3.  P.  BETULIFOLIA.  Ph.    (P.  Hudsonica.  Michx.)    Birch-leaved  or  Black 
Poplar. — Lvs.    rhomboidal,    long-acuminate,    dentate,     smooth ;    youn»- 

branches  pilose. — This  poplar  is  found  chiefly  in  the  valleys  of  the  Hudson  and 
Connecticut.  It  is  a  tree  of  middle  size,  with  grayish- white  twigs,  and  dark 
brown  buds.  Leaves  3j'  long  and  2  broad.  Aments  4 — 5'  long,  without  hairs. 
April. 

4.  P.  BALSAMIFERA.     Balsam  Poplar. 

Lvs.  ovate-acuminate,  with  close-pressed  serratures,  white  and  reticulate- 
veined  beneath;  buds  resinous. — The  balsam  poplar,  though  nowhere  abun- 


CXXVIII.   BALSAMIFLU^E.  507 

dant,  is  found  in  woods  and  fields,  disseminated  throughout  N.  England  and 
Canada.  With  a  trunk  18'  diam.,  it  arises  60— 70f.  The  buds  of  this 
species,  as  well  as  of  most  of  the  poplars,  are  covered  with  an  aromatic  resin, 
which  may  be  separated  in  boiling  water.  April. 

5.  P.  MONILIFERA.  Ait.     Necklace  Poplar. 

Lvs.  subcordate-deltoid,  smooth,  glandular  at  base,  with  cartilaginous, 
hairy,  hooked  serratures;  veins  spreading;  petioles  compressed  above;  older 
branches  terete ;  fertile  aments  long  and  pendulous. — Banks  of  the  Hudson,  near 
Troy,  N.  Y.,  apparently  native.  Beck.  A  tree  60 — 70f  high,  with  a  cylindric 
trunk.  Leaves  2J — 4'  diam.,  on  long  petioles.  April. 

6.  P.  HETEROPHYLLA.     Various-leaved  Poplar. 

Lvs.  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  uncinately  toothed,  cordate  and  somewhat 
auricled  at  base,  the  sinus  small,  tomentose  when  young. — A  tree  60 — 70f  high, 
found  in  swamps.  Branches  cylindric.  Leaves  with  auriculate  lobes  at  base, 
which  often  conceal  the  insertion  of  the  petiole.  May. 

7.  P.  CANDICANS.  Ait.     Balm-of-Gikad. 

Lvs.  ovate-cordate,  acuminate,  obtusely  and  unequally  serrate,  whitish 
beneath,  reticulate- veined,  somewhat  3-veined ;  petioles  hirsute;  buds  resinous; 
branches  terete. — This  tree  is  sometimes  met  with  in  New  England,  growing 
about  houses  as  a  shade  tree.  It  is  40 — 50f  high,  and  18 — 30'  in  diameter. 
Bark  smooth,  greenish.  Foliage  copious,  dark  green.  Apr. 

8.  P.  L^VIGATA.  Ait.    (P.  Canadensis.  Michx.  and  1st.  edit.')  River  Poplar. 

Cotton  Tree. — Lvs.  roundish-ovate,  deltoid,  acuminate,,  subcordate,  une- 
qually serrate,  shining,  smooth,  glandular;  petioles  compressed ;  younger  branches 
angled. — The  cotton-tree  grows  70 — 80f  high  in  N.  Y.  and  Vt.  The  fertile 
aments  are  6 — 8'  long,  and  pendulous.  The  seeds  are  clothed  with  a  white, 
cotton-like  down  which  gives  name  to  the  tree.  Buds  sealed  against  the  frosts 
and  rains  with  resin.  April. 

9.  P.  ANGULATA.     Water  Poplar.     Western  Cotton  Tree. 

Lvs.  ovate-deltoid,  subcordate,  uncinate-serrate,  acuminate,  glabrous, 
younger  ones  broadly  cordate ;  branches  winged,  angular. — A  tree  of  noble  di- 
mensions, growing  along  the  rivers  of  the  Southern  and  Western  States.  Trunk 
40 — 80f  high,  1 — 2f  diam.,  bearing  a  broad  summit,  with  coarse  branches  and 
branchlets.  Leaves  on  adult  trees  2 — 3'  long,  about  the  same  width,  truncate 
at  base ;  on  younger  trees  they  are  2  or  3  times  larger,  with  a  cordate  base. 
Petioles  longer  than  the  leaves,  compressed  near  the  base  of  the  lamina.  Branch- 
lets  remarkably  thick,  greenish,  spotted  with  white,  striate.  Buds  short-ovoid, 
green,  not  coated  with  resin.  Timber  not  valuable.  March,  April. 

10.  P.  DILATATA.    Lombardy  Poplar. — Lvs.  smooth,  acuminate,  deltoid,  ser- 
rate, the  breadth  equaling  or  exceeding  the  length ;  trunk  lobed  and  sulcate. — 
This  tree  is  native  in  Italy  as  its  name  imports.     It  was  early  brought  to  this 
country,  and  has  been  planted  about  many  a  dwelling  and  in  village  streets. 
Its  rapid  growth  is  the  only  commendable  quality  it  possesses,  while  the  huge 
worms  by  which  it  is  often  infested  render  it  a  nuisance. 

11.  P.  ALBA.     Abele  or  Silver-leaf  Poplar. — Lvs.  cordate,  broad-ovate,  lobed 
and  toothed,  acuminate,  dark  green  and  smooth  above,  very  white-downy  be- 
neath ;  fertile  aments  ovate ;  stig'/nas  4. — A  highly  ornamental  tree,  native  of 
Europe!    Nothing  can  be  more  striking  than  the  contrast  between  the  upper 
and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves. 


ORDER  CXXVIII.     BALSAMIFLU^E.— LIQUIDAMBARS. 

Trees  with  alternate,  simple  or  lobed  leaves,  with  glandular  serratures  and  deciduous  stipules. 
Ainents  monoecious,  roundish,  with  achlamydequs  Mowers. 
^ftri/e.—Anth.  numerous,  oblong,  subsessile,  with  scales  intermixed. 
Fertile.-  Ova.  2-celled.  collected  into  a  globe,  each  surrounded  by  a  few  scales. 
fnj'es  2.  long.    Fr.  a  kind  of  strobile,  composed  of  the  indurated  scales  and  capsules. 
",'ffp?.  2-beaked,  2-celled,  opening  between  the  beaks.    Sets,  several,  winged. 

Genus  i,  species  3,  natives  of  India,  Levant  and  North  America.    The  fragrant  resin,  liquid  storax,  i* 
nc  prop  HP*  w  xirae  v  ^e  specie. 

43* 


508  CXXX.    URTICACE^E. 

LiaUIDAMBAR. 
Lat.  liquidam,  fluid,  ambar;  a  resin  resembling  ambar  flows  from  the  trees. 

Character  of  the  genus  the  same  as  that  of  the  order. 

L.  STYRACIFLUA.     Sweet  Gum. 

Lvs.  palmate,  with  acuminate,  serrate  lobes ;  veins  villous  at  their  bases. 
— The  sweet  gum  or  gum-tree  is  thinly  disseminated  throughout  the  U.  S. 
With  a  diameter  of  5f  it  arises  to  the  height  of  60.  The  trunk  is  covered 
with  a  deeply  furrowed  bark.  The  young  twigs  are  yellowish,  putting  forth 
leaves  of  a  rich  green,  which  are  deeply  divided  into  5  lobes  more  regularly 
formed  than  those  of  the  rock  maple.  The  fruit  is  in  a  globular,  compact 
ball,  suspended  by  a  slender  pedicel,  consisting  of  numerous  capsules,  each  con- 
taining 1  or  2  seeds.  When  wounded  in  summer,  a  gum  of  an  agreeable  odor 
is  distilled  from  the  trunk.  May. 

ORDER  CXXIX.     PL  AT  AN  ACE  JE.— SYCAMORES. 

Tre.es  and  shrubs,  with  alternate,  palmately  lobed  leaves  and  sheathing,  scarious  stipules. 
Aments  monoecious,  globose,  with  achlamydeous  flowers. 
Sterile.— Sta.  single,  with  only  small  scales  intermixed.    Anth.  2-celled,  linear. 
Fertile.— Ova.  terminated  by  a  thick  style  with  one  side  stigmatic. 
Fr.— Nut  clavate,  tipped  with  the  persistent,  recurved  style.    Seed,  solitary  albuminous. 
Genera  l,  species  6?    Trees  of  the  largest  dimensions,  natives  of  Barbary,  Levant  and  N.  America. 

PLATlNUS. 

Gr.  irXaruf,  broad;  in  reference  .to  the  ample  foliage. 

Character  of  the  genus  the  same  as  that  of  the  order. 

P.  OCCIDENTALS.     Plane  Tree.     Button-wood.     Sycamore. 

Lvs.  lobed,  angular ;  branches  whitish. — The  plane-tree  is  a  native  of  all 
the  U.  S.,  and  is  by  far  the  largest  (though  not  the  loftiest)  tree  of  the  American 
forest.  On  the  margins  of  the  great  rivers  of  the  West,  trees  are  found  whose 
trunks  measure  from  40 — 50f  in  circumference,  or  more  than  13f  in  diameter ! 
In  N.  England  it  also  grows  to  magnificent  dimensions.  It  nourishes  in  any 
soil,  but  is  most  frequently  met  with  on  the  stony  borders  and  beds  of  streams. 
Leaves  very  large,  tomentose  beneath  when  young.  Flowers  in  globular  aments 
or  balls,  which  hang  upon  the  tree  on  long  pedicels  most  of  the  winter.  The 
bark  is  yearly  detached  from  the  trunk  in  large  scales  leaving  a  white  surface 
beneath.  May. 

ORDER  CXXX.     URTICACEJE.— NETTLEWORTS. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  with  a  milky  juice,  or  herbs  with  a  watery  juice. 

Lvs.  alternate  or  opposite,  rough  or  covered  with  stinging  hairs,  often  stipulate. 

F/s.  monoecious,  dioecious,  or  polygamous,  in  panicles,  aments  or  dense  heads. 

Cat.  membranous,  lobed,  persistent. 

Sta.  definite,  distinct,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  calyx  and  opposite  its  lobes. 

Ova.  free,  simple,  1-ovuled.    Style  1. 

Fr.  achenium  or  utricle,  surrounded  by  the  membranous  or  fleshy  calyx. 

Genera  56,  species  540,  widely  diffused  throughout  the  world. 

Properties. — The  juice  is  almost  always  deleterious,  sometimes  in  a  high  degree.  It  contains  caout- 
chouc. The  celebrated  Bohon  Upas,  the  most  deadly  of  all  poisons,  is  the  concrete  juice  of  Antiaris  toxi- 
caria  of  the  Indian  Archipelago.  Its  poisonous  property  is  said  to  be  due  to  the  presence  of  strychnia. 
Meanwhile  the  famous  cwo  tree  of  S.  America  yields  a  copious  supply  of  milk  which  is  rich  and  whole- 
some. Gum  lac  is  obtained  abundantly  from  Ficus  Indica  The  renowned  Banyan  tree  is  Ficus  reli- 
giosa.  In  this  order  are  also  found  many  excellent  fruits.  Figs  are  the  fruit  of  Ficus  Carica,  &c.  Bread 
fruit  is  the  compound  fruit  of  Artocarpus :  mulberries  of  Morus  nigra.  Fustic,  a  yellow  dye,  is  the  wood 
of  M.  tinctoria  of  S.  America.  The  use  of  hemp  in  the  manufacture  of  cordage  is  well  known,  as  are 
likewise  the  uses  of  the  hop.  The  nettles  are  remarkable  for  their  stinging,  venomous  huirs. 

This  order  is  composed  of  four  principal  suborders,  viz.  Artocarpece,  Morea,  Urticeez,  and  Cannabinece, 
of  which  the  three  last  are  represented  in  the  following  genera. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(Fruit  a  compound,  fleshy,  purple  berry Morus.  I 

Fruit  simple,  fleshy,  dark  red,  small Broussonetia.  2 

Fruit  a  large,  compound,  yellow  globe Madura.  3 

Fruitafig! ,   •  Ficus. 

$  Fertile  cal.  2-sepaled.  Urtica.  5 

(Fls.  spicate  or  paniculate,  f  Fertile  calyx  0.         .  Bcehniena.  6 

I  Lvs.  simple.    Sta.  4.  £  Flowers  capitate,  involucrate Parietaria.  7 

(erect.  £  Leaves  palmately  5 -7-foliate.    Stamens  5 Cannabis.  8 

Herbs  <  climbing,  dioecious.    Stamens  5.    Fertile  flowers  in  aments.  .        .        .  Humulu-s.  9 


MACLURA.  CXXX.    URTICACE^E.  509 

SECTION  I.     MORELS. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  a  milky  juice.     Fruit  fleshy,  composed  of  the 

fleshy  calyx  or  receptacle^ 

1.   MORUS. 

Celtic  mor,  black ;  the  color  of  the  fruit  of  some  of  the  species. 

Flowers  <?,  rarely  cT  V — &  in  loose  spikes;  calyx  4-parted.  9  in 
dense  spikes ;  calyx  4-parted ;  styles  2 ;  achenium  compressed,  en- 
closed within  the  baccate  calyx ;  spike  constituting  a  compound 
berry. — Trees  with  alternate,  generally  lobed  leaves.  Fls.  inconspicuous. 

1.  M.  RUBRA.     Red  Mulberry. 

Lvs.  scabrous,  pubescent  beneath,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  equally 
serrate,  acuminate,  either  ovate  or  3-lobed;  fertile  spikes  cylindric ;  fr.  dark  red. — 
This  tree  varies  greatly  in  height  according  to  its  situation.  In  New  England, 
where  it  is  not  very  common,  it  is  but  a  shrub  15 — 20f  high.  In  the  Middle 
and  Western  States,  it  attains  the  elevation  of  50 — 60f,  with  a  diameter  of  2f. 
Trunk  covered  with  a  grayish  bark,  much  broken  and  furrowed.  Wood  fine- 
grained, strong  and  durable.  Leaves  4 — 6'  long,  f  as  wide,  entire  or  divided 
into  lobes,  thick,  dark  green.  Flowers  small.  Berries  of  a  deep  red  color, 
compounded  of  a  great  number  of  small  ones,  of  an  agreeable  acid  flavor. 
May. 

2.  M.  ALBA.     White  Mulberry. — Lvs.  nearly  glabrous,  cordate  and  oblique  at 
base,  unequally  serrate,  either  undivided  or  lobed ;  fr.  whitish. — Native  of  Chi- 
na.    Cultivated  for  the  sake  of  its  leaves  as  the  food  of  silk  worms.     A  tree  of 
humble  growth.    Leaves  2 — 4'  long,  f  as  wide,  acute,  petiolate.     Flowers  green, 
in  small,  roundish  spikes  or  heads.     Fruit  of  a  yellowish- white,  insipid. 

/?.  muUicaulis.  (  Chinese  Mulberry.)   Lvs.  large  (4 — 7'  long,  f  as  broad). — Shrub. 

3.  M.  NIGRA.     Black  Mulberry. — Lvs.  scabrous,  cordate,  ovate  or  lobed,  obtuse, 
unequally  serrate ;  fertile  spikes  oval. — Native  of  Persia,  cultivated  for  ornament 
and  shade,  in  this  as  well  as  in  many  other  countries.    Fruit  dark  red  or  black- 
ish, of  an  aromatic,  acid  flavor. 

2.   BROUSSONETIA.    L'Her. 

In  honor  of  P.  N.  V.  Broussonet,  a  distinguished  French  naturalist. 

Flowers  <?9. — c?  Ament  cylindric ;  cal.  4-parted.  9  Ament  glo 
bose ;  receptacle  cylindric-clavate,  compound ;  cal.  3-4-toothed,  tubu- 
lar; ovaries  becoming  fleshy,  clavate,  prominent;  sty.  lateral;  seed  1, 
covered  by  the  calyx. — Trees,  from  Japan. 

B.  PAPYRIFERA.  Paper  Mulberry. — Lvs.  of  the  younger  tree,  roundish- 
ovate,  acuminate,  mostly  undivided,  of  the  adult  tree  3-lobed ;  fr.  hispid. — A 
fine,  hardy  tree,  occasionally  cultivated.  It  is  a  low,  bushy  headed  tree,  with 
large,  light  green,  downy  leaves,  and  dark  red  fruit  a  little  larger  than  peas, 
with  long,  purple  hairs. 

3.   MACLtTRA.     Nutt. 

Dedicated  to  William  Maclure,  Esq.,  of  the  U.  S.,  a  distinguished  geologist 

Flowers  c?9. — cT  in  aments.     Calyx  0;  ova.  numerous,  coalescing 
into  a  compound,  globose  fruit,  of  1 -seeded,  compressed,  angular,  cu- 
neiform carpels  ;  sty.  1,  filiform,  villous. — A  lactescent  tree,  with  decid- 
uous, alternate,  entire,  ex-stipulate  leaves,  and  axillary  spines. 
M.  AURANTIACA.     Nutt.     Osage  Orange. 

A  beautiful  tree,  native  on  the  banks  of  the  Arkansas,  &c.  Leaves  4 — 5' 
by  1£ — 2§',  glabrous  and  shining  above,  strongly  veined  and  paler  beneath,  on 
short  petioles,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  margin  obscurely  denticulate,  apex  suba- 
ciiminate,  rather  coriaceous.  The  fruit  is  about  the  size  of  an  orange,  golden- 
yellow  when  ripe,  suspended  by  an  axillary  peduncle  amid  the  dark  glossy 


510  CXXX.    URTICACE^E.  URTIOA. 

leaves.    No  tree  cultivated  in  our  climate  can  surpass  this  in  richness  and 
beauty. 

4.  FICTJS. 

Gr.  avKT).  L&t.,Jicus.    Celtic,  Jlgueren.    Teutonic, Jiege.    Anglo-Saxon,  Jlc.    English,^. 

Flowers  £ ,  fixed  upon  the  inside  of  a  turbinate,  fleshy,  closed  re- 
ceptacle. cT  Calyx  3-parted ;  stam.  3.  9  Calyx  5-parted ;  ovary  1 ; 
seed  1. — A  large  genus  of  trees  and  shrubs,  none  North  American. 

F.  CARICA.  Willd.  Common  Fig. — bvs.  cordate,  3-5-lobed,  repand-dentate ; 
lobes  obtuse,  scabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath. — Supposed  to  be  a  native  of 
Caria,  Asia,  although  cultivated  for  its  fruit  in  all  tropical  climes.  With  us  it 
is  reared  only  in  sheltered  locations  as  a  curiosity.  The  delicious  fruit  is  well- 
known.  Leaves  very  variable. 

SECTION  2.    URTICE^J. 

Herbs  (in  cool  climates),  with  a  watery  juice.     Flowers  spicate  or 
paniculate,  with  a  membranaceous  calyx. 

5.  URTlCA. 

Lat,  uro,  to  burn  ;  in  reference  to  the  stinging  species. 

Flowers  <?,  sometimes  cT9. — &  Calyx  4-sepaled,  with  a  cup-shaped, 
central  rudiment  of  an  ovary ;  sta.  4.  9  Calyx  2-leaved,  persistent, 
at  length  surrounding  the  shining,  compressed 'achenium  ;  sty.  1. — 
Herbs  often  with  stinging  hairs.  Lvs.  accompanied  with  stipules. 
Flowers  green,  in  axillary  or  subterminal  clusters. 

1.  U.  CANADENSIS  (and  divaricata.  Linn.}     Common  Nettle. 

Hispid  and  stinging ;  Ivs.  on  long  petioles,  broad-ovate,  rounded  or  sub- 
cordate  at  base,  serrate,  acuminate  ;  panicles  axillary,  solitary  or  in  pairs,  di- 
varicate, mostly  shorter  than  the  petioles,  lower  sterile,  upper  fertile  and  sub- 
terminal,  elongated  in  fruit. — Damp  places,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  2 — 6f  high, 
mostly  simple,  flexuous  at  top.  Leaves  alternate,  large  (3 — 5'  by  2— 3^  more 
or  less  hispid  both  sides,  sometimes  nearly  smooth.  Lower  petioles  3'  long. 
Flowers  minute,  in  panicles  which  vary  from  1 — 4'  in  length,  the  fertile  pani- 
cles about  2,  nearly  terminal  and  erect,  enlarged  in  fruit.  Aug. 

2.  U.  DIOICA.     Dioecious  or  Stinging  Nettle. 

Hispid  and  stinging ;  Ivs.  cordate,  lance-ovate,  conspicuously  acuminate, 
coarsely  and  acutely  serrate,  the  point  entire,  petioles  thrice  shorter  ;fls.  g  or  $  9 , 
in  branching,  clustered,  axillary,  interrupted  spikes  longer  than  the  petioles. — 
Ij.  Waste  places,  common.  Stem  2 — 4f  high,  branching,  obtusely  4-angled, 
with  opposite,  short-stalked  leaves  which  are  3 — 4'  long,  and  about  £  as  wide. 
Flowers  small,  green,  in  axillary  clusters,  of  mean  aspect,  corresponding  with 
the  insidious  character  of  the  plant.  "  Its  power  of  stinging  resides  in  minute, 
tubular  hairs  or  prickles,  which  transmit  a  venomous  fluid  when  pressed." 
Bigelow.  July,  Aug. 

3.  U.  PROCERA.  Willd.     Tall  Nettle. 

St.  tall,  simple,  4-sided,  slightly  hispid;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  rough,  hispid, 
prominently  5- veined,  acutely  serrate ;  panicles  axillary,  very  branching,  nu- 
merous, interruptedly  spicate,  lower  ones  sterile,  upper  fertile. — Borders  ol 
fields,  waste  places,  N.  H.,  &c.  Stem  3 — 5f  high,  with  a  tough  bark.  Leaves 
densely  strigose-hispid,  serratures  incurved,  acute  at  each  end,  or  somewhat 
acuminate  at  apex,  3  times  longer  than  the  petioles.  Flowers  small,  green,  in 
glomerate  panicles,  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stem.  July. — Does  not  sting. 

4.  U.  PUMILA.     Richweed.     Stingless  Nettle. 

St.  ascending,  often  branched,  weak  and  succulent;  Ivs.  on  long  petioles, 
rhombic-ovate,  crenate-serrate,  membranaceous  and  glabrous  ;  fls.  § ,  triandrous, 
in  corymbed  heads  shorter  than  the  petioles.— %  In  waste  places,  about  build- 
ings, and  in  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  fleshy,  semi-transparent  when  grow- 


CANNABIS.  CXXX.    URTICACE.^.  511 

ing  in  shades,  smooth  and  shining.  Leaves  on  long  petioles,  especially  the 
lower  ones,  smoothish,  about  2'  long  and  |  as  wide.  Flowers  in  short  heads 
or  corymbs,  axillary.  A  species  without  stings.  Aug.,  Sept. 

5.  U.  URENS.     Burning  or  Dwarf  Nettle. 

Lvs.  broadly  elliptic,  about  5-veined,  acutely  serrate ;  clusters  glomerate, 
by  pairs. — 0  Weed,  in  cultivated  grounds.  Stem  12 — 20'  high,  hispid  with 
venomous  stings,  branching.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  f  as  broad,  on  short  petioles 
and  with  large  serratures.  Stipules  small,  lanceolate,  reflexed.  Flowers  in 
drooping,  pedunculate  clusters  about  as  long  as  the  petioles,  both  the  sterile  and 
fertile  in  the  same  axil.  Rare.  June,  July.  § 

6.  S.  GRACILIS.  Ait.     Slender  Nettle. 

St.  erect,  strict,  sparingly  hispid;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  subacuminate, 
coarsely  and  somewhat  doubly  serrate,  3-veined,  smoothish  above,  hispid  be- 
neath on  the  veins ;  spikes  elongated,  pinnately  branched,  a  little  shorter  than 
the  leaves ;  fls.  glomerate. — Tj.  Northern  and  Western  States,  and  Brit.  Am. 
Stem  2 — 3f  high.  Flowers  minute,  green.  July,  Aug. 

6.    BCEHMERIA.     Willd. 

Named  for  G.  F.  Boehmer,  a  German  botanist. 

Flowers  $  or  cT  ? . — &  Calyx  4-parted,  with  lanceolate,  acute  seg- 
ments ;  stamens  4.  9  achlamydeous  ;  ovary  and  style  1,  in  the  axil 
of  a  bract ;  achenium  compressed,  margined. — Herbs  or  shrubs^  nearly 
allied  to  Urtica.  Lvs.  opposite  or  alternate.  Fls.  clustered. 

B.  CYLINDRICA.  (Urtica  cylindrica  and  capitata.  Linn.}  False  Nettle. 
Herbaceous;  Ivs.  opposite,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  dentate,  smooth; 
fls.  J*  9  >  sterile  spikes  glomerate,  interrupted,  fertile  cylindric. — A  coarse,  nettle- 
like  plant,  in  swamps  and  bottoms,  Mid.  and  Western  States  !  Stem  slender, 
obtusely  4-angled,  channeled  on  each  side,  2 — 3f  high.  Leaves  3-veined,  3 — 5' 
long,  £  as  wide,  on  long  petioles.  Flowers  minute,  the  fertile  ones  in  axillary, 
cylindric  spikes,  1 — 2'  in  length,  the  barren  spikes  rather  longer  and  more 
slender.  July,  Aug. 

0.  Spikes  shorter,  subcapitate ;  petioles  somewhat  shorter. 
y.  (B.  lateriflora.  Mnkl.}    Lvs.  roughish;  spikes  longer  and  much  interrupted. 

7.  PARIETARIA. 

Lat.  paries,  a  wall ;  some  of  the  species  prefer  to  grow  on  old  walls,  &c. 

Flowers  monoecious-polygamous,  in  clusters  surrounded  by  a  many- 
cleft  involucre  ;  calyx  4-parted  ;  stamens  4,  at  first  incurved,  then 
expanding  with  an  elastic  force ;  ovary  and  style  1  ;  achenium  pol- 
ished, enclosed  within  the  persistent  calyx. — Herbs  with  usually  al- 
ternate leaves.  Clusters  of  green  Jiowers  axillary. 

P.  PENNSYLVANIA.     Pellitory. 

Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  veiny,  tapering  to  an  obtuse  point,  punctate  with 
opaque  dots ;  invol.  longer  than  the  flowers. — (p  A  rough,  pubescent  herb,  found 
in  damp,  rocky  places,  Vt,  N.  Y.,  W.  to  Wise. !  &c.  Stem  erect,  simple  or 
sparingly  branched,  6 — 12'  high.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  hairy  and  rough, 
about  J'  wide  and  3  or  4  times  as  long,  petiolate,  and  ending  with  an  obtuse 
acumination.  Segments  of  the  involucre  about  3,  lance-linear.  Flowers  dense, 
greenish  and  reddish-white.  Rare.  June. 

SECTION  3.  CANNABIXE^. 

Herbs,  erect  or  twining,  with  a  watery  juice,     c?  racemose  or  panicu- 
late, 9  in  a  cone-like  ament.     Albumen  0. 
8.  CANNABIS. 

Arabic  ganeb,  hemp. 

Flowers  c?  9- — &  Calyx  5-parted.  9  Calyx  entire,  oblong-acumi- 
nate, opening  longitudinally  at  the  side  ;  sty.  2  ;  ach.  ?  2-valved,  en- 


512  CXXX.    URTICACE^E.  HUMULUS. 

closed  within  the  persistent  calyx. — CD  Lvs.  opposite,  digitate.     Fls. 
axillary ',  c?  in  cymose  pa?iicles,  9  in  sessile  spikes. 

C.  SATIVA.     Hemp. 

Lvs.  palmately  5— 7-foliate. — The  hemp  was  introduced  originally  from 
India,  but  it  springs  up  spontaneously  in  our  hedges  and  waste  grounds.  It  is 
a  tall,  erect  plant,  with  handsome  petiolate  leaves.  Leaflets  lanceolate,  serrate, 
3 — 5'  long,  ^  as  wide,  the  middle  one  the  largest.  Flowers  small,  green,  soli- 
tary and  axillary  in  the  barren  plants,  spiked  in  the  fertile  ones.  It  is  cultivated 
in  many  countries  for  the  sake  of  its  fibre,  which  is  stronger  than  that  of  flax, 
and  is  the  best  of  all  materials  for  cordage  and  sail-cloth.  The  seeds  are 
nutritious,  but  the  leaves  are  stimulant  and  narcotic,  producing  intoxica- 
tion. June.  § 

9.   HUMffLUS. 
Lat.  hwmis,  moist  earth ;  the  hop  grows  only  in  rich  soils. 

Flowers  d*  9. — cT  Calyx  5-sepaled  ;  stamens  5  ;  anthers  with  2 
pores  at  the  summit.  9  Bracts  imbricate,  large,  entire,  concave, 
persistent,  1 -flowered;  calyx  membranous,  entire,  persistent;  styles 
2 ;  achenium  invested  by  the  thin  calyx. — ^  twining  with  the  sun. 
Lvs.  opposite.  Fls.  in  axillary  panicles  and  strobile-like  aments. 

H.  LUPULUS.     Common  Hop. 

The  hop  vine  is  found  wild  in  hedges,  &c.,  throughout  this  country,  and 
is,  as  every  one  knows,  extensively  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  its  fertile  aments, 
which  are  chiefly  used  as  a  preservative  in  beer.  It  has  a  long,  annual  stem 
of  rapid  growth,  always  twining  with  the  sun,  rough  backwards  with  reflexed 
prickles.  Leaves  very  rough,  generally  3-lobed,  deeply  cordate  at  base,  on 
long  stalks.  Flowers  of  the  barren  plants  extremely  numerous,  panicled, 
greenish ;  those  of  the  fertile,  in  aments  with  large  scales.  In  the  cultivation 
of  the  hop  it  tias  been  found  profitable  to  plant  a  few  layers  of  the  barren  vines 
among  the  tertiie  ones,  as  the  produce  is  thus  increased  in  weight  through  the 
fertilization  of  the  seeds.  Aug. 


CLASS    II.     GYMNOSPERMS. 

OVULES  not  enclosed  in  an  ovary,  fertilized  by  the  pollen  without 
the  intervention  of  a  pistil,  and  becoming  truly  NAKED  SEEDS,  the 
carpel  being  represented  by  a  flat  open  scale  or  entirely  wanting. 
EMBRYO  with  2  opposite,  or  several  whorled  cotyledons. 


ORDER  CXXXI.     CONIFER^.— CONIFERS. 


Trees  or  evergreen  shrubs,  with  branching  trunks,  abounding  in  a  resinous  juice. 

Lvs.  scattered  or  fascicled,  linear  or  acerose  (rarely  lanceolate),  parallel-veined,  rigid,  generally  evergreen. 

Fls.  monoecious  or  dioecious,  destitute  of  calyx  or  corolla. 

Sterile,  monandrous  or  monadelphous,  collected  in  a  kind  of  loose  ament. 

Anth.  2  or  many-lobed,  often  tipped  with  a  crest.    Pollen  large,  usually  compound. 

Fertile,  in  aments  composed  of  open,  scale-like  carpels,  or  solitary  and  without  a  carpel. 

Ovary,  style  and  stigma  wanting.    Ovules  1,  2  or  many,  erect  or  inverted. 

JFV.— A  strobile  (cone),  or  a  solitary  seed.    Integuments  hard  and  crustaceous. 

Embryo  in  the  axis  of  oily  albumen. 

Genera  29,  species  150,  natives  of  all  climates,  but  most  abundant  in  the  temperate  zones,  those  of  the 
southern,  however,  very  different  from  the  pines,  spruces,  larches  and  cedars  of  the  northern. 

Properties.— Few  orders  can  be  named,  ^yhich  are  of  more  importance  to  mankind,  whether  in  refer- 
ence to  their  invaluable  timber  or  their  resinous  secretions.     Turpentine,  tar,  pitch  and  resin  are  the 


product  of  the  pines.    Burgundy  pitch  is  yielded  by  Finus  sylvestris  of  Europe ;  Venetian  turpentine, 
by  the  Larix ;  oil  of  Savin  by  Juniperus  Sabina  of  Europe,  i 


,&c. 


12 

FIG.  54.— l.  Branch  of  Thuja  occidental's,  with  strobiles.  2.  A  magnified  branchlet  with  a  cone  of 
Btaminate  flowers.  3.  A  carpellary  scale  with  the  two  winged  seeds.  4.  A  vertical  transverse  section 
of  one  or  the  seeds,  showing  the  embryo,  &c.  5.  The  immature,  erect  ovules.  6.  One  of  the  ovules, 
enlarged,  showing  the  micropyle  at  top.  7.  Branch  of  Abies  Americana.  8.  Scale,  with  the  bract.  9. 
Scale  with  immature  ovules.  10.  Scale  with  ripe  seeds.  11.  A  pair  of  leaves  of  Pinus  resinosa.  12. 
Anther  of  Pinus  sylvestris.  13.  Scale  of  the  cone,  with  the  ovules  turned  downwards.  14.  Staminate 
scale  of  Cupregsus,  with  pollen.  15.  Fertile  scale,  with  many  erect  ovules. 


514  CXXXI.   CONIFERS.  PINUS. 


Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

J  Scales  thick  and  blunt  at  edge. 

Leaves  linear  or  acerose.   .  .    ( Scales  thin  and  even  at  edge. 
'  Fertile  scales  4— 8-ovuled. 


Pinus.  1 
Abies.  2 
Cupressus.  3 
Thuja. 


( a  woody  cone.  (Leaves  scale-like,  imbricate.  (Fertile  scales  2-ovuled.     .  Thuja.        4 

<  a  fleshy  berry  with  3  bony  seeds.    Leaves  mostly  acerose.  ....  Jumperus.  5 

Fruit  (  a  fleshy  drupe  with  a  single  seed.    Leaves  linear,  2-ranked.        .        .       .       .       .    Taxus.       6 

TRIBE  1.     ABIETINEJE. 

Flowers  oT  $  9  • — cf  aments  numerous,  deciduous.  Scales  peltate,  each  bear- 
ing 2  sessile,  1-celled  anthers.  9  Strobile  ovoid ;  carpellary  scales  closely 
imbricated,  each  bearing  a  pair  of  ovules  adhering  to  the  base  inside,  and 
subtended  by  a  bract  outside  ;  fruit  a  woody  strobile  or  cone ;  seeds  winged, 
cotyledons  2 — 15. 

1.   PINUS. 

Celtic  pin  or  pen,  a  rock  or  mountain  ;  many  species  of  this  noble  genus  prefer  such  situations. 

Strobile  large,  conical ;  carpellary  scales  thickened  at  the  summit, 
becoming  strong  and  woody  in  fruit;  cotyledons  4 — 8. — Trees,  often 
of  the  loftiest  dimensions.  Branches  often  verticillate.  Leaves  evergreen, 
acerose,  in  fascicles  of  2 — 5,  each  fascicle  invested  with  a  membranous 
sheath  at  base. 

1.  P.  RESINOSA.  Ait.     (P.  rubra.  Michx.}     Norway  Pine.     Red  Pine. 

Lvs.  in  pairs,  channeled,  elongated,  with,  elongated  sheaths ;  corns  ovoid- 
conic,  rounded  at  the  base,  subsolitary,  about  half  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  scales 
unarmed,  dilated  in  the  middle. — It  abounds  in  the  northern  parts  of  the  U.  S. 
and  in  Canada,  attaining  the  height  of  80f,  with  a  trunk  2f  in  diameter,  very 
straight  and  uniform.  Bark  smoother,  and  of  a  clearer  red  than  other  pines. 
Leaves  chiefly  collected  towards  the  ends  of  the  branches,  always  in  pairs, 
5 — 8'  in  length,  the  sheaths  £ — !£'.  This  pine  affords  a  fine-grained,  resinous 
timber  of  much  strength  and  durability,  and  highly  valued  in  architecture.  May. 

2.  P.  BANKSIANA.  Lambert.     (P.  rupestris.  Michx.)     Scrub  Pine. 

Lvs,  in  pairs,  rigid,  curved,  acute,  terete  upon  the  back  and  channeled 
above,  margins  somewhat  scabrous ;  cones  ovate-acuminate,  recurved,  tortuous ; 
scales  unarmed,  obtuse,  smooth. — A  small  tree,  with  long,  spreading,  flexible 
branches,  abounding  in  barrens,  in  Me.  and  British  America.  Leaves  about 
an  inch  in  length.  Cones  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves,  usually  in  pairs. 
April,  May. 

3.  P.  INOPS.  Ait.     Jersey  or  Scrub  Pine. 

Lvs.  in  pairs,  rather  short,  obtuse,  rigid,  channeled  above,  terete  beneath, 
margins  obscurely  serrulate ;  cones  recurved,  ovoid-oblong,  as  long  as  the 
leaves;  scales  of  the  cone  compact,  obtuse  at  base,  with  a  straight,  subulate 
point. — A  tree  15 — 25f  high,  on  barrens  in  the  Middle  States.  Branches  strag- 
gling, and,  with  the  trunk,  covered  with  a  rough,  blackish  bark.  Leaves  1—2' 
long.  The  wood  abounds  in  resin.  May. 

4.  P.  VARIABIUS.    Lamb.     (P.  mitis.    Michx.  /.)     Yellow  Pine.     Spruce 
Pine. — Lvs.  2 — 3  together,  channeled  on  the  inner  surface ;  cones  ovoid, 

subsolitary ;  scales  armed  with  short,  incurved  spines. — Widely  diffused  through- 
out the  country,  attaining  the  height  of  50 — 60f.  Leaves  dark  green,  5—6'  long, 
covering  the  branchlets.  Cones  2—3'  long,  rugged  with  the  projecting  point 
of  the  scales.  It  furnishes  close-grained  and  moderately  resinous  timber, 
which  is  used  in  immense  quantities  for  all  kinds  of  architecture.  May. 

5.  P.  RIGIDA.     Pitch  Pine. 

Lvs.  in  3s,  with  short  sheaths;  cones  pyramidal-ovoid,  clustered;  scales 
with  reflexed  spines. — Common  in  barren,  sandy  plains,  which  it  often  exclu- 
sively occupies.  It  is  of  moderate  height  at  the  north  (25 — 30f ),  but  attains 
a  great  height  in  the  Southern  States.  The  trunk,  which  is  seldom  straight,  is 
covered  with  a  very  thick  and  rough  bark  cleft  with  deep  furrows.  Leaves 
4 — 0'  long.  Cones  usually  several  together,  2—3'  long.  The  wood  is  heavy 


ABIES.  CXXXI.   CONIFERS.  515 

with  resin,  little  used  in  architecture  except  for  floors,  but  makes  excellent 
fuel.  May. 

G.  P.  PALUSTRIS.  Lamb.    (P.  australis.  7)    Long-leaved  or  Broom  Pine. 

Lvs.  in  3s,  very  long,  conglomerate  at  the  ends  of  the  branches ;  cone  sub- 
cylindrical,  muricate,  with  small,  recurved  spines ;  slip,  pinnatifid,  ragged,  per- 
sistent.— Found  in  the  Middle,  Southern  and  Western  States.  The  trunk  is 
15 — 20'  diam.,  arising  with  a  slignt  diminution  40  or  50f  to  the  branches, 
thence  20 — 40f  to  the  summit.  Bark  slightly  furrowed.  Leaves  a  foot  in 
length.  Buds  very  long,  whitish.  Sterile  aments  violet-colored,  2'  long.  Cone 
8—10'  long.  Seeds  with  a  thin,  white  testa.  Timber  strong,  compact  and 
durable,  used  at  the  South  in  vast  quantities. 

7.  P.  STROBUS.     White  Pine.     Wcynwuth  Pine. 

Lvs.  in  5s,  slender,  with  very  short  sheaths ;  cones  solitary,  cylindric,  loose, 
pendant  longer  than  the  leaves.— This  pine  is  one  of  the  most  majestic  and  the 
most  useful  forest  trees  of  this,  or  of  any  other  country.  The  trunk  is  perfectly 
straight,  covered  with  a  comparatively  smooth  bark,  and,  in  some  instances, 
5 — 7f  in  diameter,  and  lOOf  in  height  without  a  limb;  then,  sending  out  a  few 
branches,  it  forms  a  tufted  head  far  above  the  surrounding  forest.  The  branch- 
es are  given  off  in  whorls  which  are  very  observable  in  young  trees.  The 
leaves  are  about  4'  long,  numerous,  slender,  of  a  bluish  green,  forming  an  ex- 
tremely soft  and  delicate  foliage.  The  wood  is  soft,  fine-grained,  easily  wrought, 
very  durable,  and  is  used  in  immense  quantities  in  various  kinds  of  architec- 
ture. The  large  trunks  are  in  particular  sought  for  the  masts  of  ships.  May. 

2.   ABIES.    Juss. 

Name  probably  derived  from  the  Celtic  dbetoa. 

Strobile  smaller,  roundish-oblong ;  carpellary  scales  attenuated  to 
a  thin,  even  edge  ;  cotyledons  3 — 9. —  Trees  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  evergreen 
or  deciduous,  linear  and  solitary,  or  acerose  and  fasciculate,  never  sheathed 
at  base. 

§  1.  Leaves  evergreen,  solitary,  linear. 

1.  A.  CANADENSIS.     (Pinus.     Linn.}    Hemlock. 

Lvs.  linear,  flat,  obscurely  denticulate,  glaucous  beneath,  in  2  rows ;  cones 
ovoid,  terminal,  scarcely  longer  than  the  leaves ;  scales  rounded,  entire. — A  well 
known  evergreen  inhabitant  of  the  rocky,  mountainous  woods  of  the  Northern 
States,  and  Brit.  Am.,  commonly  attaining  the  height  of  70 — 80f.  The  trunk  is 
large  in  proportion,  straight,  covered  with  a  rough  bark.  Branches  brittle  and 
nearly  horizontal,  with  pubescent  twigs.  Leaves  6 — 8"  in  length,  less  than  \" 
wide,  arranged  in  2  opposite  rows.  Cones  very  small.  The  wood  of  the  hem- 
lock is  soft,  elastic,  of  a  coarse,  loose  texture,  not  much  valued  for  timber,  but 
is  sometimes  substituted  for  pine.  The  bark  is  extensively  used  in  tanning.  May. 

2.  A.  NIGRA.     Michx.     (Pinus.     Linn.}     Black  or  Double  Spruce. 

Lvs.  4-comered,  scattered,  straight,  erect;  cones  ovoid,  pendulous;  scales 
elliptical-obovate,  erosely  dentate  at  the  edge,  erect. — This  fine  tree  abounds  in 
the  northern  parts  of  the  U.  S.,  where  dark,  mountain  forests,  are  often  wholly 
composed  of  it.  It  is  a  large  tree,  70 — 80f  high,  with  a  straight  trunk  and  a  lofty 
pyramidal  head.  The  leaves  thickly  cover  the  branches,  are  of  a  dark  green 
color,  little  more  than  £'  in  length.  Cones  1 — 2'  long.  The  timber  is  light, 
strong  and  elastic,  and,  although  inferior  to  the  white  pine,  is  much  used  in  ar- 
chitecture. That  salutary  beverage,  spruce  beer,  is  made  from  the  young  branch- 
es. May. 

3.  A.  ALBA.     Michx.    (Pinus.     Ait.}     White  or  Single  Spruce. 

Lvs.  4-sided,  incurved ;  cones  lax,  pendulous,  subcylindric,  with  entire, 
broadly  obovate,  somewhat  2-lobed  scales. — Very  abundant  in  the  northern  sec- 
tions of  the  U.  States,  preferring  humid  and  rocky  woods.  Height  50f.  Trunk 
1— 2f  in  diameter  at  the  base,  regularly  diminishing  upward.  Lower  branches 
longest,  the  others  becoming  gradually  shorter  upwards.  Leaves  | — f '  in  length, 
placed  on  all  sides  of  the  branches"  Cones  small.  The  timber  is  useful  in 
the  frames  of  buildings,  &€.  May. 
44 


516  CXXXI.    CONIFERS.  CUPRESSUS. 

§  2.  Leaves  solitary,  evergreen.    Bark  smooth,  with  reservoirs  of  balsam, 
Cones  long,  erect. 

4.  A.  BALSAMEA.     Willd.    (Pinus.    Linn,  Picea.   Michx.)    Fir  Balsam. 
Balsam  Spruce.  —  Lvs.  linear,  flat,  obtuse,  glaucous,  with  a  grooved  line 

above  and  an  elevated  one  beneath  ;  cones  cylindric,  erect,  reflexed  on  the  mar- 
gin ;  scales  broad,  compact  ;  bracts  obovate,  shorter  than  the  scale.  —  A  beautiful 
evergreen,  common  in  humid  forests  of  the  northern  part  of  the  U.  States.  Its 
branches  are  nearly  horizontal,  gradually  becoming  shorter  upwards,  forming  a 
regularly  pyramidal  head.  The  leaves  are  little  larger  than  those  of  the  hem- 
lock (8—  10"  long)  growing  upon  the  sides  and  top  of  the  branches,  of  a  bright 
green  above,  and  silvery-  white  beneath.  Cones  2  —  3'  in  length.  Bark  smooth, 
abounding  in  reservoirs  filled  with  a  resin  or  balsam  which  is  considered  a  val- 
uable medicine.  May. 

5.  A.  FRASERI.     Pursh.     Fraser's  or  Double  Balsam  Fir. 

Lvs.  flat,  glaucous  beneath,  linear,  often  emarginate,  subsecund,  erect  above  ; 
strobile  ovoid-oblong,  erect,  very  small  ;  bracts  elongated,  reflexed,  oblong-cune- 
ate,  emarginate,  briefly  mucronate,  incisely  toothed.  —  A  smaller  tree  than  the 
last,  much  resembling  it  in  habit,  found  on  mountains,  from  N.  Eng.  !  to  Car. 
Leaves  3'  long,  and  much  crowded.  Cones  about  1  —  2'  long  when  mature; 
singularly  distinguished  by  the  long-pointed,  violet-colored,  reflexed  bracts. 
Sterile  aments  terminal.  May.  —  A  highly  ornamental  shade  tree. 

§  3.  Leaves  deciduous,  collected  in  fascicles  of  20  —  40. 

6.  A.   (  LARIX)  AMERICANA.     Michx.     (Pinus  pendula  and  microcarpa  of 

American  Larch.  —  Lvs.  short,  in  dense  fascicles,  without  sheaths, 


very  slender;  cones  oblong,  inclining  upwards;  even  when  the  branches  are 
pendulous  ;  scales  thin  and  inflexed  on  the  margin  ;  bracts  elliptical,  often  hol- 
lowed at  the  sides,  abruptly  acuminate  with  a  slender  point.  —  A  beautiful  tree, 
often  seen  in  our  shrubberies,  and  thinly  interspersed,  in  forests,  throughout  N. 
England.  It  is  remarkably  distinguished  from  the  pines  by  its  deciduous  leaves. 
the  branches  being  bare  nearly  half  the  year.  The  tree  arises  80  —  lOOf,  with  a 
straight  and  slender  trunk  and  horizontal  branches.  Leaves  1  —  2'  long,collect- 
ed  in  bunches  of  12  —  20  on  the  sides  of  the  branches.  Cones  deep  purple,  J  —  1' 
long.  The  wood  is  considered  most  valuable  of  all  the  pines  or  spruces,  being 
very  heavy,  strong,  and  durable.  Apr.,  May. 
/?.  pendula.  Branches  slender  and  drooping.  —  A  most  beautiful  variety. 

TRIBE  2.     CTJPRESSINEJE. 

Carpellary  scales  not  bracteate,  each  with  1  —  8  erect  ovules  at  base  inside,  be- 
coming concreted  and  fleshy  in  a  drupe-like  fruit.     Anthers  of  several  cells. 

3.   CUPRESSUS. 

From  the  Isle  of  Cyprus,  where  the  cypress  is  very  abundant. 

Flowers  S  .  —  &  in  an  ovoid  ament  ;  scales  peltate  ;  anthers  4,  ses- 
sile. tf  in  a  strobile  ;  scales  peltate,  bearing  4  —  8,  erect  (orthotro- 
pous)  ovules  at  base  inside  ;  seed  angular,  compressed  ;  integuments 
membranous  ;  cotyledons  2  or  more.  —  Trees,  with  evergreen,  flat,  squa- 
mose,  imbricated  leaves.  Fertile  aments  becoming  indurated  cones. 

1.  C.  THYoiDES.     Michx.     White  Cedar. 

Branchlets  compressed  ;  Ivs.  imbricate  in  4  rows,  ovate,  tuberculate  at  base  ; 
cones  spherical.  —  This  tree  is  thinly  disseminated  in  N.  England,  but  quite  com- 
mon in  the  Middle  States.  It  usually  occurs  in  swamps,  which  it  densely  and 
exclusively  occupies.  Height  40—  60f.  The  leaves  consist  of  short,  minute, 
evergreen  scales,  covering  the  finely  divided  branchlets,  in  4  imbricated  rows, 
and  each  one  furnished  with  a  minute  gland  or  tubercle  on  the  back.  The  wood 
is  white,  fine-grained,  and  wonderfully  light,  soft  and  durable.  Used  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  shingles,  pails,  fences,  &c.  Posts  made  of  this  cedar  it  is  said  will 
last  50  year*.  May. 


JUNIPBRUS.  CXXXI.   CONIFERS.  517 

2.  C.  DISTYCHA.     (Taxodium  distychum.     L.  C.  Rich.}     Cypress. 

Lvs.  in  2  rows  (distychous),  deciduous,  flat ;  sterile  aments  paniculate,  leaf- 
less, pendulous;  cone  oblong-globose. — One  of  the  largest  trees  of  the  forest, 
native  of  N.  J.  to  Mexico.  It  grows  in  wet  soils,  forming  what  is  called  the 
cypress  or  cedar  swamps  of  the  Southern  States.  The  trunk  arises  to  the  height 
of  125f  with  a  circumference  of  25 — 40f  above  the  conical  base.  The  roots 
produce  large,  conical  excrescences,  which,  being  hollow,  are  sometimes  used 
for  beehives.  The  head  is  wide-spread,  and  often  depressed.  Foliage  light 
green  and  open.  Cones  1'  diam.,  composed  of  the  indurated,  combined  scales. 
Timber  light,  fine-grained  and  durable. 

4.   THUJA. 

Gr.  Suo),  to  sacrifice  ;  the  wood  is  fragrant  in  burning  and  was  used  in  sacrifices. 

Flowers  § . — c?  in  an  imbricated  ament ;  anthers  4,  sessile.  9  in 
a  strobile,  each  scale  bearing  2  erect  ovules  at  the  base  inside  ;  seed 
winged  ;  integument  membranous  ;  cotyledons  2  or  more. — Trees  or 
shrubs.  Lvs.  evergreen,  squamose,  imbricate. 

T.  OCCIDENTALIS.     Arbor  Vitee. 

Branchlets  ancipital ;  Ivs.  imbricate  in  4  rows,  rhomboid-ovate,  appressed,  v 
tuberculate ;  cones  oblong,  the  inner  scales  truncated  and  gibbous  below  the 
tip. — This  tree  is  often  called  white  cedar,  and  from  its  resemblance  might  easily 
be  mistaken  for  the  Cupressus  thyoides.  It  abounds  in  the  British  Provinces  and 
in  the  northern  parts  of  the  U.  S.  on  the  rocky  borders  of  streams  and  lakes, 
and  in  swamps.  It  has  a  crooked  trunk,  rapidly  diminishing  in  size  upwards, 
throwing  out  branches  from  base  to  summit.  The  evergreen  foliage  consists 
of  branchlets  much  more  flat  and  broad  than  those  of  the  white  cedar.  Cones 
terminal,  consisting  of  a  few  long,  loose  scales,  unlike  the  round,  compact  cones 
of  that  tree.  The  wood  is  very  light,  soft  and  durable.  Its  most  important  use 
is  for  fences.  May. 

5.   JUNIPfiRUS. 

Celtic  Juneprus.  rough  or  rude. 

Flowers  cT  9 ,  rarely  <? . — c?  ament  ovate  ;  scales  verticillate,  pel- 
tate ;  anthers  4 — 8f  I -celled.  9  ament  globose  ;  scales  few,  united 
at  base,  concave  ;  ovules  1  at  the  base  of  each  scale ;  berry  formed  of 
the  enlarged,  fleshy  scales  containing  2 — 3  bony  seeds  ;  cotyledons  2. 
—  Trees  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  evergreen,  mosfly  acerose,  opposite  or  in  whorls 

1.  J.  COMMUNIS.   Common  Juniper. 

Lvs.  ternate,  spreading,  subulate,  mucronate,  longer  than  the  berry. — A 
shrub,  with  numerous,  prostrate  branches,  growing  in  dry  woods  and  hills,  often 
arising  in  a  slender  pyramid,  6 — 8f  high  (rarely  arboreous,  Dr.  Robbins!) 
Leaves  arranged  in  whorls  of  3,  5 — 8"  long,  acerose-lanceolate,  ending  in  a 
sharp,  bristly  point,  channeled  and  glaucous  on  the  midvein  above,  keeled  and 
green  below.  Barren  flowers  in  small,  axillary  aments  or  cones ;  fertile  ones 
on  a  distinct  shrub,  small,  axillary,  sessile.  Berries  roundish,  oblong,  dark 
blue,  ripening  the  second  year  from  the  flower.  They  are  then  sweetish,  with 
a  taste  of  turpentine.  In  medicine  they  are  diuretic  and  cordial.  May. 

2.  J.  VIRGINIANA.     (J.  Sabina.  Hook.}    Red  Cedar. 

Upper  Ivs.  imbricate  in  4  rows,  ovate-lanceolate,  pungently  acute,  appressed, 
older  ones  acerose,  cuspidate,  spreading ;  trunk  arboreous. — Found  throughout 
the  U.  S.,  but  chiefly  in  the  maritime  parts,  growing  in  dry,  rocky  situations. 
It  is  a  tree  of  middle  size,  sending  out  numerous,  horizontal  branches.  Leaves 
dark  green,  the  younger  ones  small,  ovate,  acute,  scale-like,  overlaying  each 
other  in  4  rows,  upon  the  subdivided  branchlets ;  the  older  ones  £'  long.  Flow- 
ers inconspicuous,  the  staminate  in  oblong,  terminal  aments,  \'  long;  the  fer- 
tile on  separate  trees,  producing  small,  bluish  berries  covered  with  a  white 
powder.  The  wood  is  fine-grained  and  compact,  of  a  reddish  hue,  very  light 


518  CXXXI.    CONIFERS.  TAXUS. 

and  durable.    It  is  used  for  fences,  aqueducts,  tubs  and  pails,  and  in  the  manu- 
facture of  drawing  pencils.    April,  May. 

/?.  prostrata.  Lvs.  ovate,  submucronate,  glandular  in  the  middle,  appressed ; 
berries  tubercular ;  st.  prostrate,  creeping. — A  shrub,  on  gravely  shores,  with 
creeping  branches  4 — 81'  long. 

TRIBE  3.     TAXIXEJE. 

Fertile  flowers  solitary,  terminal,  consisting  of  a  naked  ovule  maturing  into  a 

kind  of  drupe. 

6.  TAXUS. 

Gr.  Tal-ov,  an  arrow ;  arrows  were  formerly  poisoned  with  the  juice  of  the  yew  tree. 

Flowers  cT  9  or  § ,  surrounded  with  numerous  scales.  cT  Stamens 
8 — 10,  monadelphous  ;  anthers  peltate.  6 — 8-celled,  cells  dehiscent 
beneath.  9  solitary,  consisting  of  a  single  oyule,  becoming  in  fruit  a 
fleshy,  1 -seeded  drupe. — Trees  or  shrubs,  with  evergreen,  linear,  alter- 
ieaves. 


T.  CANADENSIS.     Dwarf  Yew.     Ground  Hemlock. 

Lvs.  linear,  mucronate,  2-ranked,  revolute  on  the  margin ;  sterile  recepta- 
cles globose. — A  small,  evergreen  shrub,  with  the  general  aspect  of  a  dwarf 
hemlock  spruce  (Pinus  Canadensis}.  It  grows  on  thin,  rocky  soils  in  shady 
places,  2— 3f  long,  Can.  to  Penn.  and  Ky.  Leaves  nearly  an  inch  long,  ar- 
ranged in  2  opposite  rows,  on  the  sides  of  the  branchlets.  Staminate  flowers  in 
small,  roundish,  axillary  heads.  Drupes  oval,  concave  or  open  at  the  summit, 
red  and  juicy  when  mature.  May. 


SUBDIVISION    SECOND. 

ENDOGENS,  OR  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS. 

STEM  not  distinguishable  into  bark,  pith  and  concentric  zones  or 
layers  of  wood.  GROWTH  by  irregular,  internal  accretions,  consist- 
ing of  bundles  of  woody  fibre  and  vessels,  successively  descending 
from  the  leaves  above,  through  the  cellular  tissue  already  formed. 
LEAVES  mostly  with  simple,  parallel  veins,  alternate,  entire,  frequently 
sheathing  at  base,  and  seldom  falling  off  by  an  articulation.  SEPALS 
and  PETALS,  when  present,  commonly  in  3s.  OVULES  produced  within 
an  ovary.  EMBRYO  with  one  cotyledon,  rarely  with  two,  the  second 
being  much  smaller  than,  and  alternate  with,  the  first. 


CLASS  III.     AGL.UMACEOUS  ENDOGEXS. 

Flowers  without  glumes.  Organs  developed  on  the  usual  and 
normal  plan,  consisting  of  stamens  and  pistils,  either  or  both,  sur- 
rounded by  verticillate,  floral  envelops  ;  or  the  latter  are  wanting, 
and  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  achlamydeous. 


ORDER  CXXXIV.     ARACEJE.— ARABS. 

Herbs  or  tropical  shrubs,  with  a  fleshy  rhizoma  or  cormus. 

Lva.  sheathing  at  base,  often  with  branching  veins,  and  sometimes  compound. 

Fls.  mostly  moncecious  and  achlamydeous,  arranged  upon  a  naked  or  spathaceous  spadix. 

Perianth,  when  present,  consisting  of  4— 6  parts. 

Sta.  definite  or  indefinite,  hypogynous,  very  short.    Anth.  ovate,  extrorse. 

Ova.  free,  l— several-celled.    Stigma  sessile. 

Fr.— Berry  succulent  or  dry.    Seeds  solitary  or  several,  with  fleshy  albumen. 

Genera  26,  species  170,  abundant  in  tropical  regions,  more  rare  in  temperate,  one  only,  Calla  palustris, 
extending  to  the  northern  frigid  zone. 

Properties.~A.n  acrid,  volatile  principle  pervades  the  order,  which  is,  in  some  instances,  so  concen- 
trated as  to  become  poisonous.  The  corms  and  rhizomas  abound  also  in  starch,  which  in  some  cases, 
when  the  volatile  acridity  is  expelled  in  drying  or  cooking,  is  edible  and  nutritious. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

\  Berry  1-seeded.       .  Peltandra.         2 

(  and  covered    (  cyhndnc.  (  Berry  many-seeded.  Calla.                 3 

<  with  flowers.  \  oval,  preceding  the  leaves.       .  Symplocarpus.  6 

s  Spadix  in  a  spathe  ( and  naked  above.    Stem  a  conn.      .        .        .  Arum.                \ 

<  broad.  ( Spadix  naked,  yellow,  on  a  clavate  scape. Orontium.          4 

L«aves  ( linear-ensiform.    Scape  leaf-like.    Spadix  lateral.           Acorus.              5 

1.   ARUM. 

Coptic  aron,  the  name  of  the  Egyptian  species,  A.  colocasia. 

Flowers  sometimes   9  d\     Spathe  cucullate,  convolute  at  base ; 
perianth  0 ;  spadix  cylindric,  naked  above,  staminate  below  the  mid- 
dle and  pistillate  at  the  base  ;  berry  1 -celled,  many-seeded. — '2J-. 
1.  A.  TRIPHYLLUM.     Dragon-Root.     JacTe-in-tbe- Pulpit. 
Acaulescent ;  Ivs.  trifoliate,  mostly  in  pairs,  leaflets  oval,  acuminate ;  spa- 
dix clavate ;  spathe  ovate,  acuminate,  flat  and  deflected  above. — A  curious  and 
well  known  inhabitant  of  wet  woodlands,  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Miss.     The 
stem  is  a  rugose,  tteshj'.  subterraneous  conn  giving  off  radicles  in  a  circle  from 
44* 


520  CXXXIV.   ARACE^.  CALLA. 

the  edge.  Scape  8 — 12'  high,  erect,  round,  embraced  at  the  base  by  the  long 
sheaths  of  the  petioles.  Leaves  2,  on  long  stalks,  each  consisting  of  3  smooth 
leaflets,  2 — 7'  long,  £  as  wide.  Spathe  green  without,  usually  variegated  within 
with  stripes  of  dark  purple  alternating  with  pale  green.  Spadix  much  shorter 
than  the  spathe  varying  from  green  to  dark  purple.  Fruit  a  bunch'  of  bright 
scarlet  berries.  The  corm  loses  its  fiercely  acrid  principle  by  drying,  and  is 
then  valued  as  a  carminative,  &c.  May,  June. 

0.  atrorubens.  Dewey.  (A.  atrorubens.  L.)  Spathe  sessile,  spreading  hori- 
zontally above,  dark  brown. — Plant  rather  smaller,  and  with  a  disagreeable  odor. 

2.  A.  DRACONTIUM.     Green  Dragon. 

Acaulescent;  If.  mostly  solitary,  pedate;  Ifts.  oblong-lanceolate;  spadix 
subulate,  longer  than  the  convolute,  oblong  spathe. — Less  common  in  N.  Eng. 
than  the  former  species,  found  in  wet  places,  banks  of  streams,  U.  S.  Stem  a 
fleshy,  subterraneous  corm.  Scape  slender,  6 — 12'  high.  Leaf  on  an  erect, 
sheathing  petiole,  which  is  dichotomous  above,  each  half  bearing  2 — 4  leaflets 
with  an  odd  one  at  the  fork.  Leaflets  rather  smaller  than  in  A.  triphyllum. 
Spathe  green,  1 — 2'  long,  rolled  into  a  tube  at  base.  Spadix  slender,  with  its 
long,  tapering  point  much  exserted.  Fruit  a  bunch  of  red  berries.  June,  July. 

2.   PELTANDRA.    Raf. 

Gr.  TreXr??,  a  shield  or  target,  av6pss,  stamens ;  from  the  character. 

Spathe  convolute ;  spadix  covered  with  flowers,  staminate  above, 
pistillate  below  ;  perianth  0  ;  stamens  peltate  ;  berry  1 -celled,  1  -seed- 
ed.— %. 

P.  VIRGINICA.  Raf.  (Arum.  Linn.  Calla.  Bw.  Lecontia.  Cooper.  Rensse- 
laeria.  Beck.  Caladium.  Lindl.} — Acaulescent ;  Ivs.  oblong,  hastate-cordate, 
acute  at  apex,  the  lobes  obtuse ;  spathe  elongated,  incurved ;  spadix  covered  with 
staminate  flowers  the  greater  part  of  its  length. — A  smooth,  dark  green  plant, 
in  wet  grounds,  N.  Y.  and  Ms.  to  Car.  Leaves  radical,  numerous,  8 — 12'  long, 
J  as  wide,  on  petioles  as  long  as  the  scapes.  Scapes  many  from  the  same  root, 
8 — 15'  long.  Spathe  closely  involving  the  spadix,  green,  2 — 3'  long,  lanceolate, 
wavy  on  the  margin.  Spadix  slender,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  spathe, 
bearing  the  ovaries  and  finally  the  berries  in  a  dense  cluster  at  its  base.  June. 
It  is  to  be  hoped  that  this  persecuted  plant  will  soon  find,  if  it  has  not  here  found, 
a  permanent  abode.  Jl. 

3.  CALLA. 

Gr.  KaXXof,  beautiful ;  a  term  well  applied. 

Spathe  ovate,  spreading :  spadix  covered  with  flowers,  staminate 
intermixed  with,  or  above  the  pistillate ;  perianth  0 ;  berry  many- 
seeded. — "A-  Aquatic  herbs. 

1.  C.  PALUSTRIS.     Northern  Calla. 

Jjvs.  cordate  ;  spathe  ovate,  flat ;  spadix  covered  with  ovaries  intermixed 
with  stamens. — A  fine  plant,  growing  in  shallow  water,  Mid.  States,  N.  Eng. 
N.  to  Arc.  Am.  Rhizoma  creeping,  rooting  at  the  joints.  Leaves  2 — 3'  long, 
§  as  wide,  on  long  stalks,  involute  at  the  acuminate  point,  smooth  and  entire. 
Scape  smooth,  green,  roundish,  thick,  4 — 6'  high.  Spathe  clasping  at  the  base, 
spreading,  recurved,  with  an  involute  point,  greenish-yellow  without,  white  and 
soft  within.  Spadix  1'  in  length.  The  root-stock  is  acrid,  but  Linnaeus  tells 
us  that  the  Laplanders  extract  a  wholesome  bread  stuff  from  it.  July. 

2.  C.  jfETHiopicA.  Ethiopian  Calla. — Lvs.  sagittate-cordate;  spathe  cucul- 
late ;  spadix  with  the  sterile  flowers  above  the  fertile. — A  magnificent  plant 
from  Cape  Good  Hope,  often  met  with  in  green-houses  and  parlors.  The 
leaves  are  very  large,  smooth  and  entire,  on  long,  sheathing,  radical  footstalks. 
Scape  smooth,  round,  arising  a  little  above  the  leaves,  3— 5f  high.  Spathe  very 
large,  white,  involute  at  base,  reflexed  and  terminating  abruptly  in  a  long 
acumination.  Spadix  yellowish-white,  about  half  the  length  of  the  spathe. 
Flowers  from  Jan.  to  May. 


LEMNA.  CXXXV.  LEMNACE.E.  521 

3.  ORONTIUM. 

The  ancient  Gr.  name  of  a  plant,  BO  called  from  its  growing  by  the  Orontes,  a  river  in  Asia  Minor. 

Spadix  cylindric,  covered  with  flowers;  perianth  4 — 6-sepaled  ; 
stamens  4—6  ;  ovary  free ;  stigma  sessile  ;  fruit  a  dry  berry  or  utri- 
cle.  i\.  acaukscent,  aquatic.  Fls.  yellow,  at  the  summit  of  the  scape. 

Spathe  radical. 

O.  AdUATicuM.     Golden  Cliib. 

Las.  ovate-lanceolate  ;  spike  or  spadix  cylindric,  on  a  clavate  scape. — This 
interesting  plant  is  a  native  of  inundated  banks  and  pools,  U.  S.,  but  not  very 
common.  The  leaves  are  large  (often  becoming  10— 12'  long  and  £— $  as 
wide),  smooth,  of  a  deep  green,  velvet-like  surface  above,  paler  beneath,  on 
lon°-,  radical  petioles.  Scape  thick  and  terete,  about  a  foot  in  length,  closely 
invested  by  the  short  spathe  at  base,  and  ending  in  a  spadix  of  a  rich  yellow 
color,  covered  with  small,  perfect,  yellow  flowers  of  an  offensive  odor, — the  up- 
per ones  often  tetramerous.  May. 

4.   ACORUS. 
Gr.  a,  privative,  and  KOpr],  the  pupil  of  the  eye ;  supposed  to  cure  maladies  of  the  eye. 

Spadix  cylindric,  covered  with  flowers  ;  perianth  6-sepaled  ;  ovary 
free ;  stigma  sessile,  minute  ;  fruit  dry,  3-celled,  many-seeded. — 
1\-  herbs ,  with  a  fleshy  rhizoma.  Lvs.  radical,  ensiform.  Scape  foliaceous. 

A.  CALAMUS.     Sweet  Flag. 

Summit  of  the  scape  above  the  spadix  very  long  and  leaf-like. — Grows  in 
wet  soils  throughout  the  U.  States.  The  thick,  prostrate,  creeping  rhizoma  is 
highly  valued  for  its  aromatic  flavor,  its  warm  and  pungent  taste.  The  long, 
sword-shaped  leaves  are  readily  distinguished  by  the  ridge  running  their 
whole  length.  The  cylindrical  spadix  is  about  3'  long  and  3"  diam.,  covered 
with  small,  green  flowers,  and  bursting  from  the  side  of  the  leaf-like  scape  in 
June  and  July. 

5.   SYMPLOCARPUS.    Salisb. 

Gr.  vvijnr\oKi],  connection,  Kapiros,  fruit. 

Spathe  ventricose ;  spadix  oval,  covered  with  perfect  flowers  ; 
perianth  deeply  4-parted,  segments  cucullate.  cuneate,  truncate,  per- 
sistent, becoming  thick  and  spongy ;  berries  globose,  2-seeded,  im- 
bedded in  the  spadix. — %  Aquatic,  acaulescent  herbs. 

S.  F03T1DUS.  Nutt.   (Pothos  foetida.  Michx.   Ictodes.  JBw.')  Skunk  Cabbage. 

Dvs.  cordate-oval,  acute  ;  spadix  subglobose,  preceding  the  leaves. — A  com- 
mon plant,  Can.,  N.  Eng.,  Mid.  and  W.  States,  growing  in  swamps,  meadows 
and  ditches,  renowned  for  its  odor,  which  is  scarcely  less  offensive  than  that  of 
the  animal  whose  name  it  bears.  Early  in  spring,  the  swelling  spathe  is  seen 
emerging  first  from  the  ground  or  water,  more  or  less  covered  with  purplish 
spots,  its  edges  partly  infolded,  and  its  point  incurved.  It  encloses  the  spadix, 
which  is  oval,  covered  with  flowers  of  a  dull  purple.  The  leaves,  which  arise 
after  the  flowers,  are  of  a  bright  green,  numerous,  becoming  verv  large  (often 
20'  by  12'.) 

ORDER   CXXXY.     LEMNACEJE.— DUCKMEATS. 

Plants  mostly  floating,  cellular,  annual,  consisting  of  a  frond  (stem  and  leaf  in  one). 
Fls.  bursting  from  the  margin  of  the  fronds,  2  or  3,  achlamydeous,  enclosed  in  a  spathe. 
Sterile  Jte.— Sea.  definite,  often  monadelphous. 

Fertile  fls.— Ova.  I-celled,  with  1  or  more  erect  ovules,    Sty.  short.    Stig.  simple. 
Fr. — Utricle  1 — several-seeded.    Sds.  with  a  fungous  testa- 
Genera  6,  species  26,  widely  diffused.    They  are  almost  entirely  destitute  of  spiral  vessels.    Some  of 
them  may  be  regarded  as  the  simplest  of  Phamogamous  plants. 

LEMNA. 

Gr.  Xf////a,  a  scale  or  husk ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  frond. 

Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  in  the  same  spathe,  the  former  of  2  col- 


523  CXXXVI.   TYPHACE^E.  TYPHA. 

lateral  stamens,  the  latter  of  a  simple,  carinate  ovary,  with  a  style 
and  stigma. — CD  Herbs,  consisting  of  a  frond  (stem  and  leaf  confounded) 
sending  down  from  the  under  surface,  roots  which  hang  loosely  in  the 
water,  and  producing  from  the  margins  the  spathaceous  flowers. 

1.  L.  TRISULCA.     Ivy-leaved  Duck-meat. 

Fronds  elliptic-lanceolate,  thin,  serrate  at  one  extremity  and  caudate  at 
the  other ;  roots  solitary. — Floating  in  ponds  and  pools  of  clear  water.  Fronds 
nearly  £'  in  length,  diaphanous,  with  a  tail-like  appendage  at  base,  obtuse  at 
apex,  the  new  ones  issuing  in  a  cruciate  manner  from  lateral  fissures  in  the 
margin  of  the  old.  Root  a  solitary  fibre,  ending  in  a  sheath.  Flowers  very 
minute.  Utricle  sitting  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  frond.  June — Sept. 

2.  L.  MINOR.    Lesser  Duck-meat. 

Fronds  nearly  ovate,  compressed  ;  root  solitary. — This  little  floating  plant 
occurs  in  dense  patches  on  the  surface  of  stagnant  waters.  The  leaves,  pro- 
perly fronds,  adhere  2 — 3  together,  1'  in  length,  rather  thick,  and  convex  below. 
Root  undivided,  sheathed  at  the  end.  Flowers  minute  from  a  cleft  in  the  mar- 
gin of  the  fronds,  near  the  base.  Jn. — Sept. 

3.  L.  GiBBA.     Gibbous  Duck-meat. 

Fronds  obovate,  hemispherical  beneath,  nearly  plain  above ;  root  solitary. 
— Floating  on  the  surface  of  stagnant  waters,  N.  York.  Fronds  about  a  line 
in  length,  pellucid  and  reticulated  beneath.  June — Sept. 

4.  L.  POLYRHlzA.     (Spirodela.  Schleiden.} 

Fronds  broad-ovate,  a  little  convex  beneath ;  roots  numerous.— Floating 
in  stagnant  waters.  Fronds  resembling  flax-seed,  but  larger  (2 — 4"  long), 
scattered  on  the  surface  of  the  water,  of  a  firm,  but  succulent  texture,  becoming 
purplish.  Roots  in  thick  bundles  of  8 — 10  black  fibres  from  the  under  surface 
of  the  fronds.  All  these  species  are  eaten  by  ducks  and  other  aquatic  birds. 
June — Sept. 

ORDER  CXXXVI.     TYPHACEJE.— TYPHADS. 

Herbs,  growing  in  marshes  or  ditches.    Stems  without  joints. 
Lvs.  ngid,  ensiform,  with  parallel  veins. 
Fls.  monoecious,  arranged  upon  a  spadix  with  no  spathe. 
Cat.— Sepals  3  or  0.    Corolla  0. 

Sta.  3—6.    Filaments  long  and  slender.    Anthers  cuneiform,  erect. 
Ova.  l,  free,  l-celled,  with  a  solitary,  pendulous  ovule.    Styles  short.    Stig.  1—2. 
Fr.— Utricle  with  an  albuminous  seed. 

Genera  2,  species  13,  in  ditches  and  marshes  throughout  the  world. 

Genera. 

$  long  and  cylindrical Typha.  l 

Spadix  of  flowers  I  globose Sparganiwm.  2 

1.   TYPHA. 

Gr.  rv<j)os,  a  marsh;  where  all  the  species  grow. 

Spadix  of  flowers  long,  cylindric,  dense,  c?  Stamens  about  3  toge- 
ther, united  into  a  common  filament.  9  flowers  below  the  sterile  ; 
ovary  pedicellate,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  hair-like  pappus. — Root 

'2J-.     Spadix  terminal.     Fls.  very  numerous. 

1.  T.  LATIFOLIA  (and  angustifolia.  Linn.)     Cat-tail.     Reed  Mace. 

Lvs.  ensiform,  concave  within  near  the  base;  sterile  and  fertile  spikes  close 
together,  or  a  little  remote. — A  common,  smooth,  tall  inhabitant  of  the  water 
in  muddy  pools  and  ditches,  U.  S.,  Can.  The  stem  arises  from  3  to  5f,  round 
and  smooth,  leafy  below,  terminated  by  the  large  cylindric  spikes.  Spikes  of  a 
brown  color,  6 — 10'  in  length,  composed  of  slender,  downy  flowers  so  compact, 
particularly  the  fertile  ones,  as  to  be  of  considerable  hardness.  The  upper 
portion  is  smaller,  composed  of  the  sterile  flowers.  Leaves  somewhat  sword- 
shaped,  erect,  2 — 4f  long  and  nearly  1'  wide.  They  are  called  flags,  and  made 
useful  for  weaving  the  seats  of  chairs,  &c.  July. 
ft.  angustifolia.  Sterile  and  fertile  spikes  a  little  remote  (i— 2').— Found  in 


NAJAS.  CXXXVII.    NAIADACE.E.  523 

the  same  situations  with  the  former.     A  well  marked  variety,  but  differing 
only  in  the  more  slender  habit,  and  less  complete  development  of  its  parts. 

2.   SPARGANIUM. 

Gr.  trirapyavov,  a  band  or  fillet ;  in  reference  to  the  long,  ribbon-like  leaves. 

Spadix  of  flowers  globose,  c?  Calyx  3 — 6-sepaled.  9  Calyx  3 — 6- 
sepaled  ;  utricle  turbinate,  acuminate,  1 — 2-seeded. — Root  %.  Fls. 
collected  in  several  dense,  roundish  heads,  the  sterile  htads  above  the  fertile. 

1.  S.  ERECTUM.    (S.  ramosum.  Smith.}    Burr  Reed. 

Lvs.  triangular  at  base,  their  sides  concave;  common  flower-stalks  branch- 
ed ;  stig.  2,  linear. — Grows  in  pools  and  ditches,  where  it  is  conspicuous  among 
other  reedy  plants  for  its  globular  burrs  of  flowers.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  flexuous, 
round,  with  a  few  branches  above.  Leaves  £ — 2f  long,  4 — 8/;  wide,  linear, 
arising  above  the  stem,  triangular  towards  the  base,  and  sword-form  upwards, 
tapering,  but  obtuse.  Heads  of  flowers  light  green ;  fertile  ones  2 — 5,  the  low- 
est generally  raised  on  a  short,  axillary  stalk ;  sterile  ones  above,  more  numer- 
ous, smaller,  sessile.  Aug. 

2.  S.  SIMPLEX.  Smith.     (S.  Americanum.  Nutt.} 

Lower  Ivs.  equal  with,  or  exceeding  the  stem,  which  is  nearly  simple, 
floral  ones  concave  at  base  and  erect ;  stig.  always  simple,  ovate  oblong,  oblique, 
scarcely  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  style. — Ponds  and  lakes.  Stem  1 — 2f 
high,  simple  or  divided  at  base.  Leaves  mostly  radical,  1 — 2£f  by  3",  carinate 
at  base.  Fertile  heads  sessile,  generally  3,  below  the  several  barren  ones,  with 
the  simple  styles  conspicuous.  Aug. 

3.  S.  NATANS.  Michx.     Floating  Burr  Reed. 

Lvs.  floating,  flat ;  common  flower-stalk  simple ;  stig.  ovate,  very  short ; 
head  of  sterile  fls.  subsolitary. — Lakes  and  pools,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.  Stem 
long  and  slender,  and,  with  the  leaves,  floating  upon  the  surface  of  the  water. 
Leaves  thin  and  pellucid.  Heads  of  fertile  flowers  axillary,  generally  2, 
mostly  sessile.  Sterile  cluster  terminal.  Aug. 

ORDER  CXXXVII.     NAIADACE.E.— NAIADS. 

Water  plants,  with  cellular  leaves  and  inconspicuous  flowers. 
Fls.  perfect  or  monoecious.    Calyx  2— 4-sepaled  or  0. 

Sta.  definite.    Ovaries  l,  or  2—4,  free,  l-ovuled.    Stisvna  simple,  often  sessile. 
Fr.  dry,  indehiscent,  1-celled,  1-seeded.    Seed  pendulous.    Albumen  0. 
Genera  9,  species  16,  in  waters  and  marshes,  salt  and  fresh,  in  nearly  all  countries. 
Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

<  solitary,  diclinous,  monandrous.  Najas.  2 

!0.    Flowers  axillary,  ( 2  together,  a  sterile  and  fertile  one Zannichellia.  3 

short,  2-flowered,  borne  on  a  long,  tortuous  peduncle, Ruppia-  4 

linear,  bearing  the  moncecious  flowers  in  a  double  row Zostera.  1 

cylindric,  covered  with  perfect,  tetramerous  flowers Potamogetan.  5 

1.    ZOSTfiRA. 

Gr.  £oj<rr»7j3,  a  girdle  ;  alluding  to  its  ribbon-like  leaves. 

Spadix  linear,  bearing  the  separated  flowers  in  2  rows  on  one  side ; 
perianth  0.  c?  Anther  ovoid,  sessile,  parallel  to  the  ovary.  9  Ova- 
ries 2,  ovoid;  style  bifid  ;  utricle  1-seeded. 

Z.  MARINA.     Sea  Wrack-grass. 

St.  trailing,  throwing  out  tufts  of  fibrous  roots  at  the  joints ;  branches 
floating,  simple ;  Ivs.  alternate,  linear,  entire,  sheathing  at  base,  1 — several  feet 
in  length ;  receptacle  or  spadix  linear,  flat,  pale  green,  2'  long,  issuing  from  a 
cleft  in  the  base  of  the  leaf,  covered  in  front  with  a  double  series  of  naked 
flowers. — 7J.  Habits  aquatic,  growing  in  the  sea  on  sandy  banks  and  shallows 
(Maine  to  Ga.),  and  is  thence  washed  upon  the  shore  by  the  waves.  Lake 
other  sea-weeds,  it  is  gathered  for  manure.  Aug. 

2.   NAJAS. 
Gr.  vaa>,  to  flow;  hence  Naif,  orNat&f,  Nymph  of  the  waters ;  from  the  habitat. 

Flowers  often  cf  9-     &  Calyx  cylindric,  2-cleft ;  stamen  1  (rarely 


524  CXXXVII.   NAIADACE^E.  POTAMOGETON. 

more) ;  filament  slender,  often  elongated ;  anther  4-valved,  valves 
spreading.  9  Perianth  0 ;  style  filiform  ;  stigma  2 — 3-fid  ;  capsule 
1 -seeded. — Fls.  axillary. 

N.   CANADENSIS.    Michx.     (Caulinia  flexilis.    Willd.     Fluvialis  flexilis. 
Pers.}      Water  Nymph. — St.  filiform,  caespitose,  dichotomously  branching ; 
Ivs.  opposite  or  fasciculate  in  3s,  4s  or  6s,  at  the  nodes,  linear,  obscurely  denticu- 
late, spreading,  1-veined. — A  slender,  flexible,  rather  erect,  submersed  aquatic 
plant,  Can.  to  N.  J.  and  W.  States,  consisting  of  tufts  of  thread-like,  knotted 
stems  6 — 12'  long.     Leaves  J — 1'  long,  %"  wide,  sessile  and  sheathing  at  base. 
Flowers  solitary,  sessile,  axillary,  very  small,  the  fertile  ones  consisting  of  an 
oblong  ovary  tipped  with  a  filiform  style,  with  2 — 3  stigmas  at  summit.     Aug. 
0.  (Caulinia  iragilis.    Willd.)     St.  and  Ivs.  rather  rigid,  the  latter  mostly 
opposite  and  recurved. 

3.    ZANNICHELLIA. 

In  honor  of  Zannichelli,  an  eminent  botanist  of  Venice. 

Flowers  c? . — cT  Stamen  1  ;    filament  elongated.      9   Calyx  mono' 
phyllous ;  corolla  0  ;  ovaries  4  or  more,  each  with  a  single  style  and 
stigma,  and  becoming  in  fruit  an  oblong,  incurved,  subsessile  achenium. 
Z.  PALUSTRIS.     Horn  Pond-weed. 

SL  filiform,  floating ;  Ivs.  opposite,  linear ;  antli.  4-celled ;  stig.  entire ;  ach. 
toothed  on  the  back. — In  pools  and  ditches,  N.  States.  Stem  round,  smooth, 
1 — 2f  long,  branching,  leafy.  Leaves  grass-like,  2 — 3'  long,  sessile.  Flowers 
issuing  from  axillary  bracts,  small,  2  together,  a  sterile  and  fertile,  the  former 
consisting  of  a  single,  naked,  erect,  yellowish-brown  stamen,  the  latter  of  4 — 6 
ovaries  which  are  free  from  the  inflated,  one-sided,  2 — 3-toothed  calyx.  Jl.  Aug. 

4.   RUPPIA. 

In  honor  of  Ruppi,  a  German  botanist. 

Flowers  $ ,  2  together  on  a  spadix  or  spike  arising  from  the  sheath- 
ing base  of  the  leaves ;  perianth  0  ;  stamens  4,  sessile :  ovaries  4, 
pedicellate,  becoming  in  fruit  4  dry  drupes  or  achenia. — Root  U. 

R.  MARIT1MA. 

A  grass-like  plant,  in  salt  marshes,  Mass.  Stems  several  feet  long,  fili- 
form, branched,  floating.  Leaves  1— 2f  long,  linear  and  setaceous,  with  inflated 
sheaths  at  base,  all  immersed.  The  common  peduncle  is  contorted  and  spiral, 
and  by  winding  and  unwinding  bears  the  naked,  green  flowers  on  the  surface 
of  the  water  as  it  rises  or  falls.  July. 

5.    POTAMOGETON. 

Gr.  irorajjios,  a  river,  yeirwi/,  near. 

Flowers  $ ,  on  a  spadix  or  spike  arising  from  a  spathe  ;  calyx  4- 
sepaled ;  anthers  4,  alternate  with  the  sepals ;  ovaries  4 ;  achenia 
4,  sessile,  flattened  on  one  or  two  sides. — Mostly  %,  aquatic  and  sub- 
mersed, only  the  flowers  arising  above,  the.  surface  of  the  water.  Spadix 
(or  spike)  pedunculate,  3 — 10-ftowered.  Lvs.  stipulate,  parallel-veined, 
lower  alternate,  the  upper  (mostly]  opposite.  Fls.  small,  greenish. 

§  1.  Leaves  of  two  forms,  the  upper  floating. 

1.  P.  NATANS?     (P.  pulcher.   Tuckerman.}     Broad-leaved  Pond-weed. 

Floating;  Ivs.  coriaceous,  oblong,  or  elliptic-ovate,  acute  or  obtuse  or  cor- 
date at  base,  on  long  petioles,  submersed  ones  linear-lanceolate,  membrana- 
ceous,  elongated,  attenuated  to  petioles  at  base,  lowest  reduced  to  mere  petioles, 
all  stipulate ;  spikes  rather  dense,  shorter  than  the  peduncles ;  fr.  somewhat 
semi-globose,  roughish,  more  or  less  carinate  at  the  back. — A  very  common 
species,  in  slow  waters  or  ponds,  N.  Eng. !  to  Wise.,  Lapkam!  Stem  slender, 


POTAMOGETON.  CXXXVII.  NAIADACE^E.  525 

1 — 3f  long  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water,  branched.  Upper  leaves  3 — 4' 
by  8 — ]6",  petioles  2 — 8',  submersed  about  £  as  wide.  Spike  1 — 2'  long, 
20 — 40-flowered.  Jl.  Aug. — Varies  with  the  lower  leaves  all  reduced  to  peti- 
oles. In  the  Wisconsin  plant  the  leaves  are  all  subcordate,  fruit  acutely  cari- 
nate  but  not  lunate. 

2.  P.  CLAYTONII.     Tuckerman.     (P.  fluitans'?  Ph.,  J3w.,  Torr.,  fyc.) 
Floating;  Ivs.  lanceolate  or  oblong,  tapering  to  long  petioles  (sometimes 

on  short  petioles,  E.  T.),  scarcely  coriaceous,  submersed  leaves  long,  narrowly 
linear,  membranaceous,  acute,  1-veined,  slightly  tapering  to  the  sessile  base; 
spikes  rather  loose,  on  long  peduncles;  fr.  compressed,  suborbicular. — Ponds  and 
slow  waters,  frequent.  Stems  round,  slender  or  filiform,  often  branched.  Lower 
leaves  3 — 6'  by  1£",  remote,  upper  about  2 — 3'  by  \'.  Spikes  1'  long,  pedun- 
cles 2—4' 

0 1  (P.  heterophyllus.  Torr.)  Lower  Ivs.  approximate,  lowest  slightly  petio- 
late ;  ped.  shorter. — Uxbridge,  Mass.,  Richard  !  Probably  common.  A  beauti- 
ful variety.  Fruit  not  seen. 

3.  P.  DIVERSIFOLIUS.  Bart.  (P.  setaceum.  PA.)    Setaceous-leaved  Pond-weed. 

Upper  Ivs.  lanceolate,  opposite,  5-veined,  on  short  petioles,  lower  ones  sub- 
merged, sessile,  filiform,  alternate,  dense,  axillary. — Common  in  pools  and 
ditches.  A  very  slender  and  delicate  species,  only  the  upper  leaves  arising  to 
the  surface.  These  are  6 — 10"  by  2 — 4",  acute  at  each  end,  on  hair-like  peti- 
oles 5 — 6"  long.  Spadices  dense,  short,  5 — 6  flowered.  July. 

/?.  Submersed  leaves  few,  not  fascicled  in  the  axils. 

§  2.  Leaves  all  submersed,  uniform. 

4.  P.  LUCENS.     S/iining  Pond-weed. 

Lvs.  lanceolate,  flat,  large,  the  short  petioles  continuing  in  a  thick  mid- 
vein;  spikes  long,  cylindric,  many-flowered. — 1\.  Can.,N.  Eng.,  &c.  Rivers  and 
lakes.  Distinguished  for  its  large  leaves  which  are  very  pellucid,  and,  when 
dry,  shining  above,  beautifully  veined,  3 — 5'  long,  acuminate,  J — 1'  wide,  each 
with  a  lanceolate  bract  above  its  base.  Spadix  2'  long,  of  numerous,  green 
flowers,  on  a  peduncle  2  or  3  times  as  long,  thick  and  enlarged  upwards.  June. 

5.  P.  OBRUTUS.  Wood.     Lyndon  Pond-weed. 

Lvs.  glossy,  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  rather  acute,  only  the  midvein  con- 
spicuous, alternate,  approximate,  the  lower  stipules  wanting ;  spikes  long-pedun- 
culate ;  achenia  inflated,  subhemispherical,  margined  on  the  back,  beak  incurved 
both  sides,  conspicuously  umbilicate. — Passumpsic  river,  Lyndon,  Vt. !  A 
remarkable  species,  differing  widely  from  any  other  with  which  I  am  acquainted. 
Stem  round,  slender,  simple.  Leaves  uniform,  3 — 4'  by  £',  tapering  to  the 
slightly  clasping  base,  the  two  upper  opposite.  Spike  dense,  !£'  long,  peduncle 
3'  in  length.  Fruit  with  2  little  pits. 

6.  P.  PRJELONGUS.  Wolff.     Long-stalked  Pond-weed. 

Lvs.  oblong  or  ovate,  obtuse,  many- veined,  with  3  stronger  veins,  all  reticu- 
lately  connected,  base  amplexicaul;  ped.  very  long;  spike  cylindrical,  many- 
flowered;  fr.  ventricose,  lunate,  acutely  carinate  on  the  back. — Ponds  and 
rivers,  Northern  States  and  Can.  The  plant  is  wholly  submersed,  sending  up 
its  spike  to  the  surface  on  a  very  long  stalk.  I  have  gathered  it  in  Niagara 
river,  growing  in  depths  of  6  or  8f.  July,  Aug. 

7.  P.  PERFOLIATUS.     Perfoliate  or  Clasping  Pond-weed. 

Lvs.  cordate,  clasping  the  stem,  uniform,  all  immersed ;  spikes  terminal;  fls. 
alternate, — A  common  species  growing  in  ponds  and  slow  waters,  wholly  below 
the  surface  except  the  purplish  flowers.  Stem  dichotomous,  very  leafy,  6 — 10' 
long.  Leaves  alternate,  apparently  perfoliate  near  the  base,  1 J'  long,  |  as  wide, 
obtuse,  pellucid.  Spadix  on  a  short  peduncle  (1—2'),  few  flowered.  Jl. 

8.  P.  ROBBINSII.     Oakes.     Robbing  Pond-weed. 

_  Lvs.  lance-linear,  approximate,  sheathing  the  stem  with  the  adn ate  stipules, 
lamina  auriculate  at  base,  margin  minutely  ciliate-serrulate ;  spikes  oblong, 
small  and  few-flowered ;  ped.  shorter  than  the  leaves. — First  discovered  by  Dr. 
Rabbins!  in  Pondicherry  Pond,  Jefferson,  N.  H.  Since  found  in  many  other 


526  CXXXVIII.    ALISMACE./E.  SAGITTARIA. 

ponds  in  N.  H.  and  Mass.  Stem  long,  branched,  almost  wholly  enclosed  in  the 
sheaths.  Leaves  2 — 4'  by  2 — 3",  very  acute,  somewhat  crowded. 

9.  P.  PAUCIFLORUS.  Pursh.     (P.  gramineum.  Michx.}     Grassy  Pond-weed. 
St.  round,  dichotomous,  filiform ;  Ivs.  linear,  alternate,  sessile ;  fls.  few  in 

a  spadix. — A  delicate  species,  in  rivers,  &c.  Leaves  numerous,  obtuse,  tapering 
to  the  stipulate  base,  2—3'  long,  a  line  wide,  1-veined,  of  a  bright  green  color. 
Peduncle  an  inch  long,  terminal,  bearing  3—5  greenish  fls.  above  the  water,  but 
ripening  the  seeds  below.  * 

10.  P.  COMPRESSUS.     (P.  zosterifolium.     Schum.) 

St.  compressed,  ancipital,  flexuous ;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  obtuse ;  spike  short, 
peduncle  elongated. — A  very  distinct  species,  in  ponds  and  rivers.  Stem  1 — 2f 
long,  branching,  weak,  flattened,  green,  with  sheathing  stipules  above  the  nodes. 
Leaves  3 — 4'  in  length,  2"  wide,  closely  sessile,  remote,  the  margins  perfectly 
parallel,  ending  in  an  abrupt  point.  Spadix  terminal,  £ — 1'long,  on  a  peduncle 
1 — 2'  long,  and  bearing  5 — 25  flowers.  Jl. 

11.  P.  PECTINATUS  (and  P.  marinus.     Linn.)     Fennel-leaved  Pond-weed. 
St.  slender,  branched,  striate,  flexuous ;  Ivs.  numerous  and  fascicled  in  the 

axils,  long,  narrowly  linear,  acuminate,  on  sheathing  stipules;  spikes  cylindrical, 
the  lower  fls.  remote ;  ped.  filiform,  long. — Plant  submersed  in  deep  water,  bushy 
and  very  leafy,  N.  Eng.  1  Middle  States !  W.  to  Wis.  Lapham !  Leaves  4 — T  by 
(less  than)  1",  thin,  the  midvein  scarcely  perceptible.  Fruit  large,  purplish, 
rough,  a  little  compressed,  neither  carinate,  nor  umbilicate.  Jn. 

12.  P.  PCJSILLTJS.  Linn.  1   (P.  pectinatum.  Clark,  MS.)    Puny  Pond-weed. 
St.  filiform,  flexuous,  branched ;  Ivs.  linear-subulate,  membranaceous,  very 

acute,  sessile,  not  narrower  than  the  stipules ;  spikes  capitate,  few-flowered ;  fr, 
ovoid-compressed,  umbilicate  each  side. — Shallow  waters,  about  Cincinnati. 
Clark!  A  very  delicate  species,  wholly  submersed.  Leaves  1 — 2'  by  £",  a  lit- 
tle longer  than  the  internodes.  Spikes  3 — 5-flowered,  the  peduncles  %'  long. 
Fruit  with  distinct  pits,  as  in  P.  obrutus,  and  rather  inflated. 

ORDER  CXXXVIII.     ALISMACEJE.— ALISMADS. 

Herbs,  aquatic.    Lvs.  parallel-veined.    Fls.  racemose  or  paniculate. 

Fls.  perfect  or  monoecious,  regular,  not  on  a  spadix. 

Perianth.— Cal.  3-sepaled,  green.    Cor.  3-petaled,  colored  (green  in  the  suborder). 

Sta.  definite  or  indefinite,  hypogynous. 

Ova.— Carpels  several,  l-celled  and  l-seeded.    Styles  and  stigmas  several. 

Fr.  dry,  indehiscent.    Seeds  straight  or  curved,  destitute  of  albumen. Genera  5,  species  16? 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

{ Flowers  all  perfect.    Stamens  6 Alisma.  1 

(  colored,  sepals  green.  \  Flowers  moncecious.    Stamens  indefinite.       .       .  Sagittaria.  2 

S  Anthers  thick,  short.    Leaves  cauline.     .       .        .  Triglochin.  3 

Petals  (  green,  like  the  calyx.  (.  Anthers  linear.    Leaves  all  radical.          .       .       .  Scheuchzeria.  4 

1.  ALISMA. 

Celtic  alls,  water ;  the  place  it  inhabits. 

Flowers  £  ;  stamens  6 ;  ovaries  and  styles  numerous,  aggregated, 
becoming  in  fruit  numerous,  distinct,  compressed  achenia. — %•  caules- 
cent. Lvs.  radical.  Fls.  paniculate. 

A.  PLANTAGO.     (A.  parviflora.  PA.)     Water  Plantain. 

Lvs.  oval,  abruptly  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  subcordate ;  ach.  obtusely  3- 
cornered. — A  common,  smooth,  handsome  inhabitant  of  ponds  and  ditches. 
Leaves  resembling  those  of  the  common  plantain,  4 — 6'  long,  |  as  wide,  ending 
in  a  short,  abrupt  point,  7 — 9-veined,  entire,  on  long,  radical  petioles.  Scape 
1 — 2f  high.  Branches  of  the  panicle  verticillate,  with  bracts  at  base.  Flowers 
numerous.  Petals  3,  tinged  with  purple,  roundish,  deciduous,  larger  than  the 
green,  ovate,  persistent  sepals.  July. 
/?.  parviflora.  Torr.  Lvs.  oval,  acuminate,  5 — 7-veined;  fls.  small. 

2.   SAGITTARIA. 

Lat.  sagitta,  an  arrow ;  from  the  peculiar  form  of  the  leaf. 

Flowers  § ;  c?  with  about  24  stamens ;  9  with  numerous  ovaries 


SAGITTARIA.  CXXXVIII.   ALISMACE^E.  527 

aggregated,  and  becoming,  in  fruit,  as  many  compressed,  margined 
achenia  collected  into  a  globose  head. — %  acaulcscent.  Lvs.  radical, 
generally  sagittate.  Fls.  in  verticils  of  3,  the  sterile  ones  near  the  sum- 
mit of  the  scape,  fertile  below  them. 

1.  S.  SAGITTIFOLIA.     Arrmcheod. 

Lvs.  lanceolate,  acute,  sagittate,  lobes  lanceolate,  acute. — A  curious  aquatic 
plant,  conspicuous  with  its  large  white  flowers  among  the  rushes  and  sedges  of 
sluggish  waters,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Root  fleshy  and  farinaceous.  Leaves  3 — 10' 
long  including  the  lobes  which  are  nearly  half  this  length,  J — 4  or  5'  wide, 
smooth  and  entire.  Scape  1 — 2f  high,  branching,  obtusely  3-angled.  Flowers 
generally  in  3s,  the  upper  ones  barren.  Petals  3,  large,  roundish,  white  and 
very  delicate.  July,  Aug. — The  leaves,  &c.,  are  exceedingly  variable,  and  Dr. 
Torrey  has  appended  the  following,  as  varieties: 

0.  laiifolia.  Lvs.  broad-ovate,  rather  obtuse,  with  straight,  ovate,  slightly 
acuminate  lobes. 

y.  hastata.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  with  spreading,  lanceolate,  long, 
acuminate  lobes ;  fls.  mostly  difficious. 

6.  gracilis.    Lvs.  linear,  with  linear,  very  long,  acute  and  spreading  lobes. 

e.  pubescens.  Plant  distinctly  pubescent,  in  all  its  parts ;  Ivs.  and  their  lobes 
ovate. 

2.  S.  RIGIDA.  Pursh.     Brittle-leaved  Arrowhead. 

Lvs.  narrow-lanceolate,  carinate,  rigid,  very  acute  at  both  ends ;  scape 
branching. — N.  York.  Growing  in  water  even  to  the  depth  of  7  feet,  accord- 
ing to  Dr.  Beck.  Leaves  remarkably  dissimilar  to  those  of  the  foregoing  spe- 
cies, 5 — 6'  in  length,  one  in  width,  thick  and  brittle,  and  on  stout,  rigid  petioles, 
prolonged  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water.  Flowers  numerous  and  large, 
with  3,  white,  rounded  petals  ;  fertile  ones  on  short  peduncles.  July. 

3.  S.  HETEROPHYLLA.  Pursh.     Various-leaved  Arrowhead. 

Lvs.  smooth,  linear  and  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  rarely  some  of  them 
elliptical  and  sagittate,  with  lobes  linear  and  divaricate;  scape  simple,  few-flow- 
ered, fertile  flowers  subsessile. — Muddy  shores,  Middle  States.  Leaves  2 — 4' 
long,  £  as  wide,  on  petioles  rather  longer  than  the  scape  which  is  seldom  a  foot 
high.  Flowers  few,  the  three  lower  ones  fertile  and  very  nearly  sessile,  all  with 
roundish  bracts  at  base.  July.  • 

4.  S.  SIMPLEX,  (acutifolia  and  graminifolia.  Pursh.}    Linear  Sagittana. 
Lvs.  erect,  simple,  linear  and  lance-linear,  sheathing,  hyaline  and  cellular 

at  base,  attenuated  to  a  long,  acute  point ;  scape  simple,  longer  than  the  leaves ; 
fls.  §  or  J*  9 ,  m  whorls  of  3,  4  or  5,  subterminal  and  terminal ;  sta.  in  the  bar- 
ren flowers  12— 15 ;  bracts  minute. — Muddy  shores  of  ponds  and  rivers,  Me. !  to 
N.  J.,  N.  Y. !  W.  to  111.  A  species  almost  as  variable  as  S.  sagittifolia,  to  which 
it  is  indeed  appended  by  Hooker  as  another  class  of  varieties.  Leaves  4 — 7' 
high,  usually  very  narrow.  Scape  5 — 8'  high.  Flowers  9 — 18,  8 — 9"  diam. 
Petals  roundish,  white. 

5.  S.  OBTUSA.  Willd.     Blunt  Arrowhead. 

Lvs.  broad-ovate,  sagittate,  rounded  and  mucronate  at  the  apex,  lobes  ob- 
long, obliquely  acuminate,  approximate  and  not  spreading ;  fls.  tf  9 1  scape 
simple,  the  sterile  branched  at  the  base ;  bracts  ovate,  acute. — Ditches,  ponds 
and  marshes,  Penn.  to  Va.  W.  to  Ohio.  Juice  milky,  exuding  from  the  wounded 
stem  or  leaves,  and  hardening  into  a  pellucid  gum.  Scape  1 — 2f  high.  Leaves 
on  long,  radical,  channeled  petioles,  lamina  3 — 5'  by  2 — 3'.  Flowers  white,  showy. 

6.  S.  PUSILLA.  Nutt.     Puny  Arrowhead. 

Petioles  (leaves  7)  short,  linear,  obtuse,  summits  only  foliaceous ;  scape 
simple,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  fls.  few,  fertile  one  solitary,  deflexed ;  sta.  mostly 
7. — A  diminutive  species  on  muddy  banks,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  Leaves  rarely.subu- 
late,  an  inch  or  two  long,  less  than  a  line  wide.  Scape  2 — 4'  high.  Flowers 
4 — 7,  the  lowest  one  only  fertile.  Aug. 

7.  S.  NATANS.  Michx.     Floating  Sagittaria. 

Lvs.  floating,  oval-lanceolate,  obtuse,  3- veined,  tapering  to  the  base,  lower 
45 


528  CXXXIX.   HYDROCHARIDACE^J. 

ones  subcordate ;  scape  simple,  few-flowered ;  lower  ped.  elongated. — In  water, 
Penn.  (Muklenberg)  to  Car.    Scape  mostly  erect,  3 — 6'  long.    Leaves  1 — 2'  long. . 
Flowers  few,  small,  the  upper  sterile.     Elliot. 

8.  S.  LANCIFOLIA.  Willd.     (S.  falcata.  PA.)    Lance-leaved  Sagittaria. 

Lvs.  broad-lanceolate  or  ovate,  acute  at  each  end,  glabrous,  coriaceous, 
and  somewhat  perennial ;  scape  simple ;  ach.  compressed,  subfalcate. — This  re- 
markable species  (but  unknown  to  me)  has  been  found  along  the  shores  of  the 
Connecticut  river,  Mass,  and  Ct.  Stem  2 — 3f  high. 

SUBORDER.     JUNCAGINE.E. 

Sepals  and  petals  both  herbaceous  (green),  or  0.  Stamens  6.  Ovaries 
3  or  6,  coherent,  ovules  1 — 2  in  each  carpel.  Seeds  erect,  with 
the  embryo  straight.  Herbaceous,  bog  plants.  Leaves  ensiform. 
Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes. 

3.  TRIGLOCHIN. 
Gr.  Tf)is,  three,  yXw^tf,  a  corner;  on  account  of  the  3-angled  fruit. 

Sepals  and  petals  concave,  deciduous,  the  former  inserted  a  little 
below  the  latter ;  stamens  6,  very  short ;  anthers  large,  extrorse  ; 
ovaries  1-ovuled ;  stigmas  adnate ;  fruit  clavate,  composed  of  3 — 6 
united,  indehiscent,  1 -seeded  carpels. — *2j-  Lvs.  grass-like,  all  radical. 

1.  T.  MARITIMUM.     (T.  elatum.  Nutt.}     Sea  Arrow-grass. 

Fruit  ovate-oblong,  grooved,  of  6  united  carpels ;  scape  longer  than  the 
leaves. — A  rush-like  plant  in  salt  marshes  and  ditches  on  the  sea-coast,  and  at, 
Salina,  N.  Y.,  also  lake  shores.  Wise. !  Leaves  linear,  semicylindric,  smooth, 
thick,  6 — 12'  long,  less  than  a  line  wide.  Scape  obtusely  angled,  simple,  9 — 18' 
Jong,  bearing  a  long  raceme  of  30 — 40  green  flowers  on  pedicels  1 — 8"  long. 
Fruit  separating  into  6  linear  carpels,  each  containing  a  linear  seed.  The 
plant  has  a  sweetish  taste,  and  cattle  are  fond  of  it.  July. 

2.  T.  PALUSTRE.     Marsh  Arrow-grass. 

Fruit  nearly  linear,  of  3  united  carpels ;  scape  scarcely  longer  than  the  leaves. 
— In  marshes,  Salina,  N.  Y. !  N.  to  Arc.  Am.  Leaves  very  numerous,  fleshy, 
smooth,  very  narrow.  Scape  6 — 12'  high,  ending  in  a  raceme  with  rather  remote, 
very  small,  green  flowers  on  pedicels  2— 3"  long.  The  slender  fruit  is  attenu- 
ated at  base,  obtuse  at  apex,  grooved  and  margined,  consisting  of  3  very  slen- 
der carpels.  July. 

4.  SCHEUCHZERIA. 
In  honor  of  the  Scheuchzers,  two  brothers,  distinguished  botanists. 

Sepals  and  petals  oblong,  acute,  persistent ;  sta.  6,  with  linear  an- 
thers ;  stigmas  sessile,  lateral ;  ovaries  1 — 2-ovuled ;  capsules  inflated, 
compressed,  2-valved,  1 — 2-seeded. — 1\.  Lvs.  cauline,  linear^  sheathing 
at  base. 

S.  PALUSTRIS. 

A  rush-like  plant,  in  swamps,  Vt. !  to  Penn.  Rare.  Root-stock  horizontal, 
fleshy.  Stem  about  a  foot  high,  simple,  angular.  Leaves  semicylindric,  4 — G' 
long,  in  the  barren  shoots  much  longer,  sheathing  at  base.  Raceme  terminal, 
5 — 8-flowered.  Flowers  yellowish-green,  on  short  pedicels,  each  axillary  to  a 
bract.  Stamens  large,  exserted,  erect.  July. 

ORDER  CXXXIX.     HYDROCHABIDACEJE.— HTDBOCHARADS. 

Plants  aquatic,  floating,  with  parallel-veined  leaves. 
Fls.  dioocious  or  perfect,  issuing  from  a  spathe. 
Perianth.— Sepals  3^  herbaceous.    Petals  3,  colored. 
Sta.  definite  or  indefinite,  epigynous. 

Ova.  adherent  to  the  perianth,  single.    Stigmas  3— 6.    Ovules  indefinite. 
Fr.  dry  or  succulent,  indehiscent,  l  or  more  celled.    Seeds  without  albumen. 
Genera  12,  species  20,  native  of  Europe,  N.  America,  and  the  East  Indies.    Of  no  important  use. 


CXL.    ORCHIDACE^E.  529 

Conspectus  of  the  GenerdT 

( cordate,  petiolate.       '       .  .  Hydrocharts.  1 

<  short  and  verticillate,  sessile.    Flowers  axillary,  solitary Udora.  2 

Leaves  ( long,  linear,  radical.    Flowers  elevated  on  long  scapes Vallimeria.     3 

1.  HYDROCHARIS. 

Gr.  vSup,  water,  ^aipw,  to  rejoice ;  as  water  is  its  own  element 

Flowers  <?  9 . — Spathe  2-leaved  ;  calyx  3-parted  ;  corolla  of  3  pe- 
tals ;  styles  3,  abortive  in  the  cf;  sta.  10 — 12,  infertile  in  9 ;  stig. 
6 — 8,  bifid,  with  several  barren  filaments  and  3  nectariferous  glands ; 
caps,  inferior,  6-celled,  00-seeded. — Floating  aquatics. 

H.  SPONGIOSA.  Bosc.     (H.  cordifolia.  Nutt.}    Frogbit. 

Lvs.  roundish-cordate ;  $  Jls.  on  long  peduncles,  9  on  short  ones ;  anth. 
linear ;  stig.  6 — 7,  2-parted  nearly  to  the  base ;  segments  lanceolate-subulate. — 7J. 
Braddock's  bay,  L.  Ontario,  SartweU.  Stems  jointed,  producing  offsets  from 
which  new  plants  arise.  Root  somewhat  fibrous.  Leaves  petiolate,  5-veined, 
purplish  beneath.  J*  peduncles  about  3'  long.  Sepals  oval,  green.  9  pedun- 
cles 1 — !£'  long,  thick.  Ovary  oblong.  Seeds  hirsute.  Petals  white.  Aug. 

2.  UDORA.    Nutt. 

Gr.  tiJwjO,  water ;  from  its  aquatic  habits. 

Flowers  cT  9;  spathe  bifid  ;  spadix  1 -flowered,  c?  Stamens  9,  3  of 
them  interior.  9  Tube  of  the  perianth  very  long  ;  abortive  filaments 
3  ;  capsule  ventricose,  3-seeded. —  Creeping.  Lvs.  verticillate. 

U.  CANADENSIS.  Nutt.  (Elodea.  Michx.  Sepicula  verticillata.  Muhl.} 
Ditch  Moss. — Lvs.  verticillate,  in  3s  and  4s,  lanceolate,  oblong  or  -linear, 
serrulate ;  tube  of  the  perianth  filiform. — Resembling  a  coarse  moss,  in  still 
waters.  Stem  filiform,  diffusely  dichotomous,  very  leafy,  submersed.  Leaves 
3 — 6"  by  (less  than)  1",  thin  and  diaphanous,  sessile,  obtuse.  Flowers  axillary, 
solitary,  minute,  of  a  dingy  white,  the  slender,  hair-like  tube  2—3'  long  (4 — 6' 
according  to  Nuttatt),  the  lower  part  (pedicel  7)  2-margined.  Stigmas  recurved 
between  the  segments,  crested  with  glandular  hairs.  Aug. 

3.  VALLISNERIA. 

In  honor  of  Anthony  Vallisner,  a  French  botanist. 

Flowers  &  9;  spathe  ovate,  2 — 4-parted.  d"  Spadix  covered  with 
minute  flowers ;  corolla  0.  9  Spathe  bifid.  1 -flowered ;  perianth 
elongated ;  sepals  linear ;  stigmas  3,  ovate,  bifid  ;  capsule  1-celled, 
many-seeded. — ^i-  Submersed.  Lvs.  all  radical.  Scape  spiral,  very  long. 

V.  AMERICANA.  Michx.     Tape  Grass. 

Lvs.  linear,  obtuse,  serrulate  at  the  end,  tapering  at  the  base,  floating ; 
pedunckof  the  fertile  flower  long,  of  the  sterile  short,  erect. — A  curious  plant,  in 
slow  moving  or  stagnant  waters,  U.  S.  Leaves  linear,  1 — 2f  long,  about  \' 
wide,  the  edges  thinner  than  the  middle.  Scapes  several,  of  the  sterile  plants 
short,  of  the  fertile  plants  very  tortuous,  2 — 4f  long  when  extended,  thread-like, 
thickened  at  top,  bearing  each  a  single,  white  flower  at  or  near  the  surface. 
Sepals  and  petals  crowning  the  (!')  long,  narrow,  incurved  ovary,  which  is 
half  concealed  in  the  spathe.  July,  Aug. 

ORDER  CXL.     ORCHIDACEJE.— ORCHIDS. 

Herbs  perennial,  often  acaulescent,  with  fleshy  corms,  or  tuberous,  fasciculated  roots. 

Lvs.  simple,  parallel- veined,  entire.    Fls.  in  terminal  or  radical  racemes,  spikes  or  panicles,  rarely  solitary. 

Fls.— Very  irregular,  with  an  adherent,  ringent  perianth  of  6  parts. 

Cal. — Sepals  3,  usually  colored,  odd  one  uppermost  by  the  twisting  of  the  ovary. 

Cor.— Petals  3,  usually  colored,  odd  one  lowest  by  the  twisting  of  the  ovary. 

Lip.  (labelhim,  or  lowest  petal.)  diverse  in  form,  often  lobecl,  frequently  spurred  at  base. 

Sta.  3,  united  into  a  central  column,  the  2  lateral  ones  generally  abortive,  and  the  central  one  perfect  • 

more  rarely  the  central  abortive  and  lateral  perfect. 
Anth.  1,  4  or  8-celled,  persistent  or  deciduous,  often  operculate. 
Pol.  either  powdery,  or  cohering  in  waxy  masses  (pollmia),  which  are  either  constantly  adhering  to  a 

gland,  or  becoming  loose  in  their  cells. 


530 


CXL.    ORCHlDACEjE. 


Li  PARIS. 


Ova.  l-celled,  with  3  parietal  placentae.    Ovules  indefinite. 

Sty.  consolidated  with  the  stamens.    Stig.  a  viscid  cavity  in  front  of  the  column. 

Fr.— Capsule  3-ribbed,  3-valved.    Sds.  many,  without  albumen. 

Genera  394,  species  3000  ?  They  are  among  the  most  interesting  and  curious  of  plants,  almost  always 
remarkable  for  the  grotesque  form  of  their  tortuous  roots  and  stems,  and  the  fragrance,  brilliancy  and  odd 
structure  of  the  flowers. 

The  OrchidaCteEB  are  natives  of  every  part  of  the  world.  In  the  tropics  multitudes  of  them  are  epiph- 
ytes, growing  on  living  trees  or  decaying  timber. 

This  order  is  remarkable  for  those  qualities  only  which  please  the  eye.  Many  of  its  species  are  culti- 
vated for  ornament,  but  few  of  them  possess  either  active  or  useful  properties.  The  salep  ot  commerce 
is  a  nutritive  mucilaginous  substance  afforded  by  the  roots  of  some  Asiatic  Orchis.  The  aromatic  va- 
nilla, used  to  flavor  chocolate,  &c.,  is  the  fruit  of  the  West  Indian  Vanilla  claviculata. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 


(  cauline. 

Microstylis.        \ 

(  ovate,    (  radical. 

Aplectrum.         4 

C  Leaf  solitary,       \  ensiform  (rarely  2). 
t  near  base  of  stem. 

Calopogon.       10 
Liparis.              2 

1  Leaves  2  only,     (  near  middle  of  stem. 

Listera.             13 

(  radical,  ^  ringent. 

Goodyera.          12 

(  Flowers  |                             <  Sepals  \  erect. 

Spvranthes.       11 

<  several.  I  Leaves  several,  (  cauline.    Fls.  3  or  4. 

Calopogon.       10 

f  Spur  0.  (  Flower  solitary,  lip  bearded  within. 

Pogonia.             9 

$  Pollinia  2.    Fls.  bracteate 

Orchis.                7 

,  Fertile  1                                    $  flattish.  {  Pollinia  4.    Fls.  bractless. 

Tiputnria.         6 

Leaves  1 
or  more. 

anth.  1.  I  Lip  spurred  at  base,  (.  ventricose.    Flower  and  leaf  solitary 
'  Anthers  2  fertile,  middle  one  sterile,  petaloid.    Lip  saccate. 

Calypso.             5 
Cypripedium  .  14 

(  Plants  green.    Flowers  solitary.    Lip  bearded  within. 

Arethusa.            8 

Leaves  0. 

(  Plants  destitute  of  green  herbage.    Flowers  racemose. 

Corallorhiza.      3 

SECTION   1.     Pollen  cohering  in  grains  which  finally  become  waxy, 
and  are  definite  in  number. 

1.   MICROSTYLIS.    Nutt. 

Gr.  niKpos,  little,  crrvXof ,  style ;  alluding  to  the  slender  column. 

Segments  of  the  perianth  distinct,  petals  filiform  ;  lip  sessile, 
concave,  erect,  truncate  and  bidentate  at  summit ;  column  minute  ; 
pollinia  4,  loose. 

1.  M.   OPHIOGLOSSOIDES.   Nutt.     (Malaxis    orph.    Wittd^    M.  unifolia. 
Michx.) — Lf.  solitary,  ovate,  amplexicaul ;  st.  5-angled ;  roc.  short,  obtuse, 

capitate  ;  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  flowers. — A  small  plant,  in  woods,  &c., 
Can.  and  N.  States.  Stem  5 — 9'  high,  with  a  single  leaf  a  little  below  the 
middle.  This  leaf  is  rather  acute,  smooth,  ovate  or  oval,  about  2£7  in  length,  1 
in  width.  At  the  base  of  the  stem  is  an  abrupt  sheath.  Flowers  whitish, 
minute,  numerous,  in  a  terminal  raceme  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  dense  at 
top.  Bracts  minute.  Pedicels  about  4"  long.  June, 

2.  M.   MONOPHYLLOS.   Liridl.     (M.   brachypoda.    Gray.    Malaxis  mon. 
Willd.} — Leaf  solitary,  ovate,  sheathing  at  base;   rac.  elongated,  with 

numerous  flowers  on  short  pedicels ;  bracts  minute  ;  sep.  acute,  spreading ;  late- 
ral pet.  reflexed,  linear ;  lip  triangular-hastate,  cucullate,  acuminate  with  a 
recurved  point. — In  shady  swamps,  N.  Y.,  rare.  Prof.  Hadley.  Dr.  Gray.  Stem 
2 — &  high,  3-angled,  with  a  subspicate  raceme  of  20 — 46  small,  greenish 
flowers.  July. 

2.   LIPlRIS.    Rich. 
Gr.  XtTrapo?,  elegant,  shining ;  a  term  characteristic  of  these  plants. 

Segments  of  the  perianth  distinct,  sublinear,  spreading  or  deflex- 
ed  ;  lip  spreading,  flat,  ascending,  often  exterior ;  column  winged  ; 
pollinia  4,  parallel  with  each  other,  without  pedicels  or  glands. 

1.  L.  LILIFOLIA.  Rich.     (Malaxis  lilifolia.  Sw.)     Tway-hlade. 

Lvs.  2,  ovate-lanceolate;  scape  triangular;  inner  ^/.filiform,  reflexed; 
lip  concave,  obovate,  acute  at  the  tip. — In  wet  woods,  Can.  to  Car.,  Ohio. 
Leaves  radical,  3 — 6'  long,  £ — J  as  wide,  rather  acute,  tapering  into  a  sheath- 
ing base.  Scape  about  6'  high.  Flowers  10 — 20,  in  a  terminal,  rather  showy 
raceme.  Pedicels  near  an  inch  in  length.  The  3  sepals  greenish-white,  linear. 
2  upper  petals  capillary,  yellowish-white.  Lip  much  larger  than  the  other 
petals,  white.  June. 


CALYPSO.  CXL.   ORCHIDACE^E.  531 

2.  L.  LCESELII.  Rich.  (L.  Correana.  Spr.  Malaxis  Loeselii.  Sw.) 
Lrs.  2,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  plicate,  shorter  than  the  few-flowered 
racemes ;  scape  angular ;  lip  ovate,  entire ;  sep.  and  pet.  linear,  subequal. — 
About  half  as  large  as  the  preceding,  in  moist  meadows  and  fields,  Can., 
Ohio,  N.  Eng.  and  Mid.  States.  Leaves  2 — 3;  long,  about  I7  wide,  obtuse  or 
acute,  sheathing  at  base.  Scape  3 — 5'  high.  Flowers  about  6,  appressed  to 
the  rachis,  in  a  thin  raceme.  Pedicels  about  2"  in  length.  Sepals  and  petals 
greenish-white.  Ovaries  clavate,  as  long  as  the  pedicels.  Jn. 

3.   CORALLORHlZA.    Brown. 

G-r.  vopaXXiov,  coral,  pl£a,  root ;  its  branched  roots  much  resemble  coral. 

Segments  of  the  perianth  nearly  equal,  converging  ;  lip  produced 
behind  ;  spur  short  and  adnate  to  the  ovary  ;  column  free  ;  pollinia 
4,  oblique  (not  parallel). — Plants  leafless. 

1.  C.  oDONTORHizA.   Nutt.     (C.  vema.   Nutt.     C.    innata.    J7r.)     Dra- 
gon's-daw.     Coral-root. — Lip  undivided,  oval,  obtuse,  crenulate,  spotted ; 

spur  obsolete,  adnate  to  the  ovary ;  capsule  oblong  or  subglobose. — A  singular 
plant,  with  no  leaves  or  green  herbage,  inhabiting  old  woods,  Can.  to  Car.  and 
Ky.  The  root  is  a  collection  of  small,  fleshy  tubers,  articulated  and  branched 
much  like  coral.  Scape  9 — 14'  high,  rather  fleshy,  striate,  smooth,  invested 
with  a  few  long,  purplish-brown  sheaths.  Flowers  10 — 20,  in  a  long  spike,  of 
a  brownish-green.  Lip  white,  generally  with  purple  spots.  Capsules  large, 
reflexed,  strongly  ribbed.  July,  Aug. 

0.  verna. — Lip  white,  without  spots,  minutely  toothed  each  side. — More  deli- 
cate and  slender  than  the  variety  a.  Flowers  fewer  (7 — 10). 

2.  C.  MULTIFLORA.  Nutt.     Flowering  Coral-root. 

Scape  many-flowered ;  lip  cuneate-oval,  spotted,  3-parted ;  the  middle 
lobe  recurved,  lateral  ones  short  and  tooth-like  ;  spur  conspicuous,  adnate;  cap. 
elliptic-obovoid. — In  woods,  growing  on  the  roots  of  trees,  N.  Eng.  and  Mid. 
States.  Root  coralline.  Scape  10 — 15'  high,  leafless,  brownish-purple,  sheath- 
ed with  a  lew  bracts.  Flowers  larger  than  in  the  other  species,  15 — 20,  erect- 
spreading,  in  a  long  raceme.  Lip  showy,  3 — 4"  long,  white,  sprinkled  with 
purple  spots.  Spur  yellowish,  conspicuous,  but  short  and  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Jl. 

4.   APLECTRUM.    Nutt. 
Gr.  a,  privative,  irXriKrpov,  a  spur ;  the  lip  being  without  a  spur. 

Segments  of  the  perianth  distinct,  nearly  equal,  converging ;  lip 
unguiculate,  not  produced  at  base  ;  column  free ;  anther  a  little 
below  the  apex ;  pollinia  4,  oblique,  lenticular. 

A.    HYEMALE.    (Cymbidium   hyemale.    Willd.)    Adam-and-Eve.     Putty- 
root. — Lf.  solitary,  radical,  petiolate,  ovate,  striate ;  lip.  trifid,  obtuse,  with 
the  palate  ridged. — A  fine  plant,  in  woods,  Can.,  Ohio !  to  N.  Eng.  (rare)  and 
Flor.    Root  bearing  large,  roundish,  mucilaginous  tubers.    Leaf  rather  elliptic 
than  ovate,  4 — 5'  long,  £ — £  as  wide,  twice  as  long  as  the  petiole,  which  arises 
from  the  summit  of  the  tuber  a  short  distance  from  the  scape.     Scape  arising 
Wrom  beneath  the  tuber,  about  If  high,  invested  with  2 — 3  sheaths.     Flowers 
Resembling  those  of  Corallorhiza,  brownish-purple,  erect,  in  a  terminal  raceme. 
Lip  dilated  near  the  end.    Capsule  large,  smooth,  nodding.     May,  Jn. 

5.   CALYPSO.    Salisb. 
Named  for  the  goddess  Calypso  (  Gr.  Ka\VTrra),  to  conceal). 

Segments  of  the  perianth  ascending,  secund ;  lip  ventricosej 
spurred  beneath  near  the  end  ;  column  petaloid  ;  pollinia  4. 

C.  BULBOSA.   Salisb.    (C.  Americana.   Dr.    C.  borealis.   Ph.    Cypripe- 

dium.  Linn.) — Lf.  solitary,  radical,  broad-ovate,  veined  ;  lip  narrowed  and 

subunguiculate  at  base ;  spur  bifid,  longer  than  the  lip,  with  acute  teeth ;  ped. 

longer  than  the  ovary. — This  rare  and  beautiful  plant  is  found  in  Vt.,  (Carey) 

Nova  Scotia,  Mich.,"W.  to  Orcg.     Scape  6 — 8'  high,  sheathed,  bearing  a  sin- 


532  CXL.   ORCHIDACEjE.  ORCHIS. 

gle,  purplish  flower  at  top,  as  large  as  that  of  a  Cypripedium.  Leaf  petiolate, 
2 — 3'  in  diameter,  subcordate  at  base. 

6.   TIP  UL  A  HI  A.     Nutt, 
Tipula,  the  crane-fly ;  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the  flowere. 

Segments  of  the  perianth  spatulate,  spreading ;  lip  entire,  sessile, 
conspicuously  spurred  at  base  ;  column  wingless,  free  ;  anther  oper- 
culate,  persistent ;  pollinia  4,  parallel. 

T.  DISCOLOR.  Nutt.    (Orchis.  PA.     Limodorum  uniflorum.  Muhl.) 
A  slender,  green-flowered  plant,  resembling  a  Corallorhiza,  growing  in 
pine  woods,  Vt.,  Mid.  States  to  Car.    Root  bulbous.     Leaf  solitary,  petiolate, 
ovate,  plaited,  smooth,  and  longitudinally  veined.     Flowers  minute,  greenish- 
white,  nodding,  in  a  terminal  raceme  destitute  of  bracts.    Jl. 

SECTION  2.  Pollen  cohering  in  waxy  masses,  which  are  pedicellate, 
with  glands  at  the  base  of  the  pedicels.  Anthers  of  2  distinct, 
vertical  cells. 

7.  ORCHIS. 

The  Greek  name  of  these  plants. 

Perianth  ringent,  the  upper  sepal  vaulted ;  lip  entire  or  lobed, 
produced  at  base  into  a  spur  which  is  distinct  from  the  ovary ;  anther 
terminal ;  pollinia  2,  adnate,  pedicellate. — Fls.  racemose  or  spicate. 

§  1.   ORCHIS  vera.     Lip  broad,  entire.      Glands  of  the  pedicels  of  the 
pollinia  enclosed, 

1.  O.  SPECTABILIS.     Showy  Orchis. 

Lvs.  about  2,  nearly  as  long  as  the  scape ;  lip  obovate,  undivided,  crenate, 
retuse ;  segments  of  the  perianth  straight,  the  lateral  ones  longer ;  spur  clavate, 
shorter  than  the  ovary,  bracts  longer  than  the  flower. — This  pretty  little  plant  is 
found  in  shady  woods  and  thickets,  among  rocks,  &c.,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Root 
fasciculate.  Leaves  few,  radical,  ovate,  3 — 6'  long,  £ — J  as  wide.  Scape  4 — 6' 
high,  acutely-angled,  with  a  lanceolate,  acute  bract  and  3 — 5  large,  showy 
flowers.  Segments  of  the  perianth  purple,  ovate-lanceolate.  Lip  and  spur 
white  or  whitish,  each  about  8"  long.  May,  Jn. 

fy  2.  PLATANTHERA.  Lip  narrow,  entire.  Cells  of  the  anther  widely  sepa- 
rated at  base  by  the  broad,  interposed  stigma.  Glands  of  the  pedicels 
of  the  pollinia  naked. 

2.  O.  ORBICULATA.  Pursh.    (Platanthera.  Lindl.    Habenaria.  TVr.) 
Lvs.  2,  radical,  suborbicular,  rather  fleshy ;  scape  bracteate ;  upper  sep. 

orbicular,  lateral  ones  ovate ;  lip  linear-subspatulate,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals ;  spur  arcuate,  compressed,  clavate,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovary. — A  re- 
markable plant,  not  uncommon  in  old  woods  and  in  thickets,  Penn.  to  Can.  and 
W.  States.  Leaves  lying  flat  upon  the  ground,  3 — &  diam.,  rather  inclining  to 
oval  or  ovate  with  the  apex  acute.  Scape  1 — 2f  high,  sheathed  with  a  few 
bracts,  bearing  a  raceme  of  numerous,  greenish- white  flowers.  Lip  £ — 1'  by 
£— 1".  Spur  H— 2'  long.  Jl. 

3.  O.  HOOKERIANA.  Wood.     (Platanthera.  Lindl.    Habenaria.  Torr.} 
Lvs.  2,  radical,  suborbicular  or  suboval,  fleshy;  scape  naked;  bracts  lance- 
olate, nearly  as  long  as  the  flowers ;  upper  sepal  ovate,  erect,  lateral  ones  deflexed 
and  meeting  behind ;  pet.  acute,  lip  lanceolate,  projecting,  acuminate,  a  little 
longer  than  the  sepals ;  spur  subulate,  arcuate,  about  twice  longer  than  the 
ovary.— Woods,  Can.,  N.  Eng. !  toWis.,  Lapkam!  rare.     Resembles  O.  orbicu- 
lata,"but  is  very  distinct.     Scape  8—12'  high,  without  a  bract  below  the  flow- 
ers.   Leaves  4—5'  long,  nearly  or  quite  as  wide.    Flowers  12—18,  in  a  straight 
raceme,  yellowish-green,  the  spur  9 — 12"  in  length.    Jn.  Jl. 

4.  O.  IIYPERBOREA.  Willd.     (Habenaria  hyp.  &  Huronensis.  Spr.    Pla- 
tan th.  Lindl.}— Sf.  leafy ;  Ivs.  very  erect,  acute  ;  spike  somewhat  secund ; 


ORCHIS.  CXL.   ORCHID  ACE^E.  533 

bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  longer  than  the  flower ;  sep.  deflexed ;  pet.  and  lip 
linear,  obtuse,  subequal,  (the  latter  dilated  at  base !)  and  about  as  long  as  the 
pendulous,  obtuse  spur. — A  tall,  leafy,  variable  species,  found  in  mountainous 
woods  and  open  meadows,  N.  Y.  to  Mich,  and  Can.  Stems  thick,  2  or  3,  or 
even  4  feet  high.  Leaves  lanceolate,  4—7'  by  1 — 1J'.  Flowers  greenish  in 
shades,  nearly  white  in  open  situations,  forming  a  long,  more  or  less  dense 
spike.  July. 

/?.  Huronensis.    More  slender;  Ivs.  lance-oblong  and  lance-linear,  obtuse  or 
acute;  spike  rather  loose,  often  long. — Vt.,  Dr.  Phelps!  W.  to  Mich. 

5.  O.  DILATATA.  Pursh.    (Habenaria.  Hook.    Platanth.  Lindl.) 

St.  slender ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  and  linear,  acute ;  spike  loose ;  bracts  lance- 
linear,  about  as  long  as  the  flowers  ;  upper  sepal  ovate,  obtuse,  the  lateral  nar- 
rower and  spreading;  lip  linear,  entire,  obtuse,  dilated  at  the  base,  about  equal- 
ing the  petals  and  a  little  shorter  than  the  obtuse,  incurved  spur,  which  is  longer 
than  the  ovary. — Swamps,  Northern  States !  (rare)  and  Can.  It  is  a  slender 
and  delicate  species,  with  pure  white  flowers.  Stem  10 — 15'  high.  Leaves 
often  narrow  and  grass-like,  the  lower  lanceolate.  Flowers  10 — 20,  spur  about 
4"  locg.  July. 

6.  O.  OBTUSATA.  Pursh.    (Platanthera.  Lindl.     Habenaria.  Rich.) 

Lf.  solitary,  oblong-obovate,  obtuse ;  °st.  bearing  the  leaf  near  its  base ; 
spike  loose ;  upper  sep.  broadest ;  pet.  subtriangular ;  lip  linear,  entire,  with  2 
tubercles  at  base,  as  long  as  the  arcuate,  acute  spur. — Found  in  muddy  ponds 
and  ditches,  N.  H.,  Starrs!  N.  to  Lab.  Stem  slender,  angular,  6 — 8'  high,  ter- 
minating in  a  thin  spike  of  about  a  dozen  small,  greenish- white  flowers.  Leaf 
tapering  at  base,  and  usually  obtuse  at  the  summit,  2 — 3'  in  length,  and  1  in 
breadth,  issuing  with  the  stem  from  2 — 3  radical,  sheathing  bracts.  July. 

7.  O.  INTEGRA.  Nutt.     (Habenaria.  Spreng.) 

St.  leafy ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  and  lance-linear ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers ; 
.    lip  oblong,  entire,  longer  than  the  petals ;  spur  subulate,  longer  than  the  ovary. 
— Swamps,  N.  J.,  Nuttall.     A  species  very  nearly  allied  to  O.  ciliaris,  appa- 
rently differing  only  in  the  flowers  being  smaller;  and  with  the  lip  entire,  not 
fringed.    Flowers  orange-yellow.     Jl. 

§  3.  HABENARIA.     Lip  dilated,  variously  divided.     Glands  of  the  pedi- 
cels of  the  pollinia  naked,  distinct. 
£  *  Lip  toothed  or  3-parted,  not  fimbriaie. 

8.  O.  FLAVA.     (Habenaria  herbiola.  I3r.    Platanthera.  Lindl.) 

St.  leafy;  lower  Ivs.  oblong,  acute,  upper  lanceolate,  acuminate;  spike 
rather  dense,  cylindric;  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers;  Up  oblong,  obtuse,  den- 
tate at  base  ;  palate  with  1  tuberculate  tooth ;  spur  filiform,  rather  shorter  than 
the  sessile  ovary. — A  small-flowered  orchis  found  in  alluvial  soil.  Stem  flexu- 
ous,  12 — 18'  high.  Leaves  about  3,  with  long  sheaths,  3 — 6  or  7  by  f — 2',  taper- 
ing to  an  acute  summit.  Flowers  in  a  long,  thin  spike.  Sepals  short,  ovate, 
green.  Petals  yellowish.  Upper  bracts  about  as  long  as  the  flowers,  lower  ones 
2  or  3  times  as  long.  The  tubercle  of  the  lip  is  a  remarkable  character.  June. 

9.  O.  VIRIDIS.  Swtz.    (O.  bracteata.  Muhl.   Peristylusbracteatus.  Lindl.) 
St.  leafy;  Ivs.  oblong,  obtuse,  upper  ones  acute;  spike  lax;  bracts  2 — 3 

times  as  long  as  the  flowers ;  sep.  connivent,  ovate ;  pet.  linear,  erect ;  lip  linear- 
cuneate,  truncate,  3-toothed  at  the  end,  the  middle  tooth  small  or  obsolete ;  spur 

short,  inflated,  obtuse. — A  small,  green-flowered  orchis,  in  shades.    Stem  6 9' 

high.  Leaves  about  3,  18 — 30"'by  6 — 12",  upper  bracts  as  short  as  the  flower. 
Spikes  2 — 3'  long.  Flowers  yellowish-green.  Lip  as  long  as  the  ovary,  3  times 
as  long  as  the  spur.  Can.  to  Va.  W.  to  111.  July,  Aug. 

10.  O.  TRIDENTATA.  Willd.    (Habenaria.  Hook.    Gymnadenia.  Lindl.} 
Radical  If.  solitary,  oblong,  obtuse,  cauline  2 — 3,  much  smaller ;  sep.  cam- 

panulate,  obtuse,  converging ;  lip  lanceolate,  3-toothed,  at  the  extremity ;  spur 
filiform,  curved,  clavate,  longer  than  the  ovary. — Grows  in  woods  and  swamps 
Can.,  Mich.,  Penn.,  Va.  Stem  slender,  1— 2f  high,  with  small,  greenish-white 
flowers  in  a  short  and  rather  loose  spike,  appearing  in  July. 


534  CXL.   ORCHIDACE^E.  ORCHIS. 

11.  O.  ROTUNDIFOLIA.  Pursh.     (Habenaria.  Rich.    Platanthera.  Lindl.} 
Lf.  solitary,  roundish-ovate;  scape  naked;  spike  few-flowered;  bracts  ob- 

tuse, shorter  than  the  ovary  ;  sep.  and  pet.  obtuse  ;  lip  3-lobed,  lateral,  lobes  sub- 
falcate,  middle  one  obcordate  ;  spur  as  long  as  the  lip.  —  Ct.,  Penn.,  Eaton,  Can. 
Scape  about  a  foot  high,  slender,  without  a  bract.  Leaf  2  —  4'  long,  f  as  wide, 
spotted,  sheathing  at  base.  Flowers  about  a  dozen,  of  a  greenish-white,  remark- 
able for  their  broad,  3  (almost  4)-lobed,  pendant  lip. 

*  *  Lip  fimbriate.     Stem  leafy. 

12.  O.  CILIAEIS.   (Habenaria.   Rich.   Platanthera.  Lindl.}    Yellow  Fringed 
Orchis.  —  Lower  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate  ;  spike  oblong,  dense  ;  bracts  shorter 

than  the  ovary  ;  lip  oblong-lanceolate,  pinnate-ciliate,  twice  as  long  as  the  petals  ; 
spur  longer  than  the  ovary.  —  A  delicately  beautiful  orchis,  with  bright  orange- 
colored  flowers,  in  swamps,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.,  rare.  Stem  about  2f  high. 
Leaves  sheathing  at.  base  ;  lower  ones  3  —  5'  long,  rapidly  diminishing  upwards. 
Sepals  roundish,  obtuse,  concave.  2  petals  linear,  very  small,  incised  at  the 
summit  ;  the  lip  narrow,  lanceolate,  conspicuously  fringed,  4"  long.  Spur  1' 
in  length.  July,  Aug. 

13.  O.  CRISTATA.  Michx.     (Habenaria.  Brown.    Platanthera.  Lindl.) 
Lvs.  lanceolate  and  lance-linear;  spike  somewhat  crowded,  many-flow- 

ered ;  segments  of  the  perianth  rounded,  the  two  lateral  petals  toothed,  lip  oblong, 
pinnately  ciliate,  spur  shorter  than  the  ovary.  —  Swamps,  N.  J.,  Penn.  to  Car. 
A  small  species,  distinguished  from  the  foregoing  by  smaller  and  more  crowded 
flowers  which  are  of  a  bright  orange-yellow,  and  by  its  shorter  spur,  &c.  Jn.  Jl. 

14.  O.  BLEPHARIGLOTTIS.  Willd.    (Habenaria.  Rich.    Platanthera.  Lindl.) 
White  Fringed  Orchis.  —  Lower  Ivs.  lanceolate,  channeled;  spike  oblong, 

dense  ;  bracts  linear,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  lip  lanceolate, 
ciliate,  as  long  as  the  upper  sepal  ;  spur  much  longer  than  the  long-beaked 
ovary.  —  A  delicate  orchis,  in  swamps,  (N.  Y.  !  to  Car.,)  resembling  the 
last  species,  but  distinguished  at  least,  by  the  color  of  its  flowers  which  are  of 
a  pure  white.  Stem  1  —  2f  high.  Flowers  fewer  than  in  the  last.  Sepals  round- 
ish-oblong, lateral  reflexed.  Petals  spatulate,  dentate.  Lip  fringed  in  the  mid- 
dle, 2X/  long.  June,  July. 


15.  O.  FISSA.  Willd.    (Habenaria. 

St.  tall,  leafy  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  and  lance-linear  ;  bracts  nearly  equaling  the 
ovary  ;  sep.  roundish-ovate  ;  lateral  petals  denticulate  ;  lip  ^parted,  divisions 
cuneiform,  dentate,  middle  one  2-lobed  ;  spur  filiform,  clavare  at  end,  curved. 
Jonger  than  the  ovary.  —  Wet  grounds  and  marshes,  Penn.  to  Va.,  W.  to  Ind.  ! 
A  truly  beautiful  species  2  —  4f  high.  Stem  slightly  winged.  Leaves  4  —  & 
long.  Flowers  violet-purple,  large,  20  —  50,  in  a  terminal  spike.  Ovary  I7,  and 
spur  li'  long.  June,  July. 

16'.  O.  LACERA.   Michx.    (O.  -Psycodes.   Spr.    Habenaria.  Ur.    Platan- 

thera. Lindl.)  Ragged  Orchis.  —  Lower  Ivs.  oblong,  obtuse,  upper  ones 
narrow,  acuminate  ;  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers  ;  sep.  retuse  ;  pet.  emargi- 
nate;  Up  3-parted,  segments  cuneate,  capillaceous-multifid  ;  spur  filiform,  cla- 
vate,  as  long  as  the  oVary.  —  Swamps  and  meadows,  Can.  to  Car.  Stem  1  —  2f 
high,  smooth,  slender.  Leaves  few,  3  —  6'  by  \  —  1',  mostly  acute.  Flowers 
numerous,  in  a  long,  loose  spike,  of  a  greenish-  white,  not  showy.  Sepals  ovate. 
Petals  oblong-linear,  entire,  lip  reflexed,  very  deeply  laciniate.  Readily  dis- 
tinguished from  the  following  by  its  more  slender  habit,  greenish  flowers,  and 
the  entire  (not  fringed)  petals.  July. 

17.  O.  PYSCODES.    (O.   fimbriata.  Br.    Habenaria.   Rich.    Platanthera. 

Lindl.}  Purple  Fringed  Orchis.  —  Lower  Ivs.  lanceolate,  diminishing  up- 
wards ;  Up.  3-parted,  scarcely  longer  than  the  petals,  the  segments  cuneiform, 
ciliate-fimbriate  ;  lateral  pet.  ovate,  fimbriate-dentate  ;  spur  filiform,  clavate, 
longer  than  the  ovary.  —  A  beautiful  plant,  common  in  meadows,  Can.,  N.  Eng., 
Mid.  and  W.  States.  Stem  1£  —  2$f  high,  smooth,  slender.  Leaves  3  —  6'  long. 
Flowers  showy,  numerous,  in  a  terminal,  cylindric  spike,  light  purple.  Lip  of 
the  nectary  somewhat  longer  than  the  petals,  its  3,  fan-like,  spreading  segments, 
as  well  as  the  petals,  beautifully  fringed.  Spur  an  inch  in  length.  July. 


POGONLU  CXL.   ORCHIDACE^E.  535 

/?.  (O.  incisa.  WUld.)    Lateral  petals  subdentate,  terminal  one  incisely  den- 
tate;  spur  subulate. 

18.  O.  LEUCOPH.KA.  Nutt.     Wkite-flow&red  or  Prairie  Orchis. 

St.  leafy ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  narrow,  obtuse  point,  channeled ; 
bracts  shorter  than  the  ovaries ;  roc.  oblong ;  sep.  roundish-oblong,  acutish  ; 
lateral  petals  obovate,  denticulate ;  lip  3-parted,  flabelliform,  segments  deeply 
fimbriate ;  spur  subulate-clavate,  curved,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovary. — Wet 
prairies,  Ohio,  Ind. !  111.  Stem  1 — 3f  high.  Leaves  2 — 6'  long.  Raceme  about 
12-flowered.  Sepals  and  spur  yellowish,  petals  white.  Ovary  curved,  I'  long. 

19.  O.    GRANDIFLORA.    Bw.    (Habenaria.    Torr.    Platanthera  fimbriata. 
Lindl.)    Large-flowering  Orchis. — Lmver  Ivs.  oblong,  oval,  obtuse,  upper 

ones  very  narrow ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovary;  roc.  oblong;  lip  dependent, 
twice  as  long  as  the  petals,  3-parted,  the  segments  cuneiform  and  fimbriate,  the 
middle  one  largest,  with  connivent  fimbriae  ;  lateral  pet.  fimbriate  ;  spur  ascend- 
ing, clavate,  longer  than  the  ovary. — A  superb  plant,  considered  the  most  beau- 
tiful of  the  genus,  in  wet  meadows,  JN".  H. !  Can.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  thick,  hol- 
low, with  several  sheathing  bracts  at  base.  Leaves  2  or  3  principal  ones,  4 — 7' 
by  1 — 2',  upper  ones  linear,  an  inch  or  two  long.  Flowers  very  large,  purple, 
in  a  terminal  raceme,  3 — 6'  long.  Middle  seg.  of  the  lip  nearly  semicircular, 
twice  as  long  as  the  lateral  ones.  June. 

SECTION   3.      Pollen   powdery,   or   consisting   of   loosely    cohering 

granules. 

8.  ARETHUSA.     Swtz. 
Arethu-sa  was  a  fabulous  nymph  of  Diana,  who  was  transformed  into  a  fountain. 

Perianth  with  its  segments  cohering  at  base  ;  lip  spurless,  adnate 
to  the  column  at  base,  deflected  at  the  end  and  bearded'  inside  ;  pollen 
angular. — Small  plants,  inhabiting  wet  places. 
A.  BULBOSA.     Bulbous  Arethusa. 

Leafless ;  rt.  producing  a  globular  tuber ;  scape  sheathed,  1-flowered. — 
This  beautiful  and  interesting  plant  is  found  only  in  wet  meadows  and  swamps, 
Can.  to  Va.  Stern  6 — 12'  high,  invested  with  about  3,  long,  loose  sheathes  with 
lanceolate  points,  the  upper  ones  rarely  at  length  produced  into  a  short,  linear- 
spatulate  leaf.  At  the  top  is  a  single,  large,  fragrant  flower  of  a  rich  purple 
color.  A  little  below  the  base  of  the  flower  is  a  small  spathe  of  2  unequal 
bracts.  June. 

9.  POGONIA.     Brown. 

Gr.  iraiyuv,  beard ;  in  allusion  to  the  bearded  lip. 

Perianth   with  its  leaflets   distinct ;    lip   sessile   or  unguiculate, 
cucullate.  bearded  inside  ;  pollen  farinaceous. 

1.  P.  opmoGLOssolDEs.  Br.    (Arethusa.  Linn.) 

Rt.  fibrous ;  st.  furnished  with  an  oval-lanceolate  leaf  and  a  foliaceous 
bract  near  the  flower ;  lip  fimbriate. — An  interesting  plant,  much  taller  than 
the  bulbous  Arethusa,  found  in  swamps  and  muddy  shores,  Can.,  N.  Eng.  to 
Car.  and  Ky.  The  stem  is  very  slender,  9 — 16'  high,  with  2  remote  leaves,  the 
one  placed  about  midway,  2 — 3'  long,  lanceolate,  acute,  sheathing  at  the  base; 
the  other  (a  bract  1)  much  smaller,  situated  near  the  flower.  Flower  large, 
nodding,  pale  purple.  Lip  long  as  petals  and  sepals  (f ').  June. 

2.  P.  VERTICILLATA.  Nutt.     (Arethusa.   Willd.) 

Lvs.  5,  oblong-lanceolate,  verticillate ;  fls.  solitary,  the  3  outer  petals  very 
long,  linear,  inner  ones  shorter,  lanceolate,  obtuse ;  lip  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobes 
undulate.— Swamps.  Stem  8 — 12'  high,  with  a  whorl  of  leaves  near  the  top 
and  a  flower  1—2'  above  it.  Leaves  !£'  long,  J  as  wide,  abruptly  acuminate. 
The  flower  is  remarkable  for  its  sepals  being  about  2'  long,  very  narrow,  and 
of  a  greenish-brown  color.  Lip  crested  in  the  middle.  July. 

3.  P.  PENDULA.  Lindl.     (Triphora.  Nutt.     Arethusa.    Willd.) 

Rt.  tuberous ;  st.  leafy,  about  3-flowered  at  the  top ;  Ivs.  clasping,  ovate, 
alternate ;  fls.  axillary,  nodding ;  Up  entire,  scabrous,  not  bearded  ;  fr.  pendu- 


536  CXL.    ORCHID  ACE^E.  GOODYERA. 

lous. — A  small,  delicate  plant,  in  swamps,  Mid.  W. !  and  S.  States.  Stem 
scarcely  6'  high,  slightly  angled,  with  about  3  flowers,  which  from  their  singu- 
lar form  suggest  the  common  name.  Leaves  3 — 6,  £ — f'  long,  §  as  wide, 
purplish.  Flowers  white  or  greenish,  the  segments  of  the  perianth  equal,  con- 
verging, and  rather  longer  than  the  lip.  Aug. 

10.  C  A  L  O  P  0  G  O  N.     Brown. 

Gr.  jcaAoj,  beautiful,  TrwywJ',  beard ;  in  allusion  to  the  bearded  lip. 

Segments  of  the  perianth  distinct ;  lip  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
flowers,  unguiculate,  bearded ;  column  free,  winged  at  the  summit ; 
pollen  angular. 

C.  PULCHELLUS.  Br.    (Cymbidium.   Willd.}     Grass  Pink. 

Rt.  tuberous;  If.  radical,  ensiform,  veined;  scape  few-flowered ;  lip  erect,  nar- 
rowed at  base,  with  an  expanded  border,  and  a  concave,  hairy  disk. — A  truly  beau- 
tiful plant,  in  swamps  and  moist  meadows,.  U.  S.  and  Can.  Scape  slender,  10 — 20' 
high,  furnished  with  a  single,  long  leaf  (8 — 12'  by  £'),  sheathing  its  base.  Flow- 
ers 3 — 8,  large,  purple,  remarkable  for  their  inverted  position ;  lip  expanded 
at  the  end  and  fimbriate  on  the  upper  side  of  the  flower,  while  the  column  is 
below.  Petajs  and  sepals  expanded.  July. 

11.  SPIRANTHES.    Rich. 

Gr.  erreipa,  a  cord;  in  reference  to  the  twisted  spike. 

Flowers  in  a  spiral  spike ;  petals  connivent ;  lip  unguiculate, 
parallel  with  the  column,  entire,  with  2  callous  processes  at  base  ; 
column  free,  clavate,  bidentate  at  summit ;  ovary  oblique  ;  stigma 
rostrate. 

1.  S.  GRACILIS.  Beck.     (Neottia.  Bw.}    Ladies'  Tresses. 

Lvs.  radical,  ovate,  caducous ;  scape  sheathed ,  fls.  in  a  spiral  row ;  lip 
obovate,  curled. — A  very  delicate  plant,  not  uncommon  in  old  woods,  N.  Eng., 
Can.  Scape  leafless,  with  several  remote,  sheathing  scales,  very  slender,  and 
8 — 12'  high.  Leaves  3 — 4,  close  to  the  ground,  1 — 2'  long,  J  as  wide,  on  short 
petioles,  mostly  withering  and  falling  away  before  the  flowers  expand.  Flow- 
ers small,  white,  arranged  in  a  row  which  winds  once  or  twice  around  the 
stem.  July. 

2.  S.  TORTILIS.  Sw.     (Ophrys.  MX.     S.  sestivalis.  MX.) 

Radical  Ivs.  linear;  scape  sheathed;  fls.  spirally  secund;  lip  somewhat  3- 
lobed,  the  middle  lobe  larger,  crenulate. — A  plant  mostly  similar  to  the  last,  in 
woods  and  meadows,  N.  Eng.  to  Car.  Leaves  3 — 6'  by  2 — 4"  commonly  dis- 
appearing before  flowering.  Scape  slender,  a  fool  or  more  high,  with  a  spiral 
row  of  oblique,  small,  white  flowers,  forming  a  twisted  spike  2 — 4f  long.  July. 

3.  S.  CERNUA.  Rich.     (Neottia.   Willd.} 

Lvs.  radical,  linear-lanceolate,  veined;  stem  sheathed;  spike  dense;  fls. re- 
curved, drooping ;  sep.  and  pet.  cohering  ;  lip  oblong,  entire  or  crenulate,  dilated 
at  the  apex. — In  moist  grounds,  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.  Scape  J — l£f  high,  rather 
stout,  pubescent  above,  with  a  dense,  twisted  spike  at  summit  1 — 2'  long.  Leaves 
3  or  more,  nearly  or  quite  radical,  3—8  or  10'  long,  £ — 1'  wide.  Bracts  ovate, 
acuminate,  as  long  as  the  greenish  flowers.  Aug.  Oct. 

12.  GOODYERA.     Brown. 

Named  for  John  Goodyer,  an  obscure  English  botanist. 

Perianth  ringent ;  calyx  herbaceous,  upper  sepal  vaulted,  the  2 
lower  ones  beneath  the  saccate  and  entire  lip  ;  column  free,  pollen 
angular  ;  stigma  prominent,  roundish. 

G.  PUBESCENS.  Br.     RaUksnake  Plantain. 

Lvs.  radical,  ovate,  petiolate,  reticulate;  scape  sheathed,  and  with  the 
flowers,  pubescent ;  lip  ovate,  acuminate  ;  pet.  ovate. — A  plant  found  in  woods, 
Can.  and  U.  S.  remarkably  distinguished  for  its  leaves  which  are  all  radical 


CYPHIPEDIUM.  CXL.   ORCHIDACE^E.  537 

and  of  a  dark  green,  reticulated  above  with  white  veins.  They  are  ovate,  1 — 2' 
in  length,  contracted  at  base  into  winged  petioles  scarcely  half  as  long.  Scape 
erect,  6 — 12' high.  Flowers  white,  in  a  terminal,  oblong,  cylindric  spike.  Lip 
roundish,  saccate,  inflated.  July,  Aug. 

(3.  rcpcns.  (G.  repens.  Br.')  JLvs.  less  conspicuously  reticulated ;  spike  some- 
what unilateral. — A  reduced  form  of  G.  pubescens,  certainly  unworthy  of  being 
exalted  into  a  species.  Stem  6 — 8'  high.  Flowers  in  one  row,  which  is  more 
or  less  spiral. 

13.  LISTER  A.    Brown. 

Named  for  Dr.  Martin  Lister,  an  English  naturalist,  died  1711. 

Lip  2-lobed,  pendant,  with  no  callous  processes ;  column  wingless, 
minute ;  anther  fixed  by  its  base,  persistent. 

1.  L.  CORDATA.  Br.     (Ophris.  MX.}     Tway-blade. 

St.  2-leaved,  the  leaves  opposite,  deltoid-subcordate,  acute ;  roc.  few-flow- 
ered ;  lip  linear,  2-toothed  at  base,  deeply  bifid,  with  divaricate  and  acute  seg- 
ments ;  column  very  short. — Root  fibrous.  Stem  4 — 8'  high,  furrowed.  Leaves 
£ — f  diam.,  sessile,  about  half  way  up  the  stem.  Flowers  minute,  greenish- 
purple,  10 — 15,  in  a  short  raceme.  A  delicate  little  plant,  in  woods  and  sphag- 
nous  swamps,  among  mountains,  &c.,  N.  States  and  Brit.  Am.  July,  Aug. 

2.  L.  coNVALLARiolDEs.  Nutt.    (Epipactis.  Sw.) 

St.  2-leaved,  the  leaves  opposite,  roundish-ovate ;  roc.  few-flowered,  loose, 
pubescent;  sep.  ovate-lanceolate;  lip  oblong,  2-toothed  at  base,  with  2  roundish 
lobes  and  an  intermediate  minute  one  at  the  apex ;  column  elongated. — Car.  to 
Arc.  Am.  Root  fibrous.  Stem  very  slender,  5 — 10'  high,  sheathed  with  a  few 
bracts  bearing  the  2  leaves  near  the  middle.  Leaves  near  an  inch  long,  f  as 
wide.  Flowers  small,  the  broad,  obcordate  lip  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals.  May. 

SECTION  4.  Lateral  anthers  fertile ;  the  middle  one  sterile  and  pe- 

taloid. 

14.  CYPRIPEDIUM. 

Gr.  Kvtrpts,  Venus,  JTO&OV,  a  slipper;  from  the  slipper-like  form  of  the  lip. 

The  2  lower  sepals  united  into  1  segment,  or  rarely,  distinct ;  lip 
ventricose,  inflated,  saccate,  obtuse ;  column  terminated  by  a  peta- 
loid  lobe  (barren  stamen). — Fls.  large,  very  showy,  distinguished  for 
the  large,  inflated  lower  petal  or  lip. 

1.  C.  CANDIDUM.  Willd.     White-flowered-  Ladies' -slipper. 

St.  leafy ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate ;  fl.  terminal,  solitary ;  sep.  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  lower  scarcely  bifid  at  apex ;  pet.  lance-linear,  longer 
than  the  compressed  lip  ;  lobe  of  the  style  lanceolate,  rather  obtuse. — Borders 


in  length.     Petals  and  sepals  nearly  2'.     May. 

2.  C.  ACAULE.  Ait.     (C.  humile.  Sw.  7)     Acaulescent  Ladies' -slipper. 
Scape  leafless,   1-flowered ;  Ivs.  2,  radical,  elliptic-oblong,  rather  acute ; 

lobe  of  the  column  roundish-rhomboidal,  acuminate,  deflexed ;  pet.  lanceolate ; 
lip  longer  than  the  petals,  cleft  before. — A  beautiful  plant,  in  dark  woods,  Car. 
to  Arc.  Am.  Leaves  large,  plaited  and  downy.  Scape  10 — 14'  high,  with  a 
single  lanceolate  bract  at  the  base  of  the  large,  solitary  flower.  Sepals  £'  long, 
the  two  lower  completely  united  into  a  broad  lanceolate  one  beneath  the  lip. 
Petals  lateral,  wavy.  Lip  2'  by  1',  purple,  forming  the  most  showy  part  of  the 
flower.  May,  June. 

3.  C.  PARVIFLORUM.  Salisb.     Yellmo  Ladies' -slipper. 

St.  Leafy;  Ivs.  broad-lanceolate,  acuminate;  lode  of  the  column  triangular- 
oblong,  acute ;  sep.  ovate,  oblong,  acuminate ;  pet.  long,  linear,  contorted ;  lip 
shorter  than  the  petals,  compressed. — Woods  and  meadows,  Newf.  to  Car. 
Stems  usually  several  from  the  same  root,  about  a  foot  high.  Leaves  3—6' 


538  CXLVII.    AMARYLLIDACE.E.  AMARYLLIS. 

by  2—3',  veined,  alternate,  clasping,  pubescent.  Flower  mostly  solitary.  Seg- 
ments 4,  greenish,  with  purple  stripes  and  spots,  the  lower  one  bifid,  composed 
of  2  united  sepals,  the  two  lateral  ones  2—3'  by  $',  waved  and  twisted.  Lip  a 
large,  inflated  sac,  bright  yellow,  spotted  inside,  with  a  roundish  aperture 
above.  May,  June. 

/?.  pubescent.  Leaves  lanceolate ;  lobe  of  the  column  obtuse.  The  flowers 
somewhat  smaller.  Meriden,  N.  EL 

4.  C.  SPECTABILE.  Sw.     Showy  Ladics'-slipper. 

St.  leafy ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  lobe  of  the  column  elliptic- 
cordate,  obtuse  ;  sep.  broad-ovate,  obtuse  ;  lip  longer  than  the  petals,  cleft  before. 
— A  tall,  superb  species,  found  in  swamps,  Can.  to  Ky.  and  Car.  Stem  thick, 
2  feet  or  more  high,  hairy-.  Leaves  6 — 10'  by  2 — 4',  veined,  plaited,  hairy. 
Flowers  2 — 3  on  each  plant,  very  large.  Lip  white,  striped  with  purple,  2' 
long,  1£  broad;  upper  segment  largest,  lower  one  smaller,  composed  of  2  sepals 
completely  united.  July. 

5.  C.  ARiETlNUM.  Ait.    (Arietinum  Americanum.  Beck.}   JRam's-head. 
St.  leafy ;  Ivs.  elliptical,  stri ate- veined ;  sep.  3,  distinct  (the  2  lower  not 

united),  linear-lanceolate,  the  upper  oblong-ovate,  acuminate;  2  lateral  pet. 
linear;  lip  as  long  as  the  petal,  saccate,  obconic.-— In  damp  woods,  Can., 
Maine,  Vt.  Stems  usually  clustered,  flexuous,  8 — 12'  high,  lower  part  sheath- 
ed. Leaves  3—5,  2 — 3'  by  J — 1',  sessile,  amplexicaul.  Flower  mostly  solitary, 
with  a  leafy  bract  at  base.  Segments  about  equal  in  length,  the  upper  one  as 
broad  as  the  other  4  together.  The  singular  form  of  the  lip  readily  suggests 
the  name  of  this  curious  plant.  May. 

ORDER  CXLYII.     AMAEYLLIDACE^B.— AMARYLLIDS. 

Herbs,  perennial.    Leaves  parallel- veined. 

Fls.  snowy,  almost  always  either  yellow  or  white,  often  on  scapes  and  with  spathaceous  bracts. 

Perianth  mostly  regular,  adherent  to  the  ovary,  colored,  consisting  of  3  sepals  and  3  petals. 

Sta.  6,  arising  from  the  perianth  segments.    Anthers  introrse. 

Ova.  3-celled,  the  cells  many-ovuled  (sometimes  l— 2-ovuled).    Style  1.    Stig.  3-lobed. 

Fr.  a  3-celled  capsule  or  berry.    Seeds  with  fleshy  albumen. 

Genera  68,  species  400,  chiefly  tropical  plants,  most  abundant  in  Brazil  and  S.  Africa.  Very  few  are 
found  in  our  climate. 

Properties.— A  few  of  the  Amaryllidaceas  possess  poisonous  properties,  which  is  very  rare  among  the 
Endogens.  The  Hottentots  are  said  to  poison  their  arrows  by  dipping  them  in  the  viscid  juice  of  the 
bulbs  of  Hffimanthus  toxicarius.  The  bulbs  of  Narcissus  poeticus,  and  other  species,  are  emetic.  The 
fermented  juice  of  the  Agave  forms  the  intoxicating  palqtie  of  the  Mexicans.  Many  are  highly  orna- 
mental, and  are  therefore  cultivated. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

( Scape  tall,  with  numerous  flowers.          .....  Agave.         4 

C  Corona  0.  ( Scape  bearing  3—5  small,  yellow  flowers Hypoxis.      5 

<  Corona  of  3  emareinate  segments Galanthus.  3 

Flowers  regular.  (  Corona  monophyllous.  Narcissus     2 

Flowers  irregular.    Stamens  declined Amaryllis,   l 

1.    AMARYLLIS. 

Lat.  Amaryllis,  the  name  of  a  nymph,  from  afiapvcrffu,  to  shine  with  splendor. 

Perianth  irregular,  funnel-shaped,  nodding  ;  filaments  declined, 
arising  from  the  orifice,  unequal  in  proportion  or  direction  ;  seeds 
flat,  numerous. — A  splendid  genus,  with  a  few  native  and  many 
foreign  species. 

1.  A.  ATAMASCO.     Atamasco  Lily. 

Spathe  2-cleft,  acute  ;  /.  pedicefled ;  cor.  campanulate,  with  nearly  equal 
petals,  suberect. — A  pretty  species  found  in  Penn.,  south  to  Carolina,  sometimes 
cultivated.  Leaves  linear,  a  foot  long.  Scape  round,  6'  high.  Spathe  a  little 
colored,  bifid  at  the  summit.  Flower  large,  solitary,  white  and  pink.  Sepals 
acuminate.  June. 

2.  A.  FORMOSISSIMA.  Jacobea  Lily. — Lvs.  radical ;  fls.  nodding,  very  ringent, 
tube  fringed ;  sta.  included  in  the  involute  lower  segments. — A  splendid  flower, 
from  Mexico,  often  grown  with  us  in  large  pots  of  light,  loamy  soil.  Root 
bulbous.  Leaves  thick,  oblong,  narrow.  Scape  a  foot  high.  Spathe  red,  dis- 
closing a  single  large  flower  of  a  fine  dark  red  color.  Jn — Aug. 


AGAVE.  CXLVII.   AMARYLLIDACE^E.  539 

.2.   NARCISSUS. 
Gr.  vapKT),  stupor;  from  the  effects  produced  by  the  smell  of  some  of  the  species  which  are  poisonous. 

Periantli  regular  ;  corona  monophyllous,  funnel-form,  consisting  of 
a  whorl  of  united  sterile  stamens,  within  which  the  fertile  ones  are 
inserted. 

Obs.— A  well  known,  popular  genus,  whose  species  are  easily  cultivated,  many  of  them  very  fragrant 
and  beautiful.  They  have  bulbous  roots,  ensiform  leaves,  and  usually  yellow  flowers,  with  a  long,  com- 
pressed spathe,  opening  on  one  side,  and  deciduous. 

1.  N.  JONQ.UILLA. — Scape   1— 3-flowered;    segments  reflexed,   spatulate;   cup 
(corona)  much  shorter  than  the  segments,  saucer-shaped,  spreading,  crenate. — 
Native  of  Spain.     Scape  a  foot  high,  round,  slender,  bearing  at  the  summit  a 
few  flowers  of  a  rich  yellow,  and  very  fragrant.     May,  Jn. 

2.  N.  POETICUS.     Poet's  Narcissus. — Scape  1-flowered  ;  segments  imbricate  at 
base,  reflexed ;  corona  expanded,  flat,  rotate,  crenulate ;  3  anth.  shorter  than  the 
tube. — Native  of  S.  Europe.     Scape   about  a  foot  high,  leaves  of  the  same 
length.     It  bears  a  single  flower,  which  is  mostly  white,  but  having  the  crown 
singularly  adorned  with  circles  of  crimson,  white  and  yellow.    Jn. 

3.  N.  PSEUDO-NARCISSUS.     Daffodil. — Scape  2-edged,  straight,  striated ;  seg- 
ments sulphur  color ;  corona  with  a  serrate-crenate  orifice. — Native  of  England. 
Root  bulbous.     Leaves  linear,  a  foot  long,  striate,  veined.     Scape  a  foot  high, 
bearing  at  the  top  a  single,  very  large  flower,  with  a  very  long  cup  or  corona. 
April,  May. 

4.  N.  TAZETTA. — Spathe  many-flowered ;  corona  campanulate,  truncate,  shorter 
than  the  petals ;  Ivs.  flat. — Native  of  Spain.   Root  a  large  bulb.    Leaves  smooth, 
sword-shaped.     Scape  naked,  striate,  a  foot  high,  with  10—12  flowers.     Corolla 
white,  cup  a  strong  yellow,  not  fragrant.     April,  May. 

3.   GALANTHUS. 

Gr.  yaXa,  milk,  ai/-&oj;  on  account  of  the  delicate  whiteness  of  the  flower. 

Flowers  spathaceous  ;  sepals  3,  concave  ;  corona  formed  of  3  small, 
emarginate  segments;  stigma  simple. — Ornamental, bulbous  exotics. 

G.  NIVALIS.  Snow-drop. — Lrs.  linear,  radical,  keeled,  acute ;  scape  1-flowered. 
— Native  of  the  Alps,  well  known  in  gardens,  flowering  early  in  Spring.  It  is 
a  small  plant,  half  a  foot  high,  arising  from  a  perennial  bulb,  bearing  a  single, 
large,  nodding  flower  white  as  snow.  Stem  usually  furnished  with  2  long,  nar- 
row leaves  towards  the  top. 

4.   AGAVE. 

Gr.  ayavos,  admirable ;  a  term  eminently  applicable. 

Perianth  tubular,  funnel-form,  adherent  to  the  ovary,  6-parted  ;  sta- 
mens 6,  exserted  ;  anthers  versatile  ;  capsule  ovate,  attenuate  at  each 
end,  obtusely  triangular,  3-celled,  many-seeded. — A  splendid  Ameri- 
can genus.  Root  sometimes  ligneous.  Stem  herbaceous.  Lvs.  mostly 
radical,  rigid,  channeled,  often  spiny.  Panicle  large,  pyramidal. 

1.  A.  VIRGINICA.     False  Aloe. 

Acaulescent,  herbaceous ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  fleshy,  glabrous,  with  car- 
tilaginous serratures  on  the  margin ;  scape  simple,  glabrous,  with  leaf-like  scales 
and  sessile  flowers. — Rocky  banks,  Penn.  to  Ga.  Root  premorse,  tuberous. 
Scape  6f  high,  terete,  glabrous,  loosely  spicate  above.  Radical  leaves  long, 
acute.  Flowers  greenish-yellow,  very  fragrant,  tube  longer  than  the  acute  seg- 
ments. Capsule  roundish,  obscurely  3-angled,  3-furrowed,  3-valved,  3-celled.  Sept. 
2.  A.  AMERICANA.  American  Aloe.  Century  Plant. — Acaulescent ;  Ivs.  spi- 
nose-dentate,  lanceolate,  coriaceous  and  fleshy ;  scape  branched,  lofty  and  arbo- 
rescent; cor.  tube  contracted  in  the  middle ;  pedicel  as  long  as  the  corolla. — The 
largest  of  all  herbaceous  plants,  native  of  tropical  America,  often  cultivated. 
It  is  a  popular  notion  that  it  flowers  but  once  in  a  hundred  years,  but  it  is  known 
to  flower  much  oftener,  according  to  the  culture  it  receives.  Leaves  radical, 
thick,  3—6  or  8f  long,  4 — 12'  wide.  The  scape  arises  from  the  centre  of  the 
40 


540  CXLVIII.    H^EMODORACE^E.  LOPHIOLA. 

mass  of  leaves,  to  the  height  of  15— 25f,  bearing  a  pyramidal  panicle.    Flowers 
yellow.     There  is  a  variety  with  striped  leaves. 

5.   HYPOXIS. 

G-r.  iirw,  under,  o£vs,  sharp;  on  account  of  the  pointed  base  of  the  fruit. 

Spathe  2-leaved  ;  perianth  persistent ;  capsule  elongated,  narrowed 
at  the  base ;  seeds  numerous,  roundish,  with  a  black,  crustaceous  in- 
tegument.— Small,  bulbous,  grass-like  plants,  with  yellow  flowers.  Lvs. 
radical,  linear. 

H.  ERECTA.     Star-grass. 

Pilose  ;  scape  about  4-flowered,  shorter  than  the  linear-lanceolate  leaves. 
— In  woods  and  meadows,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Leaves  all  radical,  6 — 12'  by  3 — 5", 
very  acute.  The  slender,  hairy  scapes,  several  from  the  same  root,  arise  6 — 8'j 
divided  at  top  into  a  sort  of  umbel  with  3 — 5  peduncles  having  each  a  minute, 
subulate  spathe  at  the  base.  Perianth  hairy  and  greenish  without,  yellow 
within ;  segments  oval,  rather  obtuse.  June. 

ORDER  CXLVIII.     HJEMODORACEJE.— BLOODROOTS. 

Herbs  with  fibrous,  perennial  roots  and  perfect  flowers. 

Lvs.  permanent,  ensiform,  equitant,  usually  in  2  ranks.  [cylindrical  tube. 

Perianth  more  or  less  woolly,  adherent,  the  sepals  and  petals  often  indistinguishable,  and  united  into  a 

Sta.  arising  from  the  perianth,  either  3  and  opposite  the  sepals,  or  6. 

Ova.  1  or  3-celled,  cells  1,  2,  or  many-ovuled.    Sty.  and  stig.  simple. 

Fr.— Capsule  covered  with  the  withered  perianth,  valvular,  seldom  indehiscent. 

Sds.  definite  or  indefinite.    Etnbryo  short,  straight,  in  cartilaginous  albumen. 

Genera  13,  species  50,  sparingly  occurring  in  N.  America,  S.  Africa,  New  Holland,  &c.  The  root  of 
Lacnanthes  tinctoria  abounds  in  a  red  coloring  matter.  One  of  the  most  intense  bitters  known  is  Aletiis 
farinosa. 

Conspectus  oftlie  Genera. 

(3 Lacnanthes.  1 

<      ^  Perianth  woolly,  6-parted.      Lophiola.      2 
Stamens  (  6.  ( Perianth  mealy,  6-toothed.     Aletris.          3 

I.   LACNANTHES.     Elliot. 
Gr.  Aa^v/7,  soft  hair,  av$os  ;   in  allusion  to  the  woolly  corollas. 

Perianth  woolly,  tube  adherent ;  calyx  lobes  exterior,  of  3  linear 
sepals,  as  long  as  the  3  lance-oblong  petals ;  stam.  3,  equaling  the 
sepals,  and  opposite  to  them ;  stig.  minutely  2-lobed ;  caps.  3-celled, 
truncated,  many-seeded. — Lvs.  lanceolate-linear.  Fls.  corymbose. 

L.  TINCTORIA.  Ell.     (Dilatris.  Pursh.}     Red-root. 

Swamps  and  borders  of  ponds,  R.  L,  Olneyl  N.  J.  to  Flor.  An  interest- 
ing plant,  with  rush-like  leaves.  Stem  erect,  strict,  18—24'  high,  clothed  with 
white  wool  above.  Leaves  mostly  radical,  fleshy,  3 — 4"  wide  and  nearly  as 
high  as  the  stem.  Cauline  leaves  remote  and  bract-like.  Corymb  terminal, 
close,  15 — 30-flowered.  Flowers  densely  clothed  with  white  wool  outside,  gla- 
brous and  yellow  within.  Anthers  bright  yellow.  Jl. — The  root  is  said  to  be 
employed  in  dyeing. 

2.  LOPHIOLA.    Ker. 

Gr.  AOI//OS,  a  crest ;  alluding  to  the  crested  petals. 

Perianth  half  superior,  6-cleft,  persistent,  woolly ;  petals  narrower 
than  the  sepals,  somewhat  interior  ;  sta.  6  ;  filament  naked  ;  anthers 
erect ;  style  conical,  3-partible  ;  stigma  simple ;  capsule  opening  at 
the  summit,  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded. — Lvs.  ensiform.  Fls. 
corymbose. 

L.  AMERICANA.  Wood.     (L.  aurea.  Ker.    Conostyles.  J5r.)    Golden  Crest- 

flower. — Sandy  swamps,  pine  barrens,  N.  J.     Stem   1 — 2f  high,  erect, 

hoary-tomentose  when  young.     Leaves  glaucous,  narrowly  linear,  two-edged, 

glabrous,  the  lower  and  radical  long,  cauline  2  or  3,  shorter.     Corymb  finally 

much  expanded,  many-flowered.     Corolla  woolly  and  yellow  within,  segments 


IRIS.  CXLIX.   IRIDACE.E.  541 

reflexed,  about  as  long  as  the  stamens.    Capsule  ovate,  dissepiments  arising 
from  the  centre  of  each  valve.    Seeds  white.    July,  Aug. 

3.  ALETRIS. 

G}'.  (aActi'p)  aAaarpoj,  meal;  from  the  powdery  dust  with  which  the  plant  is  covered. 

Perianth  6-cleft,  tubular,  rugose,  persistent ;  stamens  issuing  at  the 
top  of  the  tube,  style  3-sided,  3-partible  ;  capsule  opening  at  top, 
many-seeded. — Lvs.  radical^  rosulate.  Scape  many-flowered. 

1.  A.  FARINOSA.    ("A.  alba.  MX.}    Star-grass.     Colic  Root. 

Lies,  broad-lanceolate ;  fls.  oblong-tubular,  pedicelled ;  perianth  in  fruit 
rugose  or  mealy  in  appearance. — Grows  in  low  grounds,  in  most  of  the  States. 
Root  premorse,  intensely  bitter.  Scape  20 — 30'  high,  with  remote  scales  or 
bracts,  and  surrounded  at  base  with  a  circle  of  lanceolate,  sessile  leaves.  These 
are  3 — 4'  long,  j  as  wide,  and  lie  flat  upon  the  ground.  Flowers  in  a  long, 
thin  raceme.  Perianth  white.  £'  long,  on  very  short  pedicels,  rugose  without 
when  old.  Medicinal.  July. 

2.  A.  AUREA.  Walt.     Yellow^  Aletris. 

Lvs.  lanceolate  ;  fls.  subsessile  ;  perianth  short,  tubular-campanulate,  yel- 
low, finally  rugose  and  very  scabrous. — In  the  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  to  Car., 
abundant.  Scarcely  distinct  from  the  preceding.  Torrey.  Scape  2 — 3f  high, 
with  few,  yellow  flowers  in  the  spicate  raceme.  Leaves  all  radical.  Jl.,  Aug. 

ORDER  CXLIX.     IRIDACEJE.— IRIDS. 

Herbs  perennial,  arising  from  bulbs,  corms  or  rhizomas,  rarely  from  fibrous  roots. 

Lvs.  equitant,  mostly  distichous.    Fls.  with  spathaceous  bracts. 

Per.— Tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  limb  6  parted,  colored,  in  2  often  unequal  series. 

Sta.  3,  alternate  with  the  3  petals.    Anthers  2-celled,  extrorse. 

Ova.  3-celled,  many-ovuled.    Style  i.    Stigmas  3,  dilated  or  petaloid.  [albumen. 

JFV.— Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  with  loculicidal  dehiscence.    Seeds  numerous,  with  hardened,  fleshy 

Genera  53,  species  550,  chiefly  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  or  of  the  middle  of  Europe  or  N.  Amer. 

Properties  —More  remarkable  for  their  beauty  than  their  utility.  Some  of  them  are  cathartic,  as  Iris 
tuberosa.  The  aromatic  orris  root  is  the  dried  rhizoma  of  Iris  florentina  of  3.  Europe.  Saffron  consist* 
of  the  dried  orange-colored  stigmas  of  Crocus  sativus. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

Stamens  distinct.  Iris.  1 


Petals  smaller  than  the  sepals.  £  Stamens  united. 

$  Tube  short. 

$  suberect.  (  Tube  very  long. 

regular.  I  Petals  and  sepals  subequal,  £  spreading.flat.    Tube  short. 
Flowers  ( irregular.    Seeds  winged 


Tigridia.          4 
Lcia.  2 

Crocus.  6 

Sisyrinctiium.  5 
Gladiolus.         3 


1.  IRIS. 

Named  from  the  Greek,  signifying  rainbow;  on  account  of  the  varied  color  of  the  flowers. 

Sepals  3,  reflexed,  larger  than  the  3  erect  petals ;  stamens  dis- 
tinct ;  style  short  or  0 ;  stigmas  petaloid,  covering  the  stamens.— 
Lvs.  mostly  ensiform. 

1.  I.  VERSICOLOR.     Blue  Flag. 

St.  terete,  flexuous ;  Ivs.  ensiform ;  fls.  beardless ;  ova.  triangular,  with 
concave  sides  and  roundish  angles. — Grows  in  wet  grounds,  (U.  S.  and  Can.,) 
where  its  large,  blue  flowers  are  conspicuous  among  the  grass.  Rhizoma  large, 
horizontal,  acrid.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  acute  on  one  side,  often  branched  and  bear- 
ing several  flowers.  Leaves  a  foot  long,  \ — 1'  wide,  erect,  sheathing  at  base. 
Sepals  spatulate,  purple,  the  claw  variegated  with  green,  yellow  and  white, 
with  purple  lines.  Petals  erect,  paler,  a  little  shorter  than  the  stigmas.  Style 
short,  bearing  3  petaloid  stigmas  which  are  reflexed  and  bifid  at  the  end,  purple 
or  violet,  concealing  the  stamens  beneath.  Anther  oblong ;  seeds  flat.  June. 

0.  sulcata  (  Torr.}  St.  nearly  straight ;  pet.  longer  than  the  stigmas ;  angles 
of  tfue  ovary  sulcate. 

2.  I.  FRisMATiCA.  Pursh.     (I.  Virginica.   Torr.)    Boston  Iris. 

St.  round,  slender,  few-flowered ;  Ivs.  linear,  long ;  fls.  beardless ;  ova.  tri- 
angular, the  side  doubly  grooved. — In  similar  situations  with  the  last,  readily 


542  CXLIX.   IRIDACE^E.  TIGRIDIA. 

distinguished  by  its  very  slender  habit.  Mass. !  to  N.  J.  Rhizoma  fleshy.  Stem 
smooth,  1 — 2"  in  cliam.,  1 — 2f  high,  branching  at  top  and  bearing  2 — 6  flowers. 
Bracts  at  the  base  of  the  branches  withering.  Leaves -few,  alternate,  grass- 
like,  6 — 10'  long,  amplexicaul.  Sepals  narrow,  yellow,  edged  with  purple. 
Petals  linear-lanceolate.  June. 

3.    I.    LACUSTRTS.    Nutt. 

Lvs.  ensiform,  longer  than  the  low,  compressed,  1-flowered  scape ;  seg. 
of  the  perianth  nearly  equal,  obtuse,  emarginate,  the  sepals  scarcely  crested ; 
caps,  turbinate,  3-sided,  margined. — Islands  of  Lake  Huron,  near  Mackinaw, 
Nuttall.  Roots  extensively  creeping.  Leaves  2 — 5'  by  3 — 4",  those  of  the  scape 
bract-like.  Scape  1 — 2'  high.  Flowers  pale  blue,  the  sepals  rather  broader.  Jn. 

4.  I.  SAMBUCINA.    Flower-de-lAice.  Fr.,  Fleur-de-lis. — St.  many-flowered,  longer 
than  the  leaves ;  segments  of  the  perianth  emarginate,  outer  ones  flat ;  Ivs.  bent 
inwards  at  ihe  point ;  spathe  membranaceous  at  the  apex  ;  fls.  beardless,  lower 
ones  pedunculate  ;  stig.  with  acute,  serrate  divisions. — Native  of  the  South  of 
Europe.     Common  in  gardens.     The  prevailing  color  of  the  flower  is  light 
blue,  often  fading  to  white.     May.  f 

5.  I.  FUMILA.     Dwarf  Iris. — Scape  very   short   (3 — 6'),    1-flowered ;    spatke 
shorter  than  the  tube  j  sep.  reflexed,  narrower  than  the  erect  petals. — A  small 
species  from  Hungary,  cultivated  in  the  edgings  of  walks.     Leaves  numerous, 
broad-ensiform,  suberect.  Flowers  large,  deep  purple,  appearingin  early  spring.-f 

6.  1.  OCHROLEUCA. — Beardless ;  Ivs.  ensiform,  depressed,  striate  ;  scape  subte- 
rete  ;  ova.  6-angled. — A  tall  species  from  Levant.     Stem  3— 4f  high.     Flowers 
ochroleucous  or  sulphur-yellow.     July,  f 

7.  I.  CHINENSIS.      China    Iris. — Scape  compressed,  many-flowered ;   stigmas 
lacerated.     A  small  species  from  China.     Flowers  elegantly  striped.     A  few 
other  species  are  rarely  cultivated  in  gardens,  f 

2.  IX  I  A. 
CrT.  t|os,  sticky  ;  alluding  to  the  glutinous  juice  of  some  species. 

Spathe  of  2  or  3,  ovate,  short  bracts  ;  petals  and  sepals  distinct  or 
slightly  united,  similar,  regular ;  sta.  3  ;  filaments  filiform ;  stigma 
straight  or  incurved,  fixed  by  the  base,  subfiliform. 

1.  CHINENSIS. — St.  terete,  flexuous,  leafy;  Ivs.  ensiform,  vertical,  sheathing; 
panicle  somewhat  dichotomous  and  corymbose ;  perianth  campanulate,  segments 
6,  lance-linear. — Native  of  S.  Africa,  frequent  in  gardens,  Western  and  South- 
ern States.  Whole  plant  smooth,  3 — 5f  high.  Leaves  erect,  tapering  to  an 
acute  point.  Flowers  yellow,  spotted  with  red  inside,  about  \'  long.  Jl.,  Aug.  -f 

3.   GLADIOLUS. 

Lat.  gladius,  a  sword ;  in  reference  to  the  form  of  the  leaves. 

Spathe  2-leaved  ;  perianth  irregular  ;  stamens  distinct,  ascending  ; 
stigmas  3  ;  seeds  winged. — A  large  genus  of  bulbous  plants^  with  large 
and  showy  flowers.  None  native. 

G.  COMMUNIS. — Spike  unilateral ;  upper  segment  of  the  perianth  covered  by  the 
lateral  ones.  3  lower  marked  by  a  white,  linear-lanceolate  spot,  lowest  very 
large. — A  fine  border  flower,  from  S.  Europe.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  with  the  flow- 
ers arranged  in  a  long,  somewhat  spiral  row  upon  it.  Perianth  large,  deep  red, 
variegated  with  white.  Its  colors  are  liable  to  considerable  variation.  Jl.  -f 

4.    TIGRIDIA. 

Name  in  reference  to  the  large  spotted  flowers. 

Spathe  2-leaved  ;  the  3  sepals  larger  than  the  3  petals ;  stamens 
monadelphous ;  filaments  united  into  a  long  tube. 

T.  PAVONIA.  Tiger  Flower. — St.  simple,  flexuous;  Ivs.  ensiform,  veined; 
segments  flat ;  pet.  panduriform. — A  superb,  bulbous  plant,  with  large,  beautiful 
flowers,  native  of  Mexico  and  Peru.  Stem  2f  high  or  more,  erect,  round,  leafy, 
somewhat  branched.  Leaves  erect,  smooth,  a  foot  long.  Flower  inodorous, 


DIOSCOREA.  CL.     DIOSCOREACE^.  543 

5 — 6'  broad,  yellow,  variegated  with  scarlet,  crimson  and  purple.  It  is  very 
evanescent,  lasting  but  a  few  hours,  but  a  new  one  appears  daily  for  several 
weeks.  It  ripens  seeds,  from  which,  or  from  offsets,  it  may  be  increased.  Jl. — Sept.f 

5.   SISYRINCHIUM. 

Gr.  avs,  a  hog,  and  pvyx°s>  a  snout;  alluding  to  the  singular  spathe. 

Spathe  2-leaved ;  segments  of  the  perianth  flat,  equal ;  stamens 
monadelphous ;  stigma  3-cleft. — "A-  Grass-like  plants,  with  compressed, 
ancipital  scapes. 

1.  S.  ANCEPS.     (S.  gramineum.  Lam.}    Blue-eyed  Grass. 

Scape  simple,  winged;  valves  of  the  spathe  unequal,  the  longer  scarcely 
equaling  the  flowers;  pet.  mucronate. — A  delicate  little  plant,  with  blue  flowers, 
common  in  low  grass-lands,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  or  scape  10 — 12'  high,  so 
winged  as  to  resemble  the  leaves,  smooth  and  mostly  simple.  Leaves  linear, 
about  as  long  as  the  scape,  sheathing  at  base.  Spathe  2 — 5-flowered,  the  longer 
valve  acuminate.  Flowers  purple  or  blue,  on  filiform  pedicels.  Sepals  a  little 
broader  than  the  petals,  spreading.  Capsules  globose.  Jn.  Jl. 
2.  S.  MUCRONATUM.  Michx.  Blue-eyed  Grass. 

Scape  simple,  subsetaceous ;  spathe  colored,  outer  valve  longer  than  the 
flowers,  ending  in  a  long,  mucronate  point. — Middle  States,  W.  to  Ky.  Found 
in  wet  meadows,  where  the  grass  is  not  luxuriant. '  Leaves  radical,  a  line  wide. 
Scape  6 — 10'  high,  narrowly  winged,  setaceously  slender.  Spathe  of  2  very 
unequal  valves,  3 — 4-flowered,  tinged  with  purple.  Flowers  smaller  than  in 
the  preceding,  of  a  fine  blue  color.  Jn. 

6.   CROCUS. 

Named  from  the  youth  Crocus,  who,  according  to  Grecian  mythology,  was  changed  into  this  flower. 

Perianth  funnel-form,  the  segments  united  at  base  into  a  long  and 
slender  tube  ;  stigma  3-cleft,  convolute,  crested. — Spathe  radical,  1 — 2- 
leaved,  thin,  transparent.  The  long  tube  of  the  flower  nearly  or  quite  ses- 
sile upon  the  bulb.  After  flowering,  the  ovary  arises  from  the  ground 
by  the  growth  of  the  scape,  to  ripen  its  seeds  in  the  sun. 

1.  C.  SATIVUS.     Saffron. — Lvs.  linear,  revolute  at  the  margins;  stig. 3-parted, 
as  long  as  the  corolla,  reflexed. — From  Asia.     Stem  bulbous.     Leaves  radical, 
with  a  longitudinal,  white  furrow  above.    -Flower  nearly  or  quite  sessile  on  the 
bulb,  with  a  long,  white  tube,  and  purple,  elliptical  segments.     Stigmas  long, 
emarginate,  exsert,  of  a  deep  orange-color.     Its  virtues,  both  medicinal  and 
coloring,  reside  chiefly  in  the  large  stigmas.     Sept.— A  variety,  perhaps  the 
most  common,  has  yellow  perianths.  £ 

2.  C.  VERNUS.     Spring   Crocus. — Stig.  included  within  the  flower,  with  3, 
short,  wedge-shaped  segments. — Native  of  the  Alps.     Stem  bulbous.     Scape  an 
inch  or  two  high,  3-sided.     Flowers  vary  in  color,  generally  purple,  often  yel- 
low or  white  ;  tube  very  long,  slender,  gradually  enlarged  upwards,  closed  at  the 
mouth  with  a  circle  of  hairs,  limb  campanulate,  much  shorter  than  the  tube. 
Anthers  yellow,  sagittate.     Flowers  in  March  or  April.     The  Crocus  is  propa- 
gated in  gardens  chiefly  by  bulbs,  j- 

ORDER  CL.     DIOSCOREACEJE.— YAM  ROOTS. 

Shmbs,  twining.    Lvs.  usually  alternate  and  reticulate-veined. 

Fls  dioecious     Perianth  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary  ;  segments  ot  limb  6,  in  2  series. 

Sterile.— Sta.  6,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  sepals  and  petals. 

fertile..— Ova.  3-celled.  cells  i— 2-ovuled.    Style*  and  stigmas  nearly  distinct. 

jy .—capsule  3-winged,  compressed,  2  of  the  cells  sometimes  abortive. 

Stis.  flat,  compressed.    Embryo  small,  in  cartilaginous  albumen. 

Genera  6,  species  110.  The  only  remarkable  or  useful  product  of  this  order  is  yams,  an  important  article 
of  food  in  all  tropical  countries.  They  are  the  large,  mucilaginous,  sweetish  tubers  of  Dioscorea  saliva,  &c. 

DIOSCOREA. 

In  honor  of  Pedacius  Dioscorides,  a  Greek  Physician  and  florist  of  about  the  reign  of  Nero. 

Flowers  &  9:  styles  of  the  fertile  flowers  3 ;  cells  of  the  capsule 
46* 


544  CLI.    SMIL  ACE  jE.  SMILAX. 

2-seeded ;  seeds  membranaceously  margined.  —  Slender,  shrubby 
climbers,  twining  with  the  sun.  Lvs.  simple  and  palmately  veined  or 
palmately  divided.  Fls.  green,  inconspicuous,  in  axillary  spikes  or 
panicles. 

D.  VILLOSA.    (D.  quaternata.  Ph.}     Yarn  Root. 

L/vs.  broad-ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  9 — 11-veined,  the  margin  entire  or 
wavy,  lower  surface  villose  with  short,  soft  hairs,  upper  surface  glabrous ; 
petioles  elongated,  the  lowest  somewhat  verticillate  in  4s,  the  next  subopposite, 
the  middle  and  upper  alternate  ;  tf  plant  with  the  spikes  paniculate,  9  with  the 
spikes  simple. — A  delicate  twining  vine,  in  thickets  and  hedges,  TJ.  S.  and  Can., 
rare  in  N.  Eng.  Stem  woolly,  smooth,  reddish-brown,  1 — 2"  diam.,  5 — 10 — 
15f  long,  running  over  bushes  and  fences.  Leaves  2 — 4'  long,  f  as  wide,  dis- 
tinctly cordate  and  acuminate.  The  two  outside  veins  in  some  of  the  leaves 
meet  a  little  above  the  base,  in  others  at  the  base — a  character  of  no  value. 
Petioles  2 — 1'  long.  Peduncles  axillary.  Ovaries  at  first  elliptic,  finally  almost 
as  broad  as  long.  June,  July. 

/?.  Iceviuscula.  Wood.  (D.  quaternata.  Pursh.}  L/vs.  smooth  both  sides,  mar- 
gin slightly  wavy  ;  otherwise  indistinguishable  from  variety  a. 

ORDER  CLI.   '  SMILACE^E. — SARSAPARILLAS. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  often  climbing.    Lvs.  reticulate-veined. 

Fls.  dioecious  or  perfect.    Perianth  free  from  the  ovary,  6-parted,  regular. 

Sta.  6,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  segments. 

Ova.  3-celled ;  cells  l  or  many-seeded. 

Fr.— Berry  roundish,  few  or  many-seeded.    Seeds  with  cartilaginous  albumen. 

Genera  2,  species  120,  thinly  disseminated  through  most  countries.  The  diuretic  and  demulcent  sarsa- 
paril/as  are  the  roots  of  several  chiefly  S.  American  species  of  Smilax. 

SMILAX. 

GT.  (r^uAj/,  a  grater ;  the  stems  of  some  species  are  rough  with  prickles. 

Flowers  cT  9  ;  perianth  broad-campanulate.  c?  Anthers  adnate. 
9  Style  minute  ;  stigmas  3  ;  berry  3-celled,  1 — 3-seeded. — %  or 
shrubby,  mostly  climbing  by  stipular  tendrils^  often  prickly.  Lvs.  entire, 
petiolate,  palmately  veined.  Fls.  umbellate. 

*  Stem  shrubby  and  prickly. 

\.  S.  ROTUNDIFOLIA  (and  caduca.  Linn.  S.  quadrangularis.  Ph.} 
St.  terete  or  sub-4-sided,  flexuous,  aculeate,  ligneous,  climbing;  Ivs.  short- 
petiolate,  roundish-ovate,  acuminate,  snbcordate,  a  little  paler  and  glaucous 
beneath,  5 — 7- veined,  glabrous ;  ped.  axillary,  solitary,  many-flowered,  longer 
than  the  petioles ;  berries  black,  glaucous. — A  strong,  thorny  vine,  extending 
10 — 40f  in  hedges  and  thickets,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  woody,  smooth,  except 
the  scattered  thorns  which  proceed  from  the  wood.  Branches  4-angled.  Leaves 
2—3'  by  1} — 3',  cordate  or  tapering  at  base.  Tendrils  strong,  from  the  top  of 
the  wings  of  the  petioles.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  in  small,  axillary  umbels. 
Berries  round,  black.  June. 

/3.  caduca,.   '  Smaller,  with  ovate  leaves  shorter  than  the  peduncles. 

y.  quadrangularis.     St.  unarmed  above,  obtusely  4-angled  ;  Ivs.  ovate. 

2.  S,  SARSAPARILLA.     Medicinal  Sarsaparilla. 

11  St.  slightly  4-angled,  aculeate  above;  Ivs.  unarmed,  elliptical-ovate, 
cuspidate,  abrupt,  3-veined,  glaucous  beneath;  ped.  longer  than  the  short  peti- 
oles."— In  swampy  thickets,  Penn.  to  Car.  Pursh.  Root  long,  slender,  with  a 
thick  bark  brown  externally,  white  within.  Stem  stout,  somewhat  flexuous, 
armed  with  a  few  scattered,  hooked  prickles.  Leaves  finally  nearly  orbicular, 
2 — 3'  diam.,  abruptly  contracted  at  each  end,  with  3  strong  veins  and  2  lateral 
smaller  secondary  ones.  Petioles  short,  margined,  with  2  tendrils.  Flowers 
in  small,  thin  umbels,  yellowish-white.  Berries  (red,  Woodville,  black,  Pursh.} 
3-seeded. 

3.  S.  LAURIFOLIA.     Laurel-leaved  Green  Brier. 

St.  aculeate,  terete,  branches  unarmed;  Ivs.  coriaceous,  oval-lanceolate, 


TRILLIUM.  CLII.    TRILLIACE^E.  545 

slightly  acuminate,  3-veined;  umbels  on  very  short  peduncles,  which  are 
arranged  alternately  on  a  common  rachis. — N.  J.  to  Ga.  A  vigorous,  evergreen 
climber,  ascending  trees  to  a  great  height.  Stem  with  few  scattered  prickles. 
Leaves  numerous,  very  thick  and  smooth.  Raceme  of  umbels  longer  than  the 
leaves,  peduncles  shorter  than  the  ultimate  pedicels.  Jn. — Aug. 

4.  S.  PANDURATUS.  Pursh.    (S.  tamnoides.  Ell.) 

St.  branched,  terete,  aculeate ;  Ivs.  ovate,  somewhat  pandurifonn,  acumi- 
nate, cordate,  3-veined ;  ped.  twice  as  long  as  the  petioles ;  umbel  many-flow- 
ered ;  berries  black. — In  sandy  woods,  N.  J.  to  Car.  Stem  twining,  6 — 12f. 
Leaves  smooth  and  shining  both  sides,  with  shallow  depressions  or  sinuses  on 
each  edge.  July. 

*  Stems  shrubby,  unarmed. 

5.  S.  PSEUDO-CHINA. 

St.  terete,  unarmed ;  caidine  Ivs.  ovate,  cordate,  ramial  ovate-oblong, 
all  5- veined,  on  short  petioles;  ped.  very  long. — Sandy  woods,  N.  J.  to 
Car.,  W.  to  Ohio.  Root  large,  tuberous.  Stem  purplish-brown,  very  smooth, 
branching  and  climbing  by  tendrils  which  arise  from  the  base  of  the  petioles. 
Leaves  2—4'  by  1 — 2',  slightly  hispid  on  the  veinlets  beneath.  Peduncles  lon- 
ger than  the  leaves.  May,  Jn. 

*  *  *  Stem  herbaceous. 

6.  S.  HERBACEA.     (S.  pedunculata.  Muhl.} 

St.  herbaceous,  unarmed,  angular,  erect,  or  inclining ;  Ivs.  ovate,  7—9- 
veined,  cuspidate;  umbels  on  long  peduncles.  A  coarse,  smooth,  ill-scented 
plant,  in  thickets  and  low  grounds,  N.  Eng.  to  Ky.  and  Wise. !  Stem  slightly 
angled,  3 — 6  or  8f  high,  usually  nodding  with  its  slender  summit  and  few  small 
branches,  and  leaning  on  other  plants  or  on  each  other.  Leaves  2 — 4'  by  1J — 3, 
often  roundish,  paler  beneath,  the  petioles  winged  at  base  and  producing  a  long, 
slender  tendril  from  the  top  of  each  wing.  Fertile  umbels  simple,  about  40- 
flowered,  on  peduncles  6 — 8'  long,  those  of  the  sterile  umbels  shorter.  Flowers 
yellowish-green,  diffusing  about  the  plant  an  intolerably  offensive  and  sicken- 
ing odor.  Berries  dark  blue.  Jn. 
/?.  St.  more  generally  climbing  by  its  tendrils ;  Ivs.  broadly  ovate,  subcordate. 

7.  S.    LASIONEURON.    Hook. 

St.  terete,  climbing,  subsimple,  unarmed ;  Ivs.  oblong,  broadly  ovate,  cor- 
date, rounded  and  mucronate  at  apex,  7-veined,  glaucous  and  hispid-pubescent 
on  the  veinlets  beneath,  glabrous  and  green  above ;  ped.  a  little  longer  than  the 
petioles,  many-flowered;  tendrils  from  the  base  of  the  petioles. — Green  Co., 
Ind. !  also  Can.  Stem  3 — 6f  high.  Peduncle  much  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
which  are  often  about  4£'  by  3'.  v 

ORDER  CLII.     TKILLIACEJE.— TRILLIADS. 

Herbs  with  simple  stems,  tuberous  roots  and  verticillate,  net-veined  leaves. 

Fls. 'large,  terminal,  solitaryrperfect,  trimerous,  rarely  tetramerous. 

Cal.— Sepals  3,  green  or  herbaceous.     Cor.— Petals  3,  larger  than  the  sepals,  colored  or  herbaceous. 

Sta.  6—10.    Fit.  subulate.    Anth.  linear,  with  cells  on  their  edges  and  the  connectile  extended. 

Ova.  free,  3— 5-celled.    Sty.  distinct.    Stig:  small.     Ovu'es  00,  in  2  rows,  ascending. 

Fr.  succulent,  3— 5-celled.    Sds.  00.    Embryo  minute,  in  fleshy  albumen. 

Genera  4,  species  30,  in  woodlands,  temperate  parts  of  Europe,  Asia  and  N.  America.    The  roots  of 
some  species  are  emetic. 

Genera. 

$ in  one  whorl.      Trillium.  1 
Leaves  { in  two  whorls.    Medeola.    2 

TRILLIUM.     Miller. 

Lat.  trilix,  triple ;  because  the  sepals,  petals,  carpels,  cells,  stigmas  and  leaves  are  in  3s. 

Perianth  deeply  6-parted,  in  2  distinct  series,  outer  of  3  sepals, 
inner  of  3  colored  petals  ;  stamens  nearly  equal ;  stigmas  sessile, 
distinct  or  approximate  ;  berry  3-celled  ;  cells  many-seeded. — ^ 
Stem  simple.  '  Lvs.  3,  ivhorled  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  reticulate-palmate- 
veined.  Fls.  solitary^  terminal. 


546  CLII.    TRILLIACE.E.  TRILLIUM. 

1.  T.  SESSILE.     Sessile-flowered  Trillium. 

Los.  broad-ovate  or  suborbicular,  rather  acute,  sessile  ;  fl.  closely  sessile, 
erect;  sep.  erect,  ovate-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  acute;  pet.  linear-lanceolate, 
purple,  a  third  longer  than  the  sepals ;  anth.  long,  erect. — A  small  species  in 
fertile  soils,  Middle,  Western  (dark !  Plummer /)  and  Southern  States.  Rhi- 
zoma  horizontal,  thick.  Stem  b — 8'  high,  slender.  Leaves  rather  thick,  1£ — 2£' 
by  1 — 2',  smooth  and  entire.  Sepals  green,  about  8"  by  3",  the  petals  narrower 
and  much  longer,  dark  purple.  Apr.  May. 

2.  T.  RECURVATUM.  Beck. 

Lvs.  ovate  or  obovate,  attenuated  to  a  petiole,  acute ;  fl.  closely  sessile  ; 
pet.  lanceolate-ovate,  very  acute,  attenuate  at  base,  erect,  as  long  as  the  recurved 
sepals. — A  small  Trillium  quite  distinct,  although  allied  to  the  last,  in  shady 
woods,  Wis.,  Lapham !  111.,  Jenney!  Mo.,  Beck.  Stem  8 — 10'  high,  rather  thick. 
Leaves  2 — 2j'  by  1£ — 2',  with  distinct,  short  petioles.  Petals  purple,  and  with 
the  green,  reflexed  sepals  about  1'  long.  May. 

3.  T.  ERYTHROCARPUM.  Michx.     (T.  pictum.  Ph.}     Smiling  Wake-robin. 
Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  rounded  at  base,  abruptly  petioled ;  ped.  erect ;  pet. 

lanceolate-ovate,  recurved,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals. — Can.  to  Ga.  A  beauti- 
ful flower,  adorning  our  woods  in  May  and  June.  Stem  8 — 12'  high,  with  a 
whorl  of  3  broad-ovate  leaves  at  top.  These  are  3- veined,  rounded  at  base,  long 
acuminate,  3 — 4'  long,  §  as  wide,  petiole  2 — 3"  long.  Flower  nearly  erect. 
Petals  wavy  at  the  edges,  white,  finely  radiated  with  purple  lines  at  base.  The 
root  is  considered  medicinal. 

/?.  Cleavelandicum.  Wood.  (T.  Cleavelandicum.  Swallow .')  -Sep.  developed 
into  leaves,  which  are  but  little  smaller  than  the  true  leaves;  pet.  6,  the  3  outer 
but  partly  colored.  Otherwise  as  in  a. — Brunswick,  Me. !  This  is  probably  a 
metamorphosis ;  but  Mr.  S.  has  gathered  it  three  years  in  succession,  and  also 
finds  it  thus  far  unaltered  when  cultivated  from  the  root.  Its  claims  to  the 
rank  of  a  species  must  be  tested  by  plants  reared  from  the  seeds.  ( Dr.  T. 
Richard  comm.) 

4.  T.  PUSILLUM.  Michx.     (T.  pumilum.  Ph.} 

Lvs.  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  sessile ;  ped.  erect ;  pet.  scarcely  longer  than  the 
calyx. — Penn.,  Muhlenberg.  A  very  small  species.  Petals  flesh-colored.  This 
plant  appears  to  be  lost  to  the  later  botanists. 

5.  T.  NIVALE.  Riddell.     Snowy  Trillium. 

Rt.  tuberous,  premorse ;  st.  low ;  Ivs.  ovate  or  oval,  rather  obtuse,  distinctly 
and  abruptly  petiolate;  /.  short,  pedunculate,  erect;  pet.  spatulate-obovate, 
obtuse,  white,  one-third  longer  than  the  calyx. — The  smallest  species  here 
described,  in  stony  or  dry  fields,  Ohio,  Clark!  Wis.,  Lapham!  Stem  2 — 4'  high, 
from  a  thick,  tuberous  root.  Leaves  8— 18"  by  5— 12",  petioles  2— 4",  about 
equaling  the  peduncle.  Sepals  green,  much  narrower  than  the  snowy  petals 
which  are  about  8"  by  4".  Mar.  Apr. 

6.  T.  PENDULUM.  Muhl.     (T.  cernuum.  Dart.,  Ph.,'fyc.}    Drooping  Tril- 
lium.— Lvs.  suborbicular-rhomboidal,  abruptly  acuminate,  shortly  petio- 

liate ;  fl.  cernuous,  on  a  recurved  peduncle. — A  large  species,  with  a  small 
flower,  Mid.  and  W.  States !  Stem  slender,  10— 15'  high.  Leaves  3 — 5'  diam., 
nearly  round,  on  petioles  1"  long.  Flower  white,  pendulous  beneath  the  leaves. 
Peduncle  1 — 2£'  long.  Sepals  green,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  1'  long. 
Petals  oblong-ovate,  acute,  1%'  by  J',  white.  Stigmas  erect,  recurved  at  top, 
lower  part  styloid  (or  styles  3,  erect,  with  recurved  stigmas  !).  May,  Jn. 

7..  T.  ERECTUM.    (T.  atropurpureum.  Curt.}    Bath  Flower. 

Lvs.  rhomboidal,  acuminate,  sessile;  ped.  inclining;  fl.  nodding;  pet. 
scarcely  longer,  but  much  broader  than  the  sepals. — A  conspicuous  plant  in 
woods,  of  fine  appearance,  but  of  an  intolerably  offensive  odor.  At  the  top  of 
the  stem,  which  is  a  foot  high,  is  a  whorl  of  3  leaves  which  are  3-veined,  3 — 5' 
long,  of  equal  width,  and  a  single,  nodding  flower,  on  a  nearly  erect  peduncle. 
Petals  broad-ovate,  an  inch  long,  twice  as  wide  as  the  sepals  and  of  a  dusky 
purple,  greenish  outside.  May. 


TULIPA.  CLIII.   LILIACE^.  547 

#.  Fls.  white  and  much  smaller.  —  N.  Y.,  &c. 

y.  Ms.  white  and  somewhat  larger.  —  Western  States  ! 

8.  T.  GRANDIFLORUM.  Salisb.  Large-flowering  Trillium. 
Lvs.  broadly  rhomboid-ovate,  sessile,  abruptly  acuminate  ;  ped.  inclined  ; 
fl.  suberect  ;  pet.  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  spatulate-oblanceolate,  connivent 
at  base.  —  Damp,  rocky  woods,  Mid.,  S.  and  W.  States,  abundant.  Stem  8  —  12' 
high.  Leaves  3  —  5'  diam.  Flower  larger  than  in  any  of  the  preceding  species. 
Petals  1£  —  2'  in  length,  broadest  near  the  apex,  with  a  short,  abrupt  acumina- 
tion,  white,  varying  to  rose-colored.  May. 

2.   MEDEOLA. 
Named  after  the  fabulous  sorceress,  Medea,  for  its  supposed  medicinal  virtues. 

Perianth  deeply  parted  into  6  petaloid,  revolute  segments  ;  stig- 
mas 3.  divaricate,  united  at  base;  berry  3-celled  ;  cells  3  —  6-seecled. 
—  Stem  simple. 

M.  VIRGIXICA.     (Gyromia.  Nutt.}     Cucumber  Root. 

Lvs.  verticillate  in  the  middle  of  the  stem,  3  at  the  top.  —  None  can  but 
admire  the  symmetry  of  its  form.  Rhizoma  white,  fleshy,  tuberous,  thought  to 
resemble  the  cucumber  in  flavor.  Stem  erect,  1  —  2f  high,  invested  with  loose, 
cottony  wool.  Leaves  in  two  whorls,  one  just  above  the  middle  of  the  stem, 
consisting  of  6  —  8  wedge-lanceolate  leaves  (3  —  4'  by  9  —  12")  ;  the  other  at  the 
top,  of  about  3  ovate,  shorter  ones.  Flowers  in  the  upper  whorl,  1,  2  or  3,  pen- 
dulous, with  greenish,  revolute  segments.  The  stigmas  are  very  long,  reflexed, 
dark  red.  July. 

ORDER  CLIII.     LILIACEJE.—  LILYWORTS. 

Herbs  with  parallel-  veined  leaves.    Stems  often  bulbous  or  tuberous  at  base. 

Fls.  perfect,  regular,  generally  large  and  richly  colored. 

Perianth  free  from  ovary,  of  6  segments  (rarely  4),  colored. 

Sta.  6  (rarely  4),  inserted  into  the  sepals  and  petals.    Anthers  introrse. 

Ova.  3-celled,  many-ovuled.    Style?  united  into  1.    Stigma  often  3-lobed. 

Fr.  capsular  or  fleshy,  with  several  or  manyseeds  in  each  cell. 

Sds—  Albumen  fleshy. 

Genera  133,  species  1200,  chiefly  natives  of  temperate  regions.  The  flowers  of  most  are  beautiful,  of 
many  brilliant,  and  of  some  truly  splendid. 

Properties.—  The  order  abounds  in  a  bitter,  stimulant  principle  and  also  in  mucilage.  Some  of  the 
bulbous  species  yield  a  nutritious  diet,  as  the  asparagus,  onion,  garlic.  The  well  known  active  medi- 
cine, squills,  is  the  bulb  of  Scilla  maritima,  of  S.  Europe.  The  various  kinds  of  officinal  aloes,  are  the 
product  of  several  species  of  Aloe.  The  powerful  astringent,  dragon's  blood,  is  the  concentrated  juice  of 
Dracaena  Draco  of  the  Canary  Isles. 


Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 
*  Segments  of  the  perianth  scarcely  cohering  in  a  tube. 


\  erect. 

<  solitary.  I  drooping, 
on  a  scape,  .    .  ( umbellate,  &c. 

\  Petals  with  a  grooved  line.   . 
Fls.  campanulate,  (  on  a  leafy  stem.  ( Petals  with  a  honey  cavity  at  base 

(,  Leaves  broad,  cauline 
i  Valves  0.  ?  Leaves  linear,  radical. 
!  Valves  6,  bearing  the  stamens. 


f  ra 
<  c 


Branches  0  [  <  corymbose,  pedicels  bracted  n,.  ucu^. 

or  leafless.  I  Fls.  subrotate,  .  .  (  umbellate,  from  a  leafy  spathe. 

£  Sepals  and  petals  recurved.    Seeds  few. 
Branches     i  Leaves  ovate,  &c.  I  Sepals  and  petals  erect.    Seeds  many. 


Tulipa.  i 

Erythronium.  4 

Convallaria.  12 

Lilmm.  2 

Fritillaria.  3 

Convallaria.  12 

Phalangium.  11 

Asphodelus.  10 

Ornithogalum.  8 

Allnim.  7 

Streptopus.  15 

Uvularia.  14 


leafy.    .    .  \  Leaves  filiform,  fasciculate.  Asparagus.        16 

*  *  Segments  of  the  perianth  cohering  into  a  tube  at  base. 

(Stamens  inserted  at  the  top  of  the  incurved  tube Polyanthes.  6 

Flowers      <  Stamens  inserted  in  i  he  middle  of  the  tube Hyacinthus.  9 

on  a  scape.  (  Stamens  inserted  at  base  of  tube,  declined Hemerocallw.  S 

Flowers  axillary  on  a  leafy  stem ;  Polygonatum.  13 

TRIBE  1.     TULIP  ACE  JE. — Bulbous.    Sepals  and  petals  scarcely  adhering 
in  a  tube.     Integuments  of  the  seed  soft  and  pale. 

1.   TULlPA. 

Persian  thouliban,  a  turban ;  alluding  to  the  form  of  these  magnificent  flowers. 

Perianth  campanulate  ;  stamens  short,  subulate ;  anthers  4-angled  ; 
stigma  thick ;  capsule  oblong,  triangular. — ^  Lvs.  radical,    Flower 


548  CLI1I.   LILIACE^.  LILIUM. 

solitary,  on  a  scape.     The  species  are  chiefly  oriental.     Only  2  are 
generally  cultivated. 

1.  T.  GESNERIANA.     Common  Tulip. — Scape  1-flowered,  smooth;  Ivs.  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  fl.  erect,  segments  obtuse,  smooth. — Named  for  Gesner,  a  Zurich 
botanist.     It  appears  to  have  been  introduced  into  Europe  from  Persia  in  1559. 
Its  varieties  are  endless,  and  may  be  produced  by  first  planting  the  seed  in  a 
rich  soil,  and  afterwards  transplanting  the  bulbs  into  a  poorer  soil.     After  a 
few  years,  the  flowers  become  broken  or  variegated  with  colors  in  that  exqui- 
site manner  so  much  admired.    In  catalogues  there  are  enumerated  and  describ- 
ed more  than  700  varieties.     May. 

2.  T.  SUAVEOLENS,  vulgo,  Van  Thol,  differs  from  T.  Gesnerialia,  in  having  a 
pubescent  scape  and  fragrant  flowers.     It  is  moreover  much  smaller,  and  blos- 
som* earlier. 

2.   LILIUM. 

Or.  Xsipov,  Celtic,  U,  white ;  one  species  is  the  emblem  of  purity. 

Perianth  campanulate,  segments  mostly  recurved,  each  with  a  lon- 
gitudinal groove  within,  from  the  middle  to  the  base ;  stam.  shorter 
than  the  style ;  capsule  subtriangular,  the  valves  connected  with  lat- 
ticed hairs. — %  Herbs,  with  bulbous  and  leafy  stems.  Lvs.  sessile, 
alternate  or  verticillate.  Fls.  terminal. 

1.  L.  CANADENSE.     Yellow  Lily. 

Lvs.  most  verticillate,  lanceolate,  the  veins  hairy  beneath ;  ped.  terminal, 
elongated,  usually  by  3s ;  fl.  nodding,  the  segments  spreading,  never  revolute. — 
Can.  and  U.  S.  A  plant  of  much  beauty,  frequently  adorning  our  meadows  in 
summer.  The  root  affords  a  fine  example  of  the  scaly  bulb.  Stem  round, 
2— 4f  high,  surrounded  by  several  remote  whorls,  each  consisting  of  4 — 6 
leaves,  and  often  a  few  scattered  ones  at  base.  These  are  2 — 3'  by  £ — 1'. 
Flowers  1 — 3,  sometimes  7 — 20,  pendulous,  yellow  or  orange-colored,  spotted 
with  dark  purple  inside.  July. 

2.  L.  SUPERBUM.     Superb  Lily.     Turk's  Cap. 

Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  3-veined,  glabrous,  lower  ones  verticil- 
xate,  upper  ones  scattered ;  fls.  often  in  a  pyramidal  raceme,  nodding,  segments 
revolute. — Can.,  Mid.  and  W.  States !  Few  cultivated  plants  are  more  orna- 
mental than  this  inhabitant  of  prairies  and  meadows.  Root  bearing  a  white, 
squamose  bulb.  Stem  erect,  round,  straight,  4 — 6f  high.  Leaves  2 — 3"'  by 
4_9".  Flowers  3 — 20  or  more,  of  a  bright  orange  color  with  purple  spots. 
Sepals  and  petals  linear-lanceolate,  beautifully  and  fully  revolute.  Very  dis- 
tinct, at  least  in  appearance,  from  the  foregoing.  July. 

3.  L.  PHILADELPHICUM.     (L.  Catesbaei.     Walt.  ?) 

Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  rather  acute,  1 -veined,  upper  verticillate,  lower 
generally  scattered ;  fls.  subsolitary,  campanulate,  terminal,  erect ;  pet.  and  sep. 
lance-ovate,  unguiculate. — Dry  pastures,  fields  and  barrens,  U.  S.  and  Can.  An 
elegant  and  showy  plant,  15 — 20'  high.  Stem  terete,  smooth,  simple.  Leaves 
2 — 3'  by  3 — 5",  sessile,  smooth,  only  the  midvein  often  conspicuous,  collected 
into  1,2  or  3  or  more  whorls  of  about  5,  with  the  lower  scattered.  Flowers 
usually  solitary,  rarely  2 — 4  and  umbellate.  Sepals  and  petals  lance-ovate 
(the  latter  broadest)  deep  orange-color,  spotted  at  base,  2£'  long,  standing  apart 
on  long  claws.  June. 

4.  L.  CANDIDUM.     White  Lily. — Lvs.  scattered,  lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the 
base ;  ft.  campanulate,  smooth  inside. — Native  of  Levant.     It  has  a  thick  stem 
4f  high,  supporting  a  raceme  of  very  large,  snow-white  flowers,  which  have 
long  been  regarded  as  the  emblems  of  whiteness  and  purity.    Jl.  f 

5.  L.  BULBIFERUM.     Orange  Lily. — Lvs.  scattered,  3-veined  ;  fls.  campanulate, 
erect,  rough  within. — Native  of  Italy.     Stem  thick,  round,  4f  high,  bearing 
small,  roundish,  dark-colored  bulbs  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.    Flowers  large, 
orange-colored,  resembling  in  form  those  of  L.  candidum,  but  are  scabrous* 
within.    July,  f 


HEMEROCALLIS.  CLIII.   LILIACE^E.  549 

6.  L.  JAPONICUM. — Lvs.  scattered,  lanceolate ;  fls.  cernuous,  campanulate. — 
Native  of  China.     A  noble  species,  requiring  careful  management.    Its  flower 
is  large,  nodding,  terminal,  white,  on  a  stem  2f  high,  -f 

7.  L.  TiGRlNUM.     Tiger-spotted  Lily. — Lvs.   scattered,  sessile,  3-veined,   the 
upper  cordate-ovate ;  perianth  revolute,  papillose  inside. — Native  of  China, 
very  common  in  cultivation.    Stem  6f  high,  with  a  pyramid  of  dark  orange- 
colored,  spotted  flowers.     Axils  of  leaves  bulbiferous.    Aug.  f 

3.   FRITILLARIA. 

Lat.  fritillus,  a  chess-board ;  alluding  to  the  checkered  petals. 

Perianth  campanulate,  with  a  broad  base  and  nectariferous  cavity 
above  the  claw  of  each  segment ;  stamens  as  long  as  the  petals. — '4 

1.  F.  IMPERIALTS.    Crown  Imperial. — Rac.  comose,  naked  below ;  Its.  entire. — 
Native  of  Persia.     A  fine,  showy  flower  of  easy  culture.     Stem  thick,  striate, 
3f  high,  the  lower  part  invested  with  the  long,  narrow,  entire  leaves  ;  the  upper 
part  is  naked,  bearing  at  the  top  a  raceme  of  several  large,  red  or  yellow, 
nodding  flowers,  beneath  a  crown  formed  by  the  pairs  of  small,  narrow  leaves 
at  the  base  of  each  pedicel.    May.  -f 

2.  F.  MALEAGRIS.     Checkered  Fritillary. — Lvs.  alternate,  linear,  channeled; 
sf.  1-flowered. — Native  of  Britain.    Stem  a  foot  high,  with  alternate,  long,  very 
narrow  leaves.     The  flower,  which  is  usually  solitary,  is  large,  nodding,  and 
beautifully  checkered  with  purple  and  pale  red  or  yellow.    May.  -f 

4.   ERYTHRONIUM. 

Gr.  epvSpos,  red ;  in  allusion  to  the  color  of  the  flower  and  leaves  of  some  species. 

Perianth  campanulate,  segments  recurved,  the  3  inner  ones 
(petals)  usually  with  a  tubercle  attached  to  each  side  at  base,  and  a 
groove  in  the  middle ;  capsule  somewhat  stipitate,  seeds  ovate. — % 
Leaves  2,  subradical.  Scape  l-flowered.  Fls.  nodding,  liliaceous. 

1.  E.  AMERICANUM.  Smith.     (E.  Dens-canis.  Michx.)     Yellow  Erythroni- 
um. — Scape  naked ;  Ivs.  spotted,  lanceolate  and  involute  at  the  point ;  seg- 
ments oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  inner  ones  bidentate  near  the  base ;  sty.  clavate ; 
stig.  undivided.— A  beautiful   little  plant,  among  the  earliest  of  our  vernal 
flowers,  found  in  rich,  open  grounds,  or  in  thin  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.    The 
bulb  is  deep  in  the  .ground.     Scape  slender,  3 — 4'  high.     The  2  leaves  are  of 
equal  length  (5'),  one  of  them  nearly  twice  as  wide  as  the  other,  both  clouded 
with  brown  spots.    Flower  drooping,  yellow,  involute  in  the  sunshine.     May. 

2.  E.  ALBIDUM.  Nutt.     White  Erythronium. 

Lvs.  elliptic-lanceolate ;  segments  of  perianth  linear-lanceolate,  rather 
obtuse,  inner  ones  without  dentures  at  base,  subunguiculate ;  stig.  3-cleft,  lobes 
reflexed. — About  the  size  of  the  last,  in  wet  meadows,  near  Albany,  N.  Y., 
Storrs!  to  Wise.,  Lapham!  Leaves  without  an  acumination,  tapering  to  the 
base,  of  equal  length  including  the  petiole  (4 — 5'),  one  of  them  twice  as  wide 
as  the  other.  Scape  a  little  longer  than  the  leaves,  bearing  a  single,  white, 
nodding  flower.  Segments  !£'  long.  April,  May. 

3.  E.  BRACTEATUM.  Bw.     Bracted  Erythronium. 

Scape  bracted ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  very  unequal. — An  alpine  species,  found 
in  Vt.  Booit.  It  is  a  smaller  plant,  distinguishable  by  the  inequality  of  the 
leaves,  one  of  which  is  3  or  4  times  as  large  as  the  other.  Scape  shorter  than 
the  leaves  Avith  a  narrow,  lanceolate  bract  \\'  long,  a  little  below  the  flower. 
Flower  greenish-yellow.  Segments  about  9"  long,  gibbous  at  base.  Jn. 

TRIBK  2.     HEMEROCAULJDEJB. — Bulbous.     Sepals   and  petals  united 

into  a  tube.     Integuments  of  the  seed  soft  and  paie. 

5.   HEMEROCALLIS. 

Gr.  fin^pa,  the  day,  and  KaXAoj.,  beautiful,  flowers  beautiful  But  lasting  only  a  day. 

Perianth  campanulate,  with  a  cylindric  tube ;  stamens  declined  ; 


550  CLIII.   LILIACE^E.  ALLIUM. 

stigma  simple,  villous,  small. — %  An  ornamental  genus,  natives  of  the 
old  world.     Lvs.  radical.     Scape  corymbose. 

1.  H.  FCJLVA.     Common  Day  Lily. — Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  carinate ;  pet.  ob- 
tuse, wavy ;  veins  of  sep.  branched. — Native  of  the  Levant,  naturalized  in  some 
parts  of  this  country.     A  well  known,  showy,  border  flower.    Leaves  very  nu- 
merous, mostly  radical,  an  inch  wide  and  a  foot  or  more  long.     Scape  round, 
thick,  naked,  smooth,  branching,  3f  high.    Flowers  very  large,  liliaceous,  of  a 
tawny  red.     Style  striate.    July,  f 

2.  H.  FLAVA.     Yellow  Day  Lily. — Lvs.  broad-linear,  carinate ;  segments  flat, 
acute  ;  veins  of  the  sepals  undivided. — Native  of  Siberia.     A  foot  high.     Flowers 
a  bright  yellow,  much  smaller  than  those  of  H.  fulva.     Scape  branching.    Jl.  f 

3.  H.  JAPONICA.     White  Day  Lily. — Lvs.  cordate,  ovate,  acuminate  ;  fls.  in- 
fundibuliform. — A  fine  species' from  Japan.    Leaves  as  large  as  the  hand,  very 
smooth,  on  long,  radical  petioles.     Flowers  large,  white,  on  a  scape  a  foot  high. 
June.  | 

6.  POLYANTHES. 

Gr.  iro\va-,  many,  avSos  ;  the  flowers  of  the  plant  being  numerous. 

Perianth  funnel-form,  incurved  ;  filaments  inserted  into  the  throat ; 
ovary  at  the  bottom  of  the  tube. — % 

P.  TUBEROSA.  Tuberose. — Lvs.  linear-lanceolate;  pet.  oblong. — A  fine  parlor 
plant,  native  of  Ceylon.  Stems  bulbous  at  base  with  tuberous  branches.  Scape 
scaly,  2 — 3f  high,  with  alternate,  large,  white,  regular  flowers  of  a  delicious 
fragrance  which  is  most  powerful  at  evening.  Aug.  Sept.  f 

TRIBE  3.     SCIL.ll.EjE. — Bulbous.     Flowers  usually  smaller  than  in  the 
preceding.    Integument  of  the  seed  black  and  brittle. 
7.  ALLIUM. 

Celtic  all,  hot  or  burning. 

Flowers  in  a  dense  umbel,  with  a  membranous,  2-leaved  spathe  ; 
perianth  deeply  6-parted,  segments  mostly  spreading,  ovate,  the  3 
inner  somewhat  smaller ;  ovary  angular  ;  stigma  acute  ;  capsule  3- 
lobed. — Strong-scented,  bulbous  plants.  Lvs.  mostly  radical.  Umbel 
on  a  scape. 

1.  A.  TRICOCCUM.  Ait.     Lance-leaved  Garlic. 

Scape  terete  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  oblong,  flat,  smooth ;  umbel  globose ;  seed  soli- 
tary in  each  cell  of  the  3-celled  capsule. — %  A  strong-scented  plant,  common 
in  damp  woods,  N.  H.  to  Va.  and  to  111.  Bulb  oblong,  acuminate.  Leaves  5 — 8' 
long,  an  inch  or  more  wide,  acute,  tapering  into  a  petiole,  all  withering  and 
disappearing  before  the  opening  of  the  flowers.  Scape  a  foot  or  more  high, 
bearing  a  thin,  2-leaved,  deciduous  spathe  at  top,  with  an  umbel  of  10 — 12  white 
flowers.  June,  July. 

2.  A.  CANADENSE.     Canadian  Garlic. 

Scape  terete ;  Ivs.  linear ;  umbel  capitate,  bulbil erous. — 7J.  In  woods.  Leaves 
radical,  f  as  long  as  the  scape,  smooth,  nearly  flat  above.  Scape  12—18'  high, 
round,  smooth,  bearing  a  spathe  of  2  ovate,  acute  bracts  at  the  top,  with  a  head 
of  bulbs  and  flowers.  The  bulbs  are  sessile,  each  furnished  with  a  bract  be- 
neath, and  among  them  are  a  few  whitish  flowers  on  slender  pedicels.  June. 

3.  A.  VINEALE.     Crow  Garlic. 

St.  slender,  with  a  few  leaves  ;  caidine  Ivs.  terete,  fistulous  ••  umbel  bulbi- 
ferous ;  sta.  exsert ;  fil.  alternately  tricuspidate,  the  middle  point  bearing  the 
anther.— 7].  Meadows,  Mid.  and  W.  States.  Leaves  6—12'  long.  Scape  1— 2f 
high,  bearing  a  spathe  of  2  small  bracts  at  top,  and  an  umbel  of  flowers  with 
which  bulbs  are  sometimes  intermixed.  Perianth  purple.  June,  July.  § 

4.  A.  CERNUUM.  Roth.     Nodding  Garlic. 

Scape  angular ;  Ivs.  linear,  flat,  very  long  ;  umbel  cernuous  ;  sta.  simple. 


HYACINTHDS.  CLIII.   LILIACE^E.  551 

—  Banks  of  Seneca  lake,  N.  Y.,  W.  to  Ohio,  Lock  !  and  Wis.,  Lapham  !  Bulb 
6  —  8"  diam.  Scape  mostly  4-angled,  smooth,  slender,  15  —  24'  high,  recurved 
at  top.  Umbel  12—  20-flowered.  Pedicels  7  —  8"  long.  Flowers  rose-colored. 
Ovary  6-toothed,  becoming  a  roundish,  3-seeded  capsule.  July. 

5.  A.  TRIFLORUM.  Pursh.     Few-flowered  Leek.     Mountain  Leek. 

Scape  naked,  terete,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  veined  ;  um- 
bel few-flowered.  —  In  shady  woods  on  the  high  mountains  of  Pennsylvania, 
Pursh.  May,  June. 

6.  A.  SCHJENOPRASUM.     Gives.  —  Scape  equaling  the  round,  subulate  leaves.  — 
Gr.  sxotvos,  a  rush,  and  npavov,  a  leek.     The  leaves  resemble  rush-leaves.    Jn. 


7.  A.  ASCALONICUM.     Shallot.  —  Scape  terete  ;    Ivs.  subulate  ;  umbel  globose  ; 
sta.  tricuspidate.  —  Native  about  Ascalon,  Palestine.    It  has  a  soboliferous  bulb, 
small,  fistulous  leaves,  and  seldom  flowers.    July. 

8.  A.  PORRUM.   Leek.  —  St.  compressed,  leafy  ;  Ivs.  sheathing  at  base  ;  sta.  tri- 
cuspidate. —  Native  of  Switzerland.    Root  bearing  a  scaly,  cylindrical  bulb. 
Stem  2f  high,  bearing  long,  linear,  alternate,  sheathing  leaves,  and  at  the  top, 
a  large  umbel  of  small,  white  flowers.    July. 

9.  A.  sATivuM.     Common   Garlic.  —  Bulb  compound  ;   st.  leafy,  bulbiferous  ; 
sla.  tricuspidate.  —  Native  of  Sicily.    The  bulb  is  composed  of  several  smaller 
ones  surrounded  by  a  common  membrane,  acrid  and  very  strong-scented.   Stem 
2f  high.    Flowers  small,  white.     Used  as  seasoning  and  sometimes  in  medi- 
cine.   July. 

10.  A.  PROLTFERUM.  —  Scape  fistulous,  twisted  ;  Ivs.  fistulous  ;  umbels  bulbifer- 
ous and  proliferous  ;  sta.  tricuspidate,  the  middle  point  antheriferous.  —  A  curi- 
ous species,  native  of  the  W.  Indies.     Scape  2  —  3f  high,  producing  several 
bulbs  among,  or  instead  of,  the  white  flowers.    July. 

11.  A.  CEPA.     Common  Onion.  —  Scape  fistulous,  swelling  towards  the  base, 
longer  than  the  terete,  fistulous  leaves.  —  (g)  Cep,  in  the  Celtic,  signifies  a  head. 
Native  of  Hungary.     The  root  bears  a  tunicated  bulb,  compressed,  or  round, 
or  oblong  in  figure.     The  scape,  which  appears  the  second  year,  is  3  —  4f  high, 
straight,  smooth,  stout,  bearing  at  top  a  large,  round  umbel  of  greenish-  white 
flowers.     Universally  cultivated  for  the  kitchen,  and  its  peculiar  merits  as  a 
pot-herb  are,  no  doubt,  well  known  to  our  readers.     Culture  has  produced  nu- 
merous varieties. 

8.   ORNITHOGlLUM. 

Gr.  opviSos,  a  bird,  yaXa,  milk;  why  so  called  is  not  obvious. 

Perianth  deeply  6-parted,  spreading  above  the  middle  ;  filaments 
dilated  at  the  base  ;  capsule  roundish,  angular.  —  Lvs.  radical.  Scape 
naked,  racemose  or  corymbose.  . 

O.  UMBELLATTTM.  Star-of-  Bethlehem.  —  Fls.  corymbose;  ped.  longer  than 
bracts  ;  fil.  subulate.  —  7J.  From  England,  but  naturalized  in  many  parts  of  this 
country.  Leaves  linear  and  narrow,  emarginate,  as  long  as  the  scape.  Scape 
near  a  foot  high.  Flowers  few,  in  a  kind  of  loose  corymb.  Petals  and  sepals 
white,  beautifully  marked  with  a  longitudinal  green  stripe  on  the  outside.  May. 

9.  HYACINTHUS. 

Hyacinthus  of  Grecian  fable,  was  killed  by  Zephyrus,  and  transformed  into  this  flower. 

Perianth  subglobose  or  campanulate,  regular,  6-cleft  ;  3  nectarifer- 
ous pores  at  the  top  of  the  ovary  ;  stamens  issuing  from  the  middle 
of  the  segments  ;  cells  of  the  capsule  about  2-seeded.  —  Natives  of 
the  Levant. 

H.  ORIENTALS.  —  Perianth  funnel-form,  half  6-cleft,  ventricose  at  the 
base.  —  %  The  hyacinth  is  a  well  known,  splendid  flower,  long  prized  and  cul- 
tivated. Leaves  thick,  linear-lanceolate,  3—5'  long.  Scape  twice  as  long  as 
the  leaves,  thick,  bearing  a  dense,  thyrsoid  raceme  of  numerous  blue  flowers. 
A  plant  peculiarly  adapted  to  parlor  cultivation  in  bulb  glasses. 
47 


- 

•        \ ,.   , 

552  CLIII.   LILIACE^E.  CONVALLARIA. 

Other  ornamental  species  sometimes  cultivated  are  H.  BOTRYOIDES,  grape 
hyacinth,  with  globose  flowers ;  H.  COMOSUS,  purple  grape  hyacinth,  with  pris- 
matic flowers ;  and  H.  RACEMOSUS,  hare-bell  hyacinth,  with  ovoid  flowers. 

TRIBE  4.    AKTHERICEJB. — Stem  subterraneous,  or  if  developed,  erect.  Root 

fasciculate  or  fibrous.    Leaves  never  coriaceous  nor  permanent. 

10.  ASPHODfiLUS. 

Gr.  a,  privative,  o-^aXXo),  to  surpass ;  a  flower  not  surpassed  in  beauty. 

Perianth  6-parted,  spreading,  with  6  valves,  covering  the  ovary  ; 
sta.  issuing  from  the  valves. — Fine  garden  plants,  native  of  S.  Europe. 

1.  A.  LUTEUS.     King's  Spear.     Yellow  Asphodel. — St.  leafy ;  Ivs.  3-cornered. 
— 7|.  Native  of  Sicily.     A  plant  of  easy  culture  and  rapid  increase.     Stem  3f 
high,  thickly  invested  with  3-cornered,  hollow  leaves.    Flowers  yellow,  in  a 
long  spike,  reaching  from  the  top  almost  to  the  base  of  stem.    June. 

2.  A.  RAMOSUS.     Branching  Asphodel. — St.  naked,  branched  ;  ped.  alternate, 
longer  than  bract ;  Ivs.  ensiform,  carinate,  smooth. — 7|_  Native  of  S.  Europe. 
Not  so  tall  as  the  preceding,  but  with  larger,  white  flowers.    June. 

11.   PHALANGIUM.    Tourn. 

Gr.  (ftaXavl;,  tarantula,  a  venomous  species  of  spider,  whose  bite  it  was  supposed  to  cure. 

Perianth  6-parted,  petals  and  sepals  similar,  spreading ;  filaments 
6,  smooth  ;  caps,  free  from  the  perianth,  ovoid ;  seeds  angular. —  ^ 
Lvs.  flat,  linear.  Fls.  small,  white  or  bluish. 

P.  ESCULENTUM.  Nutt.  Esculent  Phalangium.  Quamash. 
St.  bulbous ;  Ivs.  all  radical,  linear,  carinate  at  base ;  sta.  subexserted ; 
stig.  minutely  3-cleft. — Wei  prairies,  along  rivers,  lakes,  Wis.  Lapham !  111. 
Jenney!  Ind.  Skinner!  &c.  An  interesting  little  plant,  usually  in  thick  grass. 
Bulb  1 — !£'  diam.,  resembling  a  small  onion.  Scape  1 — 2f  high.  Leaves 
nearly  as  long  as  the  scape,  grass-like,  3"  wide,  smooth.  Raceme  short,  pedi- 
cels longer  than  the  flowers,  each  with  a  subulate  bract.  Petals  and  sepals 
pale  blue,  about  3"  long.  Anthers  oblong,  small,  yellow.  Seeds  black.  May. 

TRIBE  5.    COX  VALiLARINEJE. — Stem  arising  from  a  horizontal  rhizoma 

or  tuber. 
12.  CONVALLARIA. 

Lat.  convallis,  a  valley ;  the  locality  of  some  species. 

Perianth  4 — 6-parted,  segments  spreading ;  stamens  4 — 6,  diver- 
gent, arising  from  the  base  of  the  segments  ;  berry  globose,  2 — 3- 
celled. — Plants  somewhat  various  in  habit,  with  simple  stems  and 
alternate  leaves.  Fls.  in  terminal  racemes  or  umbels,  reddish  or  green- 
ish-white. 
§  1.  MAJANTHEMUM.  Perianth  ^-parted.  Stamens  4.  Berry  ^-celled. 

1.  C.  BIFOLIA.     (Smilacina.   Desf.     Styrandra.   Raf.}     Two-leaved  Solo- 
mon's Seal.—Lvs.  2 — 3,  cordate,  ovate ;  fls.  in  a  terminal  raceme ;  Ifts.  of  the 
perianth  spreading. — 7J.  A  small  plant,  frequent  along  the  edges  of  woodlands, 
Can.,  N.  Eng.,  W.  to  Wis. !     Stem  angular,  about  6'  high.    Leaves  2,  rarely 
3,  about  2'  long,  \  as  wide,  ovate,  distinctly  cordate,  sessile,  or  the  lowest  on  a 
petiole.     Raceme  terminal,  erect,  an  inch  long,  consisting  of  12 — 20  white 
flowers.     Berry  small,  round,  and  when  mature  pale  red,  speckled  with  deep 
red.     May. 

§  2.  SMILACINA.     Perianth  ^-parted.     Stamens  6.     Berry  ^-celled. 

2.  C.  TRIFOLIATA.     (Smilacina.  Desf.}     Three-leaved  Solomon's  Seal. 

L/vs.  3 — 4,  oval-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  amplexicaul ;  rac.  termi- 
nal, simple. — Ij.  A  delicate  little  species  in  mountain  swamps,  Can.  N.  Eng. 
(rare),  W.  to  Wis. !  Stem  3 — 5'  high,  pubescent,  angular.  Leaves  2 — 3f 


UVULARIA.  CLIII.   LILIACE^E.  553 

long,    j  as  wide,  acuminate,  smooth.    Flowers  4 — 8,  white,  6-parted,  the 
segments  spreading.     May. 

3.  C.  STELLATA.     (Smilacina.  Desf.)     Star-flowered  Solomon's  Seal. 

St.  erect ;  Ivs.  numerous,  3- veined,  lanceolate,  amplexicaul,  acute ;  fls. 
few,  in  a  simple,  terminal  raceme. — 1\.  Along  rivers,  Can.  and  Northern  States, 
W.  to  the  Miss.  Stem  10 — 20'  high,  round  and  smooth.  Leaves  8 — 10,  smooth, 
glaucous  beneath,  4—6'  by  9 — 12",  tapering  to  the  apex.  Flowers  white,  about 
8,  stellate,  rather  larger  than  in  the  next.  May,  Jn. 

4.  C.  RACEMOSA.     (Smilacina.  Desf.}     Clustered  Solomon's  Seal. 

St.  recurved ;  Ivs.  oval,  acuminate,  subsessile ;  roc.  compound. — Tj.  A  lar- 
ger species  than  the  preceding.  Rhizoma  thick,  sweet  to  the  taste.  Stem 
1£— 2f  high,  downy,  gracefully  recurved  at  top.  Leaves  4 — 6'  long,  about  |  as 
wide,  contracted  into  a  long  acumination,  veined,  minutely  pubescent.  Peti- 
oles 0 — 2"  long.  Flowers  very  numerous,  small,  white,  on  white  pedicels,  and 
with  white,  exserted,  tapering  filaments,  constituting  a  large,  compound,  ter- 
minal raceme. 

§  3  CLINTONIA.     Perianth  subcampanulate,  ^-parted.     Berry  Z-celled. 

5.  C.  BOREALIS.     (C.  umbellulata.    Michx.     Dracaena.   Ait.     Clintonia. 

Raj'.}  Wild  Lily  of  the  Valley. — Scape  umbellate  ;  Ivs.  broad-oval-lance- 
olate ;  fls.  cernuous ;  berries  blue. — 7|_  Mountainous  or  hilly  woods,  Can.,  N. 
Eng.  to  Car.,  W.  to  the  Miss.  Rhizoma  creeping  to  some  extent.  Leaves 
4 — 7'  long,  £  as  wide,  petiolate,  radical  or  nearly  so,  smooth  and  glossy,  fringed 
with  scattered  hairs.  Scape  erect,  round,  8 — 13'  high,  bearing  at  top  a  beauti- 
ful umbel  of  3 — 6  yellowish-green,  nodding  flowers.  Perianth  liliaceous,  of  6 
oblanceolate,  erect-spreading  segments.  Berries  of  a  rich  amethystine  blue.  Jn. 

6.  C.  MAJALIS.  Lily  of  the  Valley.— Scape  naked,  smooth,  semi-cylindric ; 
ITS.  nearly  radical,  ovate  ;' roc.  simple,  1-sided. — %.  An  elegant,  sweet-scented 
plant,  native  of  woods  at  the  South,  and  is,  or  deserves  to  be,  a  frequent  inhabi- 
tant of  our  gardens.  Leaves  2,  seldom  3,  ovate-elliptical.  Scape  6'  high,  with 
white  flowers  depending  from  its  upper  half  in  a  single  rank.  May. 

13.   POLYGONATUM. 

Gr.  iro\vs,  many,  yow,  knee  ;  from  the  many-jointed  rhizoma. 

Perianth  tubular,  cylindrical,  6-cleft ;  stamens  inserted  near  the 
summit  of  the  tube  ;  berry  globose,  3-celled,  cells  2-seeded. — St. 
simple.  Lvs.  alternate.  Fls.  axillary. 

P.  MULTIFLORUM.  Desf.  (P.  latifoliuni,  angustifolium,  biflorum,  pubes- 
cens  and  canaliculatum,  of  PA.,  &c.) — St.  recurved,  smooth;  Ivs.  distich- 
ous, lanceolate,  amplexicaul,  smooth  above;  peduncles  axillary,  1 — 4-flowered. 
— QJ_  in  woods,  free  States  and  Can.  Stem  1 — 3f  high,  most  recurved  in  the 
tallest  plants.  Leaves  more  or  less  clasping  at  base,  or  only  sessile  in  the 
smallest  plants,  2| — 6'  by  1 — 2jx,  veined,  smooth  and  glossy  above,  paler  and 
generally  pubescent  beneath.  Peduncles  filiform,  branching,  scarcely  a  fifth  as 
long  as  the  leaves.  Flowers  5 — 8"  long,  pendulous,  greenish,  sub-cylindric. 
Berries  dark  blue  or  blackish  when  ripe.  Jn. 

a.  Lvs.  very  amplexicaul,  smooth  both  sides,  distinctly  veined ;  lower  pedun- 
cles 4-flowered. — Plant  2 — 3f  high.  In  rich,  damp  soils. 

/?.  pubescens.  Lvs.  pubescent  beneath,  slightly  clasping ;  st.  1 — 2f  high. — 
This  variety  is  most  common  in  New  England. 

y.  biflora.  Lvs.  smooth  both  sides,  i  as  wide  as  long,  sessile ;  fls.  greenish- 
white,  4 — 5"  long ;  st.  round,  1—  IJf  high. 

6.  canaliculata.     St.  channeled  on  the  upper  side. 

t.  latifolia.  Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  sessile,  glabrous. — Stem  angled,  4 — 5f 
high— Middle  States. 

14.   UVULARIA. 

Perianth  deeply  6-parted ;  segments  linear-oblong,  acute,  erect, 
with  a  nectariferous  cavity  at  the  base  of  each ;  filaments  very  short ; 


554  CLIII.    LILIACE.E.  STREPTOPUS. 

anthers  linear,  half  as  long  as  the  petals ;  style  trifid  ;  capsule  3- 
celled,  many-seeded,  seeds  with  an  aril. — Lvs.  alternate.  Fls.  soli- 
tary^ terminal  and  axillary. 

1.  U.  SESSILIFOLIA.  Bellwort.     Wild  Oats. 

Lvs.  sessile,  lance-oval,  glaucous  beneath ;  caps,  stiped,  ovate. — TJ.  Can. 
and  U.  S.  A  common  species,  found  in  woods  and  in  grass  lands.  Stem 
smooth,  slender,  6 — 10'  high,  dividing  at  the  top  into  2  branches,  one  bearing 
leaves  only,  the  other,  leaves  and  a  flower.  Leaves  smooth  and  delicate,  dark 
green  above,  paler  beneath,  1 — !£'  long.  The  flower  is  cylindric,  near  an  inch 
long,  yellowish- white,  of  6,  long,  linear  petals.  May. 

2.  U.  PERFOLIATA.     (U.  flava.     Smith.)     Mealy  Bellwort. 

Lvs.  perfoliate,  elliptical,  subacute;  perianth,  subcampanulate,  tubercu- 
late-scabrous  within ;  anths.  cuspidate  ;  caps,  truncate. — Tj.  Can.  and  U.  S.  A 
handsome,  smooth  plant,  in  woods.  Stem  10 — 14'  high,  passing  through  the 
perfoliate  leaves  near  their  bases,  and  dividing  into  2  branches  at  top.  Leaves 
2 — 3'  by  | — 1',  rounded  at  the  base,  acute  at  apex.  Flower  pale  yellow,  pen- 
dulous from  the  end  of  one  of  the  branches.  Segments  linear-lanceolate,  !£' 
long,  twisted,  covered  within  with  shining  grains.  Anthers  f '  long.  May. 

3.  U.  GRANDIFLORA.     Large-flowered  Bellwort. 

Lvs.  perfoliate,  elliptic-oblong,  acute ;  fl.  •  terminal,  solitary,  pendulous ; 
segments  acuminate,  smooth  within  and  without ;  anth.  obtuse. — 7J.  Can.  and 
U.  S.  Larger  than  either  of  the  foregoing.  In  woods.  Stem  12 — 15  inches 
high,  passing  through  the  perfoliate  leaves  near  their  bases,  dividing  into  2 
branches  at  top,  one  of  which  bears  the  large,  yellow,  pendulous  flower.  Leaves 
almost  acuminate,  rounded  at  base.  Anthers  f  long.  May. — Readily  distin- 
guished by  the  smooth  petals. 

4.  U.  LANCJGINOSA.  Pers.     (Streptotus.  Michx.) 

Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  sessile,  without  dots,  ciliate,  the  lower  amplexicaui, 
pubescent  beneath  when  young ;  ped.  terminal,  pubescent ;  fls.  in  pairs ;  peri- 
anth acute  at  base,  Ifts.  linear-lanceolate;  sty.  glabrous. — 9|  Mountains,  Penn. 
to  Car.  and  L.  Winipeg  to  Oreg.  Leaves  with  an  abrupt  and  long  acumina- 
tion.  Flowers  greenish.  Berry  with  the  cells  by  abortion  1 — 2-seeded.  May. 

15.   STREPTOPUS.     Michx. 
Gr.  ffTftefw,  to  turn,  irovs ,  a  foot ;  a  twisted  footstalk  or  peduncle. 

Perianth  6-parted,  campanulate ;  segments  with  a  nectariferous 
pore  at  the  base  of  each  ;  anthers  longer  than  the  filaments  ;  stigma 
very  short ;  berry  roundish,  3-celled  ;  seeds  few,  hilum  without  an 
aril. — St.  branched.  Fls.  axillary,  solitary ,  generally  with  the  peduncle 
distorted. 

1.  S.  ROSEUS.  Michx.    (Uvularia.  Linn.)    Rose  Twist-foot. 

Smooth ;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  clasping,  margin  serrulate-ciHate,  under  sur- 
face green  like  the  upper ;  pedicels  short,  generally  distorted  in  the  middle ; 
segments  spreading  at  apex ;  anth.  short,  2-horned  ;  stig.  trifid. — 1±  Can.  to  Car. 
and  Tenn.  A  common  species,  native  of  woods.  Stem  a  foot  or  more  high, 
round,  dichotomously  branching.  Leaves  2 — 4'  long,  |  as  wide,  ending  in  a 
slender  point,  smooth,  but  conspicuously  edged  with  minute,  rough  hairs.  Flow- 
ers reddish,  spotted,  suspended  beneath  the  branches,  one  under  each  leaf.  Jn. 

2.  S.  AMPLEXIFOLIUS.  DC.    (S.  distortus.  Michx.     Uvularia.  Linn.) 
Smooth ;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  clasping,  smooth  and  entire  on  the  margin, 

glaucous  beneath  ;  pedicels  solitary,  geniculate  and  distorted  in  the  middle  ;  sep. 
long-acuminate,  reflexed ;  anth.  very  acute,  entire ;  stig.  truncate. — TJ.  Can.  and 
Mid.  States.  Native  of  woods.  Stem  round,  dichotomous,  2f  high.  Leaves 
2 — 3X  long,  \  as  wide,  very  smooth.  Peduncles  opposite  the  leaf,  twisted  and 
bent  downwards  each  with  a  bell-form,  drooping  flower  gibbous  at  base,  of  a 
pale  straw-color.  Anthers  sagittate,  attenuate  at  the  apex  into  a  long,  subulate 
point.  Fruit  oblong,  red,  many-seeded.  June. 


LEPTANTHUS.  CLIV.    PONTEDERIACE./E.  555 

TRIBE  6.    ASPARAGE  J3. — Stem  usually  fully  developed,  or  if  not,  the  leaves 

are  coriaceous  and  permanent. 

16.   AS-FAR AGUS. 

Gr.  oirapaffffb),  to  tear;  some  of  the  species  are  armed  with  strong  prickles. 

Perianth  6-parted,  erect ;  ovary  turbinate ;  stamens  erect ;  style 
very  short ;  stigmas  3 ;  berry  3-celled,  cells  2-seeded. 

A.  OFFICINALIS.     Asparagus. 

St.  herbaceous,  unarmed,  very  branching,  erect ;  Ivs.  setaceous,  flexible, 
fasciculate. — 9|  Native  of  England,  and  other  parts  of  Europe,  naturalized  on 
rocky  shores.  Stem  2 — 4f  high.  Leaves  filiform,  £ — If  long,  pale  pea-green. 
Flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  in  pairs.  Berries  globose,  red.  It  is  one  of  the 
oldest  and  most  delicate  of  culinary  vegetables,  was  no  less  praised  in  ancient 
Rome,  by  Pliny,  Cato  and  other  writers,  than  at  the  present  day.  Diuretic.  Jl. 


Plants  aquatic,  or  marsh.    Lvs.  sheathing,  parallel-veined,  mostly  cordate  or  dilated  at  base. 

Inflorescence  various,  often  spathaceous. 

Perianth  tubular,  colored,  6-parted,  often  irregular,  circulate  in  aestivation. 


ORDER  CLIV.     PONTEDERACEJE.— PONTEDERADS. 

quatic  or  marsh.    Lvs.  sheathing,  parallel-veined,  mostly  co 

ence  various,  often  spathaceous. 

i  tubular,  colored,  6-parted,  often  irregular,  circinate  in  aestiv 
8ta.  3  or  6,  unequal,  perieynous. 
Ova.  free  or  sometimes  adherent  to  the  perianth  at  base,  3-celled.    Style  I.    Stig.  simple. 
Fr.— Capsule  3  (sometimes  l)-celled,  3-valved,  with  loculicidal  dehiscence. 
Seeds  numerous  (sometimes  solitary),  attached  to  a  central  axis.    Albumen  farinaceous. 

Genera  6,  species  30,  found  exclusively  in  America,  E.  Indies  and  Tropical  Africa.    They  are  of  no 
known  use. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

( solitary Leptanthus.     2 

$  equal,  £  2—4  together  in  a  spathe Heteranthera.  3 

Flowers  (,  unequal,  in  a  terminal  spike Pontederia.       1 

1.   PONTEDERIA. 

In  honor  of  Julius  Pontedera,  a  botanic  author  and  professor,  of  Padua,  about  1720. 

Perianth  bilabiate,  tubular  at  base,  under  side  of  the  tube  perfo- 
rated with  3  longitudinal  clefts,  the  lower  part  persistent :  stamens 
unequally  inserted,  3  near  the  base  and  3  at  the  summit  of  the  tube  ; 
utricle  1 -seeded. — Fls.  blue,  mostly  spicate. 

P.  CORDATA.     Pickerel-weed. 

Lrs.  subradical,  cordate-oblong;  fls.  spiked. — 1\.  Can.  and  U.  S.  A' fine 
conspicuous  plant,  native  of  the  borders  of  muddy  lakes,  &c.,  growing  in  patches 
extending  from  the  shores  to  deep  water.  Stem  thick,  round,  erect,  arising 
1 — 2f  above  the  water,  bearing  a  single  leaf.  Leaves  4 — 7'  by  1J — 3',  very 
smooth  and  glossy,  almost  sagittate,  with  veins  beautifully  arranged  to  conform 
to  the  margin.  Flowers  in  a  spike,  arising  above  the  spathe,  very  irregular. 
Perianth  2-lipped,  each  lip  3-cleft,  always  blue,  appearing  in  July. 
0.  angustifolia.  Torr.  L/vs.  narrow,  truncate  and  subcordate  at  base. 

2.   LEPTANTHUS.     Michx. 

Gr.  \ETTTOS,  slender,  av$os ;  in  reference  to  the  long  tube  of  the  perianth. 

Spathe  1 -flowered :  tube  of  the  perianth  very  long  and  slender, 
limb  6-parted,  equal ;  anthers  of  2  forms ;  capsule  1  -celled,  many- 
seeded. — Lvs.  alternate,  sheathing  at  base. 

L.  GRAMINEA.  Vahl.  (Schollera  graminea.  Schreb.} 
St.  floating,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints ;  Ivs.  linear. — A  grass-like  aquatic, 
in  flowing  water,  Northern  States.  Stem  slender,  dichotomous,  1 — 2f  long. 
Leaves  3—6'  long,  1 — 2"  wide,  obtuse  at  apex,  slightly  sheathing  at  base. 
Flower  solitary,  issuing  from  a  short  (I/)  spathe.  Tube  1|'  long,  limb  in  6, 
linear-lanceolate  segments,  yellow.  Stamens  3  (4,  authors);  filaments  broad, 
one  of  them  abortive,  the  other  2  with  linear  anthers  longer  than  the  thick 
style.  Jl.  Aug. 

47* 


556  CLV.   MELANTHACE^.  MELANTHIUM. 

3.   HETERANTHERA.    R.  &  P. 

Gr.  krepa,  otherwise,  avrjp]  the  anthers  being  dissimilar  in  the  same  flower. 

Spathe  several-flowered ;  tube  of  the  perianth  long  and  slender, 
limb  6-parted,  equal ;  stamens  3  ;  anthers  of  2  forms  5  capsule  3- 
celled,  many-seeded  ;  dissepiment  contrary. 

H.  RENIFORMIS.  R.  &  P.    (Leptanthus.  Michx.) 

St.  prostrate  or  floating ;  Ivs.  suborbicular,  reniiorm  or  auriculate  at  base ; 
spathe  acuminate,  few-flowered. — On  muddy  or  inundated  banks,  Mid.  and  W. 
States.  Stem  4'  to  a  foot  or  more  in  length.  Leaves  £'  by  f ',  on  petioles  1 — 2' 
long,  with  a  broad  sinus  at  base  and  a  short,  abrupt  acumination.  Spathe 
closely  enveloping  the  2  or  3  very  evanescent,  white  flowers.  Tube  of  the  peri- 
anth j'  long,  limb  in  6  oblong  segments.  Filaments  inserted  at  the  orifice,  2  of 
the  anthers  small,  round,  yellow,  the  other  oblong,  greenish.  Jl.  Aug. 

ORDER  CLV.     MELANTHACEJE.— MELANTHS. 

Herbs  perennial,  with  bulbs,  rhizomas,  corms  or  fasciculated  roots. 

St  simple,  often  scapiform.    Lvs.  parallel-veined.    Fls.  perfect,  or  (by  abortion)  polygamous. 

Perianth  regular,  in  2  series,  each  of  3  segments  which  are  distinct  or  united  at  base,  generally  involute 

Sta.  6,  with  extrorse  anthers.  [in  aestivation. 

Ova.  3-celled,  9— many-ovuled.    Styles  distinct  or  p.    Stigmas  undivided. 

Fr.—  Capsule  or  berry  3-celled,  generally  with  septicidal  dehiscence. 

Seeds  with  a  membranous  testa,  and  dense,  fleshy  albumen. 

Genera  30,  species  130,  rather  generally  diffused  in  northern  countries. 

Properties.— The  order  is  generally  pervaded  by  drastic,  narcotic  and  poisonous  qualities,  most  power- 
ful in  Veratrum  and  Colchicum.  The  corms  and  seeds  of  the  latter  are  the  most  important  medicinal 
products  of  the  order.  Their  virtue  is  due  to  an  alkaline  principle  called  veratria,  which  is  found  in  this 
genus,  as  well  as  in  most  of  the  others. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 
Sepals  and  petals  sessile.          ....  Zigadenus.      1 


Sepals  and 
petals  each 


with  2  glands  at  base.  ( Sepals  and  petals  unguiculate. 


Perianth  calyculate. 


(  Leaves  linear.  { Perianth  naked.  Amianthium.  4 

(  Flowers  perfect <  Leaves  setaceous,  dry. 


<  or  dicBcious.  .  .  (  Leaves  dilated, 
without  glands.  (  Flowers  polygamous.    Racemes  compound. 


Me/anthium.    2 
Tofieldia.          7 


Xerophyllum.  5 
Helonias.  6 
Veratrum.  3 


1.   ZIGADENUS.    Michx. 

Gr.  fovyos,  a  pair,  adriv,  a  gland ;  alluding  to  the  glands  of  the  segment. 

Perianth  deeply  6-parted,  spreading,  colored,  each  segment  with  2 
glands  above  its  contracted  base  ;  stamens  inserted  in  contact  with 
the  ovary ;  capsule  membranaceous,  3-celled,  many-seeded. 
1.  Z.  GLABERRIMUS.  Michx.     Zigddene. 

Rt.  bulbous ;  st.  leafy ;  Ivs.  linear,  channeled,  recurved ;  bracts  ovate,  acu- 
minate ;  segments  of  the  perianth  acuminate. — Wet  meadows,  N.  York.  Found 
near  Rochester.  Eaton.  Southern  States.  Stem  2 — 3f  high.  Lower  leaves 
about  10'  long ;  upper  ones  gradually  diminishing,  all  concave  and  spreading. 
Panicle  terminal,  loose,  consisting  of  several  greenish-white  flowers.  Sepals 
ovate -lanceolate,  free  from  the  stamens,  with  the  2  glands  at  the  base  of  each 
distinct  and  conspicuous.  June. 

2.  Z.  GLAUCUS.  (Z.  cloranthus.  Rich.  Melanthium.  Nutt.} 
St.  bulbous,  nearly  naked;  Ivs.  shorter  than  the  stem,  linear,  rather  ob- 
tuse; rac.  subsimple;  bracts  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  pedicels;  sep.  and  pet. 
oval  or  obovate,  obtuse,  each  with  an  obcordate  gland. — Sandy  shores,  Can.  to 
Ark.,  Niagara,  Lake  Erie,  Nuttall.  Stem  10—15'  high.  Leaves  glaucous,  up- 
per gradually  reduced  to  bracts.  Raceme  subsimple,  sometimes  a  little  com- 
pound at  base.  Flowers  few  (10 — 20),  greenish-white,  on  pedicels  1'  long,  the 
segments  with  the  2  glands  united.  Capsule  oblong-ovoid,  carpels  divergent  at 
apex,  6 — 8-seeded.  July,  Aug. 

2.  MELANTHIUM. 

Gr.  fj.E\as,  black,  avSos  ;  alluding  to  the  dark  color  of  the  flower. 

Flowers  monoecious-polygamous ;    perianth  rotate,  6-parted,  seg 


VERATRUM.  CLV.   MELANTHACE^.  557 

inents  unguiculate,  with  2  glands  at  base,  the  claws  bearing  the  sta- 
mens ;  ovary  often  abortive  ;  capsule  exserted,  subovoid.  summit  tri- 
fid  and  tipped  with  the  3  persistent  styles ;  seeds  margined. — St. 
erect,  pubcrulent  above.  Lvs.  alternate,  narrow.  Panicle  terminal. 

1.  M.  VIRGINICUM.    (Leiraanthium.  Willd.     Veratrum.  Ait.    Helonias.) 
Lrs.  linear-lanceolate ;  panicle  pyramidal ;  segments  of  the  perianth  sub- 
orbicular,  hastate  or  auriculate  at  base. — Native  of  wet  meadows  and  margins 
of  swamps,  N.  Y.  to  Flor.    Stem  3— 4f  high,  leafy.     Leaves  about  a  foot  long, 
and  an  inch  wide,  sessile  on  a  contracted  and  subclasping  base.    Flowers  green- 
ish-yellow, becoming  brown,  on  short  pedicels,  arranged  in  simple,  alternate 
racemes,  and  together  constituting  a  pyramidal  panicle  10 — 15'  in  length. 
Lower  flowers  generally  sterile.    July,  Aug. 

2.  M.  HYBRIDCM.  Walt.     (Leimanthium.  Roem.  ($•  Sch.) 

Lvs.  long-linear-lanceolate,  upper  ones  few  and  short;  panicle  long,  of 
simple  racemes,  pedicels  filiform,  much  longer  than  the  flowers ;  segments  of  the 
perianth  narrowly  unguiculate,  roundish-rhomboidal ;  glands  connivent ;  claws 
channeled,  stameniferous  below  the  middle. — Woods,  Penn.  to  Ga. !  Stem  2 — 
4f  high,  somewhat  leafy.  Leaves  varying  from  lanceolate-linear  to  lanceolate, 
the  lowest  contracted  to  the  base  or  subpetiolate,  shorter  than  the  stem.  Perianth 
very  open,  yellowish-green,  segments  acuminate,  the  long  claws  adhering  to 
and  involving  the  filaments.  June,  July. 

/?.  robustior.  Gray.  Lower  Ivs.  lanceolate-oval;  lower  branches  paniculate, 
compound. 

3.  VERATRUM. 

Lat.  vere,  atrum,  truly  black ;  alluding  to  the  dark  color  of  the  flowers  or  root. 

Flowers  by  abortion  c?  $  9 ;  segments  of  the  perianth  united  at 
base,  petaloid,  spreading,  sessile  and  without  glands  ;  sta.  6,  shorter 
than  the  perianth  and  inserted  on  its  base  ;  ovaries  3,  united  at  base, 
often  abortive ;  styles  short ;  capsule  3-lobed,  3-partible,  00-seeded. 
— Lvs.  alternate,  broad  and  plicate,  or  narrow  and  grass-like.  Fls. 
paniculate. 

1.  V.  VIRIDE.     (V.  album.  Michx.}     Poke.     White  Hellebore. 

Lrs.  broad-oval,  acuminate  ;  particle  compound,  racemose  ;  bracts  oblong- 
lanceolate,  bracteoles  longer  than  the  downy  pedicels. — Can.  to  Ga. — A  large- 
leaved,  coarse-looking  plant,  of  our  meadows  and  swamps.  Root  large,  fleshy, 
with  numerous  long  fibres.  Stem  2 — if  high,  striate  and  pubescent.  Leaves 
strongly  veined  arid  plaited,  the  lowest  near  a  foot  long  and  half  as  wide, 
sheathing  at  the  base.  Flowers  numerous,  green,  in  many  axillary  (or  bracted) 
racemes,  which  together  form  a  very  large,  pyramidal,  terminal  panicle..  July. 
The  root  is  emetic  and  stimulant,  but  poisonous,  and  should  be  used  with  cau- 
tion. When  powdered  it  causes  violent  sneezing. 

2.  V.  WOODII.  Robbins.     (Nov.  sp.)     Indiana  Veratrum. 

Lvs.  mostly  radical,  lanceolate  and  linear-lanceolate,  glabrous,  veined  and 
plicate,  acute,  tapering  to  a  long,  winged,  sheathing  petiole  ;  st.  or  scape  terete, 
tall,  erect,  with  remote,  lance-linear  bracts ;  panicle  simple,  slender,  pyramidal, 
many-flowered ;  fls,  tf  ^  ,  subsessile ;  segments  of  perianth  oblanceolate,  dark 
brownish-purple  within. — Woods,  Linton,  Green  Co.,  la. !  Root  fasciculate. 
Leaves  10—16'  long  (including  the  4—8'  petiole),  2 — M  wide.  Bracts  1—3' 
long.  Scape  3 — 6f  high,  paniculate  \  its  length.  Flowers  f '  diam.,  nearly 
black,  with  red  stamens,  upper  and  lower  sterile.  Ovary  oblong,  crowned  with 
3  spreading  styles  half  its  length.  Seeds  compressed,  winged  with  the  broad, 
loose,  membranous  testa.  July. 

3.  V.  ANGUSTIFOLIUM.  Pursh.     Grass-leaved  Veratrum. 

Lvs.  narrowly  linear,  flat,  very  long,  lowest  obtuse,  upper  ones  diminish- 
ing to  subulate  bracts ;  fls.  in  a  slender  panicle  of  racemes,  those  of  the  termi- 
nal raceme  (except  a  few  of  the  highest)  perfect  and  fertile,  those  of  the  lateral 
racemes  mostly  sterile  ;  segments  narrowly  lanceolate,  subulate,  acuminate. — A 


558  CLV.    MELANTHACE^l.  HELONIAS. 

very  slender,  grass-like  species,  in  woods,  Western  States.  Stem  3f  high,  solid, 
erect,  with  a  virgate,  thin  panicle  of  greenish- white  flowers.  Leaves  1 — 2f  by 
3 — 3",  half-clasping.  Panicle  l£f  long,  the  lateral  racemes  1 — 3',  the  terminal 
one  much  longer ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  flowers,  each  with  a  very  minute 
bract.  June,  July. 

4.  AMIANTHIUM.    A.  Gr. 

Gr.  a^ioj/roj,  pure,  immaculate ;  avSos  ',  alluding  to  the  white  flowers. 

Flowers  $  ;  perianth  segments  scarcely  united  at  base,  petaloid, 
spreading,  sessile  and  without  glands  ;  stam.  6,  inserted  with  the 
segments  ;  anthers  reniform ;  ovaries  3,  more  or  less  united ;  caps. 
3-lobed,  3-partible  ;  carpels  follicular,  1 — 4-seeded  ;  testa  of  the  seeds 
loose,  at  length  fleshy. — Herbs  with  scapiform  stems,  grass-like  leaves 
and  numerous  white  flowers. 

A.  MusciToxicuM.  Gray.    (Melanthium.   Walt.    Helonias  erythrosperma. 

Michx.)  Fly-poison. — St.  bulbous;  Ivs.  flat,  lower  broad-linear,  obtuse, 
upper  reduced  to  bracts ;  roc.  simple ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse ;  pedicels  filiform ; 
carpels  distinct  above  ;  sty.  divergent ;  seeds  ovoid,  red. — Shady  swamps,  N.  J., 
Penn.  and  Southern  States.  Stem  1 — 2f  high.  Leaves  mostly  radical,  about 
If  long.  Raceme  3—9'  long,  dense-flowered,  pedicels  6—9"  long.  Peri- 
anth and  stamens  white,  the  latter  rather  the  longest.  Carpels  united  only  at 
base,  the  summits  horn-like  and  diverging.  Seeds  rather  large,  scarlet-red 
when  ripe.  June,  July. 

2.  A.  LEiMANTHolDES.     Gray. 

Rt.  fibrous ;  Ivs.  linear,  flat ;  panicle  simple,  terminal  raceme  elongated ; 
segments  of  the  perianth  broad-oval,  longer  than  the  linear  styles  ;  sds.  winged 
at  the  apex,  lanceolate,  compressed. — N.  J.  to  La.  Stem  roundish,  2 — 4f  high,, 
the  lower  leaves  about  half  as  long,  pale  green,  acute.  Flowers  white,  on  fili- 
form pedicels,  finally  recurved.  Segments  of  the  perianth  obtuse,  a  little  shorter 
than  the  capillary  filaments.  July. 

5.  XEROPHYLLUM. 

Gr.  j-ripos,  dry,  <j>v\\ov,  leaf. 

Flowers  $ ;  leaflets  of  the  perianth  oval,  spreading,  petaloid,  sessile 
and  without  glands  ;  stam.  6 ;  filaments  dilated  and  contiguous  at 
base  ;  ovary  subglobose ;  styles  3,  linear,  revblute  ;  caps,  subglobose, 
3-lobed,  3-celled,  cells  2-seeded. — Herbs  with  numerous  dry,  setaceous 
leaves.  Racemes  simple,  with  white,  showy  flowers. 

X.  ASPHODELolDEs.  Nutt.    (X.  setifolium.  Michx.   Helonias  asph.  Linn.') 
Lvs.  radical  and  cauline,  rigid,  diminishing  above ;  pedicels  with  2  alter- 
nate bracteoles,  bractless  at  base ;  filaments  at  length  equaling  the  segments  of 


JLIdLC     UlCL^tCt-MC/Oj     JLUO.^L.H-^0    O-U     HJtt-ov^  j    JVWlttiVGr*^V9      U>*      &V*A4gbU    \^^LA«A i-iA-i^  ^ 

the  perianth. — Sandy  plains,  N.  J.  to  Car.  Stem  3 — 5f  high,  very  leafy.  Radi- 
cal leaves  If  long,  very  narrow,  crowded  and  caespitose.  Flowers  in  a  long, 
terminal  raceme,  numerous,  small.  Sepals  and  petals  obtuse,  the  latter  a  little 


6.  HELONIAS. 

Gr.  eXoj,  a  marsh ;  where  some  species  grow. 

Perianth  6-parted,  spreading,  petaloid.  the  segments  sessile,  and 
without  glands ;  styles  3,  distinct ;  capsule  3-celled,  3-horned ;  cells 
many-seeded. — Lvs.  mostly  radical,  narrow,  often  gramineous,  sheathing 
at  base.  Fls.  in  a  terminal,  simple  raceme. 

1 .  H.  BULLATA.    (H.  latifolia.  PA.) 

Lvs.  crowded,  mostly  radical,  linear-spatulate,  mucronate ;  scape  simple, 
hollow,  with  few  remote  bracts,  or  naked ;  rac.  spicate,  ovoid-cylindric,  dense  ; 
anth.  blue. — N.  J.,  Penn.  to  Va.  Scape  10—18'  high,  rather  thick  and  fleshy. 
Leaves  about  as  long  as  the  scape,  1— If  wide.  Racemes  short.  Pedicels  as 
long  as  the  flowers,  colored.  Flowers  purple,  segments  obtuse.  May. 


JUNCUS.  CLV1.   JUNCACEJE.  559 

2.  H.  DIOICA.  Ph.    (Veratrum  luteum.  Linn.)     Unicorn  Root. 

St.  leafy ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  radical  ones  oblanceolate ;  rac.  spiked,  nodding, 
dioecious ;  ped.  short,  without  bracts ;  sta.  exserted ;  segments  linear. — In  low 
grounds,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  La.  Root  premorse.  Stem  or  scape  12 — 30'  high, 
furrowed.  Radical  leaves  4 — 8'  by  £ — 1',  in  a  sort  of  whorl  at  the  base  of  the 
scape.  Flowers  small,  very  numerous,  greenish-white,  in  long,  terminal,  spi- 
cate  racemes  which  are  more  slender  and  weak  on' the  barren  plants.  Ovaries 
as  long  as  the  linear  petals,  subtriangular.  Capsule  3-furrowed,  oblong,  taper- 
ing to  the  base,  opening  at  the  top.  The  fertile  plants  are  taller,  more  erect, 
but  with  fewer  flowers.  June. 

7.  TOFIELDIA.     Hudson. 
In  honor  of  Mr.  Tofield,  a  Scotch  gentleman,  residing  near  Doncaster. 

Flowers  $ ,  calyculate,  with  3  remotish,  united  bracts  ;  Ifts.  of  the 
perianth  petaloid,  spreading,  sessile  and  without  bracts ;  sta.  6  ;  auth. 
roundish-cordate,  introrse  ;  ovaries  3,  united  ;  styles  distinct,  short ; 
caps.  3-lobed,  3-partible  ;  capsule  00-seeded. — Lvs.  equitant,  subradi- 
cat.  Scape  not  bulbous.  Fls.  spicate  or  racemose. 

T.    GLUTINOSA.    Nutt. 

St.  leafy  below,  glandular-scabrous,  simple :  Ivs.  shorter  than  the  stem, 
linear-ensiform,  glabrous,  obtuse ;  rac.  oblong,  few-flowered,  close,  composed 
of  3-flowered,  alternate  fascicles  ;  caps,  longer  than  the  perianth. — Woods,  Ohio, 
Sullivant !  to  Wis.  Lapham !  N.  to  Arctic  Am.  A  plant  remarkable  for  its 
glutinous-glandular  stem.  Stem  slender,  scape-like,  1 — l£f  high,  dotted  with 
its  dark-colored  glands.  Leaves  3 — 6'  by  3 — 6",  conduplicate.  Spicate  raceme 
1 — 1|'  long,  9 — 18-flowered.  Pedicels  nearly  as  long  as  the  flowers.  Involucre 
truncate,  3-toothed,  a  little  below  the  perianth.  Petals  and  sepals  subequal,  ob- 
lanceolate, less  than  2"  long.  Capsule  of  3,  half-united,  inflated  carpels,  twice 
longer  than  the  perianth. 

ORDER  CLYI.     JUNCACEJE.— BUSHES. 

Plants  herbaceous,  generally  grass-like,  often  leafless,  with  small,  dry,  green  flowers. 
Lvs.  fistular,  or  flat  and  channeled,  with  veins  parallel.    Inflorescence  cymose,  capitate  or  fascicled. 
Perianth  more  or  less  glume-like,  regular,  6-leaved,  in  2  series  (sepals  and  petals) 
Sta.  6,  rarely  3,  hj'pogynous.    Anth.  2-celled. 

Ova.  3-carpeled,  3  (or  by  the  dissepiments  not  reaching  the  centre  1) -celled. 
Styles  united  into  1.    Stigmas  3. 

Fr. — Capsule  3-valved,  with  the  dissepiments  from  the  middle  of  the  valves. 
Seeds  few  or  many,  with  a  fleshy  albumen. 

Genera  13,  species  200,  chiefly  natives  of  the  cool  parts  of  the  earth.    Properties  unimportant. 
Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

(  Capsule  mostly  3-celled.    Seeds  numerous Juncus.  1 

<  green.  \  Capsule  1-celled.  Seeds  3,  fixed  to  the  bottom  of  cell.  .  .  .  Luzula.  2 
Perianth  fc  colored,  yellow Nartheciuni.  3 

1.  JUNCUS. 

Ij&t.jungo,  to  join ;  because  ropes  were  anciently  made  of  these  plants. 

Perianth  persistent ;  stamens   6 ;  capsule  mostly  3-celled ;  seeds 
numerous,  attached  to  the  inner  edge  of  the  dissepiments. 
*  Leaves  none.     Cymes  apparently  lateral. 

1.  J.  BALTICUS.  Willd.     Baltic  Rush. 

Rhizoma  creeping,  prostrate,  rooting ;  scapes  numerous,  sheathed  at  base, 
opaque,  terete,  rigid,  slender,  pungently  acute ;  panicle  small,  short,  lateral ; 
perianth  segments  subequal,  ovate-lanceolate,  very  acute,  equaling  the  elliptical, 
mucronate  capsule. —  Sandy  shores,  Milwaukie,  Wis.,  Lapham!  N.  to  the 
Sas~katchawan  and  Labrador.  Scape  leafless,  12— 18' high,  hard,  tough,  closely 
arranged  along  the  scaly  rootstock,  the  sheaths  3" — 3'  long.  Panicle  2 — 3'  be- 
low the  apex  of  the  scape,  1'  long.  Flowers  20 — 40,  reddish-brown. 

2.  J.  ACUTUS. 

Caespitose ;  scapes  numerous,  tall,  rigid,  terete,  sheathed  at  base ;  panicle 


560  CLV1.   JUNCACEJE.  JUNCUS. 

with  an  involucre  of  two  unequal,  pungent  bracts ;  perianth  segments  lanceolate, 
acute,  half  as  long  as  the  roundish-obovate,  mucronate  capsule.  Sandy  sea- 
coasts,  N.  J,  to  Ga.  Scapes  fascicled  on  the  rhizomas,  forming  dense  tufts,  2 — 
3f  high.  Panicle  2 — 3'  long.  Involucre  with  one  of  the  bracts  longer,  the 
other  shorter  than  the  panicle.  Perianth  brown,  the  3  sepals  longest,  acumi- 
nate, reflexed  at  apex.  July. 

3.  J.  EFFUSUS.     Soft 'Rush.     Bull-rush. 

Scape  straight,  not  rigid  ;  panicle  lateral,  loose,  decompound ;  caps,  obovate, 
obtuse. — Very  common  in  ditches  and  moist  lands,  forming  tufts,  Can.  and  U. 
S.  Scape  solid,  with  a  spongy  pith,  soft,  striate,  2— 3f  high,  bearing  a  loose, 
spreading  panicle,  which  protrudes  from  a  fissure  opening  in  the  side  of  the 
stem  about  half  way  up.  Flowers  small,  green,  numerous,  with  3  white  an- 
thers and  yellowish  seeds.  June,  July. 

4.  J.  SETACEUS.  Rostkow.     (J.  filiformis  Michx.}     Bristly  Rush. 

Scape  filiform,  striate ;  umbel  lateral,  compound,  few-flowered ;  ped.  com- 
pressed, several-flowered ;  perianth  segments  very  acuie. — Swamps,  Can.  and 
U.  S.  A  very  slender  species,  growing  in  tufts  about  2f  high.  Scapes  sheathed 
at  base.  Panicle  small,  20 — 30-flowered,  bursting  from  the  side  of  the  scape 
some  distance  below  the  summit.  July. 

5.  J.  FILIFORMIS.  Linn,  (not  Michx.)     Thread  Rush 

Creeping,  leafless ;  scape  slender,  filiform,  minutely  striate,  flaccid ;  pani- 
cle subsimple,  lateral,  near  the  middle  of  the  scape ;  sep.  pale,  nearly  equal, 
lanceolate,  a  little  longer  than  the  pale,  shining,  obovate,  mucronate  capsule. 
White  Hills,  N.  H.,  Green.     Scape  a  few  inches  in  length. 
*  *  Leaves  nodose-articulate,  subterete. 

6.  J.  MILITARIS.  Bw.     Bayonet  Rush. 

Lf.  solitary,  jointed,  longer  than  the  stem;  panicle  terminal,  proliferous; 
Ms.  about  5-flowered  ;  st.  thick,  round,  smooth,  2, 3  or  4f  high. — Ponds,  N.  Eng. ! 
Leaf  jointed,  cylindrical,  loosely  cellular  within,  2 — 3f  long,  inserted  below  the 
middle  of  the  stem,  but  rising  above  its  summit.  Panicle  erect,  terminal,  ccna- 
posed  of  several  pedunculate  heads,  each  with  4 — 6  sessile  flowers. 

7.  J.  NODOSUS.     (J.  polycephalus.  Michx.    J.  echinatus.  Muhl.} 

St.  leaves  subcompressed ;  panicle  terminal,  decompound;  lids,  globose, 
dense,  10 — 15-flowered;  sep.  subequal,  lanceolate,  rigid-,  very  acute,  about 
equaling  the  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  triquetrous,  shining  capsule ;  segments 
3 — 6. — In  boggy  meadows,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  1£ — 2f  high.  Leaves  thick, 
jointed  by  internal,  transverse  partitions.  Heads  resembling  small  burrs,  some 
sessile,  others  pedunculate.  Leaflets  of  the  perianth  produced  into  a  short  cusp 
or  awn.  Aug.  Sept. 

a.  major.     St.  and  Ivs.  thick,  the  latter  longer,  compressed ;  Ms.  few,  6"  diam. 

/?.  altior.     St.  (2f  high)  and  Ivs.  terete,  very  slender ;  Ms.  5 — 9,  4"  diam. 

y.  minor.    Lvs.  almost  filiform ;  hds.  1 — 3,  as  large  as  in  /?. 

8.  J.  ACUMINATUS.  Michx.     ( J.  acutiflorus.  Hook  ?} 

St.  erect ;  Ivs.  terete  ;  panicle  terminal,  compound ;  hds.  3 — 6-flowered, 
both  pedunculate  and  sessile;  leaflets  of  the  perianth  linear-lanceolate,  mucro- 
nate, shorter  than  the  acute  capsule. — Very  common  in  boggy  meadows,  U.  S. 
Stem  12—18'  high,  tough  and  wiry.  Leaves  few  and  short,  with  knot-like 
joints.  Panicle  erect.  Aug. 

9.  J.  SUBVERTICILLATUS.  Willd.     (J.  fluitans.  Michx.} 

St.  few-leaved,  compressed  ;  Ivs.  compressed,  fistulous,  articulate  ;  panicle 
subcorymbose,  elongated  ;  fls.  in  dense,  capitate  fascicles ;  hds.  many-flowered, 
pedunculate  or  sessile ;  perianth  shorter  than  the  triquetrous,  acuminate  cap- 
sules ;  sep.  linear-lanceolate,  keeled,  striate,  cuspidate.  Swamps  and  shores  of 
ponds,  Penn.,  Dr.  Darlington,  to  Wis.,  Lapham!  Stem  18' — 2f  high,  slender, 
Leaves  much  shorter.  Panicle  4 — 8'  in  length,  the  branches  subverticillate, 
diverging,  very  unequal.  Sepals  with  scarious,  white  margins. 

10.  J.  CONRADI.  Tuckerman,  in  Torr.,  N.  Y.  State  Fl.  II.  p.  328,  inedit. 
St.  leafy;  Ivs.  few,  terete,  subfiliform,  obscurely  articulate,  shorter  than 

the  stem ;  fls.  single,  scattered,  central  and  unilateral  on  the  slender  branches 


JLUZULA.  CLVI.   JUNCACE.E.  561 

of  the  terminal,  di-trichotomous  panicle;  perianth  segments  lanceolate,  margins 
scarious,  rather  shorter  than  the  acuminate  capsule.  R.  I.  Olney!  to  N.  Y., 
Torrey.  Root  fibrous.  Stems  erect,  6 — 9'  high,  wiry.  Bracts  much  shorter 
than  the  rather  diffuse,  thin  panicle. 

*  *  *  Leaves  not  articulate,  radical. 

11.  J.  GREENII.  Oakes  &  Tuckerman.     (J.  squarrosus.  Muhl.?) 

Scape  tall,  subterete,  striate;  Ivs.  filiform-setaceous,  subterete,  scarcely 
channeled,  shorter  than  the  scape,  with  sheathing  bases;  panicle  subumbellate, 
5-rayed ;  bracts  setaceous,  one  of  them  very  long ;  fls.  single,  approximate  ;  sep. 
and  pet.  ovate,  acute,  twice  shorter  than  the  triangular- acute,  shining  capsule. — 
Wet  grounds,  R.  Isl.  and  Mass.,  Dr.  Truman  Rickard !  The  handsomest  of 
the  rushes,  about  2f  high,  rigid,  strict.  Leaves  all  radical,  If  or  more  high.. 
Panicle  2 — 3'  long,  one  of  the  bracts  twice  longer,  the  other  twice  shorter. 
Capsule  2"  long,  of  a  glossy  mahogany  color.  Seeds  very  minute,  linear-oblong. 

12.  J.  TENUIS.  Willd.     Slender  Rush. 

St.  scape-like,  slender,  erect ;  Ivs.  subradical,  linear-setaceous,  shorter  than 
the  stem  ;  bracts  2 — 3,  much  longer  than  the  panicle ;  fls.  single,  approximate, 
subsessile ;  perianth  segments  acuminate,  longer  than  the  subglobose-triangular 
capsule. — A  very  common  rush,  about  foot-paths  and  roadsides,  and  in  fields 
and  meadows,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Stems  wiry,  6 — 24'  high.  Leaves  very  narrow, 
3 — 8'  long.  Panicle  subfasciculate,  5 — 10-flowered,  varying  to  subumbellate 
and  20— 30-flowered,  the  rays  very  unequal.  June,  July. 

*  *  *  *  Leaves  flattish,  channeled,  cauline  and  radical. 

13.  J.  BUFONIUS.     Toad  Rush. 

St.  dichotomous  above ;  Ivs.  grooved,  subsetaceous ;  fls.  oblong,  subsoli- 
tary,  sessile,  unilateral. — A  small,  caespitose  species,  common  in  wet  grounds, 
ditches,  &c.  Stems  numerous,  3 — 8'  high,  with  a  large,  few-flowered  panicle 
at  top.  Leaves  few,  2 — 3'  long.  Perianth  segments  twice  as  long  as  the  ovary. 
July,  Aug. 

14.  J.  BULBOSUS.     (J.  uliginosus.  Sibthorp.) 

St.  leafy,  very  slender,  compressed ;  Ivs.  mostly  radical,  linear-setaceous, 
shorter  than  the  stem ;  panicle  small,  few-flowered,  subtrichotomous,  longer  than 
the  bracts;  fls.  about  in  3s;  sep.  and  pet.  equal,  acute,  incurved,  rather  shorter 
than  the  subglobose,  obtuse  capsule. — A  common  rush,  in  salt  marshes,  N.  J.  to 
the  Arctic  Sea,  usually  with  dark  green  foliage  and  brown  capsules.  Stems 
tufted,  erect  or  decumbent  and  stoloniferous,  about  If  in  length,  tough  and 
wiry.  Leaves  3 — 8'  long.  Bracts  6 — 12".  Flowers  12  or  more,  at  length 
brown  or  blackish.  July,  Aug. — It  makes  good  hay. 

15.  J.  TRIFIDUS.     Three-leaved  Rush. 

St.  sheathed  at  base ;  If.  solitary,  linear-setaceous  near  the  top ;  sheaths 
ciliate;  bracts  foliaceous,  long,  grooved. — Heads  about  3-flowered,  terminal. 
White  Hills,  N.  H.,  Bio.  Stems  crowded,  thread-like,  Jf  high.  Radical  leaves 
1 — 2,  very  short.  The  cauline  leaf  resembles  the  2  braeis,  apparently  forming 
with  them  a  foliaceous,  3-bracted  involucre.  July. 

16.  J.  MARIG1NATUS.    RoStkoW. 

St.  compressed;  Ivs.  flat,  smooth,  gramineous;  panicle  corymbose,  simple, 
proliferous  ;  fls.  in  capitate  clusters,  triandrous ;  perianth  about  as  long  as  the 
obtuse  capsule,  the  sepals  and  bracts  somewhat  awned. — In  low  grounds,  Mass. ! 
N.  Y.  to  Car.  Stems  1 — 3f  high.  Radical  leaves  numerous,  sheathing ;  cau- 
line 1  or  2.  Panicle  consisting  of  several  globose,  3 — 6-flowered  heads  both 
pedunculate  and  sessile,  longer  than  the  erect  bracts  at  base.  Sepals  edged 
with  dark  purple,  unequal.  Aug. 

2.   LUZtfLA.     DC. 

Italian  lucciola,  a  glow-worm ;  from  the  dew  glistening  upon  its  flowers. 

Perianth  persistent,  bibracteate  at  base;  stamens  6;  capsule  1- 
celled,  3-seeded  ;  seeds  fixed  to. the  bottom. — Stem  jointed,  leafy.  Lvs. 
flat,  grass-like,  generally  pilose.  Fls.  terminal. 


562  CLVII.   COMMELYNACE^E.  COMMELTNA. 

1.  L.  CAMPESTRIS.  Willd.     (Juncus.  Linn.}     Field  Rush. 

Lvs.  hairy ;  spikes  terminal,  with  or  without  peduncles ;  Ifts.  of  the  perianth 
.anceolate,  acuminate,  awned,  longer  than  the  obtuse  capsule. — In  meadows, 
U.  S.  and  Can.  Stem  simple,  straight,  3 — 12'  high,  according  to  the  moisture. 
Leaves  grass-like,  2— 6'  long,  very  hairy  at  the  margins.  Heads  in  a  sort  of 
umbel,  with  an  involucre  of  2  or  3  short,  unequal  leaves.  Perianth  dark  brown. 
An  early  species,  flowering  in  May. 

2.  L.  PILOSA.  Willd.     (Juncus.  Linn.}     Hairy  Wood  Rush. 

Lvs.  pilose ;  panicle  cymose,  spreading  ;  fls.  solitary ;  caps,  obtuse. — Com- 
mon in  woods  and  groves,  Free  States.  Stem  4 — 10'  high^  Radical  leaves 
numerous,  2 — 4'  long,  linear-lanceolate,  veined,  fringed  with  long,  white  hairs. 
Panicle  8 — 12-flowered,  with  a  leafy  bract.  Pedicels  5 — 10"  long,  finally  de- 
flexed.  Perianth  brown,  with  2  green  bracteoles.  May. 

3.  L.  MELANOCARPA.  Desv.    (Juncus.  Michx.} 

SI.  elongated;  Ivs.  sublanceolate,  glabrous-;  corymb  decompound;  ped. 
elongated,  the  branches  with  3 — 5  pedicellate  flowers ;  sep.  ovate,  acuminate, 
longer  than  the  oval-triangular,  obtuse-mucronate  capsule. — Native  of  the 
White  Hills,  N.  H.,  Bw.  Stem  12—18'  high.  Radical  leaves  8— 10' by  3—5", 
those  of  the  stem  much  shorter,  all  very  smooth.  Panicle  large,  nodding,  many- 
flowered.  Capsule  black.  June. 

4.  L.  SPICATA.  DC.     (Juncus.   Willd.} 

Lvs.  linear,  hairy  at  the  base ;  spike  cernuous,  compound ;  sep.  acuminate- 
awned,  about  equal  in  length  to  the  subglobose  capsule. — White  Hills,  N.  H., 
Boott.  Stem  8 — 10'  high,  slender,  simple.  Leaves  2 — 3'  long,  a  line  wide, 
smooth  except  at  the  base.  Spike  an  inch  long.  Aug. 

3.   NARTHECIUM.     Moehr. 
Gr.  vapSrji-,  a  rod  or  wand  ;  in  allusion  to  the  slender  inflorescence. 

Perianth  6-parted,  colored,  spreading,  persistent ;  stam.  6 ;  fila- 
ments hairy ;  caps,  prismatic,  3-celled  ;  seeds  00,  ovate-oblong,  appen- 
daged  at  each  extremity. — ^  Root  fibrous.  Lvs.  ensiform.  Scape 
nearly  naked.  Fls.  yellow. 

N.  AMERICANUM.  Ker.  (Phalangium  ossifragum.  Muhl.} 
Lvs.  radical,  striate,  narrow-en  siform  ;  scape  simple,  bracted ;  rac.  lax,  in- 
terrupted ;  pedicels  with  a  bract  at  base,  and  a  setaceous  bracteole  near  the 
flower. — An  interesting  little  plant,  in  pine  barrens  and  sandy  swamps,  Middle 
States.  Scapes  10 — 15'  high,  terete,  with  2  or  3  subulate  bracts.  Leaves  nume- 
rous, much  shorter  than  the  scape.  Pedicels  3 — 1"  long.  Perianth  greenish 
externally,  yellow  within,  about  half  as  long  as  the  yellowish,  mature  capsule. 
Aug. 

ORDER  CLVII.     COMMELYNACE^E.— SPIDERWORTS. 

Herbs  with  flat,  narrow  leaves  which  are  usually  sheathing  at  base. 

Perianth  in  2  series,  the  outer  (calyx)  of  3  herbaceous  sepals,  the  inner  (corolla)  of  3  colored  petals. 

Sta.  6,  some  of  them  usually  deformed  or  abortive,  hypogynous. 

Ova.  2— 3-celled,  cells  few-ovuled.    Styles  and  stigmas  united  into  one. 

Fr—  Capsule  2— 3-celled,  2— 3-valved;  cells  often  but 2-seeded,  with  loculicidal dehiscence. 

Seeds  few,  with  dense,  fleshy  albumen.    Embryo  opposite  the  hilum. 

Genera  16,  species  260,  chiefly  natives  of  the  Indies,  Australasia  and  Africa,  -a  few  of  N.  America. 
They  are  of  little  importance  to  man. 

Genera. 

<\  3  or  4  of  them  sterile.    Commelyna.   1 
Stamens  6,  (.  all  perfect.         .       .    Tradescantia.  2 

1.   COMMELYNA.    Dill. 

In  honor  of  the  brothers  Commelyn,two  German  botanists. 

Sepals  herbaceous;  petals  colored;  stam.  6,  3 — 4  of  them  sterile 
and  furnished  with  cruciform  glands ;  caps.  3-celled,  3-valved,  one  of 
the  valves  abortive. — Lvs.  lance-linear ,  with  sheaths  at  base.  Fls.  en- 
folded in  a  conduplicate,  persistent^  spathaceous  bract. 


XYRIS.  CLVIII.    XYRIDACE^E.  563 

1.  C.  ANGUSTIFOLIA.  Michx/i    (C.  erecta.   Willd.)    Day  Flower. 

St.  assurgent,  branching,  subgeniculate ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  subpetiolate, 
sheaths  split  to  the  base ;  spathe  broad-cordate,  distinct  and  open  at  base,  en- 
folding 2  peduncles  and  several  flowers ;  pedicels  contorted ;  pet.  unequal,  the 
lower  one  much  smaller,  unguiculate ;  sta.  2,  perfect. — Dry  soils,  Middle ! 
Southern  and  Western  States  !  Plant  nearly  smooth,  12 — 18'  high,  glabrous. 
Leaves  3 — 5'  by  8 — 14",  varying  from  lance-linear  to  lance-ovate.  Spathe 
veiny,  3 — 5-flowered.  Petals  deep  blue.  July,  Aug. 

2.  C.  VIRGINICA.  Linn.  1    (C.  longifolia.  Michx.} 

St.  erect,  branched  at  base,  ciliate-pubescent;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  subpetiolate, 
sheaths  entire,  elongated,  ciliate-pilose ;  bracts  deltoid-falcate,  united  and  entire 
at  base  as  if  peltate,  about  2-flowered ;  pet.  nearly  equal ;  sta.  3,  perfect. — Rocky 
woods,  thickets,  Penn.  (MuM.)  Harper's  Ferry !  to  Ga.  A  more  slender,  but 
erect  species,  1 — 2f  high.  Leaves  3 — 5'  by  6 — 12",  usually  narrow-lanceolate, 
pilose-scabrous,  the  sheaths  near  1'  long.  Spathe  broadly  funnel-shaped.  Pe- 
tals blue.  July,  Aug. — Neither  of  these  plants  agrees  with  the  descriptions  in 
the  books. 

2.  TRADESCANTIA. 

Named  in  honor  of  John  Tradescant,  gardener  to  Charles  I. 

Sepals  persistent ;  petals  large,  suborbicular,  spreading  ;  filaments 
clothed  with  jointed  hairs  ;  anthers  reniform. — ^  Fls.  in  terminal, 
close  umbels,  subtended  by  2  or  3  long,  leafy  bracts. 

1.  T.  VIRGINICA.     Spider-wort. 

St.  erect,  simple  or  branched ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  channeled  above,  sessile, 
glabrous ;  fls.  in  a  terminal,  subumbellate  cluster,  pedicels  finally  elongated  and 
reflexed;  cal.  pubescent. — Moist  meadows,  prairies,  &c.,  Middle!  and  Western 
States !  common.  Stem  thick,  round,  jointed,  2 — 3f  high.  Leaves  numerous, 
subpilose,  12 — 18'  by  6 — 12",  the  bracts  similar.  Petals  large,  suborbicular, 
of  a  deep,  rich  blue,  soon  fading.  May — Aug. — The  juice  of  the  plant  is  viscid 
and  spins  into  thread ;  hence  the  common  name. 

13. 1  (T.  subaspera.  Sims.  ?)  bus.  lanceolate,  narrowed  to  the  base,  pilose 
both  sides,  sheaths  entire,  ciliate  with  long,  white  hairs ;  umbels  both  axillary 
and  terminal ;  fls.  small,  rose-colored. — Shady  river  banks,  la. ! 

2.  T.  ROSEA.  Michx. 

St.  erect,  simple;  Ivs.  linear,  glabrous,  channeled,  amplexicaul;  ped. 
elongated ;  cal.  glabrous.— Penn.  to  Ga.,  in  moist  woods.  Stem  8 — 12'  high. 
Leaves  6 — 8'  by  2 — 3'.  Umbel  terminal,  subtended  by  2  or  3  subulate  bracts. 
Pedicels  nearly  1'  long.  Flowers  much  smaller  than  in  the  preceding  species. 
Petals  rose-colored,  twice  longer  than  the  smooth  calyx.  May. 

ORDER  CLVIII.     XYRIDACE^l.— XYRIDS. 

Herbs,  sedge-like,  with  linear  or  ensiform  leaves.    Fls.  capitate  at  the  top  of  a  simple  scape. 

Perianth  6-parted,  in  2  series,  sepals  3,  glumaceous,  petals  3,  uneuiculate.  [ments. 

Sta.  6,  3  of  them  with  extrorse  anthers  and  inserted  on  the  claw  of  the  petab,  the  other  3  abortive  fila- 

Ova.  single.    Style  trifid.    Stigmas  obtuse,  lobed. 

Fr  —  Capsule  3-valved,  1  celled,  with  parietal  placentae,  or  3-celled. 

Seeds  numerous,  albuminous. 

Genera  5,  species  70,  natives  of  tropical  Asia,  Africa  and  America,  a  few  species  of  Xyru  extending 
into  the  United  States.  Of  no  important  use. 

XYRIS. 

Gr.  £vpos ,  acute-pointed ;  in  allusion  to  the  form  of  the  leaves. 

Heads  of  flowers  ovoid-cylindric ;  sepals  cartilaginous ;  petals 
equal,  ovate,  crenate,  with  narrow  claws  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  cap- 
sule 1 -celled,  with  parietal  placentae. — Lvs.  narrowly  linear,  rigid, 
radical,  sheathing  the  base  of  the  scape.  Fls.  in  a  terminal,  dense  head, 
Is  yellow. 

1.  X.  CAROLINIANA.   Lam.     (X.  Jupacai.  MX.    X.  flexuosa.  Ell.}     Yei- 
Imo-eyed  Grass.— Scape  slender,  compressed  and  ancipitous  above;    Ivs, 


564  CLIX.   ERICAULONACE^:.  ERIOCAULON. 

linear-ensiform,  more  or  less  twisted,  acute,  rigid,  erect,  shorter  than  the  scape ; 
head  oblong-globose,  obtuse;  scales  coriaceous,  imbricated,  obtuse,  concave, 
scarious  and  yellowish  at  edge  ;  lower  ones  empty ;  sep.  not  exserted ;  claws  of 
petals  as  long  as  the  scales. — 7J.  Meadows,  swamps  and  prairies,  U.  S.  not  un- 
common. Scape  firm  and  wiry,  often  twisted  or  flexuous,  1 — 2f  high,  1"  diam. 
Leaves  few,  flat,  6 — 12'  by  2 — 3/'  clasping  or  equitant  at  base.  Petals  yellow, 
limb  spreading,  retuse.  July,  Aug. 

0.  brevifolia.  Wood.  (X.  brevifolia.  MX.)  bus.  linear-subulate,  short,  much 
twisted. — Evidently  a  variety  of  this  polymorphous  species. 

y.  1  Olneyi.  Wood.  L/vs.  larger,  nearly  as  long  as  the  scape  ;  strongly  equi- 
tant-clasping  at  base  ;  scales  rather  loosely  imbricated ;  sep.  a  little  exserted ; 
filaments  hairy. — Cumberland,  R.  I.,  Olney !  Scape  18 — 24'  high.  Leaves  3 — 
4"  wide. — Perhaps  distinct,  but  its  claims  cannot  now  be  satisfactorily  deter- 
mined. 

2.  X.  FIMBRIATUS.  Ell.     Fringed  Xyris. 

Scape  tall,  erect ;  Ivs.  linear-ensiform,  about  equaling  the  scape ;  head  ob- 
long, with  the  scales  loosely  imbricated ;  sepals  much  exserted,  fimbriate. — A 
large  species,  found  in  N.  J.  (Darlington)  S.  to  Ga.,  Elliott.  Scape  2 — 3f  high. 
— I  have  never  seen  this  species. 

ORDER  CLIX.     ERICAULONACEJE.— PIPEWORTS. 

Herbs  perennial,  aquatic,  with  linear,  spongy,  cellular  leaves  sheathing  at  base. 
Fls.  monoecious  or  dioecious,  in  a  dense  head.    Perianth  2— 6-parted,  or  wanting. 
Sta.  6,  some  of  them  generally  abortive.    Anthers  mostly  1-celled. 
Ova.  1  or  more-celled,  cells  1 -seeded.    Seeds  pendulous. 
Genera  9,  species  200,  chiefly  South  American.    They  are  of  no  known  use. 

ERIOCAULON. 

Gr.  spiov,  wool,  KO.V\OS,  stem;  the  stem  being  sometimes  woolly  or  tomentose. 

Flowers  <? ,  collected  into  an  imbricated  head ;  involucre  many- 
leaved.  cT  in  the  disk ;  perianth  single,  3-cleft,  the  2  inner  seg- 
ments united  nearly  to  their  summit ;  stamens  4 — 6.  9  in  the 
margin  ;  perianth  single,  deeply  4-parted ;  style  1  ;  stigmas  2  or  3  ; 
capsule  2 — 3-celled,  2 — 3-lobed  ;  cells  1 -seeded. 

1.  E.  SEPTANGULARE.  With.     (E.  pellucidum.  Michx.)    Pipewort. 
Smooth ;  scape  slender,  about  7-furrowed ;  Ivs.  linear-subulate,  pellucid, 

channeled,  5- veined ;  hd.  small,  globose ;  scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse. — A 
small  plant  of  simple  structure,  in  water,  only  the  scape  arising  above  the  sur- 
face. Leaves  radical,  submersed,  in  a  small  tuft  at  the  bottom,  1 — 3'  by  1— 2", 
tapering  to  a  point,  transparent  at  base.  Stem  simple,  erect,  4—12'  high,  with 
a  small,  terminal,  hemispherical  head  of  close,  white  flowers.  Jn. 

2.  E.  DECANGULARE.  Michx.     Tall  Pipewort. 

Scape  10-furrowed ;  Ivs.  ensiform,  glabrous ;  hds.  large,  depressed-globose ; 
invol.  scales  oval,  acute,  those  of  the  receptacle  mucronate. — Ponds,  N.  J.  to 
Car.  Scape  2 — 3f  high.  Flowers  very  white.  Aug. 

3.  E.  GNAPHALOIDES.  Michx.     (E.  decangulare.    Walt.) 

Scape  somewhat  compressed,  with  10  furrows ;  Ivs.  short,  subulate,  ensi- 
form, glabrous ;  hds.  hemispheric-convex ;  invol.  of  shining,  scarious,  ova], 
round-obtuse  scales. — In  still  waters.  Scape  10 — 14'  high.  July. 


CLASS  IV.     GIAJMACEOCJS  ENDOGENS. 

FLOWERS  with  glumes  ;  or  floral  organs  enclosed  in  imbricated 
bracts,  and  arranged  in  spikelets,  having  no  proper  perianth  (calyx 
or  corolla).  OVARY  with  one  cell  containing  a  solitary  ovule  and 
becoming  a  one-seeded  fruit  (achenium  or  caryopsis). 


ORDER  CLX.     CYPERACE^E— SEDGES. 

Herbs  mostly  perennial,  coarse,  grass-like,  csespitose.    Root  fibrous  or  rarely  tuberous. 

Stems  (culms)  usually  solid  with  pith,  generally  without  joints  or  nodes,  and  triangular. 

Lvs.  with  their  sheaths  entire.    Inflorescence,  mostly  capitate  or  spicate. 

Fls.  perfect  or  monoecious,  solitary  in  the  axil  of  each  bract  (glume,  scale). 

Per.  wanting,  or  represented  by  a  few  hypogynous  bristles,  or  a  cup-shaped  or  saccate  perigynium. 

Sta.  definite  (1—12),  mostly  3.    Anthers  fixed  by  their  base,  entire,  2-celled. 

Ova.  generally  either  surrounded  by  bristles,  or  invested  in  the  saccate  perigynium.    Ovule  erect. 

Sty.  2  or  3,  more  or  less  united.    Stigmas  undivided,  rarely  bifid. 

Fr.  an  achenium.    Embryo  in  the  end  of  the  albumen  next  the  hilum. 

Genera  112,  species  2000.  The  sedges  abound  in  almost  all  countries  and  climes  of  the  globe,  and  in  all 
localities,  but  are  more  common  in  the  meadows,  marshes  and  swamps  of  the  temperate  zones.  About 
25  genera  and  340  species  are  known  in  North  America. 

Properties.— They  are  in  general  little  used  for  food  or  in  the  arts.  Their  coarse  herbage  is  often  eaten 
by  cattle,  but  they  are  nearly  destitute  of  the  sweet  and  nutritious  properties  of  the  grasses.  The  leaves 
of  some  of  the  larger  species  are  used  in  Italy  to  bind  flasks,  and  in  weaving  the  bottoms  ot  chairs. 
Yet,  although  of  so  little  apparent  value,  their  vast  numbers  authorize  the  belief  that  they  subserve 
many  highly  important  ends  in  the  economy  of  nature. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 

i  Flowers  in  axillary,  racemose  spikelets 
(  Spikelets  linear,  many-flowered,  distinct,  loose. 
(  Ach.  triangular. 
Fls.  all  terminal.  (  Spikelets  1— 2-flowered,inhds.  <  Ach  lenticular. 
(  Perisynium  of  3  ovate,  unguiculate  petals,  with  3  bristles. 
'  Leaves  0.    Spike  solitary,  terminal. 
(  Bristles  3—6. 


lyor 

irregularly    <  enclosed 
.  imbricated.  (  Achenium 


Dulichium. 
Cyperus. 
Mariscus. 
Kyllingia. 
Fuirena. 
Eleocharis. 
Scirpus. 
Eriophorutn. 

Fls.  all   I  Leaves       }  $  Style  2-cleft.  Fimbristylis. 

terrain,  [present.,   t  Bristles  0.  \  Style  3-cleft.  Tricfielostylis.   10 

$  Bristles  3 — 6.    Sty.  deciduous     Scirpus.  ^ 

Flowers  all  lateral.    \  Bristles  0.    Leaves  radical.         Hemicarpha.     11 

\  Style  short,  bulbous  at  base.      Rhynchospora.  13 

Flowers  f  Brist.  3—6.  \  Style  very  long,  horn-like.     .    Ceratoschcemts.U 

both       I  I Spikelets  20— 30-flowered.     .    Psilocarya.        12 

laxil.and!  <  Spikelets  $  Ach.  corky,  brown.  Cladium.  15 

Uermin.   I  Bristles  0.  (  few  flwrd.  £  Ach.  bony,  white.  Scleria.  16 

closed  in  a  saccate  perigynium.    Fls.  declinoua.          .     Carex.  17 


TRIBE!.     CYPERE.E. — Flowers  $.     Spikelets  distichously  imbricated. 
1.   DULICHIUM. 

Gr.  Jvcd,  two,  AEI^IJV,  scale;  alluding  u»  the  glumes  in  two  rows  ? 

Spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  subcompressed ;  glumes  sheathing, 
closely  imbricated  in  2  rows ;  style  long,  bifid,  the  persistent  base 
crowning  the  compressed  achenium ;  ovary  invested  with  setae. — 
Stem  leafy.  Spikes  axillary,  racemose. 

D.  SPATHACEUM.  P.ers.  (Cyperus.  Linn.  Scirpus.  Michx.*) 
St.  round,  leafy  and  somewhat  3-sided  above,  thick,  sheathed  below ;  Ivs. 
alternate,  pointing  3  ways,  2—4'  by  3"  ;  sheaths  tubular,  shorter  than  the  inter- 
nodes;  spikes  axillary  from  within  the  sheaths  and  terminal,  each  consisting 
of  8 — 10  linear-lanceolate,  alternate  spikelets  in  2  rows  ;  spikelets  5 — 7-flowered, 
nearly  an  inch  in  length ;  glumes  linear-lanceolate. — %  Marshes,  borders  of 
streams,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Aug. 

2.  CYPERUS. 

Spikelets  compressed,  distinct,  many-flowered ;  glumes  imbricated 
in  two.  opposite  rows,  nearly  all  with  a  flower  enclosed  :  ovary  generally 
without  setae. — Mostly  ^-.  Stem  simple,  leafy  at  base,  mostly  triangu- 
lar, bearing  an  involucrate.  simple  or  compound  umbel  at  top. 


566  CLX.   CYPERACE^E.  CYPERUS. 

§.  1.  Style  2-cleft.     Achenium  compressed-lenticular. 

1.  C.  FLAVESCENS.     ~Yellow  Sedge. 

St.  leafy,  triquetrous  ;  spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  15 — 20-flowered,  in  fasci- 
cles of  3  or  4  ;  invol.  of  3,  unequal  leaves,  longer  than  the  spikes  ;  glumes  ovate, 
obtuse  ;  style  2-cleft ;  ach.  mucronate,  somewhat  rugose,  dark  brown. — 7|_  Marshy 
grounds,  U.  S.,  not  common.  Stems  and  leaves  about  8'  high,  the  former  with 
yellowish-green  spikes  in  a  terminal  umbel  with  unequal  rays.  Aug.,  Sept. 

2.  C.  DIANDRUS.  Torr.     Diandrous  Sedge 

St.  slender,  reclining ;  umbels  sessile,  1 — 2-rayed ;  rays  unequal ;  invol. 
3-leaved,  the  2  outer  leaves  very  long ;  spikelets  oblong-lanceolate,  flat,  14 — 16- 
flowered,  collected  into  capitate  fascicles ;  glumes  acute  ;  sta.  2 ;  sty.  2-cleft ;  ach. 
compressed. — Marshes,  N.  Eng.  !  Mid.  and  W.  States.  Stem  6 — 12'  long. 
Umbel  somewhat  paniculate.  Glumes  chestnut-colored.  A  delicately  beauti- 
ful * 


0. 1  castaneus.  Torr.     (C.  castaneus.  BW.}    Rays  very  short ;  glumes  close, 
subcoriaceous,  green  on  the  back. — N.  Eng. !     Stems  4— -8'  high. 

3.  C.  NUTTALLII.  Torr.     NuttalVs  Sedge. 

St.  acutely  triquetrous,  leafy  at  base ;  Ivs.  narrow-linear,  nearly  as  high 
as  the  stem  ;  umbel  loose,  subsessile,  about  3-rayed ;  rays  short ;  invol.  4-leaved, 
the  2  outer  leaves  very  long ;  spikelets  very  acute,  linear-lanceolate,  fasciculate, 
brownish ;  ach.  oblong-obtuse. — 7J.  Salt  marshes,  N.  Eng.  to  La.  Stems  6 — 12' 
high,  in  dense  tufts.  Scales  minutely  3-toothed.  Stamens  2. 

4.  C.  TENELLUS.  Linn.  1  Torr.     Slender  Sedge. 

St.  setaceous,  very  slender,  3 — 5'  high  ;  Ivs.  setaceous ;  spikelets  solitary, 
lance-linear ;  invol.  mostly  of  one  erect,  setaceous  leaf  1'  in  length ;  scales 
rather  loose,  3-veined  on  the  keel ;  sta.  1 ;  sty.  2-cleft ;  ach.  oblong-obovate,  much 
compressed,  brown. — Monmouth  Co.,  N.  J.,  Dr.  Cleaver,  (Torr.  Gyp.,  p.  258.) 

§  2.  Style  3-cleft.    Achenia  triangular. 
*  Spikelets  alternate,  in  pinnatiform,  subdistichous  spikes. 

5.  C.  STRIGOSUS.     Bristle-spiked  Galingale. 

St.  triquetrous,  leafy  only  at  base;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  rough-margined, 
about  as  long  as  the  stem ;  umbel  with  elongated  rays  and  oblong,  loose  spikes ; 
involucels  0  or  setaceous ;  spikelets  numerous,  linear-subulate,  spreading  hori- 
zontally, 8 — 10-flowered,  7 — 97/  long ;  invol.  of  about  6  leaves,  the  2  outer  ones 
very  long.— Wet  grounds,  U.  S.,  frequent.  Stem  1 — 2f  high,  bulbous  at  base. 
Umbel  yellowish.  Sept. 

0.  Rays  with  setaceous  involucels  1'  long;  spikelets  very  numerous,  subulate, 
3—4"  long.— la. ! 

6.  C.  MICHAUXIANA.  Schultes.    (C.  eruthrorhizos.  Torr.) 

St.  acutely  triangular  ;  umbel  compound,  with  short  rays  ;  spikelets  6 — 9- 
flowered,  the  lower  ones  compound ;  rachis  very  broad,  easily  separating  at  the 
joints  ;  ova.  ovoid- triangular,  enfolded  by  the  interior,  adnate  scales. — ®  Brack- 
ish swamps,  generally  near  the  sea,  Middle  and  Southern  States.  Stem  12 — 15" 
high,  reddened  at  the  base,  longer  than  the  leaves.  Spikelets  9"  long,  7 — 9- 
flowered. 

7.  C.  REPENS.  Ell.    (C.  phymatodes.  Muhl.) 

Rt.  creeping,  bearing  small,  round  tubers  at  the  extremities ;  st.  1 — 2fhigh, 
3-angled,  striate ;  Ivs.  subradical,  as  long  as  the  stem;  umbel  4— 6-rayed;  rays 
often  branched,  bearing  12 — 20  linear,  obtuse  spikelets  somewhat  in  2  rows ; 
sheaths  obliquely  truncate,  involucels  0 ;  spikelets  12 — 20-flowered,  6 — S"  long, 
the  lowest  generally  fasciculate  ;  glumes  yellowish. — 1|.  Moist  fields,  N.  Y.  to 
la. !  and  S.  States.  Aug. 

8.  C.  SPECIOSUS.  Vahl.     Showy  Sedge. 

St.  acutely  angled,  about  3f  high ;  Ivs.  deeply  channeled,  half  as  long 
as  the  stem ;  umbels  compound,  about  8-rayed,  rays  alternate,  1 — 3'  long ; 
ochrece  (sheaths)  deeply  2-parted;  partial  umbels  with  numerous,  compound 
spikes,  mvolucellate  with  setaceous  bracts ;  spikelets  umbellate.  5 — 8-flowered ; 
sta.  3. — Wet  places,  Columbus,  Ohio,  Sullivant. 


MARIBCUS.  CLX.   CYPERACE^E.  567 

*  *  Spikelets  irregularly  inserted  all  around  the  rachis. 

9.  C.  ScHWEiNiTZIi.  Torr.     Scheinitz's  Sedge. 

St.  8 — 12'  high,  triquetrous,  rough  on  the  angles ;  Im.  shorter  than  the 
stem,  about  a  line  wide  ;  umbel  simple,  erect,  4 — 6-rayed,  rays  elongated,  une- 
qual ;  sheaths  truncate,  entire ;  invol.  3— 5-leaved,  longer  than  the  leaves,  sca- 
brous on  the  margin ;  spikelets  6 — 7,  alternate,  approximate,  6 — 8-flowered,  with 
a  small,  setaceous  bract  at  the  base  of  each ;  scales  membranaceous  on  the 
margin ;  sta.  3 ;  sty.  3-cleft,  scarcely  longer  than  the  smooth  achenia. — Shore 
of  L.  Ontario,  Sartwell,  of  Lake  Erie,  Suttivant !  to  Ark. 

10.  C.  ERUTHRORHlzos.  Muhl.     Red-root  Sedge. 

St.  2 — 3f  high,  obtusely  triquetrous,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  umbel  com- 
pound ;  rays  5 — 9,  3 — M  long,  each  with  3—4  sessile  spikes ;  sheaths  entire ; 
spikelets  very  numerous,  6"  long,  crowded  and  spreading  in  the  spikes,  a  little 
flattened,  about  13-flowered ;  outer  glumes  mucronate,  closely  imbricated,  chest- 
nut-brown, veinless  and  shining,  the  inner  ones  entirely  free  from  the  rachis  ; 
sta.  3 ;  ach.  smooth  and  shining,  much  shorter  than  the  glume. — Wet  grounds. 
Penn.  and  Southern  States. 

*  *  *  Spikelets  more  or  less  aggregated  in  terminal  masses. 

11.  C.  FILICULMIS.  Vahl.    (C.  mariscoides.  Ell.} 

St.  slender,  almost  filiform,  tuberous  at  base,  8 — 12'  long,  leafy  only  at  base  ; 
Ivs.  mostly  radical,  carinate  ;  umbel  simple  and  sessile,  or  with  1  or  2  rays  ;  spike- 
lets  linear-lanceolate,  3 — 8-flowered,  flattened  when  old,  collected  into  globose 
heads  ;  glumes  remote,  loose,  ovate,  yellowish. — Dry,  rocky  hills,  N.  Eng. !  to 
Flor.,  W.  to  111. !  Aug. 

12.  C.  GRAYII.  Torr. 

St.  8 — 12'  high,  filiform,  obtusely  triangular,  erect,  tuberous  at  base  ;  Ivs. 
radical,  channeled,  about  \"  wide ;  umbel  4— 6-rayed,  capillary,  erect,  spread- 
ing ;  sheaths  truncate  ;  hds.  loose,  of  6 — 8  spikelets ;  spikelets  linear,  compressed, 
8 — 7-flowered ;  scales  ovate,  veined,  obtuse,  imbricated,  interior  ones  lanceolate  ; 
sta.  3 ;  sty.  3-cleft ;  ach.  obovate-triquetrous,  §  the  length  of  the  scale,  gray,  dot- 
ted.— Sandy  fields,  Mass.,  Oakes,  L.  I.,  Kneiskern,  N.  J.,  Torrey.  Sept.  (Dr. 
Sartwell  comm.) 

13.  C.  DENTATUS.  Torr. 

St.  about  If  high,  leafy  at  base,  triquetrous ;  Ivs.  a  little  shorter  than  the 
stem,  strongly  keeled ;  umbel  compound,  6— 10-rayed ;  invol.  of  3  unequal  leaves, 
one  of  them  longer  than  the  umbel ;  spikelets  3  on  each  peduncle,  3 — 1"  long, 
ovate,  flat,  8-flowered ;  glumes  acute,  spreading  at  the  points,  giving  the  spike- 
lets  a  serrated  appearance  ;  sty.  3-cleft ;  ach.  triangular. — %  Swamps,  N.  Eng. ! 
and  Middle  States. 

14.  C.  INFLEXUS.     Muhl. 

St.  setaceous,  leafy  at  base,  2 — 3'  high;  l-vs.  equaling  the  stem;  umbel 
2 — 3-rayed,  or  conglomerate  and  simple  ;  invol.  of  3  long  leaves  ;  spikelets  ob- 
long, 8— 12-flowered,  10 — 20  together,  densely  crowded  into  the  ovoid  heads ; 
glumes  yellowish,  veined,  squarrose-uncinate  at  tip-  sta.  1. — Banks  of  streams, 
Free  States  !  and  British  Provinces.  Aug.,  Sept. 

15.  C.  ACUMINATUS.  Torr.  &  Hook. 

St.  5 — 10'  (3 — 4'  Torr.)  high,  slender,  obtusely  triquetrous;  Ivs.  erect, 
radical,  as  long  as  the  stem  ;  umbel  1—6  (1 — 2  TVrr.)-rayed  ;  invol.  3 — 4-leaved, 
very  long ;  rays  unequal,  each  with  a  globose  head  of  15 — 40  spikelets ;  spike- 
lets  3 — 11",  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  15 — 25-flowered ;  fls.  very  regularly  imbri- 
cated in  2  rows ;  glumes  acute,  with  the  point  recurved ;  sta.  1 ;  ach.  dull-gray- 
ish.— 111.  Mead!  Mo.  Drummond. 

3.   MARISCUS.    Vahl. 

Celtic  mar,  a  marsh ;  alluding  to  the  place  where  some  species  grow. 

Spikelets  subterete,  clustered  in  heads,  rarely  with  but  1  or  2  fer- 
tile flowers  ;  glumes  imbricated  somewhat  in  2  rows,  the  lower  ones 
short  and  empty ;  rachis  margined  with  the  adnate,  persistent,  in- 

48* 


568  CLX.   CYPERACE.E.  FUIRENA. 

terior  glumes ;  stamens  3  ;  style  3-cleft ;  achenium  triangular. — ^ 
Habit  of  Cyperus. 

1.  M.  OVULARIS.  Vahl.    (Cyperus.  Gron.  Torr.    Scirpus  echinatus.  Linn.} 
St.  triquetrous,  nearly  naked,  1 — 2f  high ;    Ivs.  shorter  than  the  stem, 

nearly  smooth ;  umbel  simple  ;  rays  3" — 2'  long ;  hds.  1 — 5,  globose,  1  sessile, 
the  rest  on  the  spreading  rays ;  spikelets  linear-subulate,  6"  long,  50 — 100  in 
each  head ;  fls.  2 — 4,  1—2  fertile  ;  invol.  3 — 4-leaved,  outer  leaves  very  long. — 
Bogs  and  low  grounds,  Middle  and  Western  States,  common.  Aug.,  Sept. 

8.  tenellus.  Torr.     Slender  and  csespitose ;  hds.  ovate,  small. 

y.  cylindricus.  Torr.     Hds.  oblong,  cylindrical. 

2.  M.  RETROFACTUS.  Vahl.    (Scirpus.  Linn.} 

St.  obtusely  triangular,  nearly  leafless,  pubescent,  2— 3f  high ;  Ivs.  pu- 
bescent, 3 — 4"  wide,  about  half  as  long  as  the  stem ;  umbels  simple ;  rays 
unequal,  long,  6 — 8;  invol.  3 — 5-leaved;  bracts  unequal,  not  longer  than  the 
rays;  spikelets  70 — 100,  subulate,  1-flowered,  finally  retrorsely  imbricate  into 
obovate  heads ;  2  lower  glumes  empty. — A  rare  species,  Middle  and  Western 
States.  Aug.,  Sept. 

4.   KYLLINGIA. 

In  honor  of  Peter  Kylling,  a  Danish  botanist. 

Spikelets  compressed  ;  scales  about  4,  the  two  lowest  short  and 
empty,  the  third  only  usually  with  a  fertile  flower;  stam.  1 — 3; 
style  long,  2-cleft ;  achenia  lenticular. — Stems  triangular.  Hds.  ses- 
sile,  solitary  or  aggregated,  involucrate. 

1.  K.  PUMILA.  Michx. 

Caespitose ;  st.  2 — 12'  high,  slender  ;  Ivs.  mostly  radical,  shorter  than  the 
stem,  smooth ;  hds.  generally  solitary,  sometimes  triple,  closely  sessile,  oval  or 
oblong ;  invol.  3-leaved,  1 — 2'  long ;  spikelets  1-flowered,  very  numerous,  about 
2"  long;  the  lowest  glume  or  glumes  very  small;  sta.  always  2;  ach.  lens- 
shaped,  fulvous. — Wet  banks,  Columbus,  Ohio  (Sullivant!)  Ky.  (Short)  and 
Southern  States. 

2.  K.  MONOCEPHALA. 

St.  slender,  10—15'  high,  leafy  at  base ;  Ivs.  much  shorter  than  the  stem, 
1"  wide;  hd.  simple,  globose,  dense,  inclining;  invol.  3-leaved,  the  highest 
leaflet  erect;  spikelets  numerous,  1-flowered;  two  lower  glumes  minute,  two 
upper  striate,  subequal,  serrulate,  ciliate  on  the  keel. — Mass.,  N.  Y.  to  Ga. 

TRIBE  2.    HYPOLYTRE^J. 

5.  FUIRENA.   Rottboll. 
In  honor  of  George  Fuiren,  a  Dutch  botanist. 

Glumes  awned,  imbricated  on  all  sides  into  a  spike  ;  petaloid 
scales  3,  cordate,  awned,  unguiculate,  investing  the  achenium. — %• 

St.  angular,  leafy.     Spikes  subumbeled,  axillary  and  terminal. 

1.  F.  SQJJARROSA.  Michx. 

St.  1 — 2f  high,  obtusely  triangular,  sulcate ;  Ivs.  ciliate,  shorter  than  the 
stem ;  sheaths  hispid-pilose  ;  spikes  clustered,  ovate,  mostly  terminal,  6 — 12 ; 
awns  nearly  as  long  as  the  glumes  ;  petaloid  scales  ovate,  cuspidate  with  a  short 
bristle ;  ach.  twice  the  length  of  the  stipe. — Bogs  and  swamps,  N.  J.  to  Car. 
Sept. 

2.  F.  PUMILA.  Spr.     (F.  squarrosa.  /?.  Torr.) 

St.  pubescent  above,  3 — 6'  high;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  flat,  striate,  as 
long  as  the  stem  ;  spikes  1,  2  or  3,  thick,  subtended  by  2 — 3  long,  involucrate, 
unequal  leaves  ;  glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  with  short  awns  ;  petaloid  scales  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  ach.  pedicellate,  with  retrorsely  hispid  setae.  Wet,  sandy  places.  Ang. 


ELEOCHARIS.  CLX.   CYPERACE.E.  569 

TRIBE  3.    SCIRPEJE.— Flowers  $  •    Glumes  of  the  spikelet  imbricated  all 

around.    Perigynium  none,  or  setaceous. 

6.   ELEOCHARIS.     R.  Br. 

Gr.  cXoj,  a  marsh,  %aipo>,  to  rejoice  ;  plants  delighting  in  marshy  grounds. 

Spikes  terete  ;  bristles  of  the  perigynium  mostly  6  (3 — 12),  rigid, 
persistent ;  styles  2 — 3-cleft,  articulated  to  the  ovary  ;  achenium 
crowned  with  a  tubercle  which  is  the  persistent,  bulbous  base  of  the 
style. — Stem  simple,  leafless.  Spike  solitary,  terminal. 

§  Spikes  cylindrical,  length  more,  than  three  times  the  diameter. 

1.  E.  EQUISETOIDES.  Torr.     (Scirpus.  Elliott.')    Horse-tail  Rush. 

St.  about  2f  high,  papillose,  terete,  2 — 3"  diam.,  with  about  20  joints,  pro- 
duced by  internal,  transverse  partitions ;  sheath  radical,  obtuse,  membranous ; 
spike  oblong-cylindrical,  about  1'  in  length,  acute  and  slightly  contracted  at 
oase ;  glumes  roundish-ovate,  cartilaginous,  obtuse ;  bristles  6,  as  long  as  the 
achenium;  sty.  3-cleft;  ach.  brown,  shining. — Bogs,  Cumberland,  R.  I.,  Olney ! 
Del.  to  Ga.  It  strikingly  resembles  Equisetum  hyemale. 

2.  E.  auADRANGULATA.  R.  Br.     (Scirpus.  Michx.) 

St.  2— 4f  high,  acutely  and  unequally  quadrangular,  the  broadest  side 
convex,  the  others  concave  ;  sheaths  radical,  purplish ;  spike  I'  or  more  in  length ; 
gluw^s  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  coriaceous ;  bristles  6 ;  ach.  obovate,  of  a  dull 
white. — Penn.,  Md.,  Dr.  Robbins,  to  Ga.  and  La.  In  swamps  and  inundated 
banks. 

3.  E.  ROBBINSII.  Oakes.     Robbins'  Club  Rush. 

Sts.  clustered,  9 — 25'  high,  rigid,  sharply  triangular,  pale  green,  several 
of  them  fruitless ;  sheath  truncate ;  spike  3 — 12"  long,  scarcely  thicker  than  the 
stem,  placed  2 — 5"  below  its  apex !  glumes  3 — 9,  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  finally 
brownish  ;  bristles  6,  twice  longer  than  the  achenium;  ach.  I"  long,  pale  brown ; 
tubercle  closely  sessile. — Ponds  and  ditches,  N.  H.  and  Mass.,  Richard  I  Very 
distinct.  In  water  a  part  of  the  stems  are  floating  and  as  fine  as  hairs.  July. 
§  §  Spike  ovate,  length  less  than  three  times  the  diameter.  *  Stems  terete. 

4.  E.  PALUSTRIS.  R.  Br.     (Scirpus.  Linn.}    Marsh  Club  Rush. 

St.  leafless,  round,  inflated ;  spikelets  smooth  and  shining,  lance-oblong, 
acute,  often  oblique,  terminal ;  glumes  subacute,  the  lower  ones  larger,  some- 
times empty. — Low  grounds,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.  Root  creeping.  Stems  nu- 
merous, 1 — 2£f  high,  each  with  an  obtuse  sheath  at  the  base.  Achenium  round- 
ish-obovoid,  rugose,  punctate,  surrounded  with  3  or  4  scabrous  bristles,  and 
crowned  with  a  tubercle.  July. 

5.  E.  OBTUSA.  Schultes.  (Scirpus  obtusus.  WUld.  Scirpus  capitatus.  Walt.') 
St.  sulcate,  subterete,  6—15'  high ;  spikelet  ovoid,  very  obtuse,  often  near- 
ly globose ;  glumes  round,  dark  brown,  with  whitish  margins ;  ach.  obovate, 
compressed,  smooth,  brown,  invested  with  6  setae  as  long  as  the  glumes. — Shal- 
low waters,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  common.    July. 

6.  E.  TUBERCULOSA.  R.  Br.     (Scirpus.  Michx.} 

St.  columnar,  striate,  12'  high,  leafless,  sheathed  at  base ;  spikelet  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  glumes  very  obtuse,  loose ;  ach.  somewhat  triquetrous,  smaller  than 
the  sagittate  tubercle  with  which  it  is  crowned ;  bristles  6,  as  long  as  the  tuber- 
cle.— Sandy  swamps,  N.  Eng. !  to  Flor.    Remarkable  for  its  large  tubercle.    Jl. 
*  *  Stems  compressed  or  angular. 

7.  E.  OLIVACEA.  Torr. 

Sts.  caespitose,  2 — 4'  high,  slender,  compressed,  sulcate,  soft ;  spike  ovate, 
acutish  2 — 3"  long,  20 — 30-flowered ;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  reddish-brown,  with 
scarious  edges  and  a  green  midvein,  the  lowest  largest ;  bristles  6  ;  sty.  2-cleft ; 
ach.  broadly  obovate,  smooth,  of  a  dull,  blackish-olive  color  when  ripe. — Sands, 
generally  partly  submersed,  Providence,  R.  I.,  Olney!  Mass,  to  N.  J. 

8.  E.  INTERMEDIA.  Schultes.     (Scirpus.  Muhl.}     Turf  Club  Rush. 

St.  csespitose^  setaceous,  diffuse,  compressed,  furrowed,  hard  and  wiry, 


570  CLX.   CYPERACE^:.  SCIRPUS. 

6—9'  long ;  spike  acute,  2 — 3"  long,  7— 9-flowered ;  glumes  lance-ovate,  acute, 
reddish -brown,  with  a  green  midvein ;  bristles  6,  white,  longer  than  the  ache- 
nium ;  sty.  3-cleft ;  ach.  obovate,  attenuated  to  the  base,  striate,  of  a  light  brown 
color. — In  running  water,  forming  a  strong,  dense  turf,  N.  H. !  to  Ga.,  W.  to 
Ohio,  July. 

9.  E.  ACICULARIS.  R.  Br.     (Scirpus.  Linn.')    Hair  Club  Rush. 

St.  leafless,  setaceous,  quadrangular,  very  slender,  3 — 6'  high;  spikelets 
oblong-ovate,  acute,  4 — 8-flowered ;  glumes  obtusish,  the  lowest  one  larger  and 
empty ;  ach.  obovoid,  triangular,  verrucose,  yellow  and  shining. — Edges  of  ponds, 
often  partly  submersed,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.  Very  delicate.  June,  July. 

10.  E.  TENUIS.  Schultes.     (Scirpus.    Willd.}     Slender  Club  Rush. 

St.  leafless,  almost  filiform,  quadrangular,  the  sides  sulcate,  8 — 15'  high, 
with  a  long,  purple  sheath  at  base  ;  spike  terminal,  elliptic-oval,  acute  at  each 
end;  glumes  dark  purple,  ovate,  obtuse,  the  lower  ones  larger  and  empty;  ova. 
roundish,  tapering  below,  in  vested  with  2  or  3  or  0  setae. — Common  in  wet  places, 
N.  Eng.  and  Mid.  States.  June,  July. 

11.  E.  MELANOCARPA.  Torr.   (Scirpus.  Baldwin.)  Black-fruited  Club  Rush. 
Sts.  compressed,  furrowed,  slender,  almost  filiform,  wiry,  12 — 18'  high ; 

sheaths  truncate ;  spike  lance-oblong,  rather  acute,  4 — 6"  in  length,  20 — 40-flow- 
ered ;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  brownish,  with  scarious  margins  and  a  prominent, 
yellowish  midvein  ;  bristles  3,  purple  ;  ach.  obovate-turbinate,  blackish ;  tubercle 
broad,  flat,  pointed  in  the  centre. — Providence,  R.  I.,  Olney ! 

12.  E.  PIGM.EA.  Torr. 

St.  1—2'  high,  setaceous,  compressed,  sulcate;  spikes  ovate,  compressed, 
3 — 6-flowered,  mostly  empty ;  bristles  6,  longer  than  the  achenium,  slender, 
scabrous  backwards ;  ach.  ovate,  acute,  triangular,  whitish  and  shining ;  tuber- 
cle minute. — Sea  coast,  Mass.,  Oakes.  Sept.  (Dr.  Sartwell,  comm.) 

13.  E.  ROSTELLATA.  Torr.  inN.  Y.  Fl.  ined.  (Scirpus.  Torr.   Cyp.,p.  318.) 
St.  15 — 20'  high,  clustered,  angular  and  sulcate,  slender,  almost  filiform, 

rigid ;  sheaths  obliquely  truncate,  the  lowest  blackish  at  summit ;  spike  laiice- 
ovate,  acute,  3 — 4"  long;  glumes  12 — 20,  lance-ovate,  smooth,  light  brown,  edge 
scarious  ;  bristles  4 — 6 ;  ach.  broadly  obovate,  biconvex,  light  olive-brown,  with 
a  long,  slightly  tuberculate  beak.— R.  I.,  Olney !  N.  Y.,  Sartwell. 

14.  E.  COMPRESSA.  Sullivant !     Flat-stemmed  Club  Rush. 

St.  12 — 18'  high,  caespitose,  much  compressed,  narrowly  linear,  striate ; 
sheath  close,  truncate ;  spike  oblong-ovate,  3 — 5"  in  length,  20— 30-flowered ; 
glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  mosily  2-cleft  at  apex,  dark  purple  on  the  back, 
with  a  broad,  scarious  margin  ;  bristles  0;  ach.  obovate-pyriform,  shining,  mi- 
nutely punctate,  of  a  light,  shining  yellow,  the  minute  tubercle  fuscous. — Wet 
places,  near  Columbus,  Ohio  !  A  very  remarkable  species. 

7.  SCIRPUS. 
Celtic  cirs,  the  general  name  for  rushes. 

Glumes  imbricated  on  all  sides ;  perigynium  of  3 — 6  bristles,  per- 
sistent ;  sty.  2 — 3-cleft,  not  tuberculate  at  base,  deciduous  ;  achenium 
biconvex  or  triangular. — ^1-  Stems  mostly  triquetrous,  simple,  rarely 
lea/less.  Spikes  solitary,  conglomerated  or  corymbose. 

§  1.  Bristles  not  exceeding-  the  achenium,  retrorsely  denticulate. 
*  Spike  solitary,  nearly  or  quite  terminal. 

1.  S.  PLANIFOLIUS.  Muhl.     Flat-leaved  Club  Rush. 

St.  caespitose,  leafy  at  base,  acutely  and  roughly  3-angled,  5—10'  high ; 
Ivs.  broad-linear,  flat,  rough  on  the  margin,  equaling  the  stem;  spike  oblong- 
lanceolate,  compressed,  terminal,  4 — 8-flowered ;  glumes  ovate-mucronate,  yel- 
lowish ;  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  spike,  cuspidate,  outer  ones  longer  than  the 
spike;  ach.  reddish-brown,  invested  with  6  bristles  longer  than  itself. — In  cold, 
hard  soils,  Mass.,  Robbins !  N.  Y.  to  Del.  June. 

2.  S.  SUBTERMINALIS.     Torr. 

St.  floating,  furrowed,  inflated,  leafy  below,  3f  long ;  Ivs.  very  narrow, 


SCIRPUS.  CLX.   CYPERACE^E.  571 

almost  capillary,  2 — 4f  long ;  spike  solitary,  somewhat  terminal  (the  stem  being 
continued  above  it  in  the  form  of  a  bract),  lanceolate ;  style  deleft ;  bristles  6. — 
Streams,  &c.,  Mass. !  to  N.  Y.  Aug. 

3.  S.  CJESPITOSUS.     Bracted  Mountain  Rush. 

Sis.  ccespitose,  round,  sheathed  at  base  with  numerous  rudiments  of  leaves ; 
spikes  compressed,  terminal ;  2  lower  glumes  involucre-like,  as  long  as  the  spike ; 
ach.  with  6  bristles.— Grows  in  dense  tufts,  4 — 12'  high.  Spike  4 — 5-flowered, 
reddish-brown.  On  the  White  Mts.,  N.  H.,  Bw.  July. 

4.  S.  ROBBINSII.     (auct.?) 

St.  12 — 18'  high,  soft,  loosely  cellular,  terete,  leafy  at  base ;  Ivs.  submersed, 
shorter  than  the  stems,  very  narrowly  linear,  loosely  cellular ;  spike  broad-ovate, 
3 — 4"  long,  placed  about  6"  below  the  ape"x  of  the  stem ;  glumes  loose,  10 — 13, 
ovate,  acute,  green ;  bristles  3 — 6,  shorter  than  the  achenia ;  ach.  globose-ovoid, 
biconvex,  smooth,  of  a  dull  brown,  with  a  slender,  conspicuous  beak. — Ponds, 
"Oxbridge,  Mass.,  Dr.  Bobbins  I 

*  *  Spikes  many,  lateral. 

5.  S.  DEBILIS.  Pursh.     Weak-stemmed  Rush. 

St.  csespitose,  roundish,  deeply  striate,  9 — 16'  high,  with  a  few  subulate 
leaves  at  base;  spikelets  about  3,  short-ovoid,  sessile,  crowded,  subterminal; 

flumes  ovate,  obtuse,  carinate,  pale  green ;  ach.  obovate,  mucronate ;  bristles  4 — 
. — Borders  of  ponds  and  rivulets,  N.  Eng.  to  Car.    Aug. 

6.  S.  TRIQ.DETER.  Michx.     (S.  Americanus.  Pers.)     Three-cornered  Rush. 
St.  nearly  naked,  3-angled,  corners  acute  and  two  of  the  sides  concave, 

about  3f  high  and  ending  in  a  sharp  point ;  Ivs.  few  and  short,  from  the  top  of 
the  sheath ;  spikes  lateral,  1 — 5,  ovate,  crowded  and  sessile,  at  various  distances 
below  the  point ;  glumes  round-ovate,  mucronate  ;  bristles  6. — Ponds  and  marshes, 
fresh  and  salt,  throughout  N.  America. 

7.  S.  LACUSTRIS.     (S.  acutus.  Muhl.}    Lake  BuLlrush. 

Scape  smooth,  leafless,  filled  with  a  porous  pith,  5 — 8f  high,  cylindric, 
tapering  above  the  panicle,  and  abruptly  ending  in  a  short  cusp ;  panicle  cymose 
near  the  top;  ped.  rough,  twice  compound;  spikelets  ovoid,  closely  imbricate; 
scales  ovate,  mucronate,  pubescent ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  panicle. — The  largest 
species  of  bullrush,  frequenting  the  muddy  margins  of  rivers  and  ponds  U.  S. 
to  Arc.  Am.  July. 

8.  S.  OLNEYI.  A.  Gr.     Olney's  Rush. 

St.  triquetrous- winged,  leafless,  2 — 7f  high ;  slieath  radical,  tipped  with  a 
short  (1—2')  leaf;  spikes  6—12,  sessile,  aggregated,  2—3"  long,  placed  9—12" 
below  the  triangular  apex  of  the  stem ;  glumes  roundish-ovate,  mucronate ; 
bristles  6 — 12;  ach.  obovate,  plano-convex,  gibbous  at  apex. — Salt  marshes, 
Sekonk  river,  R.  I.,  Olney !  Tom  river,  N.  Y.,  Kneiskern.  Remarkably  distin- 
guished by  its  3- winged  stem.  July.  See  also  Addenda,  p.  638. 

*  *  *  Spikes  terminal. 

9.  S.  MARITIMUS.     Sea  Bullrush. 

St.  acutely  3-angled,  leafy,  2— 3f  high;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  rough-edged, 
carinate,  taller  than  the  stem ;  spikes  conglomerate,  6 — 10,  nearly  an  inch  long, 
corymbose ;  invol.  -of  about  3  very  long  leaves ;  glumes  ovate,  3-cleft,  the  middle 
segment  subulate  and  reflexed ;  style  3-cleft ;  bristles  3 — 4,  much  shorter  than 
the  broad-obovate,  lenticular,  dark  brown,  polished  achenium. — Salt  marshes, 
N.  Eng. !  to  Flor.  Aug. 

p.ftuviatilis.  Torr.  Umbel  somewhat  compound;  bristles  6,  as  long  as  the 
obovate,  triangular,  dull  grayish  achenium. — Fresh  water  swamps  and  lakes, 
Western  N.  Y.  to  Wis.,  Laphaml  and  Mo. 

10.    S.    ATROVlRENS.    Muhl. 

St.  obtusely  triangular,  leafy,  2f  high ;  cyme  compound,  proliferous ;  invol. 
of  3  leaf-like  bracts,  longer  than  the  cyme  ;  spikes  ovate,  acute,  crowded,  10 — 20 
in  a  globose  head;  hds.  numerous,  £-'  diam.,  dark  green;  glumes  ovate,  mucro- 
nate ;  ach.  white,  smooth ;  bristles  4. — Common  in  meadows,  Middle  and  Western 
States.  June,  July. 


573  CLX.   CYPERACE,E.  ERIOPHORUM. 

11.  S.   BRUNNEUS.    Muhl. 

SI.  obtusely  triangular,  leafy,  2 — 3f  high ;  cyme  decompound,  its  principal 
branches  about  5,  unequal,  with  truncate  sheaths  at  base ;  spikelets  clustered  in 
heads  of  3 — 6 ;  glumes  obtuse,  reddish-brown  ;  ach.  smooth,  yellowish- white, 
shorter  than  the  4  or  5  tortuous  bristles. — Much  resembles  the  last  species. 
Margins  of  waters,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn,  W.  to  Ohio,  rare. 
§  2.  TRICOPHORDM.  Bristles  6,  much,  longer  than  the  achenium,  tortuous, 
smoothish.  Stem  leafy.  Umbel  decompound. 

12.  S.  ERIOPHORUM.  Michx.     (Tricophorum  cyperinum.  Pers.) 

St.  obtusely  triangular,  leafy,  3 — 5f  high  ;  Ivs.  2f  long,  rough-edged ;  um- 
bel terminal,  decompound,  large  and  loose  ;  spikes  mostly  pedicellate  ;  bristles  6, 
capillary,  curled,  very  conspicuous,  being  5  or  6  times  as  long  as  the  white 
achenium. — A  common,  stiff,  rank  meadow  sedge,  which  cattle  do  not  eat,  U.  S. 
and  Can.  Spikes  numerous,  2 — 3"  long,  ovoid,  obtuse,  in  small  clusters,  in  a 
large,  showy  panicle.  Involucre  4-leaved.  Aug. 

13.  S.  LINEATUS.  Michx.     (Tricophorum.  Pers.) 

St.  triangular,  very  leafy,  2 — 3f  high ;  umbels  terminal  and  axillary,  de- 
compound, at  length  nodding ;  invol.  of  1 — 2  bracts,  longer  than  the  leaves ; 
spikes  ovoid,  pedunculate,  solitary ;  glumes  lanceolate,  ferruginous  ;  bristles  6.  as 
long  as  the  glumes. — Swamps,  in  most  of  the  States.  Aug. 

8.  ERIOPHORUM. 

GT.  epiov,  wool,  depw,  to  bear;  alluding  to  the  copious  bristles  of  the  perigynum. 

Glumes  imbricated  all  around  into  a  spike  ;  achenium  invested  in 
very   long,  dense,  woolly   or   cottony   hairs. — Stem  generally  leafy. 
Spikelets  mostly  in  umbels,  finally  clothed  with  the  long,  silky  hairs. 
*  Spikelet  solitary. 

1.  E.    ALPlNUM. 

St.  very  slender,  acutely  3-angled,  naked,  somewhat  scabrous,  8 — 16'  high, 
with  3 — 4  radical  sheaths;  radical  Ivs.  very  short,  subulate  ;  spike  oblong,  ter- 
minal, about  2"  in  length  ;  hairs  6  to  each  flower,  woolly,  white,  crisped,  4  times 
as  long  as  the  spike. — Bog  meadows,  often  alpine,  N.  H. !  to  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  Jl. 

2.  E.  VAGINATUM.     Sheathed  Cotton  Grass. 

Sts.  densely  caespitose,  obtusely  triangular,  slender,  smooth  and  rigid,  1 — 
2f  high;  uppermost  sheaths  inflated;  spikelet  ovate,  oblong,  6 — 8"  long,  of  a 
blackish  color,  with  scarious  glumes ;  hairs  30 — 40  to  each  flower,  straight, 
white  and  glossy,  twice  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  conspicuous,  as  well  as  in  other 
species,  even  at  a  distance  among  the  meadow  grass. — N.  Eng.  to  Mich.,  N. 
to  Arc.  Am.  June,  July. 

*  *  Spikelets  numerous. 

3.  E.  CONFERTISSIMUM.  Wood.     Dense-headed  Eriophorum. 

St.  strictly  erect,  firm  but  slender,  2 — 3f  high ;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear,  chan- 
neled, rigid,  triangular-subulate  above,  8 — 12'  long;  sheaths  close;  invol.  2- 
leaved,  one  leaf  twice,  the  other  4 — 5  times  longer  than  the  spikelets ;  spikelets 
5 — 8,  crowded,  erect,  on  very  short  (2 — 4"),  slightly  scabrous  peduncles,  20 — 30- 
flowered ;  glumes  obovate,  carinate,  very  obtuse ;  ach.  compressed,  oblanceolate, 
H"  long,  flat  on  one  side,  carinate  on  the  other ;  bristles,  100 — 200,  white,  $'  long, 
straight  and  silky. — Bogs,  Meriden,  N.  H. !  Distinguished  for  its  very  large 
and  dense  heads. 

4.  E.  POLYSTACHYUM.     Many-spiked  Cotton  Grass. 

St.  somewhat  triangular,  smooth,  I — 2f  high ;  cauline  Ivs.  2 — 3,  broad- 
linear,  flattened  below,  triquetrous  at  the  end;  spikelets  about  10,  on  rough  pe- 
duncles which  are  long  and  drooping  and  sometimes  branched ;  setcs  30 — 40  to 
each  flower,  reddish-white,  6 — S"  long. — Very  conspicuous  in  meadows  and 
swamps,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am. 

5.  E.  ANGUSTIFOLIUM.  Rich.     Narrow-leaved  Cotton  Grass. 

St.  slender,  leafy,  smooth,  10 — 15' high;  cauline  Ivs.  narrow,  3-cornered, 
with  concave  sides,  1 — 3'  long ;  invol.  of  one  bract,  with  a  loosely  sheathing 


HEMICARPHA.  CLX.   CYPERACE^.  573 

base  ;  spikelets  2  —  4,  on  short  peduncles,  nodding  ;  seta  40  —  50  to  a  flower,  long, 
white  and  cottony.  —  Swamps,  N.  States  and  Brit.  Am.  July. 

6.  E.  VIHGINICUM.     Virginian  Cotton  grass. 

St.  nearly  round,  leafy,  smooth,  2  —  3f  high  ;  Ivs.  flat,  few,  long,  with 
scabrous  margins  ;  invol.  2  —  4-leaved,  outer  leaves  much  longer  ;  spikelets  in  a 
sort  of  umbel,  erect,  nearly  sessile  ;  glumes  ovate,  brown  at  the  sides  ;  keel 
green;  hairs  50  —  60,  reddish-white,  long  and  cottony.  —  Wet  grounds,  U.  S. 
and  Can. 


9.  FIMBRIST¥LIS. 

Lat.  Jimbria,  a  fringe,  stylus,  style  ;  from  the  ciliate  style. 

Glumes  imbricated  on  all  sides  ;  bristles  0  ;  style  compressed, 
2-cleft,  bulbous  at  base,  deciduous,  often  ciliate  on  the  margin.  —  % 
with  the  habit  of  Scirpus. 

1.  F.  BALDWINIANA.  Terr.    (Scirpus  Baldwinianus.  Schult.    S.  ferrugin- 
eus.    Darl.}  —  St.-  2  —  12'  high,  compressed,  deeply  striate,  leafy  at  base  ; 

umbel  mostly  simple,  3  —  4-rayed,  central  spikelets  sessile;  invol.  subulate, 
2-leaved,  as  long  as  the  umbel  ;  spikelets  ovoid,  acute  ;  glumes  ovate,  brown  ; 
sty.  bifid,  ciliate;  ach.  white,  longitudinally  furrowed.  —  Swamps  and  damp 
places,  Middle,  Southern  and  Western  States.  July. 

2.  F.  SPADICEA.  Vahl.     (Scirpus  spad.  Linn.     S.  castaneus.  Michx.} 

St.  1  —  2f  high,  hard  and  rigid,  compressed,  nearly  naked  ;  Ivs.  5  —  6' 
high,  filiform,  channeled  inside,  semi-terete  outside,  lower  ones  rust-colored  ; 
umbel  of  few  rays,  rather  exceeding  the  2  —  3  subulate,  involucre  leaves;  spikes 
ovate-oblong,  3  —  6"  long  ;  glumes  broad-ovate,  mucronate,  finally  of  a  dark, 
shining,  chestnut  brown  ;  sty.  conspicuously  fimbriate  ;  ach.  whitish.  —  Marshes, 
N.  J.  to  La.  Aug. 

10.   TRICHELOST^LIS.    Lestiboudois. 

Gr.  Tpi%r]\os  ,  three-fold,  orvXoj  ;   from  the  character. 

-  Glumes  in  4  —  8  ranks,  carinate  ;  bristles  0  ;  style  3-cleft,  decidu- 
ous below  the  bulb  at  the  base  ;  achenium  triangular.  —  1\-  Stems  leafy 
at  the  base.  Spikes  usually  in  terminal  umbels. 

1.  T.  MUCRONULATUS.  Torr.     (Scirpus  muc.  Michx.    Fimbristylis  autum- 
nalis.  R.  $•  S.)  —  St.  compressed,  2-edged,  caespitose,  leafy  at  base,  3  —  10' 

high  ;  Ivs.  flat,  linear,  shorter  than  the  stem  ;  umbel  compound  ;  invol.  2-leaved  j 
spikelets  lanceolate,  acute,  somewhat  4-side4,  2  —  3  together  ;  glumes  brown, 
mucronate  ;  ach.  white.  —  Wet  places,  along  rivers,  &c.,  N.  Eng.  !  to  Ga.,  W. 
to  Mo.  July. 

2.  T.  CAPILLARIS.  Wood.     (Scirpus.  Linn.    Isolepis.  JR.  fy  S.} 

St.  casspitose,  nearly  naked,  3-angled,  capillary,  4—  S'  high;  Ivs.  subradi- 
cal,  setaceous,  shorter  than  the  stem  ;  spikelets  ovoid,  2  —  4,  pedunculate,  inner 
one  sessile  ;  glumes  oblong,  ferruginous,  margin  pubescent  ;  ach.  white.  —  In 
sandy  fields,  Mass,  to  Car.,  W.  to  Ky.  and  Ohio.  Aug. 

11.    HEMICARPHA.     Nees. 
Gr.'  f]jj.iffvsj  half,  Kap<f>a,  straw  or  chaff? 

Glumes  imbricated  all  around  ;  bristles  0  ;  stain.  1  ;  style  2-cleft, 
not  bulbous  at  base,  deciduous  ;  achenium  compressed,  oblong,  sub- 
terete.  —  ^  Spikes  glomerate. 

H.   SO.UARROSA.   Nees.     (Isolepis  subsquarrosa.  Schrad.    Scirpus  subsq. 

Muhl.  S.  minimus.  Ph.)  —  Scape  setaceous,  compressed,  sulcate,  recurv- 
ed, 2  —  3'  high  ;  Ivs.  setaceous,  shorter  than  the  scape  ;  spikes  2  —  3,  terminal 
(apparently  lateral),  subsessile,  ovoid,  nearly  2"  long  ;  invol.  of  2  bracts,  one 
appearing  like  a  continuation  of  the  scape,  thrice  longer  than  the  other  ;  glumes 
00,  with  a  short,  recurved  or  squarrose  point,  finally  brown  ;  ach.  minute,  of  a 
dull,  brownish-white.  —  Sandy  banks,  N.  Eng.  !  to  Penn.  and  Ky. 


574  CLX.    CYPERACEyE.  RHYNCHOSPORA. 

12.   PSYLOCARYA.    Torr. 

Flowers    £ .     Glumes  00,  imbricated  all  around,  all  fertile  ;  peri- 
gynium  0 ;  stain.  2  ;  filaments  long,  persistent ;  style  2-cleft,  dilated 
or  tuberculate  at  base  ;  achenium  biconvex,  crowned  with  the  per- 
sistent style. — Stems  leafy.     Spikes  lateral  and  terminal,  cymose. 
P.  sciRpolDEs.  Torr.  ft 

St.  slender,  leafy,  smooth,  3-sided,  5 — 9'  high ;  Ivs.  linear,  smooth,  3 — 5' 
by  I",  cauline  about  2 ;  cymes  terminal,  and  one  from  the  sheath  of  each  cau- 
line  leaf;  spikes  about  3"  long,  oblong-ovate,  in  small,  loose  clusters,  20 — 30- 
flowered ;  glumes  chestnut-colored,  thin,  ovate,  acute ;  ach.  tumid,  dark  brown, 
crowned  with  the  long  style,  which  is  much  dilated  at  base. — Borders  of  ponds, 
Smithfield,  R.  I.,  Olney !  Mass.,  Greene.  Rare. 

13.  RHYNCHOSPORA.    Vahl. 

Gr.  pvv%os,  a  beak,  Gxopa,  seed;  from  the  character. 

Flowers  $  or  $  $  9 ,  few  in  each  spikelet ;  glumes  loosely  imbri- 
cated, the  lowest  small  and  empty  j  perigynium  of  6 — 12  bristles; 
stam.  3  ;  style  bifid ;  achenium  lens-shaped  or  subglobose,  crowned 
with  the  distinct,  bulbous  base  of  the  style. — *4-  Stem  leafy,  3-sided. 
Inflorescence,  terminal  and  axillary. 

*  Achenium  smooth. 

1.  R.  ALBA.  Vahl.     (Schoenus  albus.  Linn.')     White  Bog-Rush. 

St.  triangular  above,  very  slender,  leafy,  smooth,  10 — 16'  high ;  Ivs.  seta- 
ceous, channeled;  corymbose  fascicles  pedunculate,  both  terminal  and  from  the 
axils  of  the  sheaths,  with  setaceous  bracts ;  spikelets  lanceolate,  acute  at  each 
end,  with  crowded,  lanceolate,  white  glumes. — In  wet,  shady  grounds ;  com- 
mon. July — Sept. 

2.  R.  CAPILLACEA.  Torr.     (SchcEnus.  Muhl.) 

St.  6 — 12'  high,  filiform,  glabrous,  triangular ;  Ivs.  setaceous,  much  shorter 
than  the  stem ;  spikelets  3 — 6,  mostly  terminal,  oblong,  each  with  a  setaceous 
bract ;  glumes  chestnut-colored,  with  scarious  edges ;  bristles  6,  much  longer 
than  the  oblong,  substipitate  achenium ;  tubercle  about  half  the  length  of  the 
achenium. — Swamps,  N.  Y.,  Sartwell,  Penn.,  Muhl. 

3.  R.  FUSCA.  Roem.  &  Schult.     (Schoenus  fuscus.  Linn.) 

St.  3-angled,  about  2f  high ;  Ivs.  linear,  carinate,  smooth ;  fascicles  alter- 
nate, pedunculate  ;  bracts  setaceous,  longer  than  the  ovoid  spikes ;  glumes  brown, 
ovate  ;  ach.  brown,  rugose,  with  an  acute,  black  tubercle  as  long  as  the  hispid 
bristles. — Wet  places,  Mass,  to  N.  J.  Rare. 

4.  R.  GRACILENTA.    A.  Gr. 

St.  1 — 2f  high,  very  slender  or  filiform,  smooth;  Ivs.  linear-setaceous, 
much  shorter  than  the  stem ;  corymbs  small,  fasciculate,  the  lateral  on  slender 
peduncles  exserted  from  the  sheaths;  spikelets  ovoid;  glumes  ovate,  acute,  dark 
brown ;  bristles  6,  a  third  longer  than  the  roundish-ovoid  achenium ;  tubercle 
flat,  dilated  at  base. — Dry  grounds,  N.  Y.  to  Car. 

5.  R.  GLOMERATA.  Vahl.    (Schcenus.  Linn.) 

St.  slender,  smooth,  leafy,  a  foot  or  more  high  ;  Ivs.  flat,  carinate,  rougn- 
edged ;  corymbed fascicles  very  remote,  in  pairs,  axillary  and  terminal ;  spikelets 
lanceolate  ;  glumes  keeled,  mucronate,  brown  ;  ach.  obovoid  or  cuneiform,  very 
smooth,  as  long  as  the  tubercle ;  seta  6,  rough,  backwards. — In  bogs,  Can.  to 
Flor.  July,  Aug. 

6.  R.  CEPHALANTHA.    A.  Gr. 

St.  2 — 3f  high,  triangular,  stout ;  Ivs.  linear,  very  narrow,  the  lower  and 
radical  nearly  as  long  as  the  stem ;  hds.  roundish,  axillary  and  terminal,  soli- 
tary or  rarely  two  together ;  spikelets  lance-oblong ;  glumes  ovate-oblong,  dark 
brown  ;  bristles  6,  twice  longer  than  the  achenium ;  ach.  roundish-ovoid,  a  little 
compressed,  very  obtuse. — N.  J.  pine  barrens. 


SCLERIA.  CLX.    CYPERACEJE.  • •  ^     575 

*  *  Achenium  rugose. 

7.  R.  CYMOSA.  Nutt.     (Schcenus.   Willd.) 

St.  1 — 2f  high,  triangular,  angles  acute ;  radical  Ivs.  shorter  than  the 
stem,  cauline  rising  above  the  stem ;  corymbs  3 — 4,  the  terminal  largest ;  spike- 
lets  ovoid,  in  close  fascicles  of  about  5;  glumes  broad-ovate,  dark  brown; 
bristles  6,  }  as  long  as  the  broad-ovate,  transversely  rugose  achenium ;  tubercle 
depressed,  much  shorter  than  the  ach. — N.  J.  to  La.  JL,  Aug. 

8.  R.  TORREYANA.  A.  Gr. 

SL  2f  high,  slender,  caespitose,  striate ;  Ivs.  setaceous,  radical,  6 — 10" 
long,  cauline  much  shorter ;  corymbs  diffuse,  the  lateral,  if  any,  on  short  pedun- 
cles ;  spikekts  ovoid,  pedicellate  or  sessile ;  glumes  ovate,  mucronate,  brown ; 
bristles  6,  scarcely  half  as  long  as  the  oblong-ovate  achenium  ;  tubercle  short, 
nearly  as  broad  at  base  as  the  achenium. — N.  J.  Torrey.  JL,  Aug. 

15.   CERATOSCHCENUS.    Nees. 

Gr.  «f£f>as, — aros,  a  horn.  <T%OIVOS ,  rush ;  alluding  to  the  long,  persistent  style  of  the  achenium. 

Spikelets  2 — 5-flowered,  one  flower  $ ,  the  rest  cT ;  glumes  loosely 
imbricated,  somewhat  in  2  rows,  lower  ones  empty ;  perig.  of  5  or  6 
rigid,  hispid  or  scabrous  bristles  ;  stam.  3  ;  style  simple,  very  long, 
persistent  on  the  smooth,  compressed  achenium. — ^j-  Stems  leafy. 
Corymbs  compound. 

1.  C.  LONGIROSTRIS.  A.  Gr.    (Schoenus  longirostris.  Michx.   S.  cornicula- 
tus.  Lam.    Rhyncospora  comic.    A.   Gr.} — Glabrous  and  glaucous ;  st. 

3 — 4f  high,  triangular ;  Ivs.  12 — 16'  by  4—6",  flat,  rough-edged  ;  fls.  in  very 
large,  terminal  and  axillary  corymbs,  terminal  one  the  largest ;  spikelets  loosely 
fascicled  in  4s  or  5s  on  the  long  peduncles  ;  glumes  brown,  ovate ;  bristles  shorter 
than  the  achenium,  which  is  2"  long,  and  crowned  with  the  (7")  long,  subu- 
late, horny  style. — OhioltoFlor.  Common  in  wet  places  Aug. 

2.  C.  MACROSTACHYA.  Torr.     (Rhyncospora  ejusd.) 

Glabrous;  st.  2— 3f  high,  triangular;  Ivs.  1 — 2f  by  2 — 4",  rough-edged; 
axillary  corymbs  subsimple,  terminal  ones  compound ;  upper  spikelets  densely 
fascicled ;  ach.  ovate,  smooth ;  bristles  erectly  hispid,  twice  as  long  as  the  ache- 
nium ;  style  persistent,  nearly  4  times  as  long  as  the  achenium. — Mass.  Rob- 
bins.  ! 

16.   CLADIUM.    Browne. 

Flowers  <?  ?  9  ;  glumes  imbricated  somewhat  in  3  rows,  lower 
ones  empty  ;  bristles  0  ;  stam.  2  ;  style  2 — 3-cleft,  deciduous  ;  ache- 
nium subglobose,  the  pericarp  hard,  thickened  and  corky  above. — 
^  Stem  leafy.  Corymbs  or  'panicles  terminal  and  axillary. 

C.  MARiscolDES.  Torr.     (Schoenus.  Muhl.)     Bog  Rush. 

St.  terete,  leafy,  20 — 30' high,  hard  and  rigid;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear,  chan- 
neled above,  rounded  beneath,  much  shorter  than  the  stems  ;  bracts  short ;  umbels 
2 — 3,  erect,  the  lateral  on  long  exserted  peduncles ;  rays  3—7,  some  of  them 
very  short;  spikelets  aggregated  in  heads  of  4 — 8,  lance-ovate,  3"  long;  glumes 
tawny- brown,  about  6,  the  upper  usually  $  ,  the  next  J»,  and  the  rest  empty ; 
ach.  ovoid,  short-beaked  with  the  remains  of  the  3-cleft  style. — Bogs,  Can.  to 
Penn.  July. 

TRIBE  3.     SCL<ERE  J3. — Flowers  monoecious  or  diclinous.     Achenium  naked 

(without  a  perigynium),  more  or  less  hard  and  bony. 

17.  SCLERIA. 

Gr.  (TK\r)pos,  hard;  alluding  to  the  indurated  shell  of  the  fruit. 

Flowers  diclinous,  fertile  spikelets  1 -flowered,  glumes  fasciculate; 
perigynium  cup-shaped  or  0  ;  achenium  globose,  ovoid  or  triangular, 
with  a  thick,  bony  pericarp  ;  style  3-cleft,  deciduous. — ^  Stems  kafy. 
Spikelets  in  spikes,  fascicles  or  panicles. 
49 


576  CLX.    CYPERACE^E.  CAREX, 

§  1.  Perigynium  cup-shaped,  lobed,  repand  or  annular. 

1.  S.    RETICULARIS.    Michx. 

St.  1 — 2f  high,  triangular,  rather  slender ;  Ivs.  1"  wide,  channeled,  radical 
6 — 12'  long,  cauline  few,  much  shorter ;  fascicles  2 — 5,  lateral  and  terminal, 
distant,  loose-flowered,  subsessile ;  spikelets  somewhat  in  pairs,  the  <?  many- 
flowered,  at  the  base  of  the  $ ;  glume  light  brown,  ovate,  acuminate ;  sta.  2 ; 
perig.  3-lobed;  ach.  globose,  of  a  dead  white,  f"  diam.,  conspicuously  reticulated 
and  deeply  pitted. — Borders  of  ponds,  R.  L,  Olney !  to  Flor.  The  achenium  is 
a  curious  and  beautiful  object. 

2.  S.  LAXA.  Torr.    (S.  reticularis.  Muhl.} 

St.  1 — 2f  high,  weak,  diffuse,  acutely  triangular,  slender ;  Ivs.  flat,  2" 
wide,  smooth ;  fascicles  about  3,  one  terminal,  the  others  lateral  and  very  re- 
mote ;  ped.  2—  6"  long,  compressed,  slender,  often  recurved ;  spikelets  distant,  in 
pairs,  the  sterile  at  the  base  of  the  $ ;  sta.  2 ;  perig.  deeply  3-lobed ;  ach.  about 
1"  diam.,  globose,  whitish,  marked  with  brown,  hairy,  transverse  ridges  and 
pits. — Near  the  sea  coast,  N.  J.  to  Flor.  Sept. 

3.  S.    PANUIFLORA.      Muhl. 

St.  10 — 16'  high,  triangular,  slender,  smoothish;  Ivs.  narrow,  nearly 
smooth ;  sheaths  pubescent ;  fascicles  2 — 3,  lateral  and  terminal,  few-flowered, 
the  lateral  ones  on  long  peduncles  ;  bracts  foliaceous,  ciliate ;  spikelets  in  pairs ; 
glumes  membranaceous,  acute ;  9  spikelet  of  3  ovate,  mucronate  glumes,  some- 
what ciliate  on  the  keel ;  sty.  3-cleft ;  ach.  globose,  rough,  white  and  shining ; 
perig.  a  narrow  ring  upon  which  are  6  roundish,  minute,  tubercles. — N.  Y. 
(Bradley},  N.  H.  (Carey),  to  Car.  Aug. 

/?.    Fascicle  solitary,  terminal,  (apparently  lateral)  sometimes  with  a  small 
one  near  the  base  of  the  stem. — Ohio,  Sullivant ! 

4.  S.  TRIGLOMERATA.  Michx.     Whip-grass. 

St.  erect,  acutely  triangular,  rough,  leafy,  3 — 4f  high ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceo- 
late, rough-edged  ;  spikelets  lateral  and  terminal,  alternate,  in  about  3  subsessile 
fascicles,  and  much  shorter  than  the  leafy  bracts ;  glumes  ovate,  cuspidate,  dark 
purple  ;  ach.  globose,  smooth  and  polished,  white,  nearly  2"  diam.  when  ripe. — 
Swamps,  in  nearly  all  the  states.  June,  July. 

§  2.  HYPOPORUM.    Perigynium  0. 

5.  S.  VERTICILLATA.  Muhl.     (Hypoporum  verticillatum.  Nees.) 

St.  6 — 8 — 12'  high,  triquetrous,  slender,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  linear,  narrow  and 
flat,  shorter  than  the  stem  ;  fascicles  4 — 6,  sessile,  few-flowered,  appearing  as  if 
verticillate ;  bracts  minute,  setaceous,  about  as  long  as  the  fascicles,  scabrous 
upward ;  scales  of  £>  ovate,  smooth,  scabrous  and  keeled ;  ach.  globose,  rugose, 
a  little  more  than  £'  diam.,  abruptly  mucronate  and  somewhat  3-sided  at  base. 
— Very  abundant  in  Junius,  N.  Y.,  Sartwell,  to  Car.,  W.  to  Ohio,  Sullivant ! 

TRIBE  4.  CARICEJE. — Flowers  diclinous.  Scales  of  the  spikes  imbricated 
on  all  sides.  Achenium  wholly  enclosed  in  an  urceolate  or  bottle-shaped 
perigynium. 

18.  CAREX.  * 

Spikelets  1  or  more,  either  androgynous  (with  both  staminate  and 
pistillate  flowers),  or  with  the  two  kinds  in  separate  spikelets,  rarely 
dioecious ;  glumes   single,  1 -flowered,  lower  ones  often  empty  ;  sta- 
mens 3  ;  stigmas  2  or  3;  perigynium  of  various  forms,  1-valved,  per- 
sistent, enclosing  the  lenticular  or  triangular  achenium. 
I.    Stigmas  two.    Achenium  double  convex. 
A.  Spike  single.     1.  Monoecious. 

1.    C.    CAPITATA. 

Spike  capitate  or  nearly  globose,  <$  at  the  summit ;  fr.  (perigynium}  round- 
ish-ovate, close,  compressed,  convex-concave,  glabrous,  acutish,  longer  than  the 
ovate  and  rather  obtuse  glume  ;  Ivs.  slender. — Heights  of  the  White  Mts.,  Bobbins. 

*  By  Prof  C.  Dewey,  D.  D.    See  Preface. 


CAREX.  CLX.   CYPERACE.E.  577 

A.  Spike  single.     2.  Dioecious. 

2.  C.  DAVALLIANA.  Smith. 

Spike  oblong,  rather  loose-flowered;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  attenuate, 
convex,  terete,  recurved,  longer  than  the  ovate  glume ;  st.  and  Ivs.  are  usually 
serrulate.— Wayne  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Sartwell. 

3.  C.  EXILIS.  Dewey. 

Fertile  spike  J*  below,  ovate,  rather  densely-flowered ;  perig.  ovate-lanceo- 
late, convex  on  both  sides,  diverging,  serrulate  on  the  margin,  a  little  longer 
than  the  ovate,  acute  glume  ;  Ivs.  setaceous ;  st.  12 — 20'  high. — Grows  in  Dan- 
vers  and  Ipswitch,  Ms.,  Oakes,  in  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  May. 

/?.  squamacea.  Dew.  Spike  often  an  inch  long,  having  many  <$  glumes  at  the 
base  and  few  perig.  at  the  summit. — Longer  than  the  other,  and  grows  with 
it  in  Ipswich,  Mass.,  Oakes. 

B.  Spikes  several*  androgynous. 
1.  Stamens  variously  situated — above,  below,  or  in  the  middle  ;  sometimes  dioecious. 

4.  C.  STERILIS.  Willd. 

Spike  compound,  ^  below,  often  dioecious ;  spikelets  4^6,  ovate,  subap- 
proximate  ;  perig.  ovate,  acuminate  or  subrostrate,  bifid,  compressed,  triquetrous, 
scabrous  on  the  margin,  equaling  the  ovate,  acutish  glume ;  st.  2f  high,  erect 
and  stiff. — Wet  places,  common. 

5.  C.  BROMolDEs.  Schk. 

Spikelets  numerous,  alternate,  $  below,  sometimes  all  9  5  perig.  lanceo- 
late, erect,  acuminate,  scabrous,  nerved,  bifid,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate- 
lanceolate  glume. — Common  in  small  bogs,  in  wet  places. 

6.  C.  SICCATA.  Dewey. 

Spikelets  numerous,  $  above,  often  wholly  J\  ovate,  close  or  approximate ; 
Jr.  ovate,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  compressed,  nerved,  bifid,  scabrous  on  the 
margin,  equaling  the  ovate  and  lanceolate  glume. — Sandy  plains,  Westfield, 
Mass.,  Davis;  Ipswitch,  Mass.,  Oakes;  widely  spread  over  the  country,  but  not 
abundant. 

7.  C.  SARTWELLII.  Dewey. 

Spikelets  12 — 20,  ovate,  sessile,  compact,  bracteate,  lower  ones  especially 
fructiferous ;  upper  often  J* ;  perig.  ovate,  lanceolate,  convexo-concave,  subu- 
late, short,  2-toothed,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  and  acute  glume  ;  Ivs.  flat, 
linear,  shorter  than  the  stem. — Junius,  Seneca  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Sartwett. 


2.  Stamens  at  the  summit  of 

a*  Cephalvus,  or  fruit  in  heads. 

8.  C.    CEPHALOPHORA.    Willd. 

Spikelets  ovate,  densely  aggregated  into  an  ovate  head,  bracteate,  about  5 ; 
perig.  ovate,  acuminate,  compressed,  bifid,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  with  a  short, 
ovate,  and  scabro-cuspidate  glume  which  equals  it ;  st.  8 — 16'  high. — Borders 
of  fields  and  woods,  common,  but  not  abundant. 

9.  C.  VULPINOIDEA.  Michx.     (C.  vulpinaeformis.   Tuckermati.     C.  multi- 
flora.  Muhl.) — Spikelets  ovate-oblong,  obtuse ;  spike  decompound,  bracte- 
ate, conglomerate;  perig.  ovate,    acuminate,  densely  imbricate,  bifid,   tripli- 
nerved,  diverging,  a  little  shorter  than  the  ovate-cuspidate  glume  ;  st.  obtusely 
triangular,  round  and  leafy  towards  the  base. — Common  in  fields. 

0.  microsperma.  Dew.  (C.  microsperma.  Wahl.}  Spikelets  closely  aggregated, 
whole  spike  less  compact;  perig.  more  convex,  shorter,  less  acuminated  into  a 
beak,  very  abundant. — Grows  with  the  other,  in  dry  and  moist  situations. 

10.  C.  SETACEA.  Dewey. 

Spikelets  ovate,  alternate,  obtuse,  conglomerate,  bracteate;  perig.  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  compressed,  bifid,  some  diverging,  about  equal  to  the 
ovate-lanceolate,  awned  glume  ;  st.  2f  high,  acutely  triangular,  scabrous  above 
and  striate. — Wet  places — not  abundant. 

11.  C.  MUHLENBERGII.    Schk. 

Spikelets  alternate,  obtuse,  approximate,  with  a  long  bract  at  the  lower 


578  CLX.   CYPERACE^E.  CAREX. 

one ;  perig.  ovate,  convex  above,  very  smooth,  nerved,  bifid,  scabrous  on  the 
margin,  some  diverging,  a  little  shorter  than  the  ovate  and  mucronate  glume ; 
st.  12 — 18'  high. — In  fields,  not  very  common,  readily  distinguished  from  the 
three  preceding  and  following. 

12.  .C.  CHORDORRHlZA. 

Spikelets  3 — 5,  aggregated  into  a  head,  ovate,  sessile ;  perig.  ovaie,  acumi- 
nate, subrostrate,  convex  above,  equaling  the  broad,  ovate  and  acute  glume ; 
st.  branching  towards  the  base  and  sending  out  roots  at  the  joints  ;  spikes  rarely 
bearing  only  stamens. — Marshes,  New  York ;  common,  Sartwell.  Michigan, 
Cooley. 

13.  C.  PRAIREA.  Dew. 

Spike  below  branched;  spikelets  ovate,  sessile,  5 — Ton  a  branch;  perig. 
ovate-lanceolate,  convex  both  sides,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  slightly  bifid, 
equaling  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume ;  st.  2 — 3f  high,  leafy  towards  the  base. — 
Abundant  in  the  prairies  of  Michigan,  and  sparingly  found  in  N.  England  and 
N.  Y.  Resembles  C.  paniculata.  L.,  which  has  a  much  broader  ovate  glume, 
shorter  than  the  perigynium  and  is  far  more  paniculate,  and  for  which  this  has 
been  taken. 

14.  C.  TERETIUSCULA.    Good. 

Spikelets  ovate,  acute,  sessile,  decompound,  brownish,  lower  one  bracteate ; 
perig.  ovate,  acute,  convex  and  gibbous,  scabrous  on  the  edge,  spreading,  lon- 
ger than  the  ovate  and  acute  glume ;  fr.  brown ;  st.  18 — 36'  high,  leafy  towards 
the  root. — Wet  places,  common,  in  tufts. 

15.  C.  DECOMPOSITA.  Muhl. 

Spike  decompound  or  paniculate ;  spikelets  very  many,  ovate,  alternate  ; 
perig.  ovate,  convex  on  both  sides,  triangular,  acutish  or  short-rostrate,  short, 
brownish,  glabrous,  about  equal  to  the  ovate  and  acuminate,  whitish  glume ; 
st.  18 — 30'  high. — Found  in  swamps,  Michigan,  and  in  Yates  Co.,  N.  York, 
Sartwell. 

16.  C.  PANICULATA. 

Spike  paniculate, -often  ^  9>  J°nS  and  spreading;  spikelets  ovate,  sessile, 
6 — 18  on  a  branch  beloAV,  short  bracteate  ;  perig.  ovate,  acute,  gibbous,  nerved, 
2-toothed,  brownish  or  tawny,  2-toothed,  serrulate  on  the  margin,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  broad-ovate,  short-acute  glume  ;  st.  2f  high. — Found  in  North- 
ern America,  and  hardly  known  in  the  United  States. 
"b.  Perigynia  radiating. 

17.  C.  ROSEA.  Schk. 

Spikelets  3 — 5,  subremote,  sessile,  alternate,  stellate,  even  before  maturity, 
lowest  long  bracteate ;  perig.  oblong-lanceolate,  5 — 12,  convex  above,  scabrous 
on  the  margin,  2-toothed,  very  diverging  or  even  reflexed,  twice  as  long  as  the 
ovate-obtuse  glume ;  st.  8 — 16'  high. 

/?.  radiata.  Dew.  Spikelets  distant,  about  3- flowered,  with  setaceous  bracts  ; 
perig.  oblong,  acute ;  st.  4 — 8'  high,  flaccid  or  lax,  setaceous,  with  very  narrow 
leaves. — Common  in  pastures  and  moist  woods ;  the  variety  is  about  woods,  or 
open  places  in  woods. 

18.  C.  RETROFLEXA.    Muhl. 

Spikelets  about  4,  ovate,  alternate,  subapproximate,  sessile,  bracteate  and 
stellate  in  maturity;  perig.  ovate,  acutish,  2-toothed,  subscabrous  or  smooth  on 
the  margin,  reflexed  and  spreading,  about  equal  to  the  ovate  and  acute  glume ; 
st.  about  a  foot  high. — Readily  distinguished  from  the  preceding.  Woods  and 
pastures,  not  abundant. 

19.  C.  STIPATA.  Muhl. 

Spike  often  decompound ;  spikelets  oblong,  aggregated,  numerous,  bracte- 
ate ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  round  at  the  base,  plano-convex,  nerved,  bifid,  sub- 
scabrous  on  the  margin,  diverging,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate 
glume  ;  st.  thick,  acutely  triquetrous,  concave  on  the  sides. — Wet  places  and 
marshes,  abundant. 

20.  C.  ALOPEcoiDA.  Tuckerman.     (C.  cephalophora,  /?.  maxima.  Dew.) 
Spike  compound,  rather  loose ;  spikelets  8 — 10,  aggregated  into  an  oblong 


CAREX.  CLX.   CYPERACE^E.  579 

head,  bracteate,  sessile ;  peng.  ovate,  plano-convex,  scarcely  nerved,  acumi- 
nate, serrulate  on  the  edge,  bifid,  subrostrate,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  and 
acuminate  glume ;  st.  triquetrous,  scabrous  on  the  edges. — Moist  woods,  Penn. 
and  N.  York,  Sartwell. 

21.  C.  CEPHALOIDEA.    DeW. 

Spikelets  4 — 6,  ovate,  aggregated  closely,  sessile  and  bracteate;  perig. 
ovate,  obtusish,  bifid,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  plano-convex,  very  diverging  in 
maturity,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  short,  ovate,  obtusish  glume. — Dry  fields — 
not  abundant,  but  common  over  New  England  and  New  York.  In  hedges  it 
is  often  four  feet  long,  and  subrostrate,  leafy  towards  the  base. 

22.  C.  SPARGAN01DES.    Muhl. 

Spikelets  7 — 10,  ovate,  rather  distant,  bracteate,  sessile;  perig.  ovate, 
acute,  compressed,  diverging,  acuminate,  2-toothed,  scabrous  on  the  margin, 
nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate,  acute,  or  mucronate  glume ;  st.  about  2f 
high,  with  long,  striate  leaves. 

/?.  ramea.  Dew.  has  one  branch  or  more  at  the  base,  with  several  spikelets  in 
the  place  of  the  lower  spikelet,  and  is  the  C.  divulsa  of  Pursh. — About  culti- 
vated and  moist  fields,  common. 

23.  C.  MURICATA. 

Spikelets  about  5,  ovate,  sessile,  approximate,  bracteate,  lower  ones  some- 
times remotish;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  plano-convex,  2-toothed,  horizontal, 
scabrous  on  the  margin,  sometimes  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume. — 
Fields  near  Boston,  B.  D.  Greene,  and  common  in  Arctic  America ;  Charles- 
town,  Mass.,  M.  A.  Curtis. 

c.  Perigynia  few. 

24.  C.  DISPERMA.  Dew. 

Spikelets  3 — 4,  erect,  subapproximate,  lowest  bracteate;  perig.  ovate, 
obtuse,  about  two,  nerved,  plano-convex,  short-beaked,  glabrous,  twice  longer 
than  the  ovate,  acute,  submucronate  glume ;  st.  slender,  6 — 18'  high,  with  nar- 
row and  linear  leaves. — Perigynia  1 — 2,  sometimes  3.  Wet  woods,  N.  Eng- 
land, N.  York,  Michigan  and  Wisconsin  Territory. 

3.  Androgynous ;  stamens  at  the  base  of  the  spikelets. 
d»  Perigynia  radiating. 

25.  C.    STELLULATA.    Good. 

Spikelets  4 — 6,  ovate,  remotish,  sessile  ;  perig.  broad  ovate,  contracted  into 
a  short  beak,  compressed,  slightly  bifid,  scabrous  on  the  edge,  diverging  and 
reflexed,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate,  obtusish  glume;  st.  erect,  stiff,  leafy 
below,  8 — 24'  high. — Common  in  wet  places  over  the  Northern  States. 

26.  C.  sciRpolDEs.  Schk. 

Spikelets  about  4,  ovate,  approximate,  sessile,  obtuse,  lowest  bracteate ; 
perig.  ovate,  cordate,  compressed,  lanceolate  or  rostrate,  scabrous  on  the  margin, 
diverging  or  horizontal,  longer  than  the  ovate*-lanceolate,  acute  glume ;  st. 
6 — 16'  high,  leafy  towards  the  base. — Wet  places  in  the  country.  The  more 
lanceolate  fruit  and  glume,  and  more  flexible  stem,  separate  it  from  the  pre- 
ceding. C.  scirpaides  has  the  stamens  chiefly  below  the  upper  spikelet. 

27.  C.  CURTA.  Good. 

Spikelets  4 — 7,  ovate-oblong,  upper  subapproximate,  lower  often  remote ; 
perig.  round-ovate,  acutish,  obtusish,  diverging,  convexo-concave,  2-toothed, 
slightly  scabrous,  longer  than  the  ovate,  white,  hyaline  glume ;  st.  1 — 2f  high, 
usually  light  green,  with  silvery  or  hoary  spikelets. — Moist  places  over  the 
country. 

28.  C.  SPH.EROSTACHYA.  Dew.    (C.  canescens,  0.  sphaerostachya.  Tuck.) 
Spikelets  3 — 4,  ovate,  roundish,  remote,  sessile,  few  fruited,  2 — 6 ;  perig. 

ovate- lanceolate  or  roundish,  rostrate,  longer  than  the  ovate  and  hyaline,  white 
glume  ;  st.  1 — 2f  high,  slender,  flaccid,  subrostrate,  and  with  the  leaves,  green. 
— Common  in  N.  England  and  N.  York,  in  wet  places. 
e  •  Ovate-lanceolate  spikelets ;  feio-fruited. 

29.  C.  DEWEYANA.  Schk. 

SpikeleU  about  3,  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  alternate,  subremote,  highest 
49* 


580  CLX.   CYPERACE^E.  CAREX. 

bracteate ;  perig.  oblong-lanceolate,  rostrate,  acuminate,  bifurcate,  plano-con- 
vex, slightly  scabrous  on  the  margin,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate, 
awned,  hyaline  glume;  st.  1 — 4f  long,  subprocumbent,  with  radical  leaves; 
whole  plant  yellowish-green. — Common  in  open  woods  or  on  the  borders  of 
woods. 

30.  C.  TRISPERMA.  Dew.  • 

Spikelets  about  3,  remote,  sessile,  alternate,  highest  ebracteate;  perig. 
ovate-oblong,  acute  or  short-rostrate,  plano-convex,  at  the  orifice  entire,  nervecl, 
subscabrous  on  the  edges,  somewhat  diverging,  longer  than  the  oblong,  acute 
and  hyaline  glume ;  st.  10—24'  high,  prostrate  or  recurved,  filiform,  slender, 
longer  than  the  leaves. — In  tufts  in  marshes  or  wet  woods ;  common  in  N. 
England  and  N.  York. 

f,  Spikelets  oval. 

31.  C.  SCOPARIA.  Schk. 

Spikelets  5 — 10,  usually  5 — 7,  ovate,  sessile,  approximate,  the  lowest  with 
a  long  deciduous  bract;  perig.  ovate,  lanceolate,  nerved,  erect,  slightly  mar- 
gined, glabrous,  longer  than  the  lanceolate,  acuminate  glume  ;  st.  18— 24'  high, 
leafy  towards  the  root. — Moist  places,  very  common. 
/?.  aggregata.  Dew.     Spikelets  aggregated  into  a  head,  somewhat  spiral. 

32.  C.  LAGOPODiolDEs.  Schk. 

Spikelets  8 — 20,  cylindric,  ovate,  rather  near,  alternate  and  sessile ;  perig. 
lanceolate,  tapering  at  both  ends,  concavo-convex,  nerved,  bidentate,  scabrous 
on  the  margin,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume ;  st.  nearly 
2f  high,  leafy ;  the  whole  light  green. — Common. 

33.  C.  STRAMINEA.  Wahl. 

Spike  compound,  erect ;  spikekts  about  6,  ovate,  short-oblong,  alternate,- 
sessile,  subapproximate ;  perig.  broad,  roundish-ovate,  compressed,  ciliate-ser- 
rate  on  the  margin,  beaked,  2-toothed,  widely  winged,  commonly  shorter  than 
the  ovate-lanceolate  glume  ;  st.  12 — 20'  high,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  spikelets 
whitish  or  tawny. — Common  in  woods  and  fields. 

a.  brevior.  Dew.  Spikelets  3 — 5,  often  closely  approximate,  and  more  nearly 
round ;  perig.  shorter-ovate,  and  shorter-rostrate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovate- 
lanceolate  glume. — This  is  the  plant  originally  described  by  "Willdenow. 

ff.  minor.  Dew.  Spikelets  small,  5 — 6,  globose  or  obovate,  less  approximate ; 
perig.  small,  ovate,  acuminate,  less  winged,  serrulate,  about  equaling  the  ovate, 
acute  glume. 

34.  C.  TENERA.  Dew.    (C.  adusta.  Boott.} 

Spike  compound,  recurved ;  spikelets  about  5,  obovate,  remotish,  alternate, 
sessile,  brownish,  attenuated  below,  the  lowest  bracteate  ;  fr.  ovate,  compressed, 
somewhat  winged,  rostrate,  nerved,  ciliate-serrate,  longer  than  the  oblong-lance- 
olate scale ;  st.  15 — 30'  high,  small  and  slender,  erect,  with  a  nodding  spike, 
longer  than  the  leaves. — LighVgreen.  Common. 

35.  C.  FESTUCACEA.  Schk. 

Spikelets  5 — 8,  obovate  and  clubform,  sessile  and  alternate,  approximate, 
lower  one  bracteate ;  perig.  roundish-ovate,  rostrate,  winged,  striate,  2-toothed, 
scabrous  on  the  margin,  longer  than  the  ovate,  lanceolate  glume ;  st.  15 — 30' 
high,  erect  and  stiff,  leafy  below. — Plant  pale  green.  Spikelets  greenish  to 
brown.  Common  in  fields,  but  not  abundant.  The  dub-form  spikelets  from  the 
decurrent  scales  of  the  ^  flowers,  especially  mark  this  species. 

36.  C.  MIRABILIS.  Dew. 

Spikekts  7 — 11,  ovate-globose,  alternate,  sessile,  often  closely-aggregated, 
and  stiff-form,  bracleate  below;  perig.  ovate,  sublanceolate,  scabrous  on  the 
margin,  concavo-convex,  rostrate,  2-toothed,  subdiverging,  scarcely  twice  lon- 
ger than  the  ovate,  lanceolate  glume;  st.  18 — 36'  high,  erect,  stiff,  rough  above, 
rather  slender ;  plant  light  green. — Common  about  fences  and  hedges,  and  has 
a  specially  rigid  appearance. 

37.  C.  CRISTATA.  Schw. 

Spikelets  G — 14,  globose,  sessile,  closely  aggregated  into  a  head  of  a  crested 
form,  bracteate  ;  perig.  ovate",  oblong,  compressed,  winged,  rostrate-acuminate, 


CAREX.  CLX.  CYPERACE^.  581 

bifid,  concavo-convex,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  longer  than  the  oblong,  lanceo- 
late glume ;  st.  I — 3f  high,  acutely  triangular. — Plant  yellowish-green.  Com- 
mon in  fields  and  meadows  on  colder  soils. 

38.  C.  TENUIFLORA.  Wahl. 

Spikelets  2 — 3,  ovate,  clustered,  sessile,  alternate,  lower  one  bracteate; 
perig.  ovate-oblong,  acutish,  plano-convex,  equaling  the  oblong-ovate,  hyaline 
or  white  glume ;  st.  a  loot  or  more  high,  slender,  subprostrate,  longer  than  the 
flat  and  narrow  leaves. — Light  green.  Spikelets  whitish.  Burlington  and 
Salem,  Vt,  in  swamps,  Bobbins,  Oriskany  and  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.,  Kneirskern, 
Southampton,  Mass.,  Chapman. 

39.  C.  CYPEROlDES. 

Spikelets  ovate,  closely  aggregated  into  a  head,  with  long  and  leafy  bracts ; 
perig.  ovate,  long-lanceolate,  or  drawn  into  a  long  awn  scabrous  on  its  edges, 
slightly  stipitate,  2-toothed,  a  little  longer  than  the  lanceolate  and  cuspidate 
glume  ;  plant  very  pale  green.— Jefferson  Co.,  N.  Y.— first  found  in  our  country 
last  summer,  by  Dr.  Crawe. 

40.  C.  MUSKINGUMENSIS.  Schw. 

Spikelets  oval-oblong,  5 — 10,  somewhat  tapering  at  both  ends,  large  and 
approximate,  close-flowered,  dry  and  chaff-like ;  perig.  lanceolate,  compressed, 
thin,  distinctly  winged,  biaentate,  nerved,  acuminate,  twice  longer  than  the 
ovate-lanceolate  glume ;  plant  light  green  in  all  its  parts. — Common  in  Ohio 
and  Mich.,  18—36'  high. 

41.  C.  LIDDONI.  Boott. 

Spikelets  5 — 7,  oblong-ovate,  closely  aggregated ;  perig.  ovate,  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  oblique  at  the  orifice,  glabrous,  on  the  margin  serrulate,  scarcely 
longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume,  which  is  acute  and  hyaline  on  the  edges ; 
perig.  and  glumes  rather  chestnut  brown;  plant  yellowish-green. — Arctic  Am., 
Boott,  Mich.,  Dr.  CooLey. 

C.  Stamens  and  Stigmas  on  separate  spikes. 
1«  Staminate  spike  single. 

42.  C.  AUREA.  Nutt.    (C.  pyriformis.  Schw.') 

tf  Spike  short,  cylindric,  pedunculate ;  9  spikes  3,  oblong,  loose-flowered, 
subpendulous,  exsertly  pedunculate,  subapproximate,  bracteate  ;  perig.  globose, 
obovate  or  pear-form,  obtuse,  nerved,  entire  at  the  mouth,  longer  than  the  ovate, 
acute  or  short- mucronate  glume ;  st.  3 — 10'  high,  slender,  often  subprocumbent. 
— Plant  glabrous,  green.  Common  in  wet  grounds. 

43.  C.  SAXATILIS. 

J*  Spike  oblong,  thick ;  9  spikes  2  or  3,  oblong,  obtuse,  sessile,  lower  pe- 
dunculate ;  perig.  elliptic,  plano-convex,  obtuse,  short-rostrate,  about  equaling 
the  oblong  and  obtuse  glume  ;  st.  6 — 10'  high,  erect,  with  long  and  leafy  sheaths 
and  bracts. — Spikes  nearly  black.  White  Mts.,  N.  H.,  Barratt;  woods,  Vt., 
Pursh. 

44.  C.  CONCOLOR.  R.  Br. 

tf  Spike  erect,  cylindric ;  9  spikes  2 — 3,  erect,  subsessile,  cylindric  ;  perig. 
oval,  entire,  smooth,  mucronate,  about  equal  to  the  oblong  and  obtuse  glume  ; 
st.  10 — 15'  high,  smooth,  leafy  below ;  bracts  auriculate ;  <$  spike  sometimes 
pistillate  above. — White  Mts.,  N.  H.,  Boott.  Closely  related  to  C.  ccespitosa,  L., 
but  has  a  smooth  stem ;  scales  of  light  color. 

2.  Staminaie  spikes  one  or  more,  and  the  upper  part  of  the  pistillate  sometimes 

staminate. 

45.  C.  RIGIDA.  Good. 

c?  Spike  oblong,  cylindric,  rarely  2;  9  spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  cylindric, 
densely-flowered,  short  and  thick,  approximate,  lower  one  subpedicellate,  with 
a  bract  surpassing  the  stem ;  perig.  ovate,  obtusish,  entire  at  the  orifice ;  glume 
nearly  twice  longer  than  the  mature  fruit  and  subequal  before ;  st.  3 — 8'  high, 
thick  and  stiff,  often  recurved ;  Ivs.  stiff  and  glaucous. — Ipswich,  Ms.,  Oakes. 
Has  been  confpounded  with  C.  cccspitosa. 


582  CLX.   CYPERACE^.  CAREX. 

46.  C.   CJESPITOSA. 

tf  Spike  single,  oblong,  cylindric,  sometimes  2,  with  oblong,  black  scales ; 
o  spike  2—3,  cylindric,  obtuse,  rather  thick,  remotish,  bracteate,  lowest  one 
short-pedunculate ;  perig.  ovate,  obtuse,  glabrous,  entire  at  the  orifice,  scarcely 
rostrate,  a  little  longer  than  the  oblong,  obtuse,  black  glume ;  st.  6 — 14'  high, 
scabrous  on  the  edge,  leafy  towards  the  base ;  Ivs.  flat. — Wet  places,  Ipswich, 
Mass.,  Oakes ;  N.  Y.  and  Michigan. 

47.  C.  STRICTIOR.  Dew. 

$  Spikes  1 — 2,  with  oblong  and  blackish,  acutish  glumes ;  9  spikes  2 — 3, 
cylindric,  J*  above,  and  hence  acutish,  lowest  short-pedunculate ;  perig.  ovate, 
compressed,  acute,  glabrous,  entire  at  the  orifice,  early  falling  off,  glabrous,  a 
little  longer  than  the  oblong  and  acute  glume ;  st.  a  foot  and  more  high,  trique- 
trous and  rough  on  the  angles,  with  reticulated  filaments  connecting  the  leaves 
towards  the  base ;  Ivs.  erect,  close ;  whole  plant  glaucous  except  the  spikes. — 
Wet  places,  common. 

48.  C.  STRICTA. 

J*  Spikes  1 — 2,  cylindric,  lower  one  sessile,  and  the  scale  rusty  brown  and 
obtuse ;  9  spikes  2 — 3,  long-cylindric,  upper  half  J»,  lower  longer,  short-peduncu- 
late, loosely-flowered  below ;  perig.  ovate-acuminate  or  elliptic,  compressed,  at 
the  orifice  entire  or  slightly  emarginate  and  its  glume  strongly  ferruginous,  the 
lower  ones  acute-lanceolate,  the  upper  linear  and  obtuse,  commonly  longer  and 
narrower  than  the  perigynia ;  st.  2f  high,  with  reticulated  filaments  connecting 
the  leaves,  JBoott. — Wet  places,  as  bogs,  common. 

49.  C.  ACUTA. 

Spikes  long  and  slender ;  J*  2 — 3  ;  9  3—4,  long,  slender,  cylindric,  short- 
pedunculate,  nodding  towards  maturity,  remotish,  bracteate ;  perig.  oval  or  ob- 
long, obtuse,  orifice  protended,  or  very  short-rostrate,  about  equaling  the  oblong, 
acute  glume ;  st.  acute,  triquetrous,  lax ;  the  stamens  at  the  summit  of  the 
pistillate  spikes  render  them  acute. — Common. 

0.  erecta.  Dew.  (Schk.  fig.  85,  c.)  Spikes  shorter,  2  of  each ;  9  nearly  erect, 
oblong,  close-flowered;  perig.  shorter  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume. — Evi- 
dently misplaced  by  Schkuhr. 

y.  sparsiflora.  Dew.  (Schk.  fig.  92,  £.)  9  Spikes  very  long,  recurved,  very 
sparsely  flowered  below. — Common. 

50.  C.  AQUATiLis.  Wahl. 

&  Spikes  1 — 4,  erect,  cylindric,  lowest  bracteate,  the  glume  oblong,  ob- 
tusish ;  9  spikes  often  3,  cylindric,  thick  and  thickened  above,  1 — 2'  long,  sub- 
erect,  short-pedunculate,  densely-flowered ;  perig.  elliptic,  lenticular,  rather 
small,  entire,  glabrous,  protruded  at  the  orifice,  about  equal  to  the  ovate, 
acutish  glume  ;  st.  20 — 30'  high,  rather  obtuse-angled  and  scarcely  scabrous. — 
In  marshes  and  wet  places,  common. 

51.  C.  CRiNlTA.  Lam. 

J*  Spikes  one  or  more,  lax,  oblong,  sometimes  with  a  few  9  flowers ;  9 
spikes  about  3,  oblong,  cylindric,  pedicellate,  nodding,  attenuated  below,  and 
more  loosely  flowered,  often  <?  at  summit ;  perig.  ovate,  sub-inflated,  short-ros- 
trate, entire  at  the  orifice,  glabrous,  about  £  as  long  as  the  oblong,  obtusish, 
scabrous-awned  glume ;  st.  12—24'  high,  rough,  triquetrous. — Common  in  wet 
places. 

/?.  gynandra.  Dew.  (C.  gynandra.  Schw.)  9  Spikes  pendulous,  thicker  in 
the  midst ;  glumes  about  twice  as  long  as  the  perigynia. 

52.  C.  PALEACEA.  Schreb.  Schk.,  fig.  125. 

9  Spikes  about  4,  long-cylindric,  densely-flowered,  recurved,  with  a  long, 
reclined  peduncle;  perig.  ovate,  suborbicular,  obtusish,  emarginate  at  the  ori- 
fice, convex  both  sides ;  glumes  terminated  by  a  long,  serrate  point  more  than 
thrice  the  length  of  the  perigynia  ;  st.  20—42'  high,  recurved,  rough-edged,  pale 
green. — Common  in  dry  grounds. 


CAREX.  CLX.   CYPERACEJ2.  583 

II.    Stigmas  three. 

D.  Spikes  androgynous.     Monoecious. 

!•  Stamens  at  the  summit. 

a.  Spike  single. 

53.  C.  POLYTRicHolDEs.  Muhl.    (C.  microstachya.  MX.} 

Spike  oblong,  terminal ;  perig.  3—8,  oblong,  alternate,  subtriquetrous,  gla- 
brous, emarginate,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate  and  obtuse,  and  rarely  mucro- 
nate  glume ;  st.  4 — 12'  high,  very  slender,  with  setaceous  and  subradical  leaves. 
— Common  in  wet  and  cold  grounds. 

54.  C.  LENEOGLOCHIN.  Ehrh.    (C.  pauciflora.  Lightfoot.} 

Spike  about  4-flowered,  with  1  or  2  ^  flowers  at  the  apex  ;  perig.  lanceo- 
late, subtriquetrous  and  tapering,  much  reflexed,  twice  longer  than  the  oblong- 
lanceolate  glume;  st.  3 — 8'  high,  with  subradical  and  linear  leaves. — In  Ashfield 
and  Hawley,  Mass.,  in  a  marsh,  Porter. 

fot  One  or  more  radical  -peduncles  with  a  single  spike. 

55.  C.    PEDUNCULATA.    Muhl. 

Spikes  about  5,  3-sided,  distant,  long,  recurved,  pedunculate;  perig.  obo- 
vate,  triquetrous,  recurved  at  the  apex,  commonly  glabrous,  a  little  longer  than 
the  oblong  or  obovate,  mucronate  glume;  st.  4 — 12'  high,  triangular,  rather 
procumbent;  sta.  sometimes  removed  a  little  from  the  9  spike. — Common  in 
woods.  Flowers  early  in  the  spring. 

56.  C.  WILLDENOWII.  Schk. 

Sts.  or  radical  ped.  1 — 3 ;  spike  commonly  single,  stameniferous  above,  or 
the  stamens  removed  a  little  ;  perig.  3 — 6,  alternate,  loose,  oblong  and  inflated  a 
little,  tapering  at  the  base  and  conic-rostrate  above ;  9  glumes  ovate  and  acute, 
the  lower  ones  long  and  leaf-like,  much  surpassing  the  stem. — On  dry  grounds, 
common  throughout  the  U.  S. — One  variety  has  the  tf  spike  distinct ;  another 
is  destitute  of  the  long  and  leafy  scales,  and  is  frequent  at  the  North  as  well  as 
in  Flor. 

57.  C.  STENDELII.  Kth. 

Sts.  or  radical  ped.  1 — 8'  long;  spike  commonly  single,  stameniferous 
above;  perig.  1 — 4,  subglobose  or  ellipsoid  and  inflated,  alternate,  stipitale, 
terete  and  conic-rostrate,  with  an  oblique  orifice ;  9  glumes  usually  long  and 
leafy  ;  Ivs.  smooth,  soft,  narrow,  longer  far  than  the  stems. — Jefferson  Co.,  N.  Y., 
and  in  Ohio  and  the  Western  States. 

58.  C.  BACKII.  Boott. 

Ped.  radical,  1 — 4f  high,  stiff,  thick  or  layge ;  spike  single,  commonly  sta- 
meniferous above,  short ;  perig.  ovate,  globose,  smooth,  conic-rostrate,  entire  at 
the  orifice,  when  mature  pear-shaped,  the  beak  articulated  to  the  fruit ;  9  glumes 
usually  long  and  leaf-like,  enclosing  the  fruit ;  Ivs.  radical,  flat,  thick,  rough  or 
scabrous  and  short. — Jefferson  Co.,  N.  Y.  and  Arctic  Am. — The  three  preceding 
species  are  closely  related,  and  yet  look  very  different. 

2.  Spikes  staminate  at  the  base. 
c.  Spikes  one,  often  more. 

59.  C.  SQXJARROSA. 

Spikes  1 — 4,  oblong,  cylindric,  obtuse,  upper  one  attenuated  below  at  first 
by  the  decurrent,  $  flowers,  all  very  densely  flowered ;  perig.  ovate,  subglobose, 
long-rostrate,  2-toothed,  horizontal,  glabrous  and  subsquarrose,  longer  than  the 
lanceolate  glume ;  st.  1 — 2f  high,  slender  for  the  large  spike  or  spikes  ;  lower 
spikes  pedunculate. — Large  and  fine.  It  is  C.  typhirea  MX.  when  only  one  spike 
is  present. 

/?.  ( C.  typhinoides.  Schw.)     Spikes  2,  the  lower  on  a  very  long  peduncle,  and 
both  longer  and  smaller. 

E.  Spikes  dioecious. 

60.  C.  SCIRPOlDEA.   MX. 

Spike  oblong,  cylindric,  acutish ;  $  glume  oblong,  obtusish ;  perig.  ovate, 
(oval),  subrostrate,  pubescent,  longer  than  the  ovate,  acutish  glume,  scarious 
on  the  edge ;  st.  4 — 10'  high,  erect ;  Ivs.  flat  and  long. — White  Mts.,  N.  H.,  Oakes. 


584  CLX.   CYPERACE^E.  CAREX. 

F.  Terminal  spike  androgynous,  pistillate  at  the  summit  ;  the  other  pis- 
tillate. 

61.  C.  VIRESCENS.  Muhl. 

Spikes  2 — 4,  oblong,  erect,  alternate,  the  lower  subsessile,  bracteate  ;  upper 
spike  very  rarely  wholly  ^  ;  perig.  ovate,  obtuse,  costate,  pubescent,  longer  than 
the  ovate,  pubescent  and  mucronate  glume,  or  about  equal  to  it ;  st.  I — 2f  high, 
rather  slender ;  Ivs.  towards  the  base. — Whole  plant  pubescent  and  light  green. 
/?.  costata.  Schw.  Perig.  strongly  costate,  outer  sheaths  purplish-brown ;  Ivs. 
numerous  and  larger. — Both  are  common  in  open  woods  and  hedges. 

62.  C.  HIRSUTA. 

Spikes  3,  short-oblong,  thick,  alternate,  erect,  the  lower  subsessile  and  long- 
bracteate,  all  approximate  and  densely  flowered;  perig.  ovate,  triquetrous, 
nerved,  obtuse,  entire  at  the  orifice,  glabrous  in  maturity,  about  equal  to  the 
ovate,  acuminate,  glabrous  glume  ;  st.  12 — 20'  high ;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  retrorsely 
pubescent ;  upper  spike  very  rarely  all  tf. — Moist  upland  meadows.  Common. 
/?.  pedunculata.  Torr.  Spikes  oblong-cylindric,  pedunculate ;  Ivs.  slightly 
pubescent. — Common.  C.  TRICEPS  (Me.)  much  resembles  this, — is  not  pubes- 
cent but  glabrous. 

63.  BUXBAUMII.  Wahl. 

Spikes  about  4,  cylindric,  thick,  upper  one  sometimes  wholly  ^,  and 
sometimes  $  above  and  below;   pistilliferous  oblong,  subremote,    subsessile, 
bracteate ;  perig.   ovate-oblong,   acutish,   or   obovate,   obtuse,  subtriquetrous, 
entire  at  the  orifice,  nerved  and  glabrous,  scarcely  equal  to  the  oblong  and  mu- 
cronate glume ;  st.  10 — 18'  high,  leafy  towards  the  base. — Common  in  wet 
§  rounds.     It  is  described  as  sometimes  having  2  stigmas  in  Europe,  but  placed 
y  Schk.,  Wahl.,  &c.,  in  the  division  having  3. 

64.  C.  GRACILL1MA.    Schw. 

Spikes  3 — 4,  long,  graceful,  sub-loose-flowered,  distant,  long-pedicellate, 
recurved  in  maturity,  bracteate,  upper  one  rarely  all  tf ;  perig.  oblong,  trique- 
trous, obtuse,  oblique  at  the  orifice,  slightly  2-lobed,  longer  than  the  oblong  and 
obtuse  and  short-awned  glume ;  st.  often  2f  high,  reddish  towards  the  base, 
leafy  and  subprocumbent,  pale  green. — Common  in  damp  meadows. 

65.  C.  FORMOSA.  Dew. 

Spikes  3 — 4,  oblong,  short  and  thick,  distant,  1-sided,  on  a  long  and  slen- 
der peduncle,  recurved;  perig.  oblong,  triquetrous,  subinflated,  acutish  at  either 
end,  nearly  entire  or  2-lobed  at  the  orifice,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate  and 
acute  glume  ;  st.  1 — 2f  high,  3-sided,  dark  brown  towards  the  base,  yellowish 
bright  green. — Common  in  wet  meadows. 

66.  C.  DAVISII.  Torr.    (C.  Torreyana.  Dew.) 

Spikes  4,  oblong,  cylindric,  subsparsely  flowered,  remote,  pedicellate,  pen- 
dulous in  maturity;  perig.  oblong-conic,  subinflated,  subtriquetrous,  nerved, 
acutish,  short-rostrate,  2-lobed  at  the  orifice,  glabrous  towards  maturity,  about 
equaling  the  oblong,  scabrous-awned  glume ;  st.  1 — 2f  high,  triquetrous,  sca- 
brous above,  with  leaves  equaling  it ;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  pubescent,  sometimes  but 
very  little,  light  green. — First  found  on  the  alluvial  meadows  of  the  Housa- 
tonic  in  Mass.,  Dewey.  Sometimes  nearly  pubescent. 

G.  Staminate  spike  single. 

1.  Pistillate  spikes  short  and  sessile  or  nearly  sessile.     Peryginia  radiating  or 

diverging. 

67.  C.  VARIA.  Muhl. 

cf  Spike  erect,  short  or  subelongated ;  9  spikes  3,  ovate,  sessile,  rather 
near,  bracteate,  few-flowered ;  perig.  ovate  or  sub-globose,  subtriquetrous,  acu- 
minate-rostrate, bifid,  scabro-pubescent,  about  equal  to  the  ovate,  acuminate 
glume;  st.  6—15'  high,  erect,  slender,  purple  towards  the  base.  Pale  green. — 
Dry  woods  and  hedges ;  common. 

13.  pedicellata.  Dew,  has  pistillate  spikes  ovate-oblong,  short-pedicellate, 
erect,  loose-flowered ;  perig.  more  numerous. — Grows  in  the  same  situations. 


CAREX.  CLX.   CYPERACE^E.  585 

68.  C.  PENNSYLVANIA.  Lam.    (C.  marginata.  Muhl.) 

$  Spike  erect,  pedunculate,  subtriquetrous,  with  an  obtuse  glume;  9 
spikes  1 — 3,  ovate,  subsessile,  subapproximate,  few-flowered;  perig.  ovate-glo- 
bose, tomentose,  short-rostrate,  slightly  2-toothed,  about  equal  to  the  ovate- 
acuminate,  or  oblong-acuminate,  deep  reddish  glume  ;  st.  4 — 12'  high,  erect, 
stiff,  with  short  leaves.— Open  woods  and  hedges,  common — much  resembles 
the  preceding,  but  larger  in  all  its  parts,  and  readily  distinguished  by  its  differ- 
ent aspect  and  its  deep  reddish-brown  scales. 

69.  C.  EMMONSII.  Dew. 

tf  Spike  sessile,  short ;  9  spikes  2 — 3,  approximate,  sessile,  few-flowered, 
often  one  long  radical  peduncle ;  perig.  globose-triquetrous,  attenuated  at  the 
base,  rostrate,  pubescent,  at  the  orifice  oblique,  about  equal  to  the  ovate  glume ; 
st.  decumbent,  6 — 10'  high,  leafy  at  the  base,  pale  ash-green. — On  dry  fields 
and  hills ;  common. 

70.  C.  NOVJE-ANGLI.K.  Schw. 

<?  Spike  short,  slender,  oblong ;  £  spikes  2 — 3,  ovate,  alternate,  sessile, 
remotish,  few-flowered,  bracteate ;  peng.  3 — 6,  oval-triquetrous,  rostrate,  cos- 
tate,  slightly  pubescent,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate,  mucronate  glume ;  st. 
4 — 8'  high,  slender,  subdecumbent,  longer  than  the  leaves. — Pale  green.  Open 
woods  in  high  grounds. 

/?.  collecta.  Dew.  (C.  collecta.  Dew.}  St.  10 — 16' high,  very  slender  erect; 
Q  spikes  2 — 4,  lower  short-pedunculate ;  perig.  more  tapering  into  a  beak, 
slightly  bidentate. — High  lands  of  Mass. ;  not  abundant. 

71.  C.  UMBELLATA.    Schk. 

J*  Spike  short,  erect ;  9  spikes  several,  each  on  its  radical  peduncle,  ovate, 
subumbellate ;  perig.  ovate  or  globose,  5 — 8,  acutish  at  either  end,  rostrate, 
short-bidentate,  pubescent,  equaling  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume ;  st.  J — 4'  high, 
with  very  long  leaves. 

/?.  vicina.  Dew.  1  or  2  9  spikes  close  to  the  ^,  sessile  ;  the  other  O  spikes  on 
their  own  stems  or  radical  peduncles. — In  small  tufts  on  dry  hills.  Both  varie- 
ties grow  on  the  same  root,  but  Schk.  saw  and  figured  only  the  first. 

72.  C.  PRJECOX.  Jacq. 

(?  Spike  erect,  subclavate ;  £  spikes  1 — 3,  ovate,  bracteate,  approximate, 
lower  one  short-pedunculate ;  perig.  6 — 12,  ovate  and  subglobose,  triquetrous, 
pubescent,  short-rostrate,  equal  to  the  ovate,  acute,  or  mucronate  glume ;  st. 
2—6'  high,  leafy  at  the  base. — On  rocky  hills,  Salem,  Mass.,  Pickering,  Ips- 
wich, Mass.,  Oakes. 

2.  Pistillate  spikes  with  nearly  inclosed  peduncles. 

73.  C.  VESTITA.  Willd. 

tf  Spike  single,  rarely  2,  cylindric,  oblong ;  9  spikes  2,  ovate-oblong,  ses- 
sile, subapproximate,  bracteate,  often  with  stamens  above ;  perig.  ovate,  oblong, 
subtriquetrous,  nerved,  short-rostrate,  bifid,  pubescent,  a  little  longer  than  the 
ovate-oblong,  acutish,  submucronate  glume ;  st.  18 — 30'  high,  acutely  triangu- 
lar and  leafy  below. — Common  in  wet  places  over  the  country. 

74.  C.  PUBESCENS.  Muhl. 

9  Spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  rather  loose-flowered,  erect,  bracteate,  the  lowest 
pedunculate ;  perig.  ovate-triquetrous,  rostrate,  nearly  entire  at  mouth,  pubes- 
cent, a  little  longer  than  the  ovate-oblong,  carinate,  mucrouate  glume;  st. 
10 — 20'  high,  and  with  the  leaves,  pubescent. — Moist  woods  and  meadows ; 
common. 

75.  C.  FLAVA.  L. 

9  Spikes  2 — 4,  ovate-oblong,  approximate,  sometimes  androgynous ;  perig. 
ovate,  closely  imbricate,  costate,  bidentate,  reflexed  with  a  long,  curved  beak, 
longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume;  st.  10 — 20'  high,  rather  obtusely 
angled  or  triquetrous  ;  glabrous ;  yellowish-green. — Wet  and  cold  soils ;  com- 
mon. 

76.  C.  LEPIDOCARPA.  Taush. 

9  Spikes  1 — 3,  short  and  round-ovate,  often  aggregated,  sessile,  dense- 
flowered,  the  lowest  sometimes  remote  and  pedunculate;  perig.  ovate,  trique- 


586  CLX.   CYPERACE.E.  CAREX. 

trous,  inflated,  nerved,  rostrate,  and  at  last  recurved,  2-toothed,  diverging,  twice 
longer  than  the  ovate  and  obtuse  glumes ;  plant  yellowish-green. — Mass.,  N. 
Y.,  Mich. — Formerly  confounded  with  C.  flava. 

77.  C.  ^EDERI. 

Spikes  sometimes  androgynous ;  9  about  4,  clustered,  nearly  sessile, 
short-oblong,  sometimes  tf  above  or  below,  bracteate ;  perig.  rather  obovate, 
subinflated,  nerved,  bidentate,  diverging  with  a  subulate  beak,  a  little  longer 
than  the  ovate  glume  ;  st.  2 — 10'  high,  leafy. — Pale  yellow.  Mass,  and  N.  Y. 
— abundant  in  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  and  at  Niagara  Falls. 

78.  C.  TENTACULATA.    Muhl. 

9  Spikes  2 — 4,  oblong,  cylindric,  bracteate,  upper  one  sessile,  the  rest 
nearly  sessile,  densely  flowered ;  perig.  ovate,  inflated,  long-rostrate,  bidentate, 
nerved,  diverging,  glabrous,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate  and  small  scabro- 
mucronate  glume  ;  st.  1 — 2f  high,  often  large,  triquetrous ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceo- 
late, longer  than  the  stem. — In  clusters  in  wet  or  marshy  places ;  common. 

79.  C.  ROSTRATA.  Michx.  , 

cf  Spike  short  and  small ;  9  spikes  2 — 3,  sub-globose,  or  capitate,  bracte- 
ate ;  perig.  aggregated  into  a  head,  small,  erect,  or  subdiverging,  oblong-conic, 
very  long-rostrate,  slightly  inflated  at  the  base,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate- 
oblong,  acutish  glume ;  st.  8 — 16'  high,  few-leaved,  erect,  stiff. — Pale  yellow. 
At  the  base  of  the  White  Mts.,  N.  H.,  Oakes;  also  in  Canada,  where  MX. 
found  it.  Has  been  called  a  variety  of  C.  Xanthophysa  WcM. 

80.  C.  INTUMESCENS.  Rudge.    (C.  folliculata.  Schk.  fig.  52.) 

tf  Spike  oblong,  pedunculate ;  9  spikes  1 — 3,  few-flowered,  approximate, 
bracteate,  erect,  nearly  sessile,  the  lower  one  sometimes  remote  and  exsertly 
pedunculate ;  perig.  ovate-conic,  large  and  much  inflated,  acuminate-rostrate, 
bidentate,  nerved,  diverging,  very  glabrous,  thrice  longer  than  the  ovate-cuspi- 
date glume ;  st.  a  foot  or  more  high,  erect,  stiff,  leafy,  dark  green  and  very 
glabrous. — Wet  grounds,  in  open  woods  or  marshes  ;  common. 

/?.  globularis.  Gray.  9  spikes  large,  globular,  many-fruited. — Grows  in  the 
same  situations. 

81.  C.  FOLLICULATA.     (C.  Xanthophysa.   Wahl.} 

§?  Spikes  2 — 4,  ovate  or  capitate,  densely  flowered,  distant,  the  peduncles 
sometimes  projecting  far  beyond  the  sheaths,  often  $  at  the  apex,  long  brac- 
teate ;  perig.  oblong-conic,  much  inflated,  diverging  or  horizontal,  long-rostrate, 
twice  longer  than  the  oblong-ovate,  acute  glume ;  st.  2 — 5f  high,  leafy ;  Ivs. 
linear-lanceolate,  long  and  flat. — Pale  yellow.  In  wet  or  marshy  places ;  com- 
mon. 

82.  C.  LUPULINA.  Muhl.    (C.  lurida.   WaM.) 

tf  Spike  erect,  slender,  subsessile;  9  spikcs  2 — 4,  ovate-oblong,  large 
and  thick,  or  oblong-cylindric,  short-pedunculate,  erect,  densely  flowered, 
approximate,  the  lowest  sometimes  long-pedunculate  and  distant ;  perig. 
ovate-conic,  ventricose,  long,  conic-rostrate,  bicuspidate,  nerved,  glabrous,  about 
thrice  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  glume  ;  st.  *1 — 3f  high,  tri- 
quetrous, leafy ;  Ivf.  and  bracts  long,  flat,  wide,  striate,  scabrous  on  the  edge. — 
Bright  green.  Finely  named  from  its  hop-like  spikes.  Marshes  and  about 
ponds,  common. 

/?.  polystachya.  Torr.  9  Spikes  about  5,  very  long-cylindric,  the  lowest  re- 
mote and  very  long-pedunculate ;  perig.  less  inflated. — Swamps,  in  Phillips- 
town,  N.  Y.,  on  the  Highlands,  Darratt. 

3»  Pistillate  spikes  exsertly  pedunculate. 

83.  C.  PLANTAGINEA.  Lam.  Schk.,  fig.  70.    (C.  latifolia.   WaM.') 

tf  Spike  erect,  large,  subclavate,  with  oblong  and  acute  glumes  ;  9  spikes 
3 — 5,  oblong,  erect,  remote,  sparse-flowered,  2  upper  nearly  inclosed-peduncu- 
late,  the  lower  ones  exsertly-pedunculate,  with  subulate  bracts ;  perig.  oblong, 
triquetrous-elliptic  or  cuneiform,  tapering  at  either  end,  recurved  at  the  apex, 
and  entire  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  ovate-cuspidate  glume ;  st.  8 — 18'  high, 
erect,  triquetrous,  with  dark  brown  sheaths;  Ivs.  radical,  broad,  ensiform,  strongly 


CAREX.  CLX.   CYPERACE^l.  587 

3-nerved. — Bright  green.    Hedges  and  open  woods,  common,  and  one  of  the 
first  appearing  species  in  the  spring. 

84.  C.  CAREYANA.         *'-*•• 

tf  Spike  erect,  oblong,  with  oblong  and  obtuse  glumes ;  9  spikes  2 — 3, 
ovate,  loose  and  few-flowered,  distant,  upper  subsessile,  all  bracteate ;  perig. 
ovate,  triquetrous,  subinflated,  nerved,  acuminate,  tapering  at  the  base,  smooth 
and  glabrous,  entire  at  the  orifice,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate,  mucronate  glume ; 
st.  1 — 2f  high,  erect,  smooth,  leafy  towards  the  base;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate. — 
Pale  green.  Woods,  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  Carey,  and  in  various  places  in  Ohio; 
closely  related  to  C.  plantaginea,  and  to  C.  Fraseri  of  the  Southern  States. 

85.  C.  ANCEPS.  Schk.    (C.  plantaginea.  Mutd.) 

9  Spikes  2 — 4,  subfiliform,  erect,  attenuate,  sparse-flowered,  remote,  with 
a  2-edged  peduncle,  leafy-bracteate,  upper  one  subsessile  ;  perig.  oval-triquetrous, 
tapering  at  both  ends,  short-rostrate,  attenuate,  glabrous,  striate,  excurved  at 
the  apex,  a  little  longer  than  the  oblong-mucronate  or  ovate-acute  glume ;  st. 
6 — 12'  high,  acutely  triquetrous ;  Ivs.  radical,  of  medium  width. — Glaucous  or 
light  green.  Woods  and  hedges,  common. 

/?.  patulifolia.  Dew.  (C.  anceps.  Schk.,  fig.  195.)  I/vs.  radical,  broad,  many- 
veined,  narrower  at  the  base ;  sheaths  with  long  and  leafy  bracts ;  perig.  longer- 
rostrate. 

Y.  angustifolia.  Dew.  (Schk.  fig.  128.)  St.  a  foot  high ;  Ivs.  narrow,  striate, 
long ;  perig.  short-rostrate  and  much  recurved. 

86.  C.  BLANDA.  Dew.     (C.  conoidea.  MuJd.} 

Q  Spikes  2 — 4,  oblong,  cylindric,  subsparse-flowered,  alternate,  approxi- 
mate, bracteate,  highest  subsessile,  the  lowest  on  a  long,  2-edged  peduncle ; 
perig.  obovate,  subtriquetrous,  nerved,  recurved  at  the  apex,  entire  at  the  orifice, 
little  longer  than  the  ovate,  scabro-mucronate  glume ;  st.  8 — 12'  high,  trique- 
trous, leafy  towards  the  base ;  Ivs.  long  as  the  stem. — Pale  green  or  glaucous. 
Meadows  and  dry,  open  woods,  common. 

87.  C.  CONOIDEA.  Schk.    (C.  granularioides.  Schw.~) 

$  Spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  or  ovate-oblong,  remote,  erect,  rather  dense-flowered, 
bracteate ;  perig.  oblong-conic,  obtusish,  glabrous,  nerved,  subdiverging,  entire 
at  the  mouth,  a  little  longer  than  the  o ^ale-subulate  glume ;  st.  8 — 12'  high ;  Ivs. 
towards  the  base,  shorter  than  the  stem. — Bright  green.  Moist,  upland  mea- 
dows, common. 

88.  C.  TETANICA.  Schk.,  fig.  207. 

9  Spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  loose-flowered,  remote ;  perig.  obovate,  recurved  at 
the  apex,  entire  at  the  orifice,  with  an  ovate  glume,  obtusish  at  the  upper  and 
mucronate  at  the  lower  part  of  the  spike ;  st.  6 — 10'  high,  triquetrous,  longer 
than  the  flat  and  linear-lanceolate  leaves. — Light  green.  Upland  meadows,  rare. 

89.  C.  DIGITALIS.  Willd. 

9  Spikes  about  3,  4 — 10-flowered,  oblong,  distant,  loose-flowered,  lax  and 
recurved ;  perig.  ovate,  triquetrous,  alternate,  nerved,  glabrous,  short  and  obtuse, 
entire  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume  ;  st.  4 — 12'  high, 
triquetrous,  shorter  than  the  long,  decumbent  leaves. — Pale  green. 

tf.  Van  Weckii.  Dew.  Smaller;  perig.  more  remote  and  smaller. — Open, 
moist  woods,  common.  Has  been  mistaken  for  C.  oligocarpa,  Schk.  ($•  Muhl. 

90.  C.  RETROCURVA.  Dew. 

9  Spikes  2 — 4.  on  long,  filiform  and  recurved  peduncles,  bracteate,  sub- 
dense-flowered,  short  and  thick,  oblong ;  perig.  ovate,  triquetrous,  nerved,  ob- 
tusish, equaling  the  ovate,  cuspidate  glume ;  st.  6 — 12'  high,  prostrate ;  Ivs. 
radical  and  wide. — Glaucous.  Open  woods,  rare.  Has  been  considered  C. 
digitalis,  Willd.,  but  is  different. 

91.  C.  OLIGOCARPA.  Schk. 

9  Spikes  2 — 3,  erect,  3 — 4-flowered,  bracteate  ;  perig.  obovate,  roundish- 
triquetrous,  short-rostrate,  entire  at  the  mouth,  longer  than  the  oblong-mucro- 
nate glume;  st.  6—12'  high;  Ivs.  flat  and  shorter  towards  the  base;  plant  light 
green. — Open  woods  or  hedges,  rare.  Differs  from  the  following  species  in  its 
fruit  and  pubescence. 

50 


588  CLX.   CYPERACE.E.  CAREX. 

92.  C.  HITCHCOCKIANA.  Dew. 

g  Spike  erect,  pedunculate ;  9  spikes^ — 3,  erect,  few-flowered,  lowest  dis- 
tant ;  perig.  oval-triquetrous,  tapering  at  both  ends,  inflated,  alternate,  bent  at 
the  apex,  striate,  with  a  short,  truncated  and  open  beak,  about  equaling  or 
shorter  than  the  oblong  or  ovate,  mucronate  glume ;  st.  10 — 24'  high,  erect,  stiff, 
scabrous  above,  with  long  and  leafy  bracts ;  st.  Ivs.  and  bracts  scabrous  and  sub- 
pubescent. — Borders  of  woods.  Can-not  be  the  C.  oligocarpa  figured  by  Schkuhr. 

93.  C.  LAXIFLORA.  Lam. 

cf  Spike  oblong,  slender ;  9  spike  2 — 4,  oblong,  lax-flowered,  few-flowered, 
erect,  remote ;  perig.  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  obtusish,  glabrous,  ventricose, 
nerved,  sub  triquetrous,  entire  at  the  mouth,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate,  scabro- 
mucronate  glume ;  st.  10 — 18'  high,  triquetrous,  leafy. — Bright  to  pale  green. 
Woods,  hedges  and  meadows,  common. 

94.  C.    GRANULARIS.    Mllhl. 

9  Spikes  2 — 4,  cylindric,  oblong,  dense-flowered,  suberect ;  perig.  round- 
ish-ovate, nerved,  very  short-beaked  and  recurved,  entire  at  the  orifice,  nearly 
twice  as  long  as  the  ovate-acuminate  glume  ;  st.  8 — 16'  high,  erect  or  subdecum- 
bent,  smooth,  leafy. — Glaucous  green  except  the  mature,  yellow  spikes.  Moist 
soils  in  meadows  and  hedges,  along  brooks,  abundant. 

95.  C.  PANICEA. 

9  Spikes  2 — 3,  loose-flowered,  remotish,  lowest  long-pedunculate ;  perig. 
subglobose,  obtuse,  entire  at  the  mouth,  a  little  greater  than  the  ovate,  subacute 
glume ;  st.  a  foot  high,  triquetrous,  leafy  at  the  base ;  Ivs.  shorter  than  the  stem. 
— Light  green.  Near  Boston,  Pickering. 

96.  C.  BINERVIS.  Smith. 

9  Spikes  3,  oblong,  cylindric,  subdense-flowered ;  perig.  ovate,  round, 
short-rostrate,  bicuspidate,  smooth,  binerved,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate,  sub- 
acute  glume ;  st.  a  foot  high  or  more,  triquetrous,  leafy  towards  the  base. — 
Pale  green.  Near  Boston,  D.  D.  Greene. 

97.  C.  GREENIANA.  Dew. 

(^  Spike  one  and  erect,  sometimes  2 ;  9  spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  bracteate, 
pedunculate ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  triquetrous,  nerved,  rostrate,  bifurcate, 
subdense-flowered,  about  equal  to  the  ovate,  cuspidate  glume ;  st.  1— 2f  high, 
scabrous  above,  leafy  towards  the  base. — Light  green.  Resembles  C.  fulva, 
Good,  but  differs  in  its  fruit  and  glume.  Near  Boston,  B.  D.  Greene.  Rare. 

98.  C.  GRAYANA.  Dew. 

$  Spike  oblong ;  9  spikes  2 — 3,  oblong-cylindric,  subloose-flowered  ;  perig. 
ovate-oblong,  subtriquetrous,  subinflated,  obtuse  or  acutish,  entire  at  the  orifice, 
longer  than  the  obtuse,  oblong  glume ;  st.  6 — 16'  high,  erect,  triquetrous,  striate, 
with  leaves  about  its  own  length. — Glaucous  green.  Sphagnous  swamp,  near 
Utica,  N.  Y.,  Gray ;  cedar  swamp,  N.  J.,  Torrcy.  Has  been  supposed  to  be 
C.  livida,  Wakl.,  from  which  it  differs  in  several  respects. 

99.  C.  HALSEYANA.  Dew. 

cf  Spike  oblong,  erect,  sessile,  often  2,  approximate ;  9  spikes  1 — 2,  oblong- 
cylindric,  erect,  loose-flowered,  sometimes  $  above ;  perig.  ovate,  short-rostrate, 
subtriquetrous,  inflated,  glabrous,  oblique  at  the  orifice,  a  little  longer  than  the 
ovate,  subacute  glume ;  st.  1 — 2f  high,  acutely  triquetrous ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceo- 
late, shorter  towards  the  base.— Dark  green. — Upland  meadows,  Westfield,  Ms., 
Davis;  plains  of  N.  J.,  Kneiskern. 

100.  C.  CAPILLARIS. 

J*  Spike  small ;  9  spikes  2—3,  ovate,  oblong,  about  6-flowered,  loose- 
flowered,  long  and  recurved  pedunculate ;  perig.  oval,  short-rostrate,  oblong, 
oblique  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  oblong,  ovate,  obtuse  glume ;  st.  2 — 7' 
high,  leafy  at  the  base  ;  Ivs.  narrow,  long. — Grows  in  tufts.  Pale  green.  Alpine 
regions  of  the  White  Mts.,  Robbins. 

101.  C.  EBURNEA.  Boott.     (C.  alba.    0.  setifolia.  Dew.') 

9  Spikes  2 — 3,  erect,  3 — 6-flowered,  ovate,  with  white,  leafless  sheaths, 
and  the  upper  higher  than  the  tf  spike  ;  perig.  ovate-globose,  rostrate  or  slightly 
obovate,  glabrous  and  brown  in  maturity,  twice  longer  than  the  white,  ovate, 


CAREX.  CLX.   CYPERACE^E.  589 

hyaline  glume  ;  st.  4 — 10'  high,  erect,  with  subradical  and  bristle-form  leaves. — 
Pale  green,  common.  Abundant  along  the  banks  of  the  Genesee. 

102.  C.  DEBILIS.  Michx.     (C.  flexuosa.  Schk.) 

cf  Spike  erect,  filiform ;  9  spikes  3 — 4,  filiform,  loose-flowered,  flexuous, 
nodding,  remotish,  1 — 2'  long ;  perig.  oblong-lanceolate,  subtriquetrous,  alter- 
nate, rostrate,  bifid,  glabrous,  nerved,  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceo- 
late glume ;  st.  1 — 2f  high,  triquetrous  and  scabrous  above,  leafy  towards  the 
base. — Bright  green.  Moist  woods  and  meadows,  common. 

103.  C.  ARCTATA.  Boon.     (C.  sylvatica.  Dew.} 

9  Spikes  3 — 4,  long  and  slender,  loose-flowered,  nodding  and  remote  ; 
perig.  ovate,  triquetrous,  lanceolate  or  long-rostrate,  subventricose,  bifid,  gla- 
brous, little  surpassing  the  ovate,  membranaceous,  mucronate  glume ;  st.  10 — 
20'  high,  scabrous  above  and  leafy  below. — Pale  green.  In  the  same  situations 
as  the  preceding,  common. 

104.  C.  FLEXILIS.  Rudge     (C.  castanea.   Wahl.    C.  blephoriphora.  Gray.) 
9  Spikes  2 — 4,  ovate-oblong,  cylindric,  nodding;  perig.  ovate,  subconic, 

rostrate,  bidentate,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  ovate,  obtusish,  oblong  glume ;  st. 
12 — 18'  high,  erect,  striate  ;  ITS.  short,  and  shorter  below;  Ivs.  and  bracts  ciliate. 
— Bright  green.  Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Gray. 

105.  C.  WASHINGTONIANA.  Dew. 

<?  Spike  erect,  with  oblong  and  obtuse  black  glumes;  9  spikes  2 — 5, 
oblong,  cylindric,  subremote,  erect,  loose-flowered,  black  or  dark  brown,  sub- 
distant,  upper  sessile  ;  perig.  oval,  acutish  at  both  ends,  glabrous,  short-rostrate, 
entire  at  the  orifice,  about  equaling  the  ovate-oblong,  subacute,  blackish  glume 
with  a  white  edge ;  st.  a  foot  or  more  high,  triquetrous,  subscabrous  above. — 
Light  green.  Seed  distinctly  triquetrous.  Near  summit  of  Mt.  Washington, 
N.  H.,  Barratt.  Is  distinct  from  C.  saxalilis,  L.,  already  described  as  found 
on  the  White  Mts. 

106.  C.  SULLIVANTII. 

9  Spikes  3,  oblong,  erect,  cylindric,  rather  loose-flowered,  bracteate,  and 
the  lowest  long-pedunculate  and  sparsely  flowered  below ;  perig.  ovate,  acute 
and  subrostrate,  subtriquetrous  and  2-toothed,  equaling  the  ovate-oblong  and 
mucronate  glume;  plant  light  green. — Ohio. 

107.  C.  KNIEISKERNII.  Dew. 

9  Spikes  3,  long-cylindric,  rather  distant,  sublax-flowered,  with  recurved 
peduncles;  perig.  ovate,  oblong,  subtriquetrous,  terete-conic,  rostrate,  short-2- 
toothed,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  and  oblong  glume,  which  is  obtusish  and 
short-mucronate. 

108.  C.  WOODII.  Dew. 

9  Spikes  1 — 3,  ovate-oblong,  loose-flowered,  erect,  lower  long-peduncu- 
late, recurved ;  perig.  obovate,  obtuse,  subtriquetrous,  closed  at  the  orifice, 
tapering  below,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate  and  acutish  glume ;  Ivs.  narrow 
and  linear,  and  with  the  stem  closely  and  slightly  pubescent. — Jefferson  Co., 

4.  Pistillate  spikes  scarcely  sheathed. 

109.  C.  PALLESCENS.    L. 

9  Spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  short,  cylindric,  distant,  nodding  towards  maturity; 
perig.  oval,  obtuse,  round,  about  equal  to,  or  a  little  shorter  than,  the  ovate 
glume  ;  st.  6 — 16'  high,  hardly  erect ;  bracts  sometimes  transversely  rugose. — 
Plant  often  subpubescent,  and  of  a  light  green.  In  dry  meadows.  Common. 

110.  C.    UNDITLATA.    KunZC. 

9  Spikes  2,  erect,  ovate-oblong;  perig.  oblong,  round,  triquetrous,  obtuse, 
striate,  very  short-beaked,  bidentate,  longer  than  the  oblong,  cuspidate,  mucro- 
nate glume;  st.  12 — 18'  high,  erect,  triquetrous,  scabrous;  lower  bract  trans- 
versely waved-plicate ;  Its.  pubescent. — In  the  same  situation  as  the  preceding, 
and  scarcely  to  be  distinguished  from  it. 

111.  C.  TORREYI.  Tuckerman, 

<?  Spike  oblong,  short  pedunculate ;   9  spikes  2 — 3,  short,  oblong,  subses- 


590  CLX.    CYPERACE^E.  CAREX. 

sile,  erect ;  perig.  oblong,  obovate,  very  obtuse,  glabrous,  subtriquetrous,  entire 
at  the  orifice,  subrostrate,  twice  longer  than  the  acute  glume ;  st.  12 — 18'  high, 
erect,  triquetrous,  with  subradical  and  pubescent  leaves. — Pale  green.  N.  Y. 
Tttckerman. 

112.  C.  MILIACEA.    Muhl. 

cf  Spike  erect,  slender;  9  spikes 2 — 3,  long-cylindric,  slender,  loose-flowered 
below,  nodding ;  perig.  ovate,  triquetrous,  glabrous,  subrostrate,  entire  at  the 
orifice,  longer  than  the  oblong,  emarginate  or  obcordate,  awned  glume;  st. 
12 — 24'  high,  slender,  scabrous ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate. — Yellowish-green.  Wet 
meadows;  common. 

113.  C.  LIMOSA. 

9  Spikes  1 — 3,  ovate  or  oblong,  long-pedunculate,  subloose-flowered, 
smoothish,  pendulous ;  perig.  elliptic,  compressed,  very  short-rostrate,  entire  at 
the  orifice,  about  equal  to  the  oblong  and  obtuse,  or  ovate,  cuspidate  glume;  st. 
8 — 16'  high,  ascending,  obtusely  triquetrous,  with  subradical,  flat  and  narrow 
leaves. — Glaucous  green.  Marshes;  common. 

114.  C.  RARIFLORA.  Smith.     (C.  limosa.  /?.  rariflora.    Wahl.} 

9  Spikes  about  2,  linear,  quite  loose-flowered,  long-pedunculate,  nodding  ; 
perig.  ovate-oblong,  triquetrous,  depressed,  equaling  the  ovate,  subcircinate, 
brown  glume ;  st.  10'  high. — Glaucous.  White  Mountains,  N.  H.,  BarraLt. 

115.  C.  IRRIGUA.  Smith.     (C.  limosa.  /?.  irrigua.   Wahl.} 

9  Spikes  2 — 3,  ovate-oblong,  thickish,  nodding;  perig.  roundish-ovate, 
short-rostrate,  subcompressed,  shorter  than  the  ovate-lanceolate,  red-brown 
glume ;  st.  near  a  foot  high,  longer  than  the  flat,  subrecurved  leaves ;  glau- 
cous.— g  Spike  rarely  9  at  the  summit,  or  9  spikes  with  stamens  at  the  base. 
Marsh.  Bridgewater,  N.  Y.,  Gray ;  also  in  marshes  in  Mass,  and  Mich., 
CooLey.  Rare. 

116.  C.  HYSTERIClNA.    Willd. 

tf  Spike  rarely  pistillate  at  the  summit ;  9  spikes  2 — 4,  oblong,  cylindric, 
attenuate,  subdistant,  long-bracteate,  nodding,  rarely  sheathed;  perig.  ovate, 
inflated,  subtriquetrous,  nerved,  bifid,  glabrous,  twice  longer  than  the  oblong, 
emarginate,  submucronate  glume  ;  st.  12 — 24'  high,  scabrous  above,  with  long, 
linear-lanceolate  leaves. — Yellowish  green.  Wet  places  ;  very  common. 

117.  C.    PSEUDO-CYPERUS. 

tf  Spike  cylindric  and  elongated ;  9  spikes  3 — 4,  cylindric,  long-peduncu- 
late, rather  remote,  recurved-pendulous,  with  long  and  leafy  bracts;  perig. 
ovate,  lanceolate,  bidentate,  reflexed,  and  a  little  shorter  than  the  ovate-lance- 
olate or  setaceous  glume. — Common  about  ponds  and  ditches.  It  is  smaller  in 
all  its  parts  than  C.  comosa,  Boott;  and,  besides,  the  fruit  of  the  latter  is 
deeply  and  widely  bifurcate,  and  its  glume  is  hispid  or  ciliate.  The  two  have 
been  confounded  in  our  country,  though  long  known. 

118.  C.  COMOSA.     (C.  furcata.  Ell.     C.  Pseudo-cyperus.  1st  edit.} 

$  Spike  long  and  slender,  rarely  pistillate  above  ;  9  spikes  2 — 5,  long- 
cylindric,  pendulous,  thick,  dense-flowered,  with  very  long  and  leafy  bracts ; 
perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  rostrate,  2-forked,  reflexed,  triqaetrous,  gla- 
brous, generally  longer  than  the  lanceolate,  mucronate,  setaceous  glume ;  st. 
18 — 30'  high,  large,  rough,  with  long  and  wide,  rough  leaves  and  bracts. — Plant 
very  glabrous  and  yellowish-green.  Wet  places  about  ponds  and  ditches ; 
common. 

119.  C.  COOLEYI.  Dew. 

tf  Spike  short  and  small,  with  oblong-lancelate  glumes ;  9  spikes  2 — 4, 
cylindric,  oblong,  or  ovate  and  short,  rather  dense-flowered,  upper  sessile,  lower 
on  very  long,  recurved  peduncles ;  perig.  ovate-rostrate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
bifurcate,  nerved,  about  equal  to  the  ovate,  awned,  scabrous  glume ;  st.  filiform 
and  scabrous,  subrostrate,  a  foot  or  more  high,  much  shorter  than  the  subradi- 
cal, narrow  leaves. — Light  green.  Marsh  in  Macomb  Co.,  Mich.,  Cooky. 

120.  C.    SCABRATA.    Schw. 

9  Spikes  3 — 6,  cylindric,  subrecurved,  remotish,  long-pedunculate  ;  perig. 
ovate-oblong,  subinflated,  subbifid,  rostrate,  quite  scabrous,  longer  than  the 


CAREX.  CLX.   CYPERACE.E.  591 

ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  short-bidentate,  ciliate  glume  ;  st.  I — 2f  high, 
acutely  triquetrous,  rough  above,  longer  than  the  leaves  towards  The  base. — 
Bright  green.  Along  brooks  and  streams ;  common. 

121.  C.  CRAWEI.  Dew. 

9  Spikes  3 — 6,  cylindric,  short  and  thick,  densely  flowered,  sometimes 
aggregated,  sometimes  remote,  the  lowest  often  subradical  and  long-peduncu- 
late ;  perig.  ovate,  terete,  scarcely  rostrate,  diverging,  entire  at  the  orifice,  twice 
longer  than  the  ovate  and  obtusish  glume ;  $  spike  with  one  or  two  small  ones 
at  its  base. 

122.  C.  POLYMORPHA.  Muhl. 

cP  Spikes  long  cylindric,  upper  one  pedunculate,  with  oblong  and  ovate 
scales ;  9  spikes  2,  oblong,  cylindric,  close-fruited,  erect,  nearly  sessile,  upper 
one  staminate  at  the  apex,  with  nearly  enclosed  peduncles ;  perig.  ovate,  acu- 
minate, bilobate,  scarcely  rostrate,  striate,  longer  than  the  ovate  glume. — N.  J. 
and  the  Southern  States.  Differs  from  D.  Haheyana  in  its  $  spikes  and  obtuse 
glume,  in  its  acuminate,  not  rostrate  fruit,  and  its  larger,  fertile  spikes. 

H.  Staminate  spikes  usually  two  or  more. 

123.  C.  SCHWENITZII.  Dew. 

cf  Spikes  2,  rarely  1,  upper  long  and  slender,  lower  with  a  few  perigynia 
at  the  base ;  9  spikes  2 — 4,  oblong,  cylindric,  subapproximate,  subrecurved, 
subloose-flowered,  lowest  often  long-pedunculate ;  perig.  ovate-oblong,  tapering 
above,  rostrate,  inflated,  nerved,  glabrous,  bifurcate,  longer  than  the  lanceolate, 
subulate,  subsetaceous  glume;  st.  6 — 12'  high,  scabrous  above,  very  leafy. — 
Pale  yellowish-green.  Wet  sandy  grounds.  Not  abundant. 

124.  C.  RETRORSA.    Schw. 

$  Spikes  about  3,  rarely  1,  often  with  a  few  perigynia  at  the  base ;  Q 
spikes  4 — 6,  oblong-cylindric,  approximate,  dense-flowered,  with  long  and  leafy 
bracts,  the  lowest  often  remote  and  long-pedunculate ;  perig.  ovate-inflated,  sub- 
globose,  rostrate,  bifurcate,  nerved,  reflexed,  twice  longer  than  the  lanceolate 
glume;  st.  15 — 30'  high,  scabrous  above,  large,  stiff  and  leafy. — Bright  green. 
In  clusters,  about  pools  of  water,  common.  The  lower  spikes  sometimes  have 
1  or  2  smaller  spikes  attached  to  them. 

125.  C.  ARISTATA.   R.  Br. 

9  Spikes  2 — 4,  cylindric,  distant,  close-flowered,  erect;  perig.  ovate, 
oblong,  nerved,  deeply  bifid,  very  glabrous,  long-rostrate,  longer  than  the 
oblong,  awned  glume ;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  villose  on  the  under  side ;  st.  a  foot  or 
more  high. — Bright  green.  Watertown,  N.  Y.,  Torr.  <$•  Gray.  Is  not  this 
very  closely  related  to  the  following  species  1 

126.  C.  TRICHOCARPA.  Muhl. 

tf  Spikes  about  3,  erect,  rarely  1,  or  9  above,  cylindric,  lower  shorter;  9 
spikes  2 — 4,  erect,  long-cylindric,  smoothish,  rather  loose-flowered  ;  perig.  ovate, 
conic,  inflated,  nerved,  rostrate,  bifurcate,  densely  pubescent,  about  twice  lon- 
ger than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume ;  st.  15 — 30'  high,  scabrous  above,  and 
with  pubescent  leaves  and  sheaths. — Light  green.  In  wet  and  marshy  places ; 
common. 

/?.  turbinata.  Dew.  9  Spikes  ovate,  or  short-oblong,  thick,  remote,  dense- 
flowered;  perig.  subdiverging,  ovate  and  conic,  rostrate,  longer  than  the  ovate- 
oblong,  mucronate  glume ;  st:  2— 3f  high. — Glaucous  green.  In  a  pond  in 
Beckman,  N.  Y.,  there  abundant. 

127.  C.  LONGIROSTRIS.  Torr. 

tf  Spikes  3,  short;  9  spikes  2 — 3,  cylindric,  quite  loose-flowered,  pendu- 
lous, subdistant,  with  filiform  peduncles ;  perig.  ovate,  globose,  inflated,  gla- 
brous, long-rostrate,  hispid,  a  little  longer  than  the  lanceolate  or  ovate,  cuspi- 
date glume ;  st.  15 — 30'  high,  rather  slender,  stiff,  leafy  below. — Bright  green. 
On  light  soil  of  hedges  in  N.  England  and  N.  York.  Common. 

128.  C.  LANUGINOSA.  Michx.     (C.  pellita.  Muhl.) 

tf  Spikes  2,  oblong,  slender,  erect ;   9  spikes  2 — 3,  cylindric,  erect,  dense- 
flowered,  sometimes  short-oblong  and  thick,  subrostrate;  perig.  ovate,  short- 
rostrate,  bicuspitate,  subtriquetrous,  thick,  pubescent  and  woolly,  about  equaling 
50* 


592  CLX.   CYPERACEJE.  CAREX. 

the  ovate-lanceolate,  awned  glume ;  st.  12 — 24'  high,  nearly  round  below,  with 
flat,  linear-lanceolate  leaves  and  bracts. — Glabrous  and  yellowish-green.  Wet 
places  and  marshes.  Common. 

129.  C.  FILIFORMIS.  Gooden. 

tf  Spikes  2 — 3,  with  oblong  glumes ;  9  spikes  2 — 3,  ovate,  oblong,  short- 
cylindric,  close-flowered,  remotish,  erect;  perig.  ovate,  villose,  short-rostrate, 
bifurcate,  about  equaling  the  ovate,  acute  glume  ;  st.  20 — 30'  high,  erect,  slen- 
der stiff1,  with  convolute  leaves  and  bracts. — Pale  green.  Marshes.  Common. 

130.  C.  LACUSTRIS.  Willd. 

c?  Spikes  3 — 4,  erect,  sessile ;  9  spikes  2 — 3.  erect,  oblong,  cylindric, 
short-pedunculate;  perig.  ovate-oblong,  tapering  or  lanceolate,  bifurcate,  gla- 
brous, a  little  longer  than  the  oblong,  mucronate  glume ;  st.  2 — 3f  high,  sca- 
brous above,  erect  and  large,  with  long  and  large  leaves  and  bracts. — Light 
green.  Marshes.  Common. 

131.  C.  RIPARIA.  Gooden. 

&  Spike  3 — 5,  oblong,  thick,  erect,  sessile ;  9  spikes  2 — 3,  erect,  oblong, 
often  long-cylindric ;  perig.  ovate-elliptic  contracted  into  a  short,  bifurcate 
beak,  glabrous,  about  equaling  or  shorter  man  the  ovate,  mucronate,  or  oblong- 
lanceolate  glume ;  st.  2 — 3f  high,  scabrous  above,  leafy  below. — Bright  green. 

132.  C.  OLIGOSPERMA.  Michx.     (Oakesiana.  Dew.) 

$  Spikes  several,  sometimes  one,  erect,  slender,  long-cylindric,  with 
an  oblong  obtusish  glume ;  9  spikes  1 — 3,  ovate,  globular,  sessile,  distant  ; 
perig.  few,  ovate,  inflated,  acute,  nerved,  short-rostrate,  entire  at  the  orifice, 
glabrous,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume ;  st.  1 — 2f  high,  sca- 
brous above,  leafy  below;  Ivs.  involute  and  rush-like. — Light  |~een.  About 
the  lakes  of  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  Abundant  in  the  marshes  of  Midi. 
133.  C.  VESICARIA. 

J*  Spikes  about  3,  erect,  oblong;  9  spikes  2—3,  cylindric,  erect,  dense- 
flowered,  alternate,  long-bracteate ;  perig.  ovate,  oblong-conic,  terete,  inflated, 
rostrate,  nerved,  diverging,  glabrous,  bicuspidate,  nearly  twice  longer  than  the 
oblong-lanceolate  glume ;  st.  about  2f  high,  shorter  than  the  leaves. — Bright 
green.  Marshes.  Not  common. 

(3.  utriculata.  Dew.  (C.  utriculata.  Boott.~)  Perig.  oblong-elliptic,  nerved, 
cylindric-rostrate,  bicuspidate,  more  or  less  longer  than  the  lanceolate,  sca- 
brous-awned  glume. — Marshes,  with  the  other. 

134.  C.  AMPULLA CE A.    Gooden. 

tf  Spikes  2 — 4,  oblong,  cylindric,  erect;  9  spikes  2 — 3,  long-cylindric, 
erect,  close-flowered,  short-pedunculate,  sometimes  tf  above ;  perig.  subglobose, 
inflated,  diverging,  nerved,  glabrous,  setaceous,  rostrate,  bifurcate,  little  longer 
than  the  lanceolate  glume ;  st.  2 — 3f  high,  obtusely  triquetrous,  leafy. — Light 
green.  Marshes.  Common. 

135.  C.  MONlLE.   Tuckerman. 

tf  Spikes  2 — 4,  long,  slender,  cylindric,  with  a  long,  lanceolate  glume ;  9 
spikes  2,  long,  cylindric,  short-pedunculate,  subloose-flowered,  erect ;  perig. 
ovate,  long-conic,  subtriquetrous,  inflated,  rostrate,  bicuspidate,  more  than 
twice  longer  than  the  oblong-lanceolate  glume ;  st.  15 — 30'  high,  erect,  with 
long  leaves  and  bracts. — Bright  green.  Marshes.  Not  common.  More  loose- 
flowered  and  fruit  longer  than  that  of  C.  msicaria.  L. 

136.  C.  BULL  ATA.  Schk. 

tf  Spikes  3,  erect,  slender,  cylindric,  with  oblong-lanceolate  glumes ;  9 
spikes  2 — 3,  rather  long,  cylindric,  nearly  erect ;  perig.  ovoid-globose,  inflated, 
glabrous,  costate,  with  a  long,  scabrous  beak,  bifurcate,  longer  than  the  lance- 
olate glume  ;  st.  20 — 30'  high,  rather  slender,  triquetrous,  scabrous  above,  leafy 
and  shorter  than  the  leaves. — Glabrous,  light  green.  In  wet  meadows.  Com- 
mon. 

137.  C.  TUCKERMANI.  Dew 

tf  Sp-ikes  2 — 3,  cylindric,  lower  ones  sessile  and  short,  with  an  oblong, 
acutish  glume ;  9  spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  cylindric,  thick  and  large,  pedunculate, 
subloose-flowered ;  perig.  inflated,  ovate,  large,  conic,  costate,  bifurcate,  gla- 


CLXI.   GRAMINE^E. 


593 


brous,  nerved,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume ;  st,  about  2f  high, 
erect,  scarcely  scabrous;  bracts  and  Ivs.   long,  not  wide;  light  green. — Wet 
places  in  meadows,  common,  and  has  been  ranked  under  C.  bullata. 
138.  C.  MIRATA.  Dew.     (C.  arista.  Dew.  not  of  R.  Br.} 
&  Spikes  2  or  more,  long-cylindric ;   9  spikes  about  2,  long-cylindric,  pe- 
dunculate, subdense-flowered,  suberect ;  perig.  ovate,  conic,  long  rostrate,  cos- 
tate,  bifurcate,  glabrous,  subinflated  at  the  base,  about  equaling  the  ovate, 
long-setaceous  or  long-awned  glume ;  st.  about  2f  high,  rough ;  Ivs.  and  bracts 
longer  than  the  stem ;  light  green.— Shores  of  lake  Ontario,  N.  Y.  Sartwell. 
Also  found  in  the  State  of  Georgia. 


FIG.  55.— l.  Carex ;  a  single,  fertile  flower ;  a,  the  glume ;  b,  the  perigynium,  containing  the  ovary  with 
(c)  the  three  stigmas.  2.  Scirpus  lacustris ;  the  inflorescence.  3.  A  single  (magnified)  flower,  showing 
the  6  hypogynous  bristles  of  the  perigynium,  ovary  with  three  stigmas,  and  the  three  stamens. 


ORDER  CLXI.     GRAMINEJE.— GRASSES. 

Herbs  perennial,  with  fibrous  or  bulbous  rhizomas,  or  often  annual  or  biennial. 
Stems  (culms)  cylindrical,  fistular,  closed  at  the  nodes,  covered  with  a  coat  of  silex,  often  solid. 
Lvs.  narrow  and  undivided,  parallel-veined,  alternate,  with  a  sheath  split  down  to  the  nodes,  and  a  mem- 
branous ligula  or  stipule  at  the  juncture  of  the  blade  and  sheath. 
Inflorescence  arranged  in  spikes,  racemes  or  panicles. 

Fts.  generally  perfect,  in  little  spikelets  composed  of  bracts  imbricated  in  2  rows. 
Glumes.— Outer  bracts  (calyx,  Linn.)  generally  2  and  unequal,  sometimes  1  only. 
PaletB.— Inner  bracts  (corolla,  Linn.)  2,  alternate,  the  lower  (exterior)  one  simple,  the  upper  (interior) 

often  doubly  carinate,  being  composed  of  2  pieces  united  by  their  edges. 

Scales.— Innermost  bracts  (nectary,  Linn,  rudimentary  petals)  1—3,  distinct  or  united,  membranous,  hy- 
Sta.  l^-e,  commonly  3.    Anthers  versatile.  [pogynous. 

Ova.  simple,  with  2  styles  and  2  feathery  stigmas.    Fruit  a  caryopsis. 
Seed  with  the  embryo  situated  on  the  outside  of  farinaceous  albumen,  at  the  base,  next  the  hilum. 

Genera  291,  species  about  3800,  universally  diffused  throughout  the  world,  having  no  other  limits  than 
those  that  bound  vegetation  in  general.  But  the  species  and  their  characters  are  widely  different  in  dif- 
ferent climes.  In  temperate  zones  the  grasses  clothe  a  large  portion  of  the  earth's  surface  with  a  com- 
pact, soft,  green,  carpet-like  turf;  but  in  tropical  regions  this  beautiful  grassy  turf  disappears  and  the 
grasses  become  larger,  more  isolated  like  other  plants,  fewer  in  the  number  of  individuals,  with  broader 
leaves  and  more  showy  flowers.  - 

Properties.—  This  family  doubtless  contributes  more  to  the  sustenance  of  man  and  beast  than  all  others 
combined.  Its  sweet  and  nutritious  properties  reside  both  in  the  farinaceous  albumen  of  the  seed  and  in 
the  herbage.  No  poisonous  or  even  suspicious  herb  is  found  among  them,  with  the  single  exception  of 
Lolium  temulentum.  The  poisonous  and  medicinal  ergot  or  spurred  rye  is  only  a  parasitic  fungus,  and 
therefore  forms  no  exception  to  this  remark.  The  sterns  of  many  grasses  contain  sugar,  as  the  maize  and 
sugar  cane.  Silex  is  also  a  frequent  ingredient.  To  this  order  belong  the  common  grains,  maize,  wheat, 
rye.  rice,  barley,  oats,  &c.  The  most  important  of  the  cultivated  grasses  are  Phleum  or  Timothy  grass, 
several  kinds  of  Poa,  Agrostis,  Alopecurus,  Festuca,  Aira,  Panicum,  Cinna,  Briza,  &c. 


594 


CLXI.   GRAMINE^l. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 


fl-fruited,  .  .  (in  spikes, 

( in  panicles, 
Spikelets  12— OO-fruited,  ( in  spikes. 


<  with  awns.    .    §  l 
in  panicles,  fc  without  awns.    §  2 
'  with  awns.    .    §  3 
without  awns.    §  4 
with  awns.    .    §  5 
without  awns.   §  6 


§7 

$  Fr.  white.  Oryzopsis. 
$  sessile.  ( Fr.  black. Piptatherum. 
("cartilaginous,  (stipitate.  Fr. black  Stipa. 
'  naked.    Stam.  1.   Cinna. 
hairy.    Stam.  3.     Calamagrostis. 
Agrostis. 
Aristida. 


}  herbaceous,    . 

s  with  lawn,  Imembranaceous,  1-keeled. 
Pales  2,  (.  the  lower  with  3  awns,  often  twisted. 


(  Glumes  t 1-flowered.  \  Pales  3,  upper  one  with  an  awn.    Flowers  polygamous.  Sorghum. 
I  large,     (2-flowered  (one  flower  abortive),  longer  than  the  paleae.     .       .       .    Holcus. 

\  { unequal,  one  of  them  hardly  perceptible Muhlenbergia. 

Glumes  minute,  (subequal,  one  of  them  awned Tricliochloa. 

Si.  I  Glumes  0.    Aquatic  grasses Zizania. 

\  Fr.  coated.  Agrostis. 
$  Stig.  2.  { Fr.  naked.  Sporobolus. 
$  membran'ous.  ( Stigmas  3.  .       .    Psamma. 

\  Paleae  2,  ( coriaceous Milium. 

Glumes 2.  (Paleae  1.    Panicle  mostly  capillary.      .       .    Trichodium. 


{  Spikelets  1-flowered. 
1  Spikelets  2-flowered. 


Glumes  0.    Leaves  retrorsely  scabrous. 


Leersic 


Glumes  2,  very  unequal,  resembling  the  outer  abortive  pales.  Panicum. 

Glumes  2,  equal,  longer  than  the  pales.         .       .        .    Phalaris. 

§  2.  L  Spikelets  3-flowered,  2  of  the  flowers  staminate,  the  other  perfect.    .       .        .    Hierochloa. 

$  Pal.  with  awns  1—3 times  their  length.  Alopecurus. 
( Involucre  0.  (  Pales  with  awns  5  times  their  length.  Hordeum. 
<  Spikelets  with  an  invojucre  of  2  or  more  bristles.    Setaria. 
(  subsimple.  (  Spikelets  with  a  burr-like  involucre.     .       .       .    Cenchrtis. 

\  Both  glumes  and  pales  awned.      .       .    Polypogon. 

i  Spike  solitary,  (  paniculate  or  lobed.  (Glumes  awnless,  pales  awned.      .       .    Anthoxanthum. 
<  Spikes  00,  not  bearded,  unilateral,  panicled.    Pales  cartilaginous.    .       .       .    Oplis'/nenus. 
§  3.  (  Spikes  2—00,  polygamous.    Sterile  flowers  plumosely  bearded.         .       .       .    Andropogon. 

(  solitary,  terminal.    .       .       .    Phleum. 

(Spikes  cylindrical,  ( several,  terminal  and  lateral.      Crypsis. 
fl— 00;  spikelets  suborbicular.    Paspalum. 
!  digitate  or  verticillate,  linear.     Disritaria. 
I  pedunculate  in  a  2-sided  panicle.  Bpartina. 
CFls.  perfect  or  polygamous.  L  Spikes  unilateral,    L  sessile  in  a  unilateral  panicle.    Lepturus. 

\  all  terminal,  stenle  above,  fertile  at  base.      .       .     Tripsacum. 
§  4.  (  Spikes  monoecious,    .    .    { fertile  ones  lateral,  sterile  ones  terminal,  panicled.  Zea. 

$  Apex  bifid.    Awn  bent.      . 
("  near  the  base.  (Apex  multifid. 

(  which  has  two  bristly  teeth 
<  which  is  merely  bifid. 

f  Lower  palea  awned  on  the  back  I  near  the  apex  (  which  is  entire.    . 
f  which  is  entire.    Fruit  coated. 

j  <  with  a  cusp  each  side  of  it 

§  5.  I  Lower  palea  awned  at  the  apex  (  between  the  two  teeth :  awn  twisted. 
Pales  entire,  not  mucronate,  bristly  at  base.  . 
Pales  bidentate,  outer  one  mucronate.    . 

Pales  entire,  outer  one  mucronate 

Pales  cartilaginous,  outer  cuspidate,  coating  rruit. 

Outer  palea  bifid  and  tricuspidate 

Outer  palea  erose-denticulate.    Spikelets  terete.   . 
Pales  not  mucronate,  inner  one  bifid. 

Outer  palea  truncate-mucronate,  inner  bifid.   . 

I  perfect.  .  .  '  Spikelets  cordate  at  base,  tumid,  pendulous.         .... 
I  £  Panicle  contracted. 

§  6.  (.Terminal  flower  abortive  or  a  mere  pedicel.  ( Panicle  large,  diffuse. 

$  one  (in  the  top  spikelet  2).     . 

(  Glumes  broad, .  .  ( two  in  each  spikelet 

C  collateral :  spikelets  in  2s,  &c. 
("Spikes  2-ranked,  (  Glumes  subulate,  (opposite :  spikelets  solitary. 


(  Spikelets 
f  Terminal  fl.  <  not  cordate. 


4  Spikelets  in  two  rows, 
r  Spikelets  in  one  row.  . 


Avena. 

Aira. 

Trisetum. 

~Bromus. 

Gymnopogon. 

Festuca. 

Uralepis. 

Danthania. 

Arundo. 

Ceratochloa. 

Festuca. 

Diarrhena. 

Tricuspis. 

Glyceria. 

Poa. 

Uniola. 

Sriza. 

Koeleria. 

Melica. 

Lolium. 

Triticwm. 

Elymus. 

Secaie. 

Eleusine. 

Cynodon. 

Atheropogon. 

Dactylis. 


<  (  digitate  (rarely  solitary) 

^  remote,  short,  forming  a  long,  slender  raceme. 
§  7.  L  Spikes  unilateral,  (  conglomerate  or  paniculate 

FIG.  56.— 1.  Agrostis  alba ;  a  1-flowered  spikelet ;  a,  the  two  glumes.  2.  A  flower,  with  the  two  paleae, 
three  stamens  and  two  plumose  stigmas.  3.  Leersia  oryzqides ;  a  flower  removed  from  its  glumes, 
showing  its  2  hypogynous  scales,  three  stamens  and  ovary  with  the  two  stigmas.  4.  Phleum  pratense  ; 
a  l-flowered  spikelet;  a,  glumes;  b,  truncate  pales ;  &c.  5.  Polypogon;  a  1-flowered  spikelet ;  glumes 
and  lower  palea  awned.  6.  Holcus  lanatus;  a  two-flowered  spikelet;  a,  glumes;  b,  the  two  flowers 
(upper  staminate).  7.  Poa  pratensis ;  a  4-flowered  spikelet ;  a,  the  two  glumes  ;  6,  a  single  flower,  with 
two  pales,  &c.  8.  Festuca  duriuscula ;  a  5-flowered  spikelet :  a,  two  glumes ;  ft,  a  single  flower.  9.  The 
caryopsis  of  Hordeum,  showing  the  embryo  at  the  base  of  the  copious  albumen. 


ARISTIDA. 


CLXI.   GRAMINE^E. 


595 


TRIBE  1.  STIPACEJ3.— Infloresence  panicled.  Spikelets  solitary,  1-flower- 
ed.  Glumes  membranaceous.  Paleae  mostly  two,  lower  one  coriaceous, 
involute,  awned. 

1.    ARISTIDA. 

Lat.  arista,  an  awn ;  characteristic  of  the  genus. 

Panicle  contracted  or  racemose ;  glumes  2,  unequal ;  paleae  pedi- 
cellate, lower  one  with  3  long  awns  at  the  tip,  upper  one  very  minute 
or  obsolete. 

1.  A.  DICHOTOMA.  Michx.     Poverty  Grass. 

Caespitose ;  st.  dichotomously  branching ;  panicle  contracted-racemose ; 
lateral  awns  very  short,  the  intermediate  one  nearly  as  long  as  the  paleae,  con- 
torted.— A  slender  grass,  in  sandy  soils,  U.  $.,  common.  Stems  8—12'  high, 
branching  at  each  joint.  Leaves  very  narrow,  with  very  short,  open  sheaths, 
and  a  very  short  stipule.  Spikelets  slender,  on  clavate  peduncles.  Aug. 

2.  A.  PURPURASCENS.  Poir. 

St.  erect,  simple,  filiform,  2 — 3f  high ;  Ivs.  very  narrow,  flat,  erect,  a  foot 
in  length,  with  short,  open  sheaths ;  panicle  long,  loosely  spicate ;  spikelets  on 
short,  clavate,  appressed  pedicels;  awns  nearly  equal,  divaricate,  twice  the 
length  of  the  paleae;  palea  often  dark  purple. — %  Sandy  woods,  Northern 
States.  Sept. 

3.  A.  GRACILIS.  Ell. 

St.  very  slender,  a  foot  or  more  high ;  Ivs.  setaceous,  erect,  with  short 
sheaths,  pilose  at  the  throat ;  panicle  very  slender ;  spikelets  somewhat  remote,  ap- 
pressed ;  lateral  awns  short,  erect,  intermediate  one  longer,  spreading.  — 7{.  Mass. 
and  S.  States.  A  grass  of  little  value,  as  well  as  the  other  species  of  this  genus. 

4.  A.  TUBERCULOSA.  Nutt.     Long-awned  Poverty  Grass. 

St.  erect  (declinate  at  base),  8—20'  high,  rigid,  with  small  tubercles  in  the 
axils  of  the  numerous  branches ;  nodes  tumid ;  Ivs.  long  and  narrow-linear ; 
panicle  large,  loose,  simple  ;  spikelets  pedicellate ;  glumes  nearly  1'  long,  linear, 
awned ;  upper  palece  involute,  the  awns  2'  long,  hispid  upwards,  twisted  together 
to  near  the  middle,  thence  finally  horizontally  divaricate. — %  A  very  singular 
species,  in  dry  prairies,  111.,  Mead  I  July,  Aug. 


59G  CLXL    GRAMINEJE.  AGROSTIS. 

5.  A.  STRICTA.  Michx.     Upright  Aristida. 

St.  strictly  erect,  caespitose,  branched,  2— 3f  high;  Ivs.  straight,  erect, 
pubescent,  linear,  convolute  above ;  panicle  long,  loosely  racemose;  spikekts  ap- 
pressed ;  glumes  unequal,  very  acute ;  Imver  palecc  hairy  at  base ;  awns  twice  as  long 
as  the  palece,  spreading,  the  middle  one  the  longest. — 1\.  Penn.  to  Car.W.  to  Mich. 

2.   STIPA. 

Lat.  stipa,  a  foot-stalk ;  alluding  to  the  stipitate  fruit  of  some  of  the  species. 

Glumes  2;  palese  mostly  2,  shorter  than  the  glumes,  the  lower 
with  a  long  awn  at  the  apex,  the  upper  entire ;  awn  jointed  at  the 
base,  deciduous  ;  caryopsis  striate. 

1.  S.  AVENACEA.  Feather  Grass. 

St.  naked  above;  2 — 3f  high;  Ivs.  smooth,  striate,  setaceous,  chiefly  radi- 
cal ;  panicle  spreading,  somewhat  1-sided,  4 — 6'  long,  at  length  diffuse,  branches 
capillary,  solitary  and  in  pairs ;  glumes  nearly  equal,  mucronate,  as  long  as  the 
dark  brown,  cylindric  fruit ;  scales  2,  lanceolate  ;  awn  twisted,  2— 3X  in  length. — 
1|.  N.  Y.  to  Car. 

2.  S.  JUNCEA.  Pursh.     Rush-leaved  Feather  Grass. 

St.  2 — 3f  high  ;  Ivs.  convolute-iiliform,  smooth  inside,  long ;  panicle  loose ; 
glumes  loose,  filiformly  acuminated  to  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  fruit ; 
Jr.  attenuated  at  base  into  a  stipe  which  is  a  third  of  its  length,  stipe  acute, 
pubescent;  palea  obtuse,  distinctly  articulated  to  the  awn,  which  is  smooth  and 
slender,  scarcely  contorted  and  4 — 6'  in  length. — 1\.  Prairies,  111.,  Mo.  When 
in  fruit,  the  pungent  stipe  adheres  to  everything  that  comes  in  its  way.  Aug. 

3.  S.  CANADENSIS.  Lam. 

Lvs.  setaceous ;  panicle  small ;  glumes  smooth,  ovate-obtuse,  as  long  as 
the  pubescent  fruit ;  awn  thick  and  short. — 7J.  Amherst,  Mass,  Dewey.  Neither 
this  nor  the  preceding  species  is  common  or  of  much  value  in  agriculture. 

3.   PIPTATHERUM.     Palis. 

Gr.  JTJTrrw,  to  fall,  -vCjaos,  harvest. 

Panicle  racemed ;  glumes  membranaceous,  longer  than  the  ellipti- 
cal, cartilaginous  paleae  ;  lower  palea  awned  at  the  tip  ;  scales  ovate, 
entire  \  caryopsis  coated. 

P.  NIGRUM.  Torr.  (Oryzopsis  melanocarpa.  Muhl.}  Black-seeded  Millet. 
St.  erect,  simple,  leafy,  18 — 24'  high ;  panicle  simple,  flexuous,  few- 
flowered  ;  spikelets  racemose,  ovoid-lanceolate ;  glumes  acuminate,  mucronate, 
5 — 6"  in  length,  smooth ;  palea  hairy,  nearly  black  when  ripe,  the  lower  one 
lipped  with  an  awn  an  inch  in  length ;  fruit  black. — 1|_  Rocky  hills,  N.  Eng. 
to  Ky..  frequent.  Aug. 

4.   OR  YZ  OP  SIS.     Rich. 
Named  for  its  resemblance  (ot/'i?)  to  the  genus  Oryza. 

Panicle  racemed  ;  glumes  2,  subequal,  loose,  obovate,  awnless  ; 
paleae  2,  cylindric-ovate,  hairy  at  base  ;  scales  linear-elongated. 

O.  ASPERIFOLIA.  Michx.     Mountain  Rice. 

St.  nearly  naked,  purple  at  base,  10 — 20'  high;  Ivs.  subradical,  erect, 
rigid,  pungent  at  the  point,  nearly  as  long  as  the  stem,  cauline  ones  few  and 
very  short ;  spikekts  in  a  racemose,  simple,  flexuous  panicle,  1 — 2  upon  each 
branch ;  glumes  abruptly  acuminate ;  palece  white,  the  lower  one  with  a  long 
bent  awn. — Woods,  Free  States,  N.  to  Subarctic  Am.  Leaves  green  through 
the  winter.  Caryopsis  white,  about  as  large  as  rice,  farinaceous.  May. 

TRIBE  2.  AGROSTIDEJE. — Inflorescence  panicled,  rarely  spiked.  Spike- 
lets  solitary,  1-flowered.  Glumes  and  paleae  of  nearly  similar  texture,  usu- 
ally carinate. 

5.   AGROSTIS. 

Gr.  aypos,  a  field ;  it  being  eminently  an  occupant  of  fields  and  pastures. 

Inflorescence  paniculate  ;  glumes  2,  acute,  subequal,  the  lower  one 


AGROSTIS.  CLX1.   GRAMINE.&.  597 

larger,  sometimes  longer,  often  shorter  than  the  paleae;  paleae  2, 
unequal,  lower  one  larger,  awnless  or  awned,  larger  than  the  glumes, 
coating  the  caryopsis. 

§  1 .  Glumes  longer  than  the  palece. 

1.  A.  VULGARIS.  Smith.     (A.  polymorpha.   Gray.}     Red-top.     Bent  Grass. 

St.  erect,  1 — 2f  high;  panicle  spreading,  with  the  branches  finally  divari- 
cate ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  veined,  scabrous,  with  smooth,  striate  sheaths,  and 
short,  truncate  stipules  ;  lower  palea  twice  as  large  as  the  upper,  and  nearly  as 
long  as  the  lanceolate,  acute  glumes.— 7J.  U.  S.  A  common  and  very  valuable 
grass,  spread  over  hills,  vales,  and  meadows,  forming  a  soft,  dense  turf.  Flow- 
ers very  numerous,  purplish.  July. 

2.  A.  ALBA.     (A.  decumbens.  Muhl.y     White-top.     Florin  Grass. 

St.  decumbent,  geniculate,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints,  sending  out  stolons; 
Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  smooth,  those  of  the  stolons  erect  and  subulate ;  sheaths 
smooth,  with  a  long,  membranaceous  stipule ;  panicle  dense,  narrow,  at  length 
spreading,  whitish,  sometimes  purplish ;  lower  palea  5- veined,  rarely  awned. — 
(f)  N.  Eng.  to  Ohio,  in  meadows,  or  in  dry  soils  j  hence  its  characters  are  vari- 
able, being  often  nearly  erect.  June.  § 

3.  A.  STRICTA.  Willd.     Bent  Grass. 

St.  erect,  smooth,  with  black  nodes ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  scabrous  on 
the  margin,  with  cleft,  white  stipules;  panicle  elongated,  strict,  the  branches 
about  5,  flexuous,  scabrous,  erect;  glumes  equal,  lanceolate;  palea  unequal, 
smaller  than  the  glumes,  with  an  awn  at  the  base  of  the  outer  one  twice  longer 
than  the  flower. — %.  Fields,  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.  June. 

4.  A.  CANINA.     Dog's  Bent  Grass. 

St.  prostrate,  somewhat  branched,  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes,  about  2f 
long  ;  panicle  at  length  spreading,  with  angular,  rough  branches  ;  glumes  elon- 
gated ;  lower  palea  furnished  with  an  incurved  awn  upon  the  beak  twice  its 
length. — %  Introduced  and  common  in  wet  meadows.  July.  § 

5.  A.  PICKERINGII.  Tuckm.     (A.  canina,  0.  alpina.  Oakes.} 

St.  erect ;  Ivs.  flat,  linear ;  pan.  ovate,  diffuse,  branches  verticillate,  rather 
erect,  scabrous ;  gl.  subequal,  keel  of  the  lower  mucronate  at  tip,  upper  acute\ 
smoothish ;  lower  palea  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  erose,  veined,  upper  ovate, 
veinless;  awn  from  the  middle  of  the  back,  contorted,  twice  longer  than  the 
fls.— White  Mts. 

/?.  rupicola.  Tuckm.     Smaller ;  pan.  contracted,  smoothish,  often  purplish. 

Mountains,  Vermont. 

§  2.  VILFA.     Glumes  not  longer  than  the  subequal,  awnless  palece. 

6.  A.  VIRGINICA.     (Vilfa  vaginiflora.  Gray.) 

S's.  numerous,  assurgent,  procumbent  and  hairy  at  base,  nearly  simple, 
about  a  foot  long ;  Ivs.  somewhat  2-rowed,  involute,  rigid,  erect,  2-^—3'  long, 
with  smooth  sheaths  which  are  hairy  at  the  throat  and  swollen  with  the  en- 
closed panicles ;  panicles  spike-form,  terminal  and  lateral,  the  lateral  ones  con- 
cealed ;  glumes  nearly  equal,  about  as  long  as  the  subequal  paleae. — (T)  Sandy 
soils,  Middle  States.  Sept.,  Oct. 

7.  A.    COMPRESSA.   Torr.      (Vilfa  compressa.    Trinius.}     Flat-stemmed 
Agrostis. — Glabrous ;  st.  erect,  compressed,  simple,  leafy,  branched  at  base, 

1 — 2f  high ;  Irs.  narrowly  linear,  compressed,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  stem ; 
keel  prolonged  into  the  open  sheath ;  stip.  very  short ;  panicle  purple,  subsimple, 
contracted,  the  branches  few  and  erect ;  glumes  equal,  acute,  shorter  than  the 
paleae,  the  upper  emarginate,  rarely  mucronate ;  palea  ovate,  obtuse,  smooth, 
sometimes  deeply  cleft ;  stig.  purple. — Sandy  swamps,  N.  J.  Sept. 

8.  A.  SEROTINA.  Torr.     (Vilfa  serotina.  ejusdem.} 

St.  12—18'  high,  filiform,  compressed,  growing  in  patches,  smooth,  often 
viviparous  at  the  nodes  ;  Ivs.  2 — 3'  by  £",  keeled,  smooth ;  sheaths  open  ;  stip. 
ovate,  short ;  panicle  3 — 10'  long,  capillary,  diffuse,  branches  flexuous,  alter- 
nate ;  spikclets  elliptical,  scarcely  i"  long;  glume  ovate,  1-veined,  unequal,  half 


598  CLXI.   GRAMINEJE.  AGROSTIS. 

the  length,  of  the  palece ;  palea  smooth,  the  lower  one  shorter ;  sta.  3. — Long 
Island,  Kneiskern.  July. 

9.  A.  HETEROLEPIS.  Wood.    (Vilfa  heterolepis.  Gray.} 

St.  1 — 2f  high,  smooth ;  Iv s.  setaceous,  somewhat  convolute,  scabrous  on 
the  margins ;  lower  sheaths  pubescent,  upper  ones  smooth ;  panicle  spreading, 
pyramidal,  few-flowered;  glumes  purplish,  outer  one  subuliform,  inner  one 
ovate,  cuspidate,  membranaceous  in  texture,  1-veined;  valves  of  the  perianth 
oblong,  obtuse,  thin,  a  little  shorter  than  the  superior  glume,  interior  valve 
veined,  apiculate,  superior  valve  2- veined,  shorter  than  the  outer  one ;  sta.  3 ; 
anth.  linear,  reddish;'  stig.  2  ;  sty.  short;  Jr.  roundish,  smooth. — Watertown,  N. 
Y.  Crowe.  Aug.,  Sept. 

10.  A.  JUNCEA.  Michx.    (A.  Indica.  Muhl.} 

Glaucous ;  st.  erect,  1 — 2f  high,  terete,  slender ;  Ivs.  erect,  2 — 6"  by  1", 
concave,  convolute  when  dry,  margin  scabrous  ;  sheaths,  much  shorter  than  the 
internodes;  slip,  short;  pan.  oblong-pyramidal,  branches  verticillate,  about  in 
6s ;  glumes  purple,  lanceolate,  acute,  upper  as  long  as  the  paleae,  the  lower 
twice  shorter ;  palea  subequal ;  anth.  and  sty.  whitish. — 1\.  Penn.  to  Flor., 
barrens.  Oct. 

§  3.  MUHLENBERGIOIDE.E.      Glumes  shorter  than  the  palea. 

11.  A.  MEXICANA.  (A.  lateriflora.  MX.    Muhlenbergia.  Mex.  Trin.} 

St.  erect  or  ascending,  with  swelling  nodes,  much  branched  and  leafy 
above,  often  nearly  leafless  below,  1£ — 3f  high ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  scabrous, 
with  half-clasping  sheaths ;  panicles  numerous,  terminal  and  lateral,  narrow 
and  dense-flowered,  lateral  ones  partly  enclosed  in  the  sheath ;  glumes  narrow, 
acuminate,  mostly  shorter  than  the  subequal,  pubescent  paleae. — 9J.  Wet  shades, 
N.  Eng.  to  Ohio !  and  111.,  common. 

12.  A.  SOBOLIFERA.  Muhl.     (Tricochloa.  Trin.  Muhlenbergia.  Gray.} 
St.  erect,  slender,  producing  shoots  at  base,  sparingly  branched,  18 — 30' 

high;  branches  erect  and  filiform;  nodes  not  swelling;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate, 
with  open  sheaths ;  panicle  simple,  filiform,  with  appressed  branches,  and 
crowded  spikelets ;  palea  equal,  longer  than  the  acute  glumes. — 7J.  Rocky  hills, 
New  Eng.  to  111.,  frequent.  Aug. 

13.  A.  SYLVATICA.  Torr.  (Muhlenbergia.  Gray.} 

St.  ascending,  2 — 3f  long,  much  branched,  diffuse,  smooth,  with  swelling 
nodes  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  scabrous,  veined,  4 — 6'  long,  with  smooth,  open  sheaths  ; 
panicles  slender,  rather  dense ;  glumes  nearly  equal,  acuminate,  a  little  shorter 
than  the  paleae  ;  awn  several  times  longer  than  the  spikelet. — 1L  Rocky  shades, 
N.  Y.  to  111.,  N.  J.,  Penn.  Sept. 

14.  A.  WILLDENOWII.  Trin.  (A.  tenuiflora.  Willd.} 

St.  erect,  subsimple,  pubescent  at  the  nodes,  with  a  few  appressed 
branches ;  Ivs.  6 — 9'  by  2—3",  lanceolate,  veined,  scabrous,  spreading,  with 
pubescent  sheaths ;  panicle  contracted,  very  slender  and  long,  with  remote,  fili- 
form branches ;  glumes  subequal,  acuminate,  half  as  long  as  the  paleae ;  awn 
3 — 4  times  the  length  of  the  spikelet. — 1J.  Rocky  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S. 
July,  August. 

15.  A  CRYPTANDRIA.  Torr. 

Panicle  pyramidal,  with  spreading,  generally  alternate  branches,  hairy  at 
the  axils ;  Jls.  subracemed ;  lower  glume  very  short,  upper  one  as  long  as  the 
nearly  equal  palese  ;  stems  3f  high ;  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat.  Very  abundant 
at  Buffalo.  Aikin. 

167  A.  LONGIFOLIA.  Torr.   (A.  aspera.  Michx.?} 

St.  erect,  simple,  2 — 4f  high  ;  Ivs.  2f  long,  filiform  at  the  end,  with  smooth, 
closed  sheaths  and  bearded  stipules ;  panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  contracted 
into  a  spiked  form,  generally  concealed  in  the  swelling  sheaths ;  glumes  dusky- 
purple,  much  shorter  than  the  subequal,  smooth,  spotless  palese. — Sandy  fields, 
Northern  States.  Sept.,  Oct. — Perhaps  a  Sporobolus. 


TRICHODIUM.  CLX1.  GRAMINE.&.  999 

6.  SPOROBOLUS.    Brown. 

Gr.  (nropa,  a  seed ;  /JaAAu,  to  cast  forth ;  its  fruit  is  loose,  and  easily  falls  out. 

Panicles  contracted ;  glumes  2,  glabrous,  awnless,  unequal,  one  or 
both  much  shorter  than   the  palese  ;  paleae  2,  concave,  nearly  equal, 
beardless  ;  fruit  loose,  free,  not  enclosed  in  the  paleae. 
S.  ASPER.  Sullivant? 

Rt.  long,  white,  fibrous  ;  st.  stout,  glabrous,  geniculate  at  base,  2f  high ; 
Ivs.  rigid,  glabrous,  2 — 8'  by  1 — 3",  tapering  to  a  long,  pungent  point ;  branches 
with  short  leaves,  barren,  also  ending  in  a-  long,  pungent  point ;  sheaths  ciliate  at 
edge  and  bearing  dense  tufts  of  long,  white  hairs  at  top ;  panicles  small,  terminal 
and  lateral,  half  enclosed  in  the  long  sheaths;  spikelets  blackish-green;  lower 
glume  very  short,  upper  nearly  as  long  as  the  paleae  ;  fr.  compressed,  obovate, 
i"  in  length,— %.  Ohio,  Sullivant! 

7.  POLYPOGON.    Desf. 

Gr.  jroAvj,  many,  Trwycov,  beard ;  a  characteristic  term. 

Inflorescence  contracted  into  a  spike ;  glumes  2,  nearly  equal, 
obtuse,  with  long  awns ;  paleae  shorter  than  the  glumes,  lower  one 
entire,  with  a  short,  straight,  tender  awn  (sometimes  awnless),  upper 
one  bifid,  toothed. 

P.  RACEMOSUS.  Nutt.  (P.  glomeratus.    Wttld.   Agrostis  racemosus.  MX. 

Muhlenbergia  glomerata.  7>m.) — Glaucous ;  st.  compressed,  erect,  smooth, 
with  appressed  branches  or  subsimple,  1  £ — 4f  high  ;  Ivs.  somewhat  2-rowed,  erect, 
flat,  rough,  3^—5'  long,  with  closed  sheaths ;  panicle  spicate,  dense,  conglome- 
rated, interrupted,  2— 3'  long,  many-flowered;  glumes  linear,  £  the  length  of 
their  awns ;  lower  palea  mucronate. — 1\.  Bog  meadows,  also  on  rocky  mountains ! 
N.  Eng.  to  Mo. !  Aug.,  Sept. 

8.  TRICHODIUM. 

Gr.  SfH^,  rpiicos,  hair;  from  its  capillary  inflorescence. 

Inflorescence  a  capillary  panicle  ;  glumes  2,  subequal,  narrow  and 
acute ;  palea  1  (or  2,  the  upper  very  minute),  awnless.  shorter  than 
the  glumes,  loosely  enclosing  the  caryopsis. 

1.  T.  LAXIFLORUM.  Michx.    (Agrostis  Michauxii.  TVm.)   Thin  grass. 

St.  erect,  smooth,  very  slender,  1— 2f  high ;  Ivs.  3 — 6'  long,  linear-lanceo- 
late, scabrous,  lower  ones  involute,  upper  ones  shorter  and  flat;  sheath  rather 
open ;  panicle  large  and  very  diffuse,  with  long,  capillary,  verticillate  branches, 
trichotomously  divided  near  the  end ;  spikelets  in  terminal  clusters,  purple ;  glumes 
linear-lanceolate. — Q\.  Pastures  and  roadsides,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.  Jn. 

2.  T.  MONTANUM.  Torr.  (Agrostis  Torreyi.  Tuckm.}  Mountain  Hair  Grass. 
Sis.  caespitose,  erect,  filiform,  simple,  in  small  tufts,  8 — 12'  high ;  radical 

Ivs.  2 — 3'  long,  involute-filiform,  cauline  rather  longer  ;  stip.  bifid,  serrate  ;  pan. 
ovate,  branches  spreading,  finally  divaricate,  capillary,  hispid ;  spikelets  fascicu- 
late at  the  ends  of  the  branches  ;  glumes  equal ;  palea  with  a  short,  twisted  awn 
at  the  back. — 1\.  Mts.  and  rocky  woods,  N.  H.  and  N.  Y. 

3.  T.  SCABRUM.  Muhl.  (Agrostis  scabra.  Willd.)    Rough  Hair  Grass. 

St.  geniculate  at  base,  assurgent,  branched,  1 — 2f  high ;  Ivs.  rough,  striate, 
linear-lanceolate,  4 — 6'  long,  with  the  sheaths  commonly  closed  and  smooth  ; 
panicle  long,  with  verticillate,  divaricate,  dichotoniously  divided  branches  which 
are  much  shorter  than  in  T.  laxiflorum ;  spikelets  pale  green,  not  clustered. — Tj. 
Common  in  dry  soils,  N.  Eng.  to  111.  July. 

4.  T.  ALTISSIMUM.  Michx.  (T.  elatum.  Ph.  Cornucopias  alt.  Walt.} 

St.  erect,  rigid,  simple,  slender,  3f  high,  leafy ;  Ivs.  broadly  linear,  sca- 
brous flat,  6— -8'  long ;  sheaths  scarcely  smooth ;  panicle  purple,  exserted.  con- 
tracted, branches  in  whorls  of  4s — 6s,  erect,  rather  rigid,   and  dense-flowered  at 
the  ends;  glumes  subequal,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  keel,  about J" 
51 


600  CLXI.   GRAMINEJE.  PSAMMA. 

long ;  palea  5-veined,  a  little  shorter  than  the  upper  glume ;  sta.  3 ;  stig.  plu- 
mose—7J.  N.  J.  to  Car.    Aug. 
/?.  laxa.    Panicle  more  loose,  with  long,  green  branches. — White  Mts. 

5.  T.  CONCINNA.  Wood.  (Agrostis  concinna.  Tuckm.} 

St.  low,  erect ;  Ivs.  filiform-setaceous ;  pan.  ovate,  spreading,  glabrous ; 
gl.  unequal,  lower  acute-mucronate,  roughish  above,  upper  acute,  glabrous ; 
palecB  glabrous,  awn  from  below  the  middle,  contorted,  scabrous,  exceeding  the 
flower,  with  a  few  hairs  at  its  base. — White  Mts.  Tuckerman. — The  species  are 
not  valuable  in  agriculture. 

9.  M  QHLENBERGIA.    Schreb. 

In  honor  of  the  late  Henry  Muhlenberg,  D.D.,  a  well  known,  eminent  botanist. 

Panicle  nearly  simple  ;  glumes  2,  very  minute,  unequal,  fringed  ; 
paleae  many  times  longer  than  the  glumes,  linear-lanceolate,  veined, 
hairy  at  base ;  the  lower  one  terminating  in  a  long  awn. 

1.  M.  DIFFUSA.  Schreb.  Dorp-seed  Grass. 

St.  decumbent,  diffuse,  branching,  slender,  compressed ;  branches  assurgent ; 
Ivs.  2 — 3'  by  2",  linear-lanceolate,  rough,  with  smooth,  striate,  open  sheaths ; 
panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  with  remote,  appressed,  rough  branches ;  spikelets 
pedicellate,  often  purple ;  awn  about  as  long  as  the  paleae. — Tj.  Borders  of  woods 
and  fields,  N.  Eng.  to  Car.  and  Ky.  ,  Aug. 

2.  M.  ERECTA.  Roth.    (Brachyelytrum  aristatum.  Palis.') 

St.  erect,  simple,  retrorsely  pubescent  at  the  nodes,  2 — 3i  high ;  Ivs.  lanceo- 
late, scabrous,  ciliate  on  the  margin,  4 — 6'  long,  3"  or  more  wide,  with  some- 
what open  sheaths ;  panicle  terminal,  simple  racemose,  contracted ;  spikelets 
pedicellate,  large ;  glumes  very  unequal,  upper  one  subulate ;  lower  paLete  half  as 
long  as  its  awn,  upper  palece  with  a  short  awn  at  base  lodged  in  the  dorsal 
groove. — 1\.  Rocky  hills,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  frequent.  July. 

10.  CINNA. 

Glumes  2,  subequal,  compressed,  without  involucre  or  awns,  upper 
one  3-veined ;  paleae  2,  naked  at  base,  on  short  stipes,  lower  one 
larger,  enclosing  the  upper,  with  a  short  awn  a  little  below  the  tip ; 
stamen  1. 

C.  ARUNDINACEA.  Willd.  (Agrostis  Cinna.  Lam.  A.  monandra.  Hornem.} 
St.  simple,  erect,  smooth,  3 — 5f  high ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  12 — 18'  by  3 — 5" 
pale  green,  rough-edged,  with  smooth,  striate  sheaths ;  slip,  long,  lacerated ; 
panicle  near  a  foot  in  length,  rather  attenuated  above  and  nodding,  with  the 
branches  capillary,  drooping,  and  arranged  somewhat  in  4s  ;  glumes  linear-lan- 
ceolate ;  lower  palecc  with  a  short,  straight  awn  a  little  below  the  tip. — %  A 
beautiful  grass,  sought  by  cattle,  in  rich,  shady  soils,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Aug. 

11.  TRICHOCHLOA.    DC. 

Gr.  rpt£,  Tpi%os,  hair,  %Xoa,  grass  ;  from  the  capillary  inflorescence. 

Glumes  2,  very  minute ;  paleae  many  times  longer  than  the 
glumes  ;  naked  at  base,  lower  one  convolute  at  base,  terminating  in 
a  long,  unarticulated  awn. 

T.  "CAPILLARIS.  DC.  (Stipa.  Lam.  Agrostis.  Muhl.  Muhlenbergia.  Lindl.) 
Csespitose ;  sts.  erect,  very  slender  and  smooth,  18— 24'  high  ;  Ivs.  erect", 
becoming  filiform  towards  the  end.  1 — Ijf  long;  panicle  diffuse,  with  the 
branches  1 — 4'  long,  in  pairs,  and  as  fine  as  hairs ;  spikelets  purple ;  lower  pakce 
produced  into  an  awn  3  or  4  times  its  length. — <!}_  An  exceedingly  delicate  grass, 
with  large,  purple,  glossy  and  almost  gossamer-like  panicles,  waving  in  the 
breeze.  Sandy  soils.  Jn.  Jl. 

12.  PSAMMA.    Palis. 

Gn  fyanfios,  sand ;  in  which  this  grass  grows  on  the  sea  shore. 

Panicle  spicate ;  glumes  2,  awnless;   paleae 


ALOPECURUS.  CLXI.   GRAMINE^E.  601 

glumes,  surrounded  with  hairs  at  base ;  scales  linear-lanceolate, 
longer  than  caryopsis  ;  styles  3-parted  ;  stig.  3. 

P.  ARENARIA.  Palis.  (Arundo.  Linn.     Ammophila.  Lindl.)    Mat  Grass. 

Rt.  creeping  extensively ;  st.  erect,  rigid,  2 — 41'  high ;  Ivs.  involute,  If  by  J', 
smooth  and  glaucous,  pungently  acute ;  sheaths  smooth ;  slip,  oblong ;  panicle 
dense,  with  erect,  appressed  branches,  6—10'  long,  and  an  inch  thick ;  spikelets 
compressed,  greenish- white ;  lower  pokes  longer  than  the  upper.  TJ.  On  sandy 
sea-coasts,  Can.  to  N.  J.  At  Dorchester,  Mass.,  this  grass  is  extensively  manu- 
factured into  paper.  Aug. 

13.  CALAMAGROST1S.    Adans. 

Name  compounded  of  Calamus  and  Agrostis. 

Panicle  contracted ;  glumes  2,  subequal,  acute  or  acuminate ; 
paleae  2,  mostly  shorter  than  the  glumes,  surrounded  with  hairs  at 
base,  lower  one  mucronate,  mostly  awned  below  the  tip,  the  upper 
one  often  with  a  stipitate  pappus  at  base. 

1.  C.  CANADENSIS.  Palis.  (C.  Mexicana.  Nutt.  C.  agrostoides.  Ph.  Arundo. 
Michx.}  Reed  Grass.  Blue-joint. — St.  smooth,  erect,  rigid,  3 — 5f  high ;  Ivs. 

linear-lanceolate,  striate,  with  smooth,  veined  sheaths ;  panicle  erect,  rather 
loose,  oblong,  the  branches  capillary,  aggregated  in  4s  and  5s;  glumes  very 
acute,  smoothish,  much  longer  than  the  paleae ;  lower  pakce  bifid  at  the  apex, 
with  an  exserted  awn  arising  from  below  the  middle  of  the  back.  7J.  Wet 
grounds,  N.  Eng.  W.  to  Mich.  Makes  good  hay.  Common.  Aug. 

2.  C.  COARCTATA.  Torr.  (Agrostis  glauca.  MM.    Arundo  stricta.  Spr.) 
Glaucous  ;  st.  erect,  2 — if  high ;  Irs.  linear-lanceolate,  scabrous,  with  the 

veins  and  keel  white  ;  sheaths  striate ;  slip,  oblong,  obtuse ;  panicle  condensed  and 
spike-form,  the  branches  rigidly  erect,  short  and  aggregated ;  glumes  acuminate, 
lanceolate,lower  1-veined,  upper  3-veined ;  lower  pakce  5-veined,  bifid  at  the 
apex,  with  a  short,  straight  awn  a  little  below  the  tip. — 1\.  Bogs,  Free  States  and 
Brit.  Am.  July,  Aug. 

3.  C.  BREVIPILIS.  Torr.    (A.  Epigeios.  Muhl.') 

St.  terete,  3 — 4f  high ;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  the  sheaths  glabrous  ;  stip.  hairy ; 
panicle  pyramidal,  loose,  with  the  diffuse,  capillary  branches  solitary  or  in  pairs; 
glumes  unequal,  bearded  at  base,  acute,  1-veined.  shorter  than  the  equal,  obtuse, 
awnless  palese ;  pappus  very  short,  not  half  the  length  of  the  paleae. — 7L  In 
sandy  swamps,  N.  J.,  Torrey. 

4.  C.  PURPURASCENS.  Brown.     (C.  sylvatica.  Trin.} 

Panicle  spicate ;  glumes  scabrous ;  palcce  2,  the  lower  scabrous,  4-toothed 
at  the  apex,  awned  upon  the  back ;  abortive  rudiment  plumose,  twice  longer 
than  the  hairs  at  its  base. — White  Mts.,  N.  H.,  Titckerman.  Rocky  Mis.,  Rich- 
ardson.— Very  rare  and  unimportant. 

5.  C.  INEXPANSA.  Gray. 

St.  2 — 5f  high,  erect,  simple ;  Ivs.  2 — 3"  wide,  smooth ;  panicle  4 — 8'  long, 
slender,  contracted,  branches  short,  appressed,  4  or  5  together ;  glumes  oblong- 
lanceolate,  2£"  long,  rough  on  the  keel  and  sides,  acute ;  palece  nearly  equal, 
acute,  oblong,  as  long  as  the  glumes,  lower  one  rough,  3-veined,  notched  at  tip, 
with  a  short  awn  inserted  below  the  middle,  nearly  as  long  as  the  flower. — 
Penn  Yan,  N.  Y.  Sartwell.  Aug. 

TRIBE  3.  PHLEOIDEJS. — Infloresence  in  dense,  cylindric  or  unilateral 
spikes.  Spikelets  1-flowered.  Glumes  2,  of  nearly  similar  texture  with  the 
paleae. 

14.   ALOPECtJRUS. 
Glumes  subequal,  connate,  distinct ;  palese  united  into  an  inflated 

glume,  cleft  on  one  side  below  the  middle,  generally  awned  ;  styles 

often  connate. 


602  CLX1.    GRAMINEJE.  PASPALUM 

1.  A.  PRATENSIS.     Fox-tail  Grass. 

St.  erect,  smooth,  leafy,  about  2f  high,  bearing  an  erect,  dense,  many- 
flowered,  cylindric,  obtuse,  compound  spike,  about  2'  long ;  Ivs.  flat,  smooth, 
with  swelling  sheaths  and  ovate  stipules ;  glumes  ciliate,  connate  below  the 
middle,  as  long  as  the  paleae ;  awn  twisted,  scabrous,  twice  the  length  of  the 
flower. — 1\.  Fields  and  pastures,  Northern  States.  An  excellent  grass.  Jn.,  Jl.  § 

2.  A.  GENICULATUS.     Bent  Fox-tail  Grass. 

St.  ascending,  geniculate,  rooting  below,  sparingly  branched,  l-r2f  high; 
spike  cylindrical,  about  2'  long ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  smooth,  flat,  acute,  a  few 
inches  in  length,  with  slightly  inflated  sheaths,  and  long,  entire  stipules ;  glumes 
slightly  connate  at  base,  hairy  outside ;  palea  truncate,  smooth,  half  as  long  as 
the  geniculate  awn. — 7]_  Wet  meadows,  N.  Eng. !  Mid.  States  and  Brit.  Am.  Jn. 
/?.  aristulafrus.  Torr.  (A.  aristulatus.  MX.}  Awns  very  short. 

15.   CRYPSIS.     Ait. 
Gr.  icpvirais,  concealment;  from  the  flowers  being  concealed  in  the  sheaths. 

Inflorescence  an  oblong  spike  ;  glumes  2,  unequal,  compressed,  1- 
flowered ;  paleae  2,  unequal,  longer  than  the  glumes  ;  sta.  2 — 3  ;  ca- 
ryopsis  loose,  covered  by  the  paleae. 

C.    VlRGINlCA.    Nutt. 

St.  procumbent  and  geniculate,  6—12'  long,  much  branched  from  the  base ; 
Ivs.  finally  involute,  divaricate,  short,  rigid  and  pungent,  subpilose  above;  spikes 
oblong-cylindrical,  thick  and  lobed,  more  or  less  enclosed  in  the  inflated  sheaths 
of  the  leaves,  the  terminal  one  about  1'  long,  lateral  shorter  and  subcapitate; 
glumes  roughened  on  the  keel,  the  upper  a  little  longer.— About  Philadelphia, 
Barton.  Sept.,  Oct. 

16.   PHLEUM. 

Gr.  <f>\£os  ;  used  by  the  ancients  probably  for  a  different  plant. 

Grlumes  2,  equal,  carinate,  much  longer  than  the  paleae,  rostrate  or 
mucronate  ;  paleae  2,  included  in  the  glumes,  truncate,  awnless. 

1.  P.  PRATENSE.  .  Timothy  or  Herd's  Grass. 

St.  erect,  simple,  terete,  smooth,  2 — 4f  high ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  flat, 
glaucous,  roughish  ;  sheaths  striate,  smooth  ;  stip.  obtuse,  lacerated ;  glumes  ap- 
parently bicuspidate,  in  a  dense,  long,  cylindric,  green  spike ;  anth.  purple ; 
stig.  white. — This  is  probably  the  most  valuable  of  all  grasses.  It  is  extensively 
cultivated,  N.  Eng.,  Mid.  and  ~W.  States,  and  is  probably  native. 

2.  P.  ALPINUM.     Mountain  Herd's  Grass. 

St.  about  If  high,  simple,  erect ;  Ivs.  shorter  than  the  sheaths,  broad  and 
clasping  at  base,  acute  at  apex,  smooth ;  sheaths  inflated  ;  spicate  panicle  oblong- 
ovate,  very  short  (4 — 5"  long)  ;  glumes  truncate,  mucronate,  with  a  fringed  keel; 
awns  as  long  as  the  glumes. — 1\.  Alpine  regions  of  the  White  Mts.,  N.  H. 
Also  native  of  Arc.  Am. 

TRIBE  4.  PAJOCEJE. — Inflorescence  spiked  or  panicled.  Spikelets  1  or 
(more  usually)  2-flowered,  one  of  the  flowers  being  sterile  or  imperfect. 
Glumes  usually  (membranaceous)  of  a  thinner  texture  than  the  paleae,  which 
are  more  or  less  cartilaginous,  the  lower  palea  half  enfolding  the  upper, 
sometimes  awned. 

17.   PASPALUM. 

Gr.  TTflunraAoj,  millet;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  seeds. 

Flowers  in  unilateral  spikes  ;  glumes  2,  membranaceous,  equal, 
suborbicular,  closely. pressed  to  the  2  paleae  ;  stigmas  plumose,  colored  ; 
caryopsis  coated  with  the  smooth,  plano-convex  paleae. 

1.  P.  SETACEUM.  Michx.     (P.  cilialifolium.   Torr.,  <f*c.,  not  of  Michx.) 
St.  erect,  very  slender,  1 — 2f  high,  simple  or  branched  from  the  base,  with 


MILIUM.  CLXI.    GR AMINES.  603 

very  remote  joints ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  3 — 7'  by  2 — 3",  ciliate  and  hairy ;  sheaths 
pubescent,  upper  one  very  long ;  spike  generally  solitary,  often  2,  on  a  long, 
very  slender  peduncle,  sometimes  with  another  scarcely  exserted  from  the  sheaths ; 
spikelets  plano-convex,  with  the  flat  side  out,  f "  diam.,  about  2  on  each  very 
short  pedicel,  appearing  2 — 3-rowed  in  the  1-sided  spike. — Dry  fields,  Mass. !  to 
Car.  W.  to  Ky.  Aug. 

2.  P.  LJEVE  (and  precox.  Michx.} 

St.  erect,  rather  firm,  18' — 3f  high,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  generally  smooth,  pilose 
only  at  the  base,  broadly  linear ;  lower  sheaths  sometimes  hairy ;  spikes  2 — 6, 
alternate,  spreading,  with  a  few  long,  white  hairs  at  the  base ;  spikelets  in  2 
rows ;  rachis  flexuous,  flat  on  the  back ;  pedicels  undivided,  with  one  spikelet ; 
spikelets  twice  as  large  (!£"  diam.)  as  in  the  preceding;  glumes  orbicular-ovate, 
1-veined. — Grassy  banks  of  rivers,  Penn.  to  Ky.  and  Ga.  Aug. 

3.  P.    STOLONIFERUM.    BoSC. 

St.  about  2f  long,  procumbent  at  base,  geniculate,  stoloniferous  and 
branched ;  Ivs.  short,  subcordate  ;  spikes  very  numerous  (30 — 50),  subverticillate, 
spreading,  in  elongated,  terminal  and  lateral  racemes;  common  rachis  4 — 5' 
long,  angular,  smooth,  partial  ones  3 — 15"  long;  spikelets  ovate,  alternate. — Ce- 
dar swamps,  N.  J.,  Pursh.  July,  Aug. 

18.  DIGIT  ARIA.    Haller. 

Lat.  digitus,  a  finger ;  alluding  to  the  digitate  form  of  the  inflorescence. 

Inflorescence  digitate  or  fasciculate ;  spikes  linear,  unilateral ; 
spikelets  in  pairs,  on  short,  bifid  pedicels,  2-flowered  ;  glumes  2,  the 
lower  very  small,  sometimes  wanting  ;  lower  flower  abortive,  with  a 
single,  membranaceous  palea  ;  upper  flower  $ ,  with  2  cartilaginous, 
subequal  palese  ;  caryopsis  striate. 

1.  D.  SANGUINALIS.  Scop.    (Panicum  sanguinale.  Linn.)    Purple  Finger 
Grass.     Crab  Grass. — Sts.  decumbent  at  base,  radiating  and  branching  at 

the  lower  joints,  1 — 2f  long;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  on  long, loose  sheaths,  softly 
pilose,  the  sheaths  strigosely  hairy  ;  spikes  3—5'  long,  fasciculate  at  the  top  of 
the  stem,  5 — 9  together ;  spikelets  in  pairs,  oblong-lanceolate,  closely  appressed 
to  the  flexuous-  rachis,  in  2  rows. — ®  Common  in  cultivated  grounds,  N.  Eng., 
W.  Ind.!  Aug.— Oct. 

2.  D.  GLABRA.  Roem.  &  Schultz.    (Panicum.  Jand.') 

St.  generally  decumbent,  rarely  rooting  at  the  joints,  a  foot  long;  Ivs.  short, 
flat,  nearly  glabrous;  spikes  digitate,  spreading,  3 — 4;  spikelets  crowded,  ovoid; 
glu?ne  equaling  the  abortive  flower,  both  hairy. — (I)  Sandy  fields,  N.  Y.,  Penn. 
to  Ohio !  Spikes  rather  more  slender  than  in  the  foregoing. 

3.  D.  sERoriNA.  Michx.    (D.  villosa.  Ell.) 

Rt.  creeping;  st.  decumbent,  12 — 18'  long,  terete,  hairy  at  the  joints,  form- 
ing a  dense  carpet  where  it  grows ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  thin,  and  with  the 
sheaths,  very  pubescent  with  long  hairs;  spikes  numerous,  setaceous,  2 — 3'  long ; 
spikelets  all  pedicellate ;  lower  glume  very  minute,  the  margin  ciliate. — ®  N.  Y. 

4.  D.  FILIFORMIS.  Ell.    (Panicum.   Wttld.) 

St.  erect,  filiform,  simple,  12 — 18'  high  ;  Ivs.  short,  nearly  smooth,  narrow- 
lanceolate  ;  lower  sheaths  very  hairy,  upper  glabrous ;  spikes  2—4,  filiform,  erect ; 
rachis  flexuous ;  spikelets  in  3s,  all  pedicellate;  glume  solitary,  as  long  as  the 
abortive  flower. — (I)  Dry,  gravely  soils,  N.  Y.  to  Ky.  Aug. 

19.   MILIUM. 

Celtic  mil,  a  pebble ;  alluding  to  its  hard,  turgid  fruit. 

Inflorescence  paniculate  ;  spikelets  1 -flowered  ;  glumes  2,  without 
involucre  or  awns  ;  paleae  2,  shorter  than  the  glumes,  awnless,  ob- 
long, concave,  persistent  and  cartilaginous,  coating  the  caryopsis. 
1.  M.  EFFUSUM.     Spreading  Millet  Grass. 

St.  erect,  simple,  smooth.  5 — 8f  high,  bearing  a  compound,  diffuse  panicle ; 
lis.  flat,  8 — 12'  by  £ — 1',  on  smooth,  striate  sheaths ;  branches  of  the  panicle  clus- 
51* 


604  CLXI.    GRAMINE^E.  PANICUM. 

tered,  horizontal,  1 — 6'  long ;  spikelets  ovate,  few  and  scattered ;  pokes  smooth 
and  polished. — 1\.  In  woods,  Penn.  to  Can.  Plant  pale  green.  Summer. 

2.  M.  PUNGENS.  Torr.     Dwarf  Mittet  Grass. 

St.  erect,  simple,  rigid,  12 — 18'  high ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  cauline  very  short, 
pungent,  at  length  involute,  radical  6 — 8'  long,  erect,  acute  and  pungent;  sheaths 
striate,  rough,  tumid ;  panicle  contracted,  few-flowered ;  ped.  bifid ;  glumes  awn- 
less  ;  palece  hairy,  about  equaling  the  glumes ;  sty.  2-parted. — 1L  Rocky  hills, 
Northern  States,  rare.  May. 

3.  M.  AMPHICARPON.  Pursh.     (M.  ciliatum.  Muhl.) 

Sts.  numerous,  assurgent,  18 — 24'  high,  somewhat  branched  and  genicu- 
late ;  Ivs.  2 — 3'  by  2 — 4",  lance-linear,  hairy  and  ciliate ;  sheaths  striate,  the 
upper  ones  leafless ;  panicle  simple,  2 — 3'  long,  its  branches  few,  erect,  appressed, 
racemose,  bearing  $  flowers;  spikelets  oblong,  purplish;  radical  peduncles  clus- 
tered, 1—3'  high,  sheathed,  each  bearing  a  single  9  spikelet ;  caryopsis  brown. 
— N.  J.  Aug. 

20.    OPLISMfiNUS.    Kunth. 
Gr.  oTrAiffji/a,  armament,  pevos,  courage;  alluding  to  the  stout  awns. 

Panicle  compounded  of  alternate,  dense  racemes  ;  glumes  2,  une- 
qual, echinate,  2-flowered,  lower  short,  upper  as  long  as  the  £ ,  acumi- 
nate ;  abortive  flowers  with  2  paleae,  the  lower  terminating  in  a  long 
awn  ;  $  paleae  cartilaginous,  shining,  coating  the  caryopsis. 

1.  O.  CRUS-GALLI.  Kunth.     (Panicum.  Linn.)     Cock's-foot  Grass. 

St.  terete,  smooth,  3 — 4f  high ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  flat,  serrulate,  with 
smooth,  striate  sheaths  and  no  stipule ;  panicle  simple  or  apparently  so,  branches 
spike-form,  compound,  alternate  and  in  pairs  ;  rachis  hairy  and  rough ;  glumes 
hispid  with  bristles ;  lower  abortive  palea  ending  in  a  rough  awn,  nearly  1'  in 
length. — (J)  A  coarse,  weedy  grass,  introduced  into  cultivated  grounds,  barn- 
yards, &c.,  common.  Aug.,  Sept.  § 

2.  O.  HISPIDUM.  Wood.     (O.  nmricatus.  Kunth.    Panicum.  Muhl.) 

St.  thick,  3 — 4f  high ;  Ivs.  broad,  flat ;  panicle  compound,  nodding,  dense, 
4 — 6'  long,  with  alternate  racemes ;  fls.  always  awned. — (J)  Salt  marshes,  N.  Y. 
to  Car.  Best  distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  its  hispid  sheaths.  Sept., 
Oct. 

21.   PAN  I  CUM. 
Lat.  panicula,  the  mode  of  flowering,  or  panis,  bread,  which  some  species  afford. 

Glumes  2,  unequal,  the  lower  mostly  very  small ;  flowers  2,  dis- 
similar, the  lower  abortive  or  sterile,  with  1 — 2  paleae,  the  upper 
palea  membranaceous ;  the  upper  £ ,  with  the  paleae  cartilaginous, 
equal,  concave,  awnless,  coating  the  caryopsis. 

*  Spikelets  in  racemose  panicles. 

1.  P.  AGRQSTolDEs.  Muhl.    (P.  elongatum.  Ph.    P.  fusco-rubens  1  Nutt.) 
St.  compressed,  glabrous,  1| — 3f  high,  often  geniculate  at  base ;  Ivs.  long 

and  numerous,  cauline  linear-lanceolate,  carinate,  rough-edged,  on  short,  striate 
sheaths;  panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  pyramidal,  composed  of  racemed, 
spreading  or  deflexed  branches ;  spikelets  1"  long,  purple,  lanceolate,  acute, 
crowded  and  appressed;  upper  glume  5- veined;  palea  of  the  neutral  flower 
nearly  equal. — 1\.  7  Meadows,  frequent.  July. 

2.  P.  ANCEPS.  Michx.     (P.  rostratum.  Muhl.} 

St.  compressed,  2 — 3f  high  ;  Ivs.  linear,  carinate,  very  long ;  sheaths  an- 
cipital,  pilose  on  the  throat  and  margin  ;  panicle  erect,  contracted,  with  nearly 
simple  branches  ;  spikelets  interruptedly  racemose,  very  acuminate ;  upper  palea 
of  the  neutral  flower  oblong,  obtuse  or  emarginate. — %  Fields  and  meadows. 
Common,  Mid.  States,  N.  Eng.  July. 

3.  P.  PROLIFERUM.   Lam.    (P.  dichotomiflorum.   MX.    P.    geniculatum. 
Muhl.) — St.  assurgent,  geniculate  at  base,  very  smooth,  thick  and  succu- 
lent ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  4 — 6"  wide,  10 — 15'  long,  on  tumid  sheaths,  hairy 


PANICUM.  CLXI.   GRAMINE^E.  605 

at  throat ;  panicles  large,  pyramidal,  terminal  and  axillary,  smooth ;  spikelets 
racemose ;  abortive  flower  with  one  palea. — 7J.  1  Wet  meadows,  Mid.  and  S. 
States.  Sept. 

4.  P.  PEDUNCULATUM.    ToiT. 

St.  dichotomously  branched  above,  round,  3 — 4f  high;  Ivs.  f'-wide,  taper- 
ing to  the  point ;  sheaths  hispid  and  papillose ;  panicle  compound,  smooth,  on  a 
long  peduncle,  branches  in  pairs,  racemed  ;  spikelets  ovate,  smooth ;  upper  palea 
of  the  abortive  flower  half  as  long  as  the  lower. — 2J.  Moist  woods,  N.  Y.  Jl. 

5.  P.  RECTUM.  Roem.  &  Schultz.     (P.  involutum.  Torr.    P.  depaupera- 
tum.  Muhl.) — St.  csespitose,  mostly  simple,  hairy  at  the  joints,  erect,  10 — 15' 

high ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  erect,  involute  at  the  end,  forming  a  long,  slender,  pun- 
gent point,  rather  rough  and  hairy,  sometimes  smooth,  upper  ones  longer  than 
the  lower;  sheaths  scabrous,  hairy;  panicle  erect,  rather  few-flowered,  the 
branches  tortuous,  in  pairs,  one  longer  with  2  spikelets ;  spikelets  rather  large, 
pedunculate  ;  glumes  veined,  lower  one  short,  broad-ovate,  obtuse ;  palece  hard, 
whitish,  shining. — N.  Eng.  ?  and  Mid.  States  !  May,  June. 

6.  P.  XANTHOPHYSUM.  Gray. 

St.  12 — 15'  high,  glabrous,  generally  simple ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  3 — 6'  by 
5 — 7",  acute,  veined,  nearly  smooth,  ciliate  at  base;  sheaths  pilose,  shorter  than 
the  joints;  ped.  elongated;  panicles  simple,  few-flowered;  spikelets  obovate  ; 
glumes  pubescent,  the  inferior  one  acute,  3-veined,  half  the  length  of  the  many- 
veined,  superior  one ;  $  2-valved,  £  cartilaginous,  obtuse,  smooth  and  shining, 
about  equal  to  the  superior  glume. — Near  Oneida  Lake,  Kneiskern,  Conn. 
River,  N.  H. !  to  Conn.  !  June,  July. 

*  *  Spikelets  in  loose  panicles. 

7.  P.  CLANDEST1NUM. 

St.  with  short,  axillary,  appressed  branches,  2 — 3f  high,  rigid,  leafy ;  Ivs. 
3 — 6'  by  1',  lanceolate,  subcordate  at  base ;  sheaths  hispid,  enclosing  the  short, 
lateral  panicles ;  upper  palea  of  the  neutral  flower  obtuse. — Tj.  Moist  woods, 
Mass,  and  Mid.  States.  July,  Aug. 

8.  P.  LATIFOLIUM.    (P.  scoparium.  Lam.  ?) 

St.  nearly  simple,  with  the  nodes  retrorsely  pilose;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,  clasp- 
ing, somewhat  pubescent ;  panicle  terminal,"  a  little  exserted  from  the  sheath, 
simple,  pubescent ;  spikelets  rather  large,  oblong-ovate ;  abortive  flower  stami- 
nate. — 7J.  Common  in  ditches,  woods,  &e.,  U.  S.  Readily  known  by  broad, 
short  leaves.  June,  July. 

9.  P.  NERVOSUM.  Muhl. 

St.  simple,  smooth  at  the  nodes,  3 — 4f  high  ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  2 — 3' 
long,  smooth,  a  little  ciliate  on  the  margin,  cordate  at  base,  an  inch  wide,  with 
short  sheaths ;  panicle  much  branched,  smooth,  many-flowered,  pedunculate  or 
sessile,  branches  flexuous,  somewhat  spreading ;  spikelets  oblong;  abortive  flower 
staminate. — Bogs,  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  111. — Perhaps  not  distinct  from  the  last. 
July. 

10.  P.  MACROCARPON.  Torr. 

St.  erect,  simple,  straight,  2 — 3f  high ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  erect,  sub- 
pilose  beneath,  3 — 6'  long;  sheaths  hispid,  villous  on  the  margin,  with  no 
stipules ;  panicle  rather  compound,  smooth,  with  few,  spreading,  flexuous,  sub- 
simple  branches  ;  spikelets  ovoid-globose ;  abortive  flower  neutral. — Banks  of 
Connecticut  river,  Mass.  July. 

11.  P.  PUBESCENS.  Lam.    (P.  nitidum,  0.  villosum.  Gray.') 

St.  8 — 30'  high,  simple  or  branched,  erect,  and  with  the  sheaths,  covered 
with  a  dense,  villous,  deflexed  pubescence ;  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat ;  Ivs. 
remote,  linear-lanceolate,  short,  upper  ones  pubescent,  lower  villose ;  panicle 
terminal,  rather  crowded,  compound,  sometimes  rather  loose,  branches  subver- 
ticillate,  pubescent ;  spikelets  pubescent,  rather  small,  at  the  extremity  of  the 
branches;  lower  glume  small,  upper  one  5-veined;  abortive  flower  neutral,  <£ 
longer  than  the  upper  glume,  smooth. — Penn  Yan,  N.  Y.,  Sartwell,  Penn.  to 
Ohio,  Suttivani!  June. 


606  CLXI.   GRAMINE^E.  SETARIA. 

12.  P.  DTCHOTOMUM. 

St.  much  branched  and  dichotomous  above,  erect  or  decumbent,  1 — 2f 
high,  branches  fasciculate ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  smooth,  very  numerous,  1 — 2' 
long,  ciliate  at  base  ;  panicles  lateral  and  terminal,  simple,  capillary,  with  loose, 
spreading  branches ;  spikelets  minute,  ovoid-obtuse. — Varies  with  the  stem  very 
tall,  or  low,  and  decumbent ;  rather  rigid  or  very  slender.  N.  Eng.  to  Ky.  July. 

13.  P.  NITIDUM.  Lam.     (P.  discolor.  Muhl.') 

St.  erect,  slender,  8 — 24'  high,  the  nodes  with  a  ring  of  dense,  deflexed 
hairs;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  narrow,  acuminate,  rather  remote,  2 — 4'  by  2 — 4"; 
sheaths  as  long  as  the  leaves,  hairy  at  the  throat  and  often  all  over ;  slip.  0 ;  pan- 
ick  rather  small,  exserted,  roundish-ovoid,  diffuse,  nearly  glabrous,  branches 
spreading ;  s-pikelets  purplish,  numerous,  small  (i"  long),  oblong,  obtuse  ;  lower 
glume  minute  ;  abortive  fl.  neutral,  its  outer  palea  equaling  the  upper  glume  ;  £ 
white,  polished.— %.  1  Woods  and  fields,  U.  S.  June. 

o.  Tall,  simple,  smooth,  except  the  densely  bearded  nodes. — Middle  and 
Western  States. 

0.  St.  with  short  branches ;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  pubescent. — N.  Eng.  and  Middle 
States,  common. 

y.  Low,  branched,  very  hairy,  purplish. — Dry  fields,  N.  Eng.,  common. — 
These  are  the  extreme  forms,  between  which  there  are  many  intermediate  ones. 

14.  P.  MICROCARPON.  Muhl.  Darl.     . 

St.  18 — 30'  high,  erect,  simple,  glabrous ;  joints  glabrous ;  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
veined,  ciliate  at  base,  undulate  and  scabrous  on  the  margin,  scabrous  above, 
smooth  beneath,  6 — 10"  wide  ;  sheaths  deeply  striate,  smooth ;  stip.  0 ;  panicle 
large,  much  branched,  nearly  smooth ;  spikelets  small,  numerous,  scarcely  pu- 
bescent ;  ^  flower  as  long  as  the  upper  glume ;  fr.  shining,  bluish- white. — QJ. 
Woods  and  low  grounds,  Penn.  Darlington. 

15.  P.  CAPILLARE.     Annual  Field  Panic. 

St.  nearly  simple,  assurgent  and  thick  at  base,  1 — 2f  high ;  Ivs.  hairy, 
broad-linear,  acuminate,  4 — 6'  long ;  sheaths  covered  with  hispid  hairs  ;  panicle 
large,  pyramidal,  capillary,  loose,  expanding ;  spikelets  small,  purple,  lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  smooth,  on  long,  hispid  peduncles ;  abortive  fl.  of  1  palea. — © 
Fields  and  roadsides,  U.  S.  Aug. 
/?.  sylvaticum.  Torr.  St.  very  slender,  branched  at  the  base. — Woods. 

16.  P.  VERRUCOSUM.  Muhl.    (P.  debilis.  Ell.) 

St.  slender,  decumbent  and  geniculate,  branching  from  the  base,  1 — 2f 
high ;  Ivs.  linear,  a  few  inches  long,  spreading,  smooth ;  panicle  much  expand- 
ed, few-flowered,  flowers  verrucose  ;  abortive  flower  of  one  palea,  and  neuter. — 
(J)  1  Swamps  and  thickets,  Mid.  and  S.  States.  Panicle  terminal  and  lateral, 
loose  and  capillary.  Aug. 

17.  P.  VIRGATUM.     Salt-lick  Panic. 

Glabrous  and  often  purple ;  st.  3— 5f  high ;  Ivs.  long,  linear-lanceolate, 
hairy  at  base ;  sheaths  striate ;  stip.  with  long,  white  ciliae ;  panicle  virgate,  at 
length  spreading,  diffuse,  very  large ;  fls.  acuminate,  and  with  the  glumes, 
divaricate,  paleae  of  the  abortive  flower  nearly  equal,  enfolding  the  purple  sta- 
mens.— Tj.  Salt-lick  prairies,  fields,  &c.,  N.  Y.  to  Ind. !  Aug. — None  of  these 
species  are  of  much  value  in  agriculture. 

22.   SETARIA.    Palis. 

Lat.  seta,  a  bristle ;  from  the  bristly  involucres  of  the  spikelets. 

Inflorescence  a  compound,  cylindrical  spike ;  spikelets  2-flowered, 
invested  with  an  involucre  of  2  or  more  bristles ;  glumes,  flowers, 
paleae  and  fruit  as  in  the  genus  Panicum. 

1.  S.  VIRIDIS.  Palis.     Wild  Timothy. 

St.  smooth,  2 — 3f  high;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  flat,  minutely  serrulate;  sheaths 
striate,  hairy  on  the  margin,  and  with  a  setose  stipule ;  spike  cylindric,  com- 
pound, terminal,  green ;  involucre  of  4 — 10  fasciculate  bristles,  much  longer 
than  the  spikelets;  palece  of  the  perfect  flower  longitudinally  striate,  punctate. — 
(D  Common  in  cultivated  grounds,  Free  States.  July,  Aug. 


PHALARIS.  CLX1.  GRAMINE^E.  607 

2.  S.  GLAUCA.  Palis.     Bottle  Gi'ass. 

Sf.  2 — 3f  high ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  carinate,  rough,  hairy  at  base ;  sheaths 

striate,  smooth;  stip.  setose;  spike  cylindric,  yellowish-green, 2 — 4'  long;  invol. 

of  6 — 10  fascicled,  scabrous  bristles  much  longer  than  the  spikelets  ;  palea  of  the 

perfect  fl.  transversely  rugose. — (T)  Fields  and  roadsides,  N.  Eng.  to  Ohio.  Jl.  Aug. 

/?.  (S.  purpurascens.  R.  fy  S.)     Sheaths  and  spikelets  pilose. — Penn. 

3.  S.  VERTICILLATA.    Palis. 

St.  smooth,  about  2f  high ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  rough-edged ;  sheaths  smooth, 
hairy  on  the  margin  ;  spicate  panicle  composed  of  short,  divided  branches  in  in- 
terrupted verticils,  2— 3'  long ;  bristles  of  the  invol.  in  pairs,  rough  backwards ; 
palete  of  the  $  roughish  punctate. — ®  Sandy  fields,  N.  Eng.  to  Ohio.  July.  § 

4.  S.  ITALICA.  Palis. 

St.  somewhat  compressed,  about  4f  high  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  t — 2f  long,  an 
inch  wide ;  sheaths  roughish,  pilose  at  the  throat ;  spike  compound,  interrupted 
at  the  base,  nodding,  6 — 8'  long ;  spikelets  conglomerate  ;  invol.  of  2  bristles, 
several  times  longer  than  the  flower. — (T)  Ditches,  Mid.  and  S.  States.  July. 

5.  S.  GERMANIC  A.  Palis.     Millet.     Bengal  Grass. 

St.  2 — 4f  high,  simple,  leafy ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  flat,  acuminate,  serrulate 
on  the  margin  ;  sheaths  striate,  close,  pubescent ;  stip.  bearded  ;  spike  compress- 
ed, yellowish,  oblong-cylindric ;  rachis  densely  hirsute ;  involucrate  bristles  4 — 8, 
as  long  as,  or  longer  than  the  spikelets,  yellowish;  glumes  unequal,  ovate;  £ 
palea  smooth,  obscurely  3-veined. — (J)  In  fields,  not  often  cultivated.  § 

23.  CENCHRUS. 

Gr.  Kcv%pos,  millet ;  this  grass  bearing  some  resemblance  to  the  millet. 

Flowers  racemose  or  spicate ;  involucre  burr-form,  laciniate,  echi- 
nate,  persistent,  including  1 — 3  spikelets  ;  glumes  2,  2-flowered,  outer 
smaller ;  flowers  dissimilar,  the  lower  sterile,  the  upper  perfect ; 
scales  0. 

C.  TRIBULOIDES.   (Also  C.  echinatus  Linn.  1)    Burr  Grass. 

St.  1 — 2f  long,  erect  or  procumbent  and  geniculate  at  base ;  Ivs.  lance- 
linear,  conduplicate,  gradually  acuminate,  3 — 5' by  2 — 3";  sheaths  open,  about 
as  long  as  the  colored  joints;  spike  with  the  burr-like  involucres  approximate; 
invol.  cartilaginous,  beset  externally  with  many  sharp,  retrorsely  hispid  spines 
as  long  as  itself  and  containing  2—3  spikelets ;  glumes  acuminate-mucronate, 
about  "3"  long,  producing  but  1  caryopsis. — ®  Sandy  soils,  N.  J. 

TRIBE  5.  PHAL.AREJB. — Inflorescence  a  contracted  panicle.  Spikelets 
solitary,  with  1  perfect  flower  and  1 — 2  imperfect  ones.  Lower  palea  awned 
or  mucronate,  upper  with  two  keels. 

24.  PHALARIS. 

Gr.  (pa\af>os,  brilliant ;  on  account  of  its  smooth,  shining  seeds. 

Spikelets  1 -flowered  ;  glumes  2,  subequal,  carinate ;  palese  2, 
coriaceous,  awnless,  shorter  than  the  glumes,  coating  the  caryopsis, 
each  with  an  external,  accessory  palea  or  abortive  rudiment  at  base. 

1.  P.  ARUNDINACEA.  (P.  Americana.  Torr.} 

St.  erect,  sparingly  branched  or  simple,  2— 5f  high;  Ivs.  spreading,  lanceo- 
late, veined,  rough-edged,  on  smooth,  striate  sheaths ;  panicle  oblong,  spicate, 
somewhat  secund,  3-^-4'  long,  glumes  3-veined,  whitish,  scabrous;  rudiments 
pilose. — Ij.  Common  in  ditches  and  swamps,  Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.  A  large, 
showy  grass,  but  not  valuable.  July,  Aug. 

/?  picta  is  the  well-known  striped  or  ribbon  grass,  with  beautifully  variegated 
leaves  longitudinally  striped  in  endless  diversity,  f 

2.  P  CANARIENSES.     Canary  Grass. 

St.  erect,  or  geniculate  at  the  lower  joints,  round,  striate,  leafy;  Ivs.  lanceo- 
late ;  panicles  spicate,  ovoid,  erect ;  glumes  whitish,  with  green  veins ;  rudiments 
smooth. — <J)  Fields  and  pastures,  not  common.  Jl.  § 


608  CLXL  GRAMINE.^.  AIRA. 

25.  HOLCUS. 

Spikelets  2-flowered  ;  glumes  herbaceous,  boat-shaped,  mucronate  ; 
flowers  pedicellate,  the  lower  one  perfect  and  awnless,  upper  one  cT 
or  neuter,  awned  on  the  back. 

H.  LANATUS.     Soft  Grass. 

Hoary  pubescent;  st.  U — 2f  high;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  2 — 5'  long;  sheaths 
striate  ;  panicle  oblong,  dense,  whitish  with  a  purple  tinge  ;  jls.  shorter  than  the 
glumes,;  sterile  one  with  a  recurved,  included  awn. — Tj.  Common  in  wet  mea- 
dows, N.  Eng. !  Mid.  and  W.  States.  Very  soft  with  whitish  down.  Jl. 

26.  HIEROCHLOA.    Gmel. 

Spikelets  3-flowered ;  glumes  2,  scarious ;  lateral  flowers  stami- 
nate,  triandrous  ;  central  flower  £ ,  diandrous  (rarely  triandrous). 

1.  H.  BOREALIS.  Roem.  &Schultz.     Seneca  Grass. 

Smpoth,  glossy ;  st.  simple,  erect,  15 — 20'  high  ;  radical  Ivs.  as  long  as  the 
stem,  cauline  2 — I'  long,  lanceolate,  mucronate ;  panicle  rather  1-sided  and 
spreading,  pyramidal,  few-flowered,  2—3'  long;  branchkts  flexuous;  spikelets 
broad,  subcordate,  colored,  unarmed ;  lower  palea  ciliate. — :1\.  Wet  meadows, 
Virg.  to  Arc.  Am.  Very  fragrant.  May. 

2.  H.  ALPINA.  Roem.  &  Schultz. 

Smooth  ;  st.  erect,  stout,  6 — 8'  high ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute  ;  sheaths 
tumid,  longer  than  the  internodes  ;  panicle  ovoid,  1 J — 2'  long,  with  the  branches 
in  pairs;  spikelets  purple,  compressed,  large,  longer  than  the  branches;  glumes 
lanceolate  ;  lower  Jl.  with  an  awn  about  as  long  as  the  paleae. — 1|_  Summits  of 
the  White  Mts.,  Bigelow.  Jn. 

27.  ANTHOXANTHUM. 

Gr.  avSos,  a  flower,  !<zi>$oj,  yellow ;  from  the  color  of  its  spikes. 

Spikelets  3-flowered,  the  central  one  $ ,  the  2  lateral  ones  neuter, 
each  consisting  of  one  bearded  palea ;  glumes  2,  unequal,  the  upper 
one  larger,  enclosing  the  flowers  ;  paleae  of  the  £  2,  short,  awnless  ; 
stamens  2. 

A.  ODORATUM.     Sweet-scented  Vernal  Grass. 

St.  slender,  erect,  10—18'  high ;  Ivs.  short,  striate,  pale  green ;  panicle 
spicate,  oblong-ovoid ;  spikelets  pubescent,  on  short  peduncles ;  palece  of  the 
lateral  fls.  linear-oblong,  ciliate  on  the  margin,  one  of  them  with  a  bent  awn 
from  near  the  base,  the  other  with  a  straight  awn  from  the  back  near  the 
summit. — An  early-flowering,  deliciously  fragrant  grass,  in  most  of  the  States, 
and  Can.  May,  June.  ^ 

TRIBE  6.    AVEXEJE. — Inflorescence  paniculate.      Spikelets  solitary,    few- 
flowered.     Glumes  and  paleae  of  similar  texture.     Upper  flowers  generally 
pedicellate,  with  awn-like  processes  or  abortive  rudiments  between  the  upper 
and  the  lower  ones.    Upper  palea  wtth  two  keels. 
28.  AlRA. 

Gr.  aipa,  a  deadly  weapon ;  originally  applied  to  a  poisonous  plant. 

Spikelets  2-flowered,  without  abortive  rudiments;  glumes  2, 
membranaceous  and  shining,  subequal ;  one  of  the  flowers  pedicel- 
late ;  palese  subequal,  pilose  at  base,  the  lower  one  lacerate  at  apex 
and  awned  on  the  back. 

1.  A  FLEXUOSA. 

St.  smooth,  1 — 2f  high,  nearly  naked ;  Ivs.  setaceous,  smooth,  with  striate 
sheaths  and  truncate  stipules;  panicle  loose,  spreading,  trichotomous,  with  long, 
flexuous  branches ;  awns  geniculate,  longer  than  the  paleae. — 1\.  Vales  and  hills, 
U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.,  common.  An  erect,  elegant  grass,  growing  in  tufts.  Jn. 


AVENA.  CLXI.    GRAMINE./E.  609 

2.  A.  OESPITOSA.    (A.  aristulata.  Torr.) 

-Caespitose,  glabrous  ;  st.  18 — 30'  high  ;  Ivs.  narrow-linear,  scabrous  above, 
smooth  beneath,  flat ;  panicle  pyramidal,  capillary,  oblong,  finally  diffuse ;  awns 
straight,  about  as  long  as  the  paleae  which  are  longer  than  the  bluish  glumes. — 
%  Swamps,  Free  States  and  Can.  May. 

-3.  A.  PUMILA.  Pursh. 

Sts.  scarcely  1'  high,  erect,  growing  in  tufts,  scarcely  longer  than  the 
leaves ;  Ivs.  flat,  smooth  ;  panicle  small,  i'astigiate,  few-flowered ;  pedicels  short ; 
palea  awnless,  obtuse,  twice  the  length  of  the  glumes ;  glumes  with  a  mem- 
branaceous  margin. — 7|_  In  barren,  clayey  soils,  near  brickyards,  Penn. 
Pursh.  Jn. 

29.  TRISETUM. 
Lat.  trio,,  three,  setum,  a  bristle  ;  a  characteristic  term. 

Spikelet  2 — 5 -flowered  ;  glumes  2,  as  long  as  the  flowers  ;  lower 
palea  with  2  bristles  at  the  apex  and  a  soft,  flexuous  awn  from  above 
the  middle  of  the  back ;  scales  ovate  ;  fruit  coated,  furrowed. 

1.  T.  PALUSTRE.  Torr.  (Avena.  MX.    Aira  pallens.  Muhl.) 

St.  erect,  contracted  at  the  nodes,  slender,  smooth,  about  2f  high ;  Ivs. 
lance-linear,  about  3'  long,  roughish,  on  smooth,  striate  sheaths  ;  panicle  oblong, 
contracted,  nodding,  yellowish-green ;  spikelets  2 — 3  flowered,  middle  flower 
abortive,  upper  one  pedicellate,  its  lower  palea  ending  in  2  setose  teeth,  and 
awned  below  the  tip,  lower  one  mostly  awnless. — 1L  Wet  meadows,  Mass., 
N.  Y.  to  Flor.  May— July. 

2.  T.  PURPURASCENS.  Torr.    (Avena  striata.  Michx.  ?) 

St.  leafy,  2f  high ;  Ivs.  narrow-linear,  keeled,  4 — 6'  long,  and  with  the 
sheaths  smooth;  panicle  very  simple,  almost  a  raceme,  few-flowered,  4 — 6' long; 
glumes  3-flowered,  very  unequal,  entire;  spikclets  lanceolate,  terete,  often  purple, 
smooth ;  lower  palea  7-veined,  2-cleft  at  the  extremity ;  awn  geniculate. — 1\. 
Mountain  bogs,  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  Can.  June. 

3.  T.  SUSPICATUM.  Brown.    (T.  aroides.  Palis.   Aira.  Linn.) 

St.  a  foot  high ;  Ivs.  narrow,  2 — 4'  long  ;  panicle  contracted  into  a  spike  2 
long ;  awn  at  length  deflexed,  longer  than  the  glume. — %.  Rocks  and  moun- 
tains, Little  Falls,  N.  Y.  Gray.  White  Mts.,  N.  H.  Pickering.  Jn. 

30.  AVENA. 

S pikelets  2 — 5-flowered ;  glumes  2,  loose  and  membranaceous. 
subequal,  longer  than  the  flowers ;  paleae  2,  mostly  hairy  at  base,  the 
lower  one  bifid,  with  a  twisted  or  bent  awn  at  the  back. 

1.  A.  ELATIOR.    (Arrhenatherum.  Palis.) 

Sf.  2 — 4f  high,  geniculate,  smooth ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  rough  on  the  margin 
and  upper  surface ;  panicle  loose,  equal,  nodding,  branches  in  pairs  or  ternate  ; 
spikelets  2-flowered ;  awn  twice  as  long  as  the  palea ;  upper  flower  Q ,  mostly 
awnless. — A  tall  grass,  introduced  and  naturalized  in  cultivated  grounds. 
May,  June. 

2.  A  PENNSYLVANIA.     (Arrhenatherum.   Torr.) 

SI.  erect,  smooth ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolale ;  panicle  slender,  with  short,  alter- 
nate branches ;  awn  twice  as  long  as  the  flowers,  geniculate,  from  the  base  of 
the  lower  palea ;  upper  flower  awnless. — (T)  Fields  and  open  woods,  N.  Eng.  to 
Car.  and  111.,  rare.  July. 

3.  A.  PR.ECOX.  Palis.     (Aira.  Linn.) 

Csespitose ;  st.  erect,  a  few  inches  high ;  Ivs.  £ — 1'  long,  rough ;  sheaths  deeply 
striate ;  panicle  dense,  racemose ;  spikclets  ovate,  2-flowered,  glumes  as  long  as 
the  flowers ;  lower  palea  with  a  bent  awn  from  the  lower  part  of  the  back  twice 
its  length.—®  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  Jn. 

4.  A.  SATIVA.  Cvflimon  Oat. — St.  smooth,  2 — 4f  high ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceo- 
late, veined,  rough,  with  loose,  striate  sheaths;  slip,  lacerate;  panicle  loose; 
spikekts  pedunculate,  pendulous,  2-flowered,  both  flowers  perfect,  the  lower  one 
mostly  awned;  pal€&  somewhat  cartilaginous,  closely  embracing: the  caryopsis. 


610  CLXL   GRAMINE^E.  BROMUS. 

— (D  A  highly  important  grain,  one  of  the  staple  productions  of  the  soil ;  said 
to  have  been  first  discovered  in  the  Island  of  Juan  Fernandez. 

0.  nigra.     Black  Oats. — Palecc  dark  brown,  almost  black,  awnless. 

y.  secunda.     Horse-mane  Oats. — Panicle  1-sided ;  awns  short. 

5.  A.  STERILIS.  Animated  Oat. — St.  3 — 4f  high,  and  with  the  leaves  smooth, 
the  latter  long,  acute,  flat ;  spikelets  5-flowered,  outer  flowers  and  awns 
hairy,  inner  flowers  awnless. — ®  From  Barbary.  Cultivated  as  a  curiosity. 
The  awns  are  2'  long,  geniculate,  and  twisted  more  or  less  according  to  the 
state  of  the  atmosphere.  Hence  the  tumbling  motion  of  these  spikelets  in  the 
moist  and  warm  hands,  like  a  grotesque  insect,  f 

31.  DANTHONIA. 

In  honor  of  M.  Danthoine,  a  French  botanist. 

Spikelets  2 — 7-flowered ;  glumes  2,  subequal,  longer  than  the 
flowers,  cuspidate ;  paleae  hairy  at  the  base,  lower  one  bidentate  at 
the  apex,  with  a  twisted  awn  between  the  teeth,  the  upper  one 
obtuse,  entire. 

D.  SPICATA.  Palis.    (Avena.  Linn.) 

St.  slender,  nearly  erect,  12 — 18'  high,  lower  Ivs.  numerous,  4 — 6'  long,  flat, 
hairy  above,  cauline  Ivs.  much  shorter,  subulate,  erect,. on  very  short  sheaths  ; 
panicle  simple,  spicate,  short,  erect ;  spikelets  3 — 8  or  10,  about  7-flowered ; 
glumes  a  little  longer  than  the  flowers ;  Imver  palea  hairy,  about  half  as  long  as 
its  spirally  twisted  awn. — Pastures  and  open  woods,  Free  States.  June — Aug. 

32.  UR  ALE  PIS.     Nutt. 
G-)'.  ovpa,  tail,  \enis  a  scale  or  palea ;  a  characteristic  term. 

Spikelets  2 — 3-nowered ;  glumes  2,  shorter  than  the  flowers ; 
flowers  stipitate  and  distinct;  palese  2,  very  unequal,  distinctly 
villous  on  the  margins,  the  lower  one  tricuspidate,  the  central  cusp 
setose ;  upper  palea  concave  on  the  back ;  fruit  gibbous,  coated. 

U.    ARISTULATA.    Nutt. 

Caespitose  ;  sts.  procumbent  at  base,  bearded  at  the  nodes,  10 — 18'  high ; 
Ivs.  subulate,  the  upper  ones  shorter  than  the  sheaths,  hairy  beneath ;  panicles 
simple,  racemose,  terminal  and  lateral,  concealed  in  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves, 
the  upper  one  partly  exsert ;  spikekt  3-flowered  ;  awn  of  the  palea  as  long  as  the 
lateral  cusps.  ®  Sea-coast  and  sandy  fields,  Mid.  States.  Aug. 

33.  ARUNDO. 

Lat.  arundo,  a  reed  ;  Celtic  aru,  water ;  from  its  place  of  growth. 

Spikelets  many-flowered  ;  glumes  2,  awnless,  lanceolate,  unequal  ; 
lower  flower  $  and  naked  at  the  base,  the  others  perfect,  pedicellate ; 
palese  unequal,  the  lower  one  mucronate,  acuminate  or  slightly 
awned. 

A.  PHRAGMITES.     (Phragmites  communis.   Trin.) 

St.  smooth,  stout,  erect,  6 — 12f  high,  often  an  inch  in  diameter  at  base ; 
Ivs.  lanceolate,  1— 2f  by  1 — 2',  rough-edged,  smooth  and  glaucous;  panicle  large 
and  loosely  branched,  branches  in  half  whorls,  rather  erect,  slender ;  spikelets 
3 — 5-flowered,  very  slender,  erect ;  glumes  shorter  than  the  flowers  which  are  of 
a  dark  hue,  with  tufts  of  white,  silky  hairs,  about  as  long  as  the  paleae. — 1|_ 
Swamps  and  about  ponds,  Mass,  to  Irid. !  July. 

TRIBE  7.    FESTUCACE  JE. — Inflorescence  panicled.  Spikelets  many-flower- 
ed,   oblong.     Flowers  sessile,   closely  arranged  in  2  rows  on  the  rachis. 
Paleae  of  similar  texture  with  the  glumes,  the  upper  one  with  2  keels. 
34.  BROMUS. 

Gr.  /fytojua,  food ;  this  name  was  formerly  applied  to  a  species  of  wild  oats. 

Spikelets  3 — 20-flowered;    glumes  2,  shorter  than  the   flowers; 


FESTUCA.  CLXI.   GRAMINEJ2.  611 

lower  palea  cordate,  bifid  at  tlie  apex,  usually  awned  a  little  below 
the  tip,  upper  palea  conduplicate, .  ciliate  on  the  margin ;  scales 
ovate,  smooth. 

1.  B.  sECALlNUs.     Cheat.     Chess. 

St.  smooth,  erect, 3f  high ;  Ivs.  flat,  rough  at  the  edge  and  above;  sheaths 
veined,  smooth ;  stip.  laciniate ;  panicle,  spreading,  the  branches  mostly  simple, 
each  bearing  1 — '2  spikelets ;  spikelets  ovate,  compressed,  about  10-flowered,  large, 
2-ranked,  oval,  appearing  not  unlike  short  heads  of  wheat.  Flowers  distinct, 
awn  very  short. — ®  A  handsome  grass  in  fields,  often  among  wheat.  June.  § 

2.  B.  ARVENSIS.     (B.  mollis  of  Am.  auth.  ?)     Soft  Brome  Grass. 

Hoot  (1)  ;  st.  erect,  mostly  pubescent,  1 — 2f  high ;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  downy- 
pubescent  ;  panicle  erect,  close,  compound,  3 — 4'  long ;  spikelets  oblong-ovate, 
slightly  compressed,  tomentose,  5 — 10-flowered ;  fls.  elliptical ;  lower  palea  ob- 
long-lanceolate, 7- veined,  with  a  straight  awn  nearly  its  length.  A  coarse  grass, 
in  fields  and  roadsides.  June,  July.  § 

3.  B.  PURGANS,  (Canadensis,  ciliatus  and  pubescens,  of  Linn.,  Muhl.,  <£c.) 
St.  terete,  rather  slender,  simple,  erect,  2 — 4f  high,  nodes  blackish ;  Ivs. 

broadly  linear,  flat,  rough-edged,  more  or  less  pubescent,  striate,  6 — 12'  by  3 — 5"; 
sheaths  more  or  less  pilose  with  deflexed  hairs ;  panicle  large,  erect,  5—^8'  long, 
finally  nodding,  branches  in  2s — 4s,  compound,  scabrous-pubescent;  spikelets 
numerous,  lance-ovoid,  subterete,  7 — 11-flowered,  pedicellate,  9 — 13"  long,  acute 
at  each  end;  fls.  imbricated,  lower  palea  pubescent,  longer  than  its  straight  awn, 
upper  green  at  edge  and  beautifully  ciliate. — 7|_  Fields  and  woods,  U.  S.  and 
Brit.  Am.  Jn.,  Jl. — Varies  in  size,  pubescence,  &c.,  but  its  forms  can  scarcely 
be  characterized  even  as  varieties. — A  coarse,  showy  grass,  of  little  value. 

35.   CERATOCHLOA.    Palis. 

Gr.  Kepas,  TTCparoj,  a  horn,  vXoa,  grass. 

Panicle  simple  ;  spikelets  lanceolate,  compressed,  many-flowered  ; 
glumes  shorter  than  the  flowers,  palese  bifid-toothed,  the  lower  one 
mucronate  between  the  teeth  ;  fruit  coatedy  furrowed,  3-horned. 
C.  UNHIDES.  Palis. 

St.  1 — 2f  high ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  pubescent,  veined ;  sheaths  bearded  at  the 
throat ;  stip.  ovate ;  panicle  small,  nodding,  spreading,  branches  in  pairs ;  spike- 
lets  oblong-lanceolate,  pedicels  hairy ;  glumes  nearly  equal,  acuminate,  striate ; 
palece  unequal,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  margined  ;  sta.  3. — River  bottoms,  Perm., 
Car. 

36.    FESTtJdA. 
A  Latin  name  for  the  shoot  or  stalk  of  a  plant 

Spikelets  oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  subterete  ;  glumes  2,  unequal, 
shorter  than  the  flowers ;  palece  lanceolate,  lower  one  sharply  acumi- 
nate or  awned  at  the  extremity  ;  caryopsis  coated. 

1.  F.  TENELLA.  Willd.     Slender  Fescue  Grass. 

St.  filiform,  wiry,  often  growing  in  tufts  and  geniculate  at  base,  6 — 12' 
high ;  Ivs.  erect,  linear-setaceous,  2 — 3'  long ;  sheaths  subpubescent,  with  lace- 
rated stipules ;  panicle  simple,  contracted,  rather  secund,  branches  alone  or  in 
pairs ;  spikekts  5 — 7-flowered,  with  subulate,  subequal  glumes,  at  length  brown- 
ish ;  fls.  subulate,  longer  than  their  awns. — (j)  Sandy  fields,  N.  Eng.  to  111.,  S,  to 
Car.  June. 

2.  F.  ELATIOR.     Tall  Fescue  Grass. 

St.  smooth,  3 — 4f  high ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  smooth,  rough-edged,  a  foot  long, 
on  smooth,  loose  sheaths ;  panicle  drooping,  very  branching,  loosely  spreading, 
branches  in  pairs ;  spikelets  lance-ovate,  acute,  4 — 6-flowered,  6 — 8"  long,  race- 
mose on  the  branches;  lower  glume  shorter;  lower  palea  acuminate  or  mucro- 
nate.— A  fine  grass,  in  meadows,  U.  S.  and  Can.  June. 

3.  F.  PRATENSIS.  Huds.     Meadow  Fescue  Grass. 

St.  smooth,  2— 3f  high ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  veined,  smooth,  rough-edged, 
52 


613  CLXI.   GRAMINEJE.  KCELERIA. 

about  8'  long ;  sheaths  veined,  smooth  with  obsolete  stipules ;  panicle  branched, 
spreading,  somewhat  1 -sided,  branches  subsolitary ;  spikelets  lance-linear,  7 — 9- 
flowered,  about  8"  long ;  lower  glume  smaller ;  lower  palea  acuminate. — 1\.  Intro- 
duced in  fields  and  meadows.  June,  July. 

4.  F.  DURIUSCULA.     Hard  Fescue  Grass. 

St.  smooth,  12 — 18'  high ;  Ivs.  linear,  very  acute,  a  little  scabrous ;  stipules 
membranaceous,  lacerate ;  panicle  oblong,  spreading,  inclining  to  one  side, 
branches  in  pairs ;  spikelets  nearly  terete,  5 — 7-flowered ;  lower  glume  smaller, 
upper  one  3- veined ;  palea  unequal,  lower  with  short  awns. — 7J.  Fields  and  pas- 
tures. A  fine  grass,  common,  Car.  to  Can.  June,  July. 

5.  F.  NUTANS.  Willd. 

St.  erect,  slender,  smooth,  with  black  nodes,  about  3f  high;  Ivs.  narrow- 
linear,  a  foot  long,  veined;  panicle  slender,  diffuse,  at  length  nodding,  branches 
in  pairs ;  spikelets  lance-ovate,  3 — 5-flowered ;  fls.  smooth,  awnless  and  nearly 
veinless. — %  Open  woodlands,  in  most  of  the  States.  June. 

6.  F.  FASCICULARIS.  Willd. 

St.  much  branched  from  the  base,  with  short  internodes,  procumbent, 
geniculate,  12 — 18'  long;  Ivs.  linear,  very  long,  5-veined,  scabrous,  on  long, 
loose  sheaths;  panicle  erect,  inclining  to  one  side,  with  strict,  spike-form 
branches;  spikelets  appressed,  secund,  8 — 10-flowered;  glumes  1-veined,  lower 
one  very  short ;  lower  palece  tipped  with  awns  of  their  own  length. — (J)  Wet 
meadows,  Mid.  States.  Aug. 

7.  F.  ovlNA.     Steep's  Fescue. 

St.  erect,  ascending  at  base,  6—10'  high ;  Ivs.  very  narrow,  rough,  radical 
ones  very  numerous,  2— 4'  long,  cauline  few,  short,  erect ;  panicle  few-flowered, 
simple,  contracted  ;  spikelets  ovate,  4-flowered ;  palece  roundish. — Ij.  1  A  valu- 
able grass,  recently  introduced.  June. 

8.  F.  MYURUS. 

St.  6 — 12'  long,  erect,  geniculate  near  the  base ;  Ivs.  2 — 3'  long,  subulate, 
concave  ;  slip,  bifid  or  retuse ;  panicle  slender,  crowded ;  spikelets  4 — 7-flowered ; 
glumes  minute,  equal;  fls.  subulate,  hairy;  lower  palea  with  an  awn  twice  its 
length ;  sta.  1 ;  stig.  plumose,  white. — Q  Sandy  fields,  N.  J.  to  Car. 

37.   DIARRHEN-A.     Palis. 
Gr.  Sis,  two,  apprivris,  rough  ;  from  the  two  scabrous  keels  of  the  upper  palese. 

Panicle  racemose  or  simple ;  glumes  2,  very  unequal,  2 — 5-flow- 
ered, rigid,  acuminate,  mucronate  ;  paleae  cartilaginous,  lower  cuspi- 
date, upper  much  smaller,  emarginate ;  caryopsis  coated,  as  long  as 
the  upper  palea :  scales  ovate,  ciliate. 

D.  DIANDRA.  Wood.  (D.  Americana.  Palis.  Festuca  diandra.  Me.) 
St.  erect,  nearly  leafless,  slender,  rigid,  15—30'  high;  Ivs.  few.  subradical, 
broadly  linear,  flat,  rough-edged,  10—16'  by  5 — 7",  nearly  glabrous ;.  sheaths 
close ;  slip,  obsolete  ;  panicle  very  simple  and  slender,  branches  erect,  few ;  spike- 
lets  2-flowered ;  glumes  broad-ovate,  upper  twice  larger,  5-veined  ;  palece  much 
longer  than  the  glumes,  the  upper  with  2  roughish,  green  keels,  arid  conspicu- 
ously mucronate;  sta.  27 — River  banks,  Ohio  to  111. ! 

38.    KCELERIA.     Pers. 

In  honor  of  M.  Kceler,  a  German  botanist. 

Spikelets  compressed,  2 — 3-flowered;  glumes  2,  unequal,  shorter 
than  the  flowers  ;  upper  flower  pedicellate,  with  a  short,  awn-like  rudi- 
ment at  the  base  of  the  upper  palea ;  palese  2,  the  lower  awnless,  or 
awned  beneath  the  tip. 

1.  K.  CRISTATA.  Smith.    (K.  nitida.  Nutt.    K.  tuberosa.  Pers.  ?) 

St.  20 — 30'  high,  smooth,  leafy  to  one-half  its  height,  rigidly  erect;  Ivs. 

flat,  erect,  pubescent,  2 — 3'  by  1 — 2",  shorter  than  their  pubescent  sheaths ;  stip. 

short,  lacerate  ;  panicle  spicate,  narrow,  3 — 5'  long,  6—8"  diam.,  branches  very 

short ;  spikelets  2"  long,  silvery  and  shining,  compressed,  about  2-flowered,  with 


GLYCERIA.  CLXI.   GRAMINE.E.  613 

an  abortive  pedicel ;  glume  linear-oblong,  acute,  serrulate  on  the  keel,  upper  one 
longer.— 'Zj.  Ohio,  W.  S.  SuUivant ! 
/?.  Nuttalii.     St.  8'  high.— Mich. 

2.  K.  OBTUSATA.     Torr.    (Aira  obtusata.  Michx.  ?)  . 

St.  erect,  geniculate  below,  leafy,  18 — 24'  high ;  nodes  pubescent,  blackish, 
contracted  ;  Ivs.  3 — 6'  by  2",  scabrous,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  sheaths  ;  slip. 
lacerate  ;  panicle  contracted,  3 — 5'  long,  6 — 12"  diam.,  dense,  branches  fascicled, 
short,  appressed;  spikelets  1£"  long,  2-flowered,  tumid;  lower  glume  linear-ob- 
long, upper  larger,  obovate,  obtuse,  puberulent ;  pokes  equal,  awnless,  obtuse, 
scarious  at  summit,  a  little  exserted. — Tj.  Ohio,  SuUivant! 

3.  K.  TRUNCATA.  Torr.    (Aira  truncata.  Muhl.    Holcus  striatus.  Linn.) 
St.   slender,  2f  high ;   Ivs.  smooth,  narrow,  4 — 6'  long ;  panicle  oblong, 

loose,  racemose ;  spikelets  2-flowered,  in  clustefed  racemes,  on  short,  suberect 
branches ;  glumes  subequal,  the  lower  one  linear,  upper  one  much  broader,  very 
obtuse  or  truncate ;  palea  awnless. — Tj.  Fields  and  open  woods,  Can.  to  Ky.  Jn. 
/3.  major.     Lvs.  broad-linear,  very  long ;  panicle  large,  spreading. 

4.  K.  PENNSYLVANIA.  DC.     (Aira  mollis.  Muhl.') 

St.  smooth,  2 — 3f  high ;  nodes  black ;  Ivs.  1 — 2'  long,  narrow,  flat,  lower 
ones  soft  pubescent ;  panicle  very  slender,  loose,  4 — 8'  long ;  spikekts  about  3- 
flowered,  shining ;  lower  glume  linear,  upper  one  much  broader,  oblanceolate,  3- 
veined ;  paleac  awnless. — 7|_  Rocky  woods,  N.  England  (rare)  to  Ky. !  111. 
May,  June. 

5.  K.    PANICULATA.  •  Nutt. 

St.  tall  (2 — 3f  high)  ;  Ivs.  elongated  (4 — 6'),  on  long  sheaths ;  panicle  ob- 
long, glabrous  ;  spikelets  2— 3-flowered,  shining ;  glumes  awnless,  very  unequal, 
the  larger  one  truncately  obtuse. — 1\.  Michigan.  Also  Florida. 

39.  TRICCJSPIS.    Palis. 

Lat.  tres,  three,  cuspis,  a  point ;  alluding  to  the  structure  of  the  flowers. 

Spikelets  terete,  tumid,  about  5-flowered ;  glumes  2,  unequal,  cari- 
nate,  shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  lower  palea  bifid-toothed,  tricuspidate 
by  the  projecting  keel  and  two  lateral  veins,  upper  one  truncate,  al- 
most emarginate  ;  caryopsis  2-horned. 

T.  sESLERiolDEs.  Torr.  (Poa.  Michx.  Winsoria  poaeformis.  Nutt.) 
False  Red-top. — St.  very  hard  and  smooth,  erect,  4 — 5f  high ;  Ivs.  smooth 
beneath,  lance-linear,  veined,  12 — 18'  long;  lower  sheaths  often  hairy;  stip.Q; 
panicle  loose,  expanding,  branches  flexuous,  smooth,  long;  spikekts  ovate- 
lanceolate,  purple,  shining,  4 — 5-flowered  ;  glumes  unequal,  mucronate ;  lower 
palea  with  3  projecting  veins.— %  A  splendid  grass  in  sandy  fields,  N.  Eng.  to 
m.  and  S.  States. 

40.  GLYCERIA.     Brown. 

Gr.  yXuACDf,  sweet ;  on  account  of  the  sweet  taste  of  the  seeds. 

Spikelets  slender,  many-flowered;  glumes  2,  unequal,  veinless, 
truncate,  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  lower  palea  herbaceous,  embrac- 
ing the  upper,  bidentate  one  ;  scales  connate,  truncate. 

1.  G.  FLUITANS.  Brown.     (Festuca  fluitans.  Linn.) 

St.  compressed  or  ancipitous,  ascending  at  base,  3 — 5f  high ;  Ivs.  lance- 
linear,  smooth  beneath,  about  a  foot  long ;  sheaths  veined,  smooth,  with  a  very 
large  stipule ;  panicle  secund,  long,  slender,  slightly  branched ;  spikekts  1 — 1  $' 
long,  linear,  appressed,  about  10-flowered ;  fls.  obtuse ;  lower  palea  7-veined,  den- 
ticulate.— 1\.  Aquatic.  N.  and  N.  W.  States.  June,  July. 

2.  G.  ACUTIFLORA.  Torr.     (Festuca  brevifolia.  Muhl.) 

St.  somewhat  compressed,  1 — 2f  high ;  Ivs.  narrow,  attenuated  above,  half 
as  long  as  the  stem  ;  panicle  simple,  long,  appressed  ;  spikelets  linear,  4 — 6-flow- 
ered ;  As.  very  slender,  acute,  indistinctly  veined. — 7|.  Inundated  meadows,  JN". 
Eng.,  N.  Y.  June. 


614  CLXI.    GRAMINE.E.  POA. 

41.  POA. 

Gr.  rroa,  the  general  name  for  grasses  or  herbage. 

Spikelets  compressed,  ovate,  oblong  or  linear,  many-flowered  (3 — 
20) ;  glumes  2,  shorter  than  the  lower  flowers  ;  paleae  subequal,  awn- 
less,  often  with  an  arachnoid  web  at  base,  bifid-toothed,  the  lower  one 
herbaceous,  scarious  on  the  margin  ;  scales  ovate,  acute,  smooth. 
*  Flowers  webbed  at  base. 

1.  P.  PRATENSIS.     Spear  Grass. 

St.  terete,  smooth,  1 — 2f  high  ;  Ivs.  carinate,  linear,  abruptly  acute,  radi- 
cal ones  very  long  and  numerous,  cauline  shorter  than  the  veined,  smooth 
sheaths  ;  stip.  short,  truncate  ;  panicle  diffuse,  branches  3 — 5  together  in  half- 
whorls  ;  spikeiels  ovate,  acute,  with  about  4,  acute  flowers ;  glumes  lanceolate, 
rather  acuminate. — 1\.  An  excellent  grass  both  for  hay  and  pasturage,  very 
abundant.  May,  June.  Varies  much  in  luxuriance  according  to  the  soil. 

2.  P.  TRIVIALIS.     (P.  stolonifera.  Muhl.}    Roughish  Meadow  Grass. 

Sis.  sometimes  stoloniferous  at  base,  roughish  backwards,  2 — 3f  high; 
Ivs.  lance-linear,  acute,  rough-edged,  lower  ones  very  long,  cauline  as  long  as 
the  roughish  sheaths,  with  long,  acuminate  stipules  ;  pajiide  diffuse,  expanding, 
scabrous,  branches  4 — 5  together  in  half- whorls ;  spikclets  oblong-ovate,  2 — 3- 
flowered. — 7J.  A  grass  equally  common  and  valuable  with  the  last,  N.  States. 
June,  July. 

3.  P.  COMPRESSA.     Blue  Grass. 

St.  decumbent  and  rooting  at  base,  much  compressed,  smooth,  striate,  12 
— 18'  high ;  Ivs.  linear,  carinate,  veined,  smooth,  short,  bluish-green  ;  sheaths 
smooth,  rather  loose,  with  a  short,  obtuse  stipule ;  panicle  contracted,  somewhat 
secund,  branches  scabrous,  in  2s  and  3s ;  spikelets  ovate-oblong,  3 — 6-flowered, 
subsessile. — 7[  Less  abundant  than  the  last,  forming  tufts  in  moist  places,  Free 
States.  June. 

4.  P.  SEROTlNA.  Erhr.     (P.  palustris.  Muhl.}    Meadow  Red-top. 

St.  erect,  2 — 3f  high ;  Ivs.  flat,  narrow-linear,  smooth,  10 — 15'  long ;  stip. 
long,  lacerated ;  panicle  diffuse,  somewhat  secund,  6 — 10'  long,  branches  in 
half- whorls  ;  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  2 — 3-flowered ;  fls.  but  little  webbed  at 
base,  yellow  at  the  tip,  obscurely  5-veined. — 7].  Common  in  wet  meadows,  Free 
States.  June. 

5.  P.  PCNGENS.  Torr.     (P.  flexuosa.  Muhl.') 

St.  compressed,  1 — 2f  high ;  Ivs.  of  the  stem  about  2,  flat,  oblong,  lanceo- 
late, cuspidate  and  pungent,  lower  about  1'  long,  upper  minute,  root  Ivs.  long 
and  narrow,  all  erect,  keeled  and  pungent  at  the  point ;  stip.  truncate,  lacerate ; 
sheaths  nearly  as  long  as  the  nodes;  panicle  small,  racemose  at  apex,  branches 
in  half-whorls,  capillary ;  spikelets  ovate,  3 — 4-flowered ;  fls.  rather  obtuse, 
webbed ;  glumes  smooth,  upper  acute ;  sty.  doubly  plumose,  white. — 7J.  Middle 
and  Western  States.  April. 

6.  P.  I-AXA.  Hrenke.     (P.  alpina.   Torr.} 

St.  csespitose,  6—8'  high ;  IKS.  linear,  acute,  smooth ;  stip.  lanceolate  ;  pan. 
1 — 2'  long,  contracted,  nodding,  branches  mostly  in  pairs,  smooth,  flexuous ; 
spikelets  2J"  long,  ovate,  3-flowered ;  fls.  often  purple,  acute,  hairy,  somewhat 
webbed  at  base  ;  glume  lance-ovate,  slightly  scabrous  on  the  keel ;  lower  palea 
hairy  below,  upper  rough-edged;  anth.  violet. — 1\.  Mountains  and  woods,  N. 
Eng. !  and  Mid.  States. 

7.  P.  NEMORALIS.     Wood  Spear  Grass. 

St.  slender,  2 — 3f  high;  Ivs.  narrow-linear,  pale  green,  smooth  as  well  as 
the  sheaths;  stip.  scarcely  any;  panicle  6 — 10'  long,  slender,  nodding  when  in 
fruit,  branches  capillary,  flexuous,  in  2s  or  3s;  spikelets  ovate,  about  3-flowered, 
the  flowers  spreading  and  at  length  remote,  slightly  webbed  at  base. — OJ.  A  tall, 
rank  grass,  in  wet,  open  woods,  N.  Eng. !  and  Mid.  States.  July 
*  *  Flowers  free,  or  not  webbed  at  base. 

8.  P.  ANNUA.     Annual  Spear  Grass. 

Sts,  decumbent  and  rooting  at  the  base,  smooth,  compressed,  3 — 8'  long ; 


Pcu.  CLXI.   GRAMINE.E.  615 

Ivs.  lance-linear,  short,  smooth,  carinate,  on  loose,  glabrous  sheaths ;  slip,  oblong, 
dentate ;  panicle  spreading,  the  branches  generally  solitary,  at  length  horizontal ; 
spikelets  ovate-oblong,  rather  numerous,  containing  about  5,  loose  flowers. — (J)  A 
small,  abundant,  annual  grass,  N,  Eng.  to  Ohio,  forming  a  dense,  soft  and 
beautiful  turf.  May — Sept. 

9.  P.  NERVATA.  Willd.  (P.  striata.  Michx.   Briza  Canadensis.  Nutt.)   Foul 
Meadow. — St.  smooth,  3 — 4f  high ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  striate,  rough  above, 

about  a  foot  long,  on  striate,  roughish  sheaths ;  stip.  lacerate ;  panicle  large, 
loose,  diffuse,  equal,  branches  weak,  pendulous  in  fruit,  long  and  capillary,  in 
2s  or  3s ;  spikelets  ovate-oblong,  containing  about  5,  obtuse,  conspicuously  7- 
veined  flowers. — 7J.  A  beautiful  and  valuable  grass  in  wet  meadows,  N.  Eng.  to 
Mich.  June. 

10.  P.  ELONGATA.    ToiT. 

St.  round,  erect,  smooth,  3f  high  ;  Ivs.  narrow-linear,  smooth,  8 — 15'  long ; 
sheaths  striate,  smooth ;  stip.  very  short ;  panicle  (8 — 10')  elongated,  racemose, 
nodding,  branches  solitary  or  in  2s,  appressed ;  spikelets  ovate-obtuse,  tumid, 
containing  about  3,  obtuse,  5-veined  flowers. — 7J.  Wet  meadows  N.  Eng.  to 
111.  July. 

11.  P.  OBTUSA.  Muhl. 

St.  smooth,  firm,  2 — 3f  high ;  Ivs.  dark  green,  linear,  often  surpassing  the 
stem,  and  with  the  sheaths  smooth ;  panicle  dense,  ovate,  many-flowered,  3 — 4' 
long ;  spikelets  ovate,  tumid,  thick,  containing  5 — 7,  smooth,  ovate,  obtuse  flow- 
ers ;  lower  palea  7  veined. — ?|_  Swamps,  N.  Eng.  toPenn.  Aug.,  Sept. 

12.  P.  CONFERTA.  Ell.    (P.  glomerata.   Watt.) 

St.  erect,  geniculate,  2 — 3f  high ;  Ivs.  glabrous,  flat,  serrulate  on  the  mar- 
gin ;  panicles  terminal  and  axillary,  4 — 8'  long,  erect,  compressed,  with  the 
spikelets  densely  clustered ;  spikelets  8-flowered,  glabrous. — 7J.  Penn.,  Schweinitz 
(fide  Beck},  S.  to  Car. 

13.  P.  MODESTA.  Tuckerman. 

St.  short,  geniculate  at  base,  branched,  compressed,  glabrous;  Ivs.  3—4' 
by  f",  rather  rigid;  sheaths  striate,  smoothish;  slip,  conspicuous,  truncate,  erose 
and  laciniate ;  panicle  strict,  6 — 9' long,  branches  solitary,  filiform,  scabrous; 
spikelets  scattered,  briefly  pedicellate  ;  glumes  unequal,  obtuse,  erose,  glabrous  ; 
lower  fl.  larger,  sessile,  veinless ;  caryopsis  ovate,  fuscous. — Brooksides,  Cam- 
bridge, Mass.  E.  T. 

14.  P.  CANADENSIS.  Torr.    (Briza  Canadensis.  Michx.) 

St.  round,  smooth,  erect,  3 — 4f  high;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  rough,  glaucous, 
on  smooth  sheaths ;  stip.  lacerate,  ovate-obtuse ;  panicle  large,  6—8'  long, 
branches  flexuous,  in  half- whorls,  much  spreading  or  pendulous  in  fruit ;  spike- 
lets  short,  ovate,  tumid,  6 — 8-flowered;  glumes  much  shorter  than  the  lower 
flower ;  upper  palea  very  obtuse,  tower  about  7- veined ;  sta.  2. — 7J.  A  large  and 
beautiful  grass,  in  shady  grounds,  Free  States,  Can.  July,  Aug. 

15.  P.  CAPILLARIS. 

St.  much  branched  at  base,  smooth,  a  foot  high ;  Ivs.  linear,  attenuated 
above,  flat,  smooth ;  slieaths  striate,  with  long  hairs  about  the.  throat  and  mar- 
gin ;  stip.  short ;  panicle  very  large  (near  a  foot  long),  with  diffusely  spreading, 
capillary  branches,  axils  smooth ;  spikelets  ovate,  acute,  about  3-flowered,  on 
long  pedicels  ;  palecs  scabrous. — 0  Dry  grounds,  U.  S.  Aug. 

16.  P.  HIRSUTA.  Michx. 

St.  subsimple,  compressed,  erect,  1 — 2f  high ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  attenuate 
at  end,  surpassing  the  stem,  hairy  at  base  ;  sheaths  loose,  longer  than  the  inter- 
nodes,  lower  ones  hairy,  upper  ones  smooth;  stip.  fringed;  panicle  very  large, 
capillary,  branches  spreading,  reflexed  in  fruit,  hirsute  in  the  axils ;  spikelets 
oblong,  about  5-flowered ;  palece  ciliate. — Tj.  Sandy  fields.  July,  Aug. 

0.  spectabilis.  (Torr.    P.  spectabilis.  P.)     Spikelets  linear,  10 — 15-flowered 
st.  taller. 

17.  P.  MARIT1MA.    Huds. 

St.  somewhat  geniculate,  round,  about  a  foot  high ;  Ivs.  somewhat  glau- 
cous, rough-edged,  involute ;  panick  erect,  dense,  branches  in  pairs,  scabrous ; 
52* 


616  CLXI.   GRAMINE^E.  UNIOLA. 

spikelets  terete,  linear,  purplish,  about  5-flowered;  fls.  obtuse,  indistinctly  5- 
veined. — 'ZJ.  Salt  marshes,  Ms.,  Bigelow.    June. 

18.  P.  AQUATICA.    /?.  Americana.  Torr.     (P.  aquatica.  PA.) 

Smooth ;  st.  stout,  leafy,  4 — 5f  high ;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  flat,  thin ;  panicle 
erect,  diffuse,  branches  at  length  spreading,  flexuous,  3 — 5  together,  in  half 
whorls ;  spikelets  linear,  purple,  with  6 — 8  ovate-obtuse  flowers. — 1\.  Wet  mea- 
dows, Free  States  and  Can.  A  very  large,  handsome  poa.  Aug. 

19.  P.'DENTATA.  Torr. 

Smooth ;  st.  erect,  round,  3f  high ;  Ivs.  flat,  linear,  10 — 16'  long,  glaucous 
beneath ;  slip,  elongated ;  panicle  large,  loose,  few-flowered,  branches  capillary, 
spreading ;  spikelets  lanceolate,  about  5-flowered ;  lower  glume  3- veined ;  lower 
palea  5-veined,  5-toothed  at  the  apex  when  old. — %  Swamps,  Mass.,  N.  H. !  to 
Penn.  Not  very  common.  June,  July. 

20.  P.  FASCICULATA.  Torr. 

Very  smooth ;  st.  firm  and  leafy,  oblique,  round,  branched  at  base,  1 — 2f 
high ;  Ivs.  flat,  lance-linear  ;  panicle  spreading,  branches  fasciculate,  crowded, 
straight ;  spikelets  oblong,  somewhat  racemed,  sessile,  crowded,  about  3-flow~ 
ered;  glumes  minute,  unequal. — 7J.  Salt  marshes,  N.  Y. 

21.  P.  PECTINACEA.  Michx.    (P.  pilosa.  Mutt.    P.  tenella.  Ph.} 

St.  casspitose,  oblique,  geniculate  at  base,  8 — 12'  high ;  Ivs.  flat,  smooth, 
pilose  at  base,  5-veined,  2 — 4/  long ;  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat ;  panicle  large, 
loose,  capillary,  purplish,  hairy  in  the  axils,  branches  subverticillate ;  spikelets 
linear,  with  5—9  acute  flowers ;  upper  palea  persistent  on  the  rachis  which  thus 
is  made  finally  to  appear  pectinate. — (J)  In  sandy  fields,  Mid.  and  S.  States. 
July,  Aug. 

22.  P.  REPTANS. 

J*  9»  st-  branched,  creeping,  rooting  at  the  joints,  6 — 12'  long;  Ivs.  subu- 
late, flat,  2 — 3'  long ;  sheaths  open,  pilose  on  the  margin  and  throat :  panicle 
1 — 2'  long,  branches  short,  simple,  in  fascicles,  few-flowered;  spikelets  linear- 
lanceolate,  with  12 — 20  acuminate  flowers. — (J)  Swamps,  N.  Y.  to  Ky. !  Jl.,  Aug. 

23.  P.  ERAGROSTIS.    (P.  obtusa.  Nutt.    J3riza  eragrostis.  Muhl.} 

St.  oblique  or  decumbent,  geniculate,  1 — 2f  long;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  attenu- 
ate at  end,  scabrous  on  the  margin  and  above  ;  sheaths  pilose  at  the  throat ;  slip. 
short,  bearded ;  panicle  expanding,  branches  subdivided,  flexuous,  subpilose  in 
the  axils ;  spikelets  ovate-oblong,  12 — 20-flowered  ;  glumes  nearly  equal. — ®  A 
beautiful  grass,  introduced  into  fields  and  roadsides,  N.  Eng.  to  111. !  It  has  a 
strong,  peculiar  odor.  Aug.  <\ 

42.   BRIZA. 

Gr.  /?pi£a>,  to  nod,  or  hang  down ;  alluding  to  the  pendulous  spikelets. 

Spikelets  cordate-ovate.  6 — 9-flowered  ;  glumes  2,  shorter  than  the 
lower  flowers  ;  paleae  ventricose,  lower  one  cordate  at  base,  embracing 
the  upper  which  is  suborbicular  and  much  shorter ;  caryopsis  beaked. 

B.  MEDIA. 

St.  naked  above,  1 — 2f  high;  Ivs.  flat,  smooth,  lance-linear;  stip.  short, 
obtuse ;  panicle  erect,  few-flowered,  branches  wide-spreading,  capillary,  pur- 
plish, bearing  the  ovate  or  cordate,  tumid,  pendant  and  tremulous  spikelets  at 
the  ends,  these  are  about  7-flowered,  greenish-purple ;  pakce  veinless. — ^Natu- 
ralized in  the  vicinity  of  Boston,  Bigelow.  May. 

43.   UNlOLA. 

Lat.  urvus,  one  ;  on  account  of  the  aggregation  of  many  flowers  into  one  spikelet 

Spikelets  compressed,  3 — 20-flowered ;  lower  flower  abortive ; 
glumes  2.  shorter  than  the  lower  flower ;  lower  paleae  boat-shaped  at 
the  end,  truncate  and  mucronate  between  the  lobes,  upper  subulate, 
somewhat  bifid ;  scales  emarginate  ;  caryopsis  with  2  horns. 

1.  U.  LATIFOLIA.  Michx.     Broad-leaved  Uniola. 

St.  2 — 4f  high,  smooth,  subsimple ;    Ivs.  8 — 18'  by  6 — 12",  lance-linear, 


ELEUSINE.  CLXI.   GRAMINEJE.  617 

glabrous,  rough-edged  ;  sfieaths  longer  than  the  internodes ;  panicle  loose,  8 — 1& 
long,  nodding ;  spikelets  all  on  long  peduncles,  about  10"  long,  ovate,  flat,  about 
10-flowered ;  glumes  unequal,  near  twice  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  fls.  subfal- 
cate,  6"  long,  lower  one  abortive ;  sta.  1. — %  Dry  woods,  middle  and  Western 
States.  Singularly  elegant  and  showy.  Aug. 

2.  U.  GRACILIS.  Michx.     (Holcus  laxus.  Linn.) 

St.  slender,  leafy,  3 — 4f  high  ;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  tapering  to  a  slender  point, 
flat,  12 — 18'  long;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  joints;  panicle  long,  racemose, 
branches  solitary,  short,  remote,  erect;  spikelets  3-flowered;  fls.  spreading, 
straight,  monandrous ;  glumes  rigid,  acute. — %  Sea  coasts,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  Aug. 

3.  U.  SPICATA.    (Festuca  distachophylla.  Michx.} 

St.  smooth,  round,  branched  at  base,  1 — 2f  high;  cauline  Ivs.  numerous, 
3 — 6'  long,  involute,  rigid  and  acute ;  sheaths  longer  than  the  joints,  close,  upper 
ones  hairy  at  throat ;  stip.  inconspicuous ;  panicle  densely  spicate,  consisting  of 
short,  fasciculate  branches  with  sessile  spikelets  ;  spikelets  oblong,  5 — 9-flower- 
ed ;  fls.  triandrous. — 9|  Salt  marshes,  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July. 

44.  MELlCA. 

Lat.  mel,  honey ;  the  plant  to  which  the  name  was  first  applied  had  a  sweet  pith. 

Panicle  simple  or  compound  ;  glumes  2,  unequal,  membranous, 
2 — 5-flowered  ;  fls.  a  little  longer  than  the  glumes,  the  upper  incom- 
plete and  abortive  ;  scales  truncate,  fimbriate ;  caryopsis  free,  not 
furrowed. 

M.  GLABRA.  Walt.    (M.  speciosa.  Muhl.) 

St.  3 — 4f  high,  glabrous  ;  Ivs.  linear,  flat,  pubescent  beneath ;  stip.  lace- 
rate ;  panicle  glabrous,  loose,  few-flowered,  erect  or  a  little  nodding,  branches 
simple,  solitary ;  spikelets  6—8"  long ;  lower  glume  shorter,  very  smooth :  paleee 
veined ;  upper  fl.  neuter,  pedicellate,  consisting  of  very  short,  roundish  paleae. — 
1\.  Mountains,  Penn.  to  Car. 

45.  DACTYLIS. 

Gr.  SCLKTV\OS:  a  finger ;  from  the  form  of  the  spikes. 

Spikelets  aggregated,  compressed,  3 — 5-flowered ;  glumes  unequal, 
the  larger  one  carinate,  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  paleae  subequal, 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  lower  one  emarginate,  carinate,  mucro- 
nate,  upper  bifid  at  apex ;  scales  dentate. 

D.  GLOMERATA.     Orchard  Grass. 

St.  roughish,  2 — 4f  high  ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  carinate,  a  little  scabrous, 
glaucous;  sheaths  striate,  stip.  lacerate;  panicle  remotely  branched,  rather 
secund ;  spikelets  about  4-flowered,  in  dense,  glomerate,  unilateral,  terminal 
clusters ;  glumes  very  unequal ;  anth.  large",  yellow. — 7J.  A  fine,  well  known 
grass,  of  rapid  growth,  introduced  in  shady  fields,  as  orchards,  &c.  June. 

TRIBE  8.  CHLOREJE. — Inflorescence  spiked.  Spikelets  solitary,  few-flow- 
ered, the  terminal  flower  often  abortive.  Glumes  carinate,  not  opposite. 
Upper  palea  with  two  keels. 

46.  ELEUSINE. 

From  Eleusis,  where  Ceres,  the  goddess  of  harvests,  was  worshiped. 

Spikes  digitate,  unilateral ;  spikelets  5 — 7-flowered  ;  glumes  obtuse, 
unequal,  lower  one  smaller ;  paleae  unequal,  upper  one  bifid  toothed ; 
scales  truncate,  fimbriate  ;  caryopsis  triangular,  ovate,  enclosed  in  a 
separate  membrane  or  perigynium. 

E.  INDICA.     Wire  Grass. 

St.  oblique,  compressed,  procumbent  and  branching  at  base,  12 — 16'  long; 
Ivs.  linear,  somewhat  hairy,  on  smooth,  loose  sheaths  hairy  at  the  throat; 
spikes  2 — 4,  rarely  xnore  or  less,  linear,  straight,  divaricate,  2 — 1'  long ;  spikelets 


618  CLXI.   GRAMINE^:.  ATHEROPO€ION. 

closely  imbricate,  smooth;  upper  glume  5-veined;  Jr.  dark  brown. — ©  Common 
about  houses,  foot-paths,  &c.,  Mid.  and  W.  States.    Aug. 

47.    CYNODON.    Rich. 

Gr.  /fucov,  a  dog,  oSos,  tooth ;  alluding  to  the  singular,  one-sided  spikelets. 

Spikes  digitate  or  fasciculate  ;  spikelets  unilateral,  in  a  single  row ; 
glumes  membranaceous,  shorter  than  the  flowers,  persistent ;  9  upper 
palea  bifid-toothed  ;  rudiment  minute,  pedicellate,  in  a  groove  of  the 
upper  palea  ;  scales  truncate. 

C.  DACTYLON.  Pers.     (Digitaria.  Ell.    Panicum.  Linn.")    Bermuda  Grass. 

Rt.  creeping  extensively ;  st.  creeping,  stoloniferous  at  base,  1 — 2f  long ; 
Ivs.  hairy  on  the  margin  and  towards  the  base,  narrow-linear ;  sheaths  hairy ; 
spikes  4 — 5,  digitate,  spreading,  2 — 3'  long,  serrated  with  the  uneven  spikelets ; 

flumes  scabrous   on  the  keel,  lanceolate,  acute;  pakce  subequal,  the  lower 
roader,  enfolding  the  upper. — 7J.  A  vigorous  creeper,  in  sands  and  hard  soils, 
Penn.  to  Ga. 

48.   GYMNOPOGON.    Palis. 

Gr.  yu/xvoj,  naked,  7rwywi>,  beard ;  alluding  to  the  long  awn  of  the  palea. 

Spikes   setaceous,    paniculate ;    glumes   2,  keeled,  subequal,  the 

lower  with  a  straight  awn  from  a  little  below  the  tip  j  rudiment  aris- 

tiform. 

G.  RACEMOSUM.  Palis.     (Anthropogon  lepturoides.  Nutt.} 

St.  ascending,  18 — 24'  high,  with  short  internodes ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate, 

1 — 2'  by  4—8",  glabrous,  flat,  spreading,  in  2  rows  ;  sheaths  hairy  at  the  throat; 

slip,   obsolete ;  panicle  large,  pyramidal,  branches  simple,  rigid,   verticillate, 

spreading,  3 — 5'  long;    spikelets   sessile,   appressed;   glumes   linear,  pungent; 

lower  palea  with  an  awn  at  its  back  3 — 4  times  its  length,  upper  bifid. — 7J. 

Sandy  fields,  N.  J.  to  Ga.     Aug. 

49.   SPARTlNA. 

Spikelets  imbricated  in  a  double  row  in  unilateral,  paniculate 
spikes ;  glumes  2,  unequal,  compressed ;  palese  2,  subequal,  com- 
pressed, awnless ;  style  long,  bifid. 

1.  S.  CYNOSUROIDES.  Willd.    (Limnetis.  Pers.) 

St.  slender,  smooth,  3 — 5f  high ;  Ivs.  2 — 3f  long,  sublinear,  convolute  and 
filiform  at  the  end ;  sheaths  striate,  glabrous ;  panicle  loose,  slender,  composed 
of  20  or  more  alternate,  one-sided,  pedunculate  spikes  2 — 3'  long;  -spikelets 
arranged  on  2  sides  of  a  triangular  rachis;  glumes  acuminate,  one  of  them 
with  a  short  awn ;  palea  white  and  awnless. — %  Marshes,  Free  States  and 
Can.  A  coarse,  sedge-like  grass.  Aug. 

2.  S.  JUNCEA.  Willd.    (Limnetis.  Pers.} 

Rt.  creeping  extensively  ;  st.  erect,  rigid,  round,  smooth,  1 — 2f  high ;  Ivs. 
convolute  at  the  edges,  spreading,  in  2  rows  ;  spikes  3 — 5 ;  ped.  smooth  ;  rachis 
compressed;  lower  glume  3  times  as  long  as  the  upper;  palea  obtuse,  lower  one 
shorter;  sty.  2. 7J.  Marshes  and  river  banks,  Free  States  and  Can.  Jl.,  Aug. 

3.  S.  GLABRA.  Muhl. 

St.  smooth,  succulent,  terete,  3— 5f  high;  Ivs.  concave,  erect,  about  2f 
long,  £'  wide  at  base,  tapering  to  a  long  acumination ;  spikes  10 — 15,  erect  and 
appressed,  alternate  and  sessile  upon  a  triangular  rachis ;  spikelets  in  a  dense, 
double  row. — QJ.  Marshes,  Indiana!  Aug.,  Sept. 

50.   ATHEROPOGON.    Muhl. 

Gr.  a$T)(>,  chaff,  Trwyajv,  beard;  a  characteristic  term. 

Spikes  in  a  thin,  simple  raceme ;  glumes  2,  membranaceous,  2- 
flowered,  lower  one  setiform  ;  £  paleae  2,  lower  one  3-toothed  or  3- 
bristled,  upper  bifid ;  abortive  flower  pedicellate,  paleae  2 — 3-bristled. 


SECALE.  CLXI.    GRAMINE^l.  619 

A.    APLULolDES.    Muhl. 

St.  1 — 2f  high,  geniculate  at  base,  ascending,  terete ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceo- 
late, smoothish  beneath,  pilose  above;  slip,  short,  truncate;  spikes  4 — 6" -long, 
20 — 40,  on  short,  flat  peduncles,  thinly  arranged  in  2  opposite  rows,  each  with 
4 — 8  spikelets;  spikekts  2-flowered,  arranged  in  2  rows  on  the  under  side  of  the 
flat,  partial  rachis ;  glumes  unequal,  the  lower  awn-like  and  slightly  adhering 
to  the  rachis ;  anth.  3,  bright  red  ;  Jr.  oblong ;  abortive  fl.  pedicellate,  empty. — 
1\.  Middle  and  Western  States.  Guilford,  Conn.,  Bobbins ! 

TRIBE  9.  HORDED. — Inflorescence  spiked.  Spikelets  solitary,  in  pairs,  or 
several  together,  one,  few  or  many-flowered.  Glumes  mostly  two,  equal  and 
opposite,  rarely  unequal  and  alternate.  Lower  palea  awned  or  awnless,  up- 
per one  with  2  keels. 

51.  TRITICUM. 

Lat.  tritum,  rubbed  or  ground ;  alluding  to  the  manner  of  its  preparation  for  food. 

Spikelets  imbricated  in  2  rows,  sessile  on  the  teeth  of  the  rachis, 
about  5-flowered,  with  the  upper  flowers  abortive ;  glumes  2,  equal, 
opposite,  ovate,  concave,  mucronate  ;  paleae  2,  lower  awned  or  mucro- 
nate  ;  scales  2,  collateral. 

1.  T.  SATIVUM.    /?.  hybernum.     Winter  Wheat. 

St.  round,  smooth,  the  internodes  somewhat  inflated,  3 — 5f  high;  Ivs. 
lance-linear,  veined,  roughish  above ;  stip.  truncate ;  spike  parallel,  somewhat 
4-sided ;  spikelets  crowded,  broad-ovate,  about  4-flowered ;  glumes  ventricose ; 
awns  of  the  upper  palea  generally  longer  than  the  flowers. — ©  and  (g)  This  is 
without  doubt  the  most  valuable  plant  of  the  order ;  is  universally  cultivated, 
and  may  be  regarded  as  naturalized.  Many  varieties  are  known  to  farmers, 
of  which  the  most  important  are 

y.  astivum.     Summer  Wheat.     Glumes  always  awned. — (I) 
6.  compositum.    Egyptian  Wheat.     Spike  compound ;  spikekts  awned. 

2.  T.  REPENS.    (Agropyron.  Palis.') 

St.  trailing  at  the  lower  joints,  about  2f  high;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  rough 
above  and  somewhat  hairy ;  stip.  short,  truncate  ;  spike  compressed,  about  3'  in 
length ;  spikelets  remote,  alternate,  lance-oblong,  5 — 6-flowered ;  glumes  lanceo- 
late, 5-veined,  acuminate. — 1\.  A  vile  weed,  in  fields  and  gardens,  extremely 
difficult  to  eradicate.  June — Aug.  § 

3.  T.  CANINUM.  R.  &  S.     Dog's  Couch  Grass. 

St.  2— 3f  high,  erect  or  oblique ;  Ivs.  flat,  smooth ;  stip.  almost  wanting ; 
spikelets  about  5-flowered ;  glumes  3- veined,  and  with  the  outer  palea,  terminat- 
ing in  a  straight,  scabrous  bristle,  longer  than  the  flowers. — Delaware,  Muhlen- 
berg.  Probably  §. 

4.  T.  CRISTATUM.  Schreb.    (Bromus  cristatus.  Linn.} 

St.  erect,  glabrous ;  spike  oblong,  compressed,  imbricated  in  2  rows,  about 
5-flowered,  smoothish,  spreading;  palece,  subulate-awned. — Penn.  Schweinitz 
(Deck,  hot.,  p.  416). 

52.  SEC  ALE. 

Celtic  segal,  from  sega,  a  sickle. 

Spikelets  solitary  on  the  teeth  of  the  rachis,  2 — 3-flowered,  the  2 
lower  flowers  fertile,  sessile,  opposite,  the  upper  one  abortive ;  glumes 
subulate,  opposite,  shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  lower  palea  with  a  very 
long  awn,  upper  often  bifid  at  apex  ;  scales  abortive,  hairy. 

5.  CEREALE.     Rye. 

St.  hairy  beneath  the  spike,  4 — 6f  high ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  rough-edged 
and  rough  above,  glaucous ;  spike  about  5'  long,  linear,  compressed ;  palea 
smooth,  lower  ciliate  on  the  keel  and  margin;  awns  scabrous-ciliate,  long, 
straight,  erect. — ©  or  @  The  native  country  of  this  highly  valuable  grain  is 
unknown.  It  has  long  been  cultivated,  and  like  the  wheat,  may  be  considered 
naturalized.  June,  July. 


620  CLXL   GRAMINE^E.  ELTMUS. 

53.  HORDEUM. 

Spikelets  3  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  1-flowered,  the  lateral  ones 
sometimes  abortive  ;  glumes  2,  subulate,  nearly  equal,  awned  ;  palece 
2,  lower  lance-ovate,  long-awned,  upper  obtusely  acuminate ;  caryop- 
sis  adhering  to  the  palese. 

1.  H.  VULGARE.     Barley. 

St.  smooth,  2 — 3f  high ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  carinate,  nearly  smooth ;  sheaths 
auriculate  at  the  throat ;  spike  thick,  about  3'  long ;  spikelets  all  fertile,  1-flower- 
ed, with  an  awn-like  rudiment  at  the  base  of  the  upper  palea  ;  glumes  collateral, 
shorter  than  the  flowers ;  fr.  arranged  in  4  rows. — (J)  Extensively  ultivated. 
May.  § 

2.  H.  DISTICHUM.     Two-rowed  Barley. 

St.  2 — 3f  high ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  scabrous  above ;  sheaths  auriculate  at 
the  throat ;  spike  3 — 4'  long,  linear,  compressed ;  lateral  spikelets  abortive,  awn- 
less  ;  fr.  arranged  in  2  rows. — @)  More  common,  and  is  generally  preferred  for 
malting  to  the  former  species.  June.  § 

3.  H.  JUBATUM.     Squirrel-tail  Grass. 

St.  slender,  round,  smooth,  simple,  about  2f  high ;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  4 — 6' 
long,  rough-edged,  otherwise  smooth  as  well  as  the  sheaths;  spikes  2 — 3'  long ; 
spikelets  with  the  lateral  flowers  neuter ;  glumes  and  palece  produced  into  fine, 
smooth  awns,  6  times  as  long  as  the  flowers;  abortive  flowers  on  short  pedicels. — 
(D  Marshes,  N.  Eng.  to  Mo.,  N.  to  Subarc.  Am.  June. 

4.  H.  PUSILLUM.  Nutt. 

St.  4 — &  high,  decumbent  or  geniculate  at  the  base  ;  hs.  about  !£'  long, 
rather  obtuse,  glaucous,  striate  ;  upper  sheath  tumid,  embracing  the  spike  ;  spike 
linear,  about  !£'  long;  glumes  by  3s,  collateral,  imbricated,  lateral;  abortive Jls. 
awnless  ;  awn  of  the  central  sessile,  $  as  long  as  those  of  the  involucre  ;  glumes 
all  awned,  the  inner  setaceous  from  the  base  ;  awns  1'  or  more  long.— Ohio  !  to 
111.  and  Mo. 

54.  LOLIUM. 

Celtic  loloa;  a  name  applied  to  one  of  the  species. 

Spikelets  many-flowered,  sessile,  remote,  with  the  edge  to  the  ra- 
chis ;  glume  to  the  lower  spikelet  single,  to  the  terminal  one  2  ;  pa- 
lese herbaceous,  subequal,  lower  one  short-awned  or  mucronate,  upper 
bifid-toothed. 

1.  L.  PERENNE.     Darnel  Grass. 

Smooth;  st.  terete,  1 — 2f  high;  hs.  lance-linear,  shining-green,  on  striate 
sheaths  with  truncate  stipules ;  rachis  flexuous,  grooved,  5 — 6'  long ;  spikelets 
about  16,  longer  than  the  glumes,  7 — 9-flowered,  alternate,  in  two  opposite 
rows  ;  lower  palea  5-veined,  upper  with  2,  prominent,  rough  keels. — 7J.  Natu- 
ralized in  meadows,  cultivated  grounds,  &c.  May,  June. 

2.  L.  TEMULENTUM.     Poisonous  Darnel. 

St.  terete,  smooth,  2f  high ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  rough-edged,  and  with  the 
sheaths,  smooth  on  the  surface  ;  stip.  truncate ;  rachis  flexuous,  4 — 6'  long  ; 
spikelets  much  compressed,  5 — 7-flowered,  longer  than  the  glumes  ;  lower  palea 
5-veined,  produced  into  an  awn  twice  its  length. — (D  Remarkably  distinguished 
from  all  other  grasses  by  its  poisonous  seeds.  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.  July. 

55.  ELtMUS. 

Gr.  eXvw,  to  fold  up ;  the  spike  is  enveloped  in  the  sheaths  in  some  of  the  species. 

Spikelets  2  or  more  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  2 — 6-flowered  ; 
glumes  2,  collateral,  subequal,  subulate  ;  paleae  lanceolate,  lower  one 
entire,  mucronate  or  awned  ;  scales  ciliate. 

1.  E.  VIRGINICUS.     Lime  Grass.     Wild  Rye. 

St.  erect,  smooth,  3— 4f  high  ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  flat,  scabrous,  deep  green, 
\'  broad;  sheaths  veined;  stip.  very  short;  spike  erect,  thick,  3 — 5'  long;  spike- 


ANDROPOGON.  CLXI.   GRAMINE^l.  621 

lets  in  pairs  about  3-flowered ;  glumes  both  in  front,  lance-linear,  slightly  con- 
nate at  base,  produced  into  a  scabrous  awn  ;  fls.  smooth ;  lower  palea  awned. — 
n\  Banks  of  streams,  N.  Eng.  to  111.,  S.  to  Va.  Aug. 

2.  E.  CANADENSIS.     (E.  glaucifolius.   Wittd.) 

St.  erect,  smooth,  stout,  3 — 5f  high ;  Irs.  lance-linear,  flat,  smooth,  dark 
green  or  often  glaucous ;  spike  rather  spreading,  4 — 8'  long,  generally  nodding 
at  the  summit ;  rachis  hairy ;  spikelets  2— 5-flowered ;  glumes  5 — 7-veined,  short- 
awned,  hairy;  lower  palea"  hairy,  awned. — %  A  tall,  showy  grass,  with  long, 
recurved,  waving  spikes.  River  banks,  &c.,  Free  States  and  Brit.  Am.  Aug. 

3.  E.  VILLOSUS.  Muhl.     Rye  Grass. 

St.  slender,  striate,  smooth,  2 — 3f  high  ;  Ivs.  rough-edged,  pubescent  above, 
i'  broad ;  sheaths  hairy,  especially  the  lower  ones ;  spike  2£— 3£'  long,  a  little 
nodding  and  spreading ;  rachis  and  flowers  hispid,  pilose ;  spikelets  1 — 3-flowered ; 

flumes  linear ;  lower  palea  with  a  long,  straight  awn. — 7|_  Dry  grounds,  Free 
tates.    July. 

4.  E.  HYSTRIX.     Hedgehog  Grass. 

St.  round,  smooth,  2 — 4f  high;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  carin ate,- scabrous,  gene- 
rally glaucous  and  with  the  sheaths  striate;  spike  4 — 6'  long,  erect;  rachis 
nearly  smooth,  flexuous  ;  spikelets  remote,  diverging,  "almost  horizontal,  2 — 3- 
flowered  ;  glumes  0,  rarely  1  or  2 ;  fls.  smoothish  ;  lower  palea  terminating  in  a 
very  long  awn. — 7J.  An  odd-looking  grass,  in  moist  woods,  Free  States,  common. 
July. 

5.  E.  STRIATUS.  Willd.     Striated  Lime  Grass. 

St.  slender,  erect,  8 — 12'  high ;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  smooth,  the  former  lance- 
linear,  acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface;  spike  erect, 2 — 3' long;  invol. 
4-leaved,  strongly  veined,  2-flowered,  one  flower  commonly  abortive ;  spikelets 
in  pairs,  somewhat  spreading,  hispid,  each  2-flowered;  awns  3  or  4  times  as 
long  as  the  paleae. — 7J.  Mass.,  Bigeloiv,  to  Peiin.,  W.  to  Ohio,  rare.  A  small 
and  slender  species.  July. 

TRIBE  10.  ANDROPOGONEJ3. — Inflorescence  panicled  or  spiked.  Spike- 
lets  generally  in  pairs,  one  sessile  and  perfect,  the  other  mostly  pedicellate 
and  imperfect.  Glumes  of  stouter  texture  than  the  paleae.  Paleae  delicate 
and  membranaceous,  the  lower  commonly  awned. 

56.   ANDROPOGON. 

Gr.  avfyos,  of  a  man,  Trcoycov,  beard;  in  allusion  to  the  hairy  flowers. 

Spikelets  in  pairs,  polygamous,  the  lower  one  incomplete,  on  a  plu- 
mosely  bearded  pedicel,  upper  one  1 -flowered,  perfect ;  glumes  sub- 
coriaceous,  awnless ;  paleae  shorter  than  the  glumes,  one  generally 
awned. 

1.  A.  FURCATUS.  Muhl.     Forked  Spike. 

St.  semiterete  above,  4 — 7f  high ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  rough-edged,  radical 
ones  very  long;  spikes  digitate  or  fasciculate,  in  2s — 5s,  3—5'  long,  purple; 
spikelets  appressed,  abortive  one  on  a  plumose  pedicel,  ^  with  2  paleae,  awnless, 
perfect  one  with  2  unequal  glumes ;  lower  palea  bifid,  awned  between  the  divi- 
sions.— 1\.  Meadows  and  low  grounds,  Free  States  and  Can.  Aug. 

2.  A.  SCOPARIUS.  Michx.     (A.  purpurascens.  Muhl.')    Broom  Grass. 

St.  slender,  paniculate,  3f  high,  branched,  one  side  furrowed,  branches 
fasciculate,  erect;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  somewhat  hairy  and  glaucous;  spikes  sim- 
ple, lateral  and  terminal,  on  long  peduncles,  2 — 3  from  each  sheath,  purple ; 
spikelets  remote,  abortive  one  neuter,  mostly  with  2  paleae,  awned. — 1\.  Woods, 
U.  S.  Aug. 

3.  A.  VIRGINICUS. 

Caespitose ;  st.  subcompressed,  3f  high,  branches  few  and  short,  half  con- 
cealed ;  Ivs.  linear,  lower  ones  a  foot  or  more  long,  rough-edged  and  hairy ; 

aled 


sheaths  smooth ;  spikes  short,  in  slender,  half  concealed  fascicles  of  2  or  3,  late- 
ral and  terminal ;  abortive  spikelet  a  mere  pedicel,  without  paleas ;  £  monan- 
drous,  with  a  straight  awn. — 1\.  Swamps,  meadows,  &c.,  N.  Eng.  to  Ky.  Sept. 


622  CLXI.   GRAMINE^.  ZIZANIA. 

4.  A.  MACROURUS.  Michx.     Indian  Grass. 

St.  sulcate  on  one  side,  much  branched  above,  2 — 3f  high ;  Ivs.  linear, 
rough,  lower  ones  very  long,  upper  ones  erect ;  sheaths  hairy ;  spikes  conjugate, 
J — 1'  long,  in  dense  lateral  and  terminal,  fastigiate  panicles,  partly  concealed ; 
abortive  spikelet  without  paleae;  $  monandrous,  with  a  straight  awn. — 1\. 
Swamps,  Mid.  States  to  Car.  Sept. 

5.  A.  NUTANS.     Beard  Grass. 

Glabrous;  st.  terete,  simple,  3 — 5f  high;  Ivs.  glaucous,  lance-linear, 
rough,  £'  broad  ;  panicle  oblong,  branched,  nodding,  6 — 10'  long ;  abortive  spike- 
let  without  palese  ;  glumes  of  the  Q  hairy,  ferruginous,  shining;  awn  contorted. 
— 7J.  Sandy  fields,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Oct. 

57.   SORGHUM. 

Formed  from  sorghi  ;  the  Asiatic  name  of  one  of  the  species. 

Spikelets  in  2s  or  3s,  abortive  ones  pedicellate,  awnless,  with  2 
paleae,  the  perfect,  sessile,  1 -flowered ;  glumes  2,  coriaceous  ;  paleae  3, 
the  upper  one  awned. 

1.  S.  ^ACCHARATUM.     Broom  Corn. — St.  thick,  solid  with  pith,  6 — lOf  high  ; 
Ivs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  pubescent  at  base ;  panicle  large,  diffuse,  with  long, 
verticil]  ate,  at  length  nodding  branches;  glumes  of  the  perfect  spikelet  hairy,  per- 
sistent.— (T)  From  the  E.  Indies.     The  uses  of  this  fine,  cultivated  plant  are 
doubtless  well  known  to  our  readers.  £ 

2.  S.  VULGARE.     Indian  Millet.— St.  erect,  round,  solid  with  pith,  6—  lOf  high ; 
Ivs.  carinate,  lanceolate ;  panicle  compact,  oval,  erect  until  mature ;  fls.  pubes- 
cent ;  palea:  caducous ;  jr.  naked. — (J)  From  the  E.  Indies.    Rarely  cultivated 
as  a  curiosity,  or  for  the  seed  as  food  for  poultry.  £ 

TRIBE  11.     ORYZEJE. — Inflorescence  panicled  or  spiked.    Spikelets,  solitary, 
1 — 3-flowered.     Flowers  perfect  or  diclinous.     Stamens  1 — 6. 

58.  LEER  SI  A. 

In  honor  of  John  Daniel  Leers,  a  German  botanist. 

Spikelets  1 -flowered,  compressed  ;  glumes  0  ;  paleas  2,  compressed, 
carinate,  awnless  ;  scales  2,  membranaceous. 

1.  L.  ORYzolDEs.  Swartz.     Cut  Grass. 

St.  retrorsely  scabrous,  3 — 5f  high ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  carinate,  the  margin 
very  rough  backwards ;  sheaths  also  very  rough  with  retrorse  prickles ;  panicle 
much  branched,  diffuse,  sheathed  at  the  base  ;  spikekts  spreading;  palece  ciliate 
on  the  keel,  white,  compressed  and  closed  ;  sta.  3. — 7J.  A  very  rough  grass,  com- 
mon in  swamps,  by  streams,  &c.,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Aug. 

2.  L.  VIRGINICA.  Willd.     White  Grass. 

St.  slender,  branched,  geniculate  or  decumbent  at  base,  2 — 3f  long,  nodes 
retrorsely  hairy ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  roughish ;  sheaths  roughish  backwards, 
striate  ;  panicle  simple,  at  length  much  exserted,  the  lower  branches  diffuse ;  fls. 
pedicellate,  in  short,  appressed,  flexuous  racemes  ;  lower  palea  boat-shaped,  mu- 
cronate  ;  sta.  1 — 2. — 7|_  Damp  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Aug. 

3.  L.  LENTICULARIS.  Michx.     Catch-fly  Grass. 

St.  erect,  2 — 4f  high ;  panicle  erect ;  'fls.  large,  roundish,  imbricated  ;  sta. 
2 ;  palece  with  the  keel  and  veins  ciliate. — 7J.  Wet  places,  Ohio,  Frank,  Ct., 
Eaton. 

59.  ZIZANIA. 

<?  Grlumes  0;  spikelets  1 -flowered;  paleae  2,  herbaceous.  &  Paleae 
subequal,  awnless  ;  stamens  6.  9  Spikelets  subulate ;  paleae  un- 
equal, linear,  lower  one  with  a  straight  awn  ;  styles  2 ;  caryopsis 
enveloped  in  the  plicate  paleae. 

1.  Z.  AQ,UATICA.  Lamb.     (Z.  clavulosa.  Michx.'}    Indian  Rice. 
St.  £'  in  diameter,  fistular;  smooth,  6f  high  ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  2 — 3f  long, 
an  inch  wide,  smooth,  serrulate ;  panicle  a  foot  or  more  long,  pyramidal,  the 


ZEA.  CLXI.  GRAMINEJE.  623 

lower  branches  divaricate  and  sterile,  the  upper  spicate  and  fertile  ;  spikelets  on 
clavate  pedicels ;  awns  long,  hispid  ;  fr.  slender,  f '  long,  blackish,  deciduous, 
farinaceous. — 7J.  Inundated  shores  of  ponds  and  rivers,  U.  S.  and  Can.  The 
fruit,  which  is  very  abundant,  affords  sustenance  to  wild  geese,  ducks,  and  other 
water  fowls.  Aug. 

2.  Z.  MILIACEA.  Michx. 

St.  erect,  6 — lOf  high;  Ivs.  very  long,  narrow,  glaucous;  panicle  terminal, 
large,  diffuse,  pyramidal;  glumes  with  short  awns;  tf  and  9  fls-  intermixed; 
sty.  1 ;  fr.  ovate,  glabrous. — 7J.  Penn.  to  Car.,  W.  to  Ohio,  growing  in  water.  Aug. 

3.  Z.7?  FLUITANS.  Michx.    (Hydrocochloa.  Palis.    Hydropyrum.  Kunth.} 
St.  long,  slender,  branching,  floating  in  the  water ;  Ivs.  linear,  flat ;  spike 

solitary,  axillary,  setaceous,  about  4-flowered;  palecs  awnless;  stig.  2,  very 
long ;  fr.  reniform. — Tj.  Can.  and  N.  States'?  July. 

60.  LEPTURUS.    R.     Br. 

Gr.  XETTTOS,  slender,  ovpa,  tail ;  from  the  long,  slender,  cylindrical  spike. 

Flowers  cf  £  9,  spicate;  rachis  filiform,  jointed,  joints  with  one 
spikelet;  glumes  1  or  2,  rigid,  connate  with  the  rachis,  simple  or 
2-parted. 

L.    PANICULATUS.    Nutt. 

St.  scarcely  If  high,  compressed ;  Ivs.  short,  rigid,  sheathing  the  base  of 
the  panicle ;  panicle  or  naked  rachis  incurved,  acutely  triangular,  rigid,  bearing 
6 — 10  compressed,  subulate  spikes  on  one  side,  each  1 — 2'  long ;  spikelets  re- 
mote, on  one  side  the  rachis ;  glumes  rigidly  fixed,  unequal,  parallel ;  palece  2, 
the  outer  of  the  same  texture  as  the  glumes,  inner  membranaceous. — 111.,  Mead, 
Mo.,  Nuttall. 

61.  TRIPSACUM. 

Gr.  rpiffu,  to  grind  ;  application  not  obvious. 

c?  Spikes  digitate  ;  glumes  2,  coriaceous ;  paleae  2,  membrana- 
ceous. cf  Spikelets  2-flowered,  outer  flower  staminate,  inner  neuter. 
9  Spikelets  3-flowered,  the  2  lateral  flowers  abortive ;  outer  glume 
enclosing  the  flowers  in  a  cavity  of  the  rachis,  with  an  aperture  each 
side  at  base. 

T.  DACTYLolDEs.     Sesame  Grass. 

St.  slightly  compressed,  smooth,  solid  with  pith,  brown  at  the  nodes,  4 — 6f 
high ;  It's,  near  an  inch  broad,  long,  lance-linear,  smooth  beneath,  roughish 
above ;  spikes  5 — 8'  long,  usually  2 — 3  together,  digitate,  terminal,  J*  flowers 
above,  9  below,  without  awns. — 7J.  River  banks  and  sea  shores,  Mid.,  W.  and 
S.  States.  A  large,  coarse  and  very  singular  grass.  Jl. 

0.  'tnonostachyon.     Spike  single. 

62.  ZEA. 

Gr.  £ao>,  to  live  ;  the  seeds  contributing  eminently  to  the  support  of  life. 

c? . — c?  in  terminal,  paniculate  racemes  ;  spikelets  2-flowered  ; 
glumes  2,  herbaceous,  obtuse,  subequal;  paleae  membranaceous, 
awnless.  obtuse.  9  lateral,  axillary,  on  a  spadix  enclosed  in  a  spathe 
of  numerous  bracts  ;  spikelets  2-flowered.  one  flower  abortive ; 
glumes  2,  very  obtuse ;  paleae  awnless ;  style  1,  filiform,  very  long, 
pendulous  ;  caryopsis  compressed. 

Z.  MAYS.     Maize.     Indian  Corn. 

Rt.  fibrous ;  st.  erect,  5 — lOf  (in  some  varieties  15 — 20f )  high,  channeled 
on  one  side,  leafy;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  entire,  2 — 3f  long. — ®  The  varieties  of 
this  noble  plant  are  numerous,  produced  by  climate  and  culture.  It  is  a  native 
of  the  warm  latitudes  of  America,  but  how  widely  it  has  been  cultivated  on 
both  continents,  and  how  important  it  is  to  man,  it  is  unnecessary  here  to 
state.  Jl.  $ 

53 


SECOND  GRAND  DIVISION, 
CRYPTOGAMIA,  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS. 

Plants  chiefly  composed  of  cellular  tissue,  without  spiral  vessels,  des- 
titute of  true  flowers,  and  producing  SPORES 
instead  of  seeds. 

CLASS  V.     ACROGENS. 

Flowerless  plants  with  a  proper  STEM  or  AXIS,  often  with  a  vascu- 
lar system  composed  chiefly  of  annular  ducts,  usually  furnished  with 
leaves.  GROWTH  by  the  extension  of  the  apex,  without  subsequent 
increase  in  diameter.  SPORES  with  a  proper  integument,  and  con- 
tained in  a  vessel  analogous  to  an  ovary,  called  THECA  or  SPORANGIUM, 


ORDER  CLXII.     EQUISETACE^].— HORSETAILS. 

Plant  leafless,  simple  or  with  verticillate  branches. 

Stem  etriate-sulcate,  jointed,  fistular  between,  and  separable  at,  the  joints. 

Sheaths  dentate,  crowning  the  summit  of  each  internode. 

Inflorescence  (by  analogy)  a  dense,  cylindric,  terminal  spike  or  strobile. 

Scales  of  the  strobile  peltate,  hexagonal,  subverticillate. 

Thec.ce,  4—7,  attached  to  the  under  surface  of  the  scales,  with  lateral  dehiscence. 

Spores  numerous,  globose,  surrounded  by  minute  granules.  [manner. 

Elaters,  bodies  of  unknown  use,  consisting  of  4  elastic,  clavate  filaments  involving  the  spores  in  a  spiral 

An  order  consisting  at  present  of  a  single  genus,  growing  in  wet  grounds,  on  river  banks,  and  borders 
of  woods,  throughout  most  countries.  The  Equisetaceee  abound  in  the  fossil  remains  of  coal  measures 
with  other  Cryptogamia,  as  Lycopodiaceae  and  Filices,  indicating  that  these  plants  were  once  of  gigantic 
dimensions,  and  formed  a  large  part  of  the  original  flora  of  our  globe.  Species  about  10. 

Properties.— They  abound  in  silex,  and  hence  are  used  by  cabinet-makers,  comb-makers,  &c.,  in  polish- 
ing their  work. 

EdUISETUM. 

Lat.  equus,  a  horse,  seta,  hair;  perhaps  alluding  to  the  general  resemblance. 

Character  the  same  as  that  of  the  order. 

1.  E.  HYEMALE.       ScOUTWlg  Rush. 

Sts.  all  simple,  erect,  very  rough,  each  bearing  a  terminal,  ovoid  spike ; 
sheath  cinerous  white,  black  at  the  base  and  summit,  short,  with  subulate, 
awned  and  deciduous  teeth. — Very  noticeable  in  wet,  shady  grounds,  and  by 
brooksides.  Stems  about  2f  high,  often  2  or  more  united  at  base  from  the  same 
root.  Sheaths  2—3"  long.  1 — 2j'  apart,  the  white  ring  much  broader  than  the 
black,  at  length  entire  from  the  falling  off  of  the  teeth.  The  roughness  of  the 
cuticle  is  owing  to  the  silex  in  its  composition.  June. 

2.  E.  ARVENSE.     Field  Horsetail. 

Fertile  sis.  erect,  simple,  sterile  with  simple,  quadrangular  branches,  de- 
cumbent at  base. — Low  grounds,  Free  States  and  Brit.  Am.  Fertile  stems  first 
appearing,  6 — 8'  high,  with  3 — 5  joints  surmounted  by  large,  inflated  sheaths  cut 
into  long,  dark  brown  teeth.  Spike  oblong,  £ — 2'  long.  Sterile  stems  rather 
taller  than  the  fertile,  remaining  through  the  season,  after  these  have  decayed. 
At  each  joint  is  a  whorl  of  simple,  rough,  ascending  branches,  issuing  from  the 
base  of  the  sheaths,  their  joints  also  sheathed.  April. 

3.  E.  sYLvATicuM.     Wood  Horsetail. 

Sterile  and  fertile  sis.  with  compound,  rough,  deflexed,  angular  branches. — 
Grows  in  woods  and  low  grounds,  Free  States  and  Brit.  Am.  Stems  9— 16' 


LYCOPODICM.  CLXIII.    LYCOPODIACE^E.  625 

high ;  the  fertile  with  4 — 5  whorls  of  branches  from  the  base  of  the  sheaths 
which  are  2 — 3'  apart,  and  cleft  into  several  large,  tawny  red  teeth  or  segments ; 
the  sterile  taller  and  more  slender,  with  more  numerous  whorls  of  branches. 
The  branches  are  all  subdivided  and  curved  downwards.  Spike  oval-cylindric, 
pedicellate.  May. 

4.  E.  VARIEGATUM.     Smith.     (E.  scorpoides.  Me.) 

Caespitose;  sfe.  branching  at  base,  filiform,  scabrous;  spike  blackish; 
sheaths  3-toothed,  blackish,  teeth  membranaceous,  whitish,  deciduous  at  the 
tips. — Hilly  woods,  Free  States  and  Brit.  Am.  Stems  numerous,  3 — 6'  long,  6- 
furrowed  (5-furrowed.  Beck),  sheaths  very  short,  1 — 2'  apart.  Spikes  small, 
ovoid,  terminal.  Not  common.  July. 

5.  E.  LIMOSUM.     (E.  uliginosum.   Willd.)     Pipes. 

Sts.  somewhat  branched,  erect,  striate-sulcate ;  branches  from  the  middle 
joints,  simple,  short,  5-sided,  smooth  ;  spike  oblong-ovoid;  sheaths  appressed. — 
Borders  of  ponds  and  swamps,  frequent.  Stems  2— 3f  high,  slender,  rarely  sim- 
ple, generally  with  2 — 6  whorls  of  branches  about  the  middle.  Branches  very 
irregular  in  length  and  position.  Sheaths  3 — 4"  long,  white  at  the  summit,  tipped 
with  as  many  black,  subulate  teeth,  as  there  are  furrows  (15 — 20).  This  spe- 
cies is  greedily  devoured  by  cattle.  July. 

6.  E.  PALUSTRE.    Marsh  Horsetail. 

Sts.  branched,  smooth,  sulcate ;  branches  simple,  pentagonal,  curved  up- 
wards; sheath  somewhat  appressed,  remote,  10-toothed  at  the  apex;  spike  oblong, 
dark  brown. — Marshes,  common.  Stems  1 — 2f  high,  deeply  furrowed.  Branches 
short  and  like  the  other  species  produced  in  whorls  from  the  bases  of  the  sheaths, 
at  first  horizontal,  finally  bending  to  an  upright  position.  Spike  an  inch  long. 
May,  June. 

ORDER  CLXIII.     LYCOPODIACE^E.— CLUB  MOSSES. 

Stems  creeping  or  erect,  branching,  rarely  simple,  abounding  in  ducts. 
Leaves  small,  numerous,  crowded,  entire,  lanceolate  or  subulate,  1-nerved. 
Inflorescence  axillary,  or  crowded  into  a  sort  of  ament  or  spike. 

Thec(B  of  two  kinds  in  the  same  plant,  sessile,  1,  often  2-celled.  [powder. 

Spares  few,  rather  large  in  some  ot  the  theoe,  other  thecae  containing  minute  grains,  appearing  like  fine 
Like  the  Equisetaceae,  these  plants  appear  to  have  been  very  abundant  in  the  first  ages  of  the  world, 
and  to  have  attained  a  gigantic  size,  though  at  present  but  a  few  feet  in  length.  Properties  unimportant. 
Some  are  emetic.  The  powder  contained  m  the  thecae  is  highly  inflammable,  and  is  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  fire-works.  Genera  5,  species  200. 

Genera. 

Leaves  cauline,  on  erect  or  creeping  stems Lycopodium.  1 

Leaves  or  fronds  radical,  long,  linear-subulate Isoetis.  2 

1.  LYCOPODIUM. 

dr.  Xvrrof,  a  wolf,  irovs,  a  loot ;  from  some  fancied  resemblance. 

Thecae  axillary,  sessile,  1 -celled,  some  of  them  2-valved,  filled  with 
minute,  farinaceous  grains,  others  3-valved,  containing  several  larger 
globular  spores. 

*  Inflorescence  in  pedunculate  spikes. 

1 .  L.  CLAVATUM.     (L.  tristachium.  Nutt.}     Common  Club  Moss. 

St.  creeping ;  branches  ascending ;  Ivs.  scattered,  incurved,  capillaceous- 
acuminate  ;  spikes  in  pairs,  rarely  in  3s,  cylindrical,  pedunculate  ;  bracts  of  the 
spike  ovate,  acuminate,  erosely  denticulate. — A  well  known  evergreen,  trailing 
upon  the  ground  in  shady  pastures  and  woods,  common.  Stem  and  branches 
clothed  with  numerous  linear-lanceolate  leaves  which  are  entire  or  serrulate, 
and  end  in  a  pellucid,  curved  bristle.  Spikes  perfectly  straight,  parallel,  erect, 
and  upon  an  erect  peduncle.  July. 

2.  L.  COMPLANATTJM.    Ground  Pine. 

St.  trailing;  branches  dichotomous ;  Ivs.  4-ranked,  unequal,  the  marginal 
ones  connate,  diverging  at  apex,  Ihe  superficial  ones  solitary,  appressed ;  ped. 
elongated,  supporting  4 — 6,  cylindric  spikes. — A  trailing  evergreen,  common  in 
woods  and  shady  grounds.  Stem  round,  creeping  among  the  moss  and  leaves, 
often  lOf  in  length.  Branches  numerously  subdivided,  compressed,  somewhat 
resembling  the  branchlets  of  the  cedar.  Leaves  minute,  very  acute.  July. 


626  CLXIII.    LYCOPODIACE^E.  LYCOPODIUM. 

3.  L.  CAROLINIANUM. 

St.  creeping ;  Ivs.  somewhat  2-ranked,  spreading,  lanceolate,  entire ;  ped. 
erect,  solitary,  elongated,  bearing  a  single  spike ;  bracts  sublanceolate,  entire. — 
In  muddy  grounds.  Both  the  stem  and  its  branches  are  prostrate,  with  erect, 
slender  peduncles  3 — 6'  high.  July. 

4.  L.  RABIN.EFOLIUM.  Willd.     (L.  alpinum.  MX.} 

St.  elongated,  creeping  ;  branches  erect,  short,  dichotomous,  with  fastigiate 
divisions ;  Ivs.  imbricated  on  all  sides,  erect,  terete-subulate,  aristate-acuminate  ; 
spikes  peduncled  by  the  attenuated  and  slightly  leafy  summits  of  the  branches, 
cylindric,  solitary,  with  cordate,  acuminate  bracts. — White  Mts. ;  extensively 
creeping  among  the  rocks,  with  erect,  numerously  divided  branches,  a  few  of  the 
divisions  terminating  in  spikes  an  inch  in  length.  July. 

*  *  Spikes  sessile    j*  Leaves  surrounding  the  stem. 

5.  L.  DENDROIDEUM.  Michx.     Tree  Club  Moss. 

St.  erect;  branches  alternate,  crowded,  dichotomous,  erect;  Ivs.  linear- 
lanceolate,  in  6  equal  rows,  spreading;  spikes  numerous,  solitary. — An  elegant 
little  plant,  common  in  woods,  readily  distinguished  by  its  upright,  tree-like 
form.  Plant  about  8'  high,  with  branches  more  or  less  diverging.  These  are 
subdivided  into  numerous,  forked  branchlets,  radiant,  so  as  together  to  represent 
a  spiral  arrangement.  Spikes  2 — 6,  an  inch  long.  July. 

/?  obscurum.  Torr.     (L.  obscurum.   L.}   Branches  spreading;    spike    mostly 
solitary. 

6.  L.  RUPESTRE.     Rock  Club  Moss. 

St.  creeping ;  branches  ascending,  subdivided ;  Ivs.  scattered,  imbricate, 
linear-lanceolate,  capillaceous-acuminate,  ciliate ;  spike  solitary,  quadrangular. 
— A  very  small  species,  creeping  on  rocks,  &c.  Stem  a  few  inches  in  length, 
with  numerous  branches,  which  are  £ — 1'  long,  clothed  with  grayish-green 
leaves.  Spike  £'  long,  4-rowed,  seeming  a  mere  continuation  of  the  branch.  Jl. 

7.  L.  ALOPECUROIDES.     Fox-tail  Club  Moss. 

St.  creeping,  subramose;  branches  simple,  long,  ascending,  bearing  a 
single  sessile  spike  at  top ;  Ivs.  linear-subulate,  ciliate-dentate  at  base,  spread- 
ing ;  spike  leafy. — Swamps.  Stem  extensively  creeping.  Branches  6 — 8'  high, 
rarely  subdivided,  densely  clothed  with  a  fine,  soft  foliage.  Spike  1 — 2'  long, 
very  leafy.  Aug. 

8.  L.  ANNOTiNUM.     Interrupted  Club  Moss. 

St.  creeping;  branches  twice  dichotomous,  ascending;  Ivs.  in  5  rows, 
linear-lanceolate,  mucronate,  spreading  and  serrulate  near  the  tip ;  spike  oblong, 
solitary. — In  mountain  woods,  not  common.  Branches  subdivided  near  their 
base,  branchlets  simple,  4  or  more,  6—8'  high.  Leaves  at  length  reflexed  at 
end.  Spike  rather  cylindric,  an  inch  in  length,  distinct  from  the  branches,  Jl. 

9.  L.  INUNDATUM.     Marsh  Club  Moss. 

St.  creeping,  often  submersed;  branches  simple,  solitary,  erect,  with  a 
single  leafy  spike  at  top ;  Ivs.  linear,  scattered,  acute,  entire,  curved  upwards. — 
In  swamps,  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Can.,  &c.  Spikes  £ — 1'  long,  at  the  summit  of 
branches  which  are  5 — 7  long,  arising  from  the  base  of  the  stem.  Bracts  of 
the  spikes  leaf-like,  dilated  at  base,  spreading  at  the  end,  larger  than  the  stem 
leaves  which  are  1 — 2"  long.  July. 

10.  L.  sELAGiNolDES.     Savin-leaved  Club  Moss. 

St.  filiform,  creeping ;  branches  nearly  erect,  the  flowering  ones  simple ; 
Ivs.  scattered,  lanceolate,  a  little  spreading,  ciliate-denticulate ;  spike  solitary, 
leafy. — In  moist  woods,  N.  States  and  Can.  Spikes  yellowish-green,  about  f ' 
long,  the  bracts  foliaceous  and  twice  larger  than  the  true  leaves,  which  are 
about  a  line  in  length.  Branches  3—6'  high,  the  sterile  ones  much  divided.  Jl. 
*  *  Spikes  sessile,  -j-f  Leaves  %-ranked. 

11.  L.  APODUM.    (L.  albidulum.  Muhl.) 

St.  branching,  prostrate  and  rooting  near  the  base ;  Ivs.  orbicular-ovate, 
acute,  membranaceous,  alternate,  amplexicaul,  in  2  rows,  with  minute,  acumi- 
nate, superficial  ones  in  a  third  row  on  the  upper  side  ;  spikes  subsolitary. — A 


CLXIV.  FILICES.  627 

small,  creeping,  moss-like  species,  in  wet,  rocky  shades,  U.  S.,  not  common. 
Stem  a  few  inches  long,  filiform.     Leaves  less  than  a  line  in  length.     Spikes 
leafy,  scarcely  distinguishable  from  the  branches.    July,  Aug. 
*  *  *  Spikes  indistinguishable  from  the  branches. 

12.  L.  LUCIDULUM.  Michx.     Shining  Club  Moss. 

St.  ascending,  dichotomously  divided ;  Ivs.  in  8  rows,  linear-lanceolate,  den- 
ticulate, shining,  spreading,  or  a  little  reflexed ;  theca  in  the  axils  of  leaves  not 
changed  nor  crowded  into  a  spike. — In  wet  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.  The  foliage 
of  this  species  is  dark  green  and  shining,  more  ample  than  is  common  to  the 
genus.  Stems  8 — 16'  long,  nearly  erect.  Leaves  3 — 5"  long,  distinctly 
serrate.  Thecae  hemispherical  or  reniform,  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  near  the 
top  of  the  stem.  Jl. 

13.  L.  SELAGO.     (L.  recurvurn.   Willd.}    Fir  Club  Moss. 

St.  erect,  dichotomously  and  fastigiately  branched ;  Ivs.  scattered,  imbri- 
cate, lance-linear,  entire,  rigfd  and  pungent,  "but  awnless. — A  smaller  species 
than  the  last,  found  on  the  summits  of  the  White  Mts.1  Stems  4 — 8'  high, 
densely  clothed  with  stiff,  shining,  spreading  leaves  arranged  somewhat  in  8 
rows  and  2 — 3"  in  length.  Thecae  axillary.  Aug. 

ISOETES. 
Gr.  iaos,  equal,  ero? ,  the  year  ;  from  its  being  evergreen. 

Thecae  membranaceous,  oblong,  cordate,  1 -celled,  immersed  in  the 
dilated  base  of  the  frond;  spores  subglobose,  slightly  angular, 
attached  to  numerous  filiform  receptacles. 

I.  LACUSTRIS?     (I.  riparia.  Engelman.}     Quill-wort. 

Leaves  caespitose,  subulate,  semiterete,  dilated  and  imbricated  at  base. — A 
curious  aquatic,  in  water  at  or  near  the  margin  of  ponds  and  rivers,  N.  Eng ! 
and  Mid.  States,  often  wholly  submersed !  Leaves  or  ironds  numerous,  tufted  and 
simple,  2 — 10'  long,  somewhat  spreading,  containing  numerous  cells  divided  both 
by  longitudinal  and  transverse  partitions.  Thecae  whitish,  imbedded  in  cor- 
responding cavities  in  the  bases  of  the  fronds,  traversed  within  by  many  threads 
to  which  the  numerous,  small,  white,  granular  spores  are  attached.  Aug. — Our 
plant  differs  slightly  from  the  European  (with  which  I  have  compared  it),  but  1 
think  not  specifically. 

ORDER  CLXIV.     FILICES.— FERNS. 

Stem  a  perennial,  creeping,  horizontal  rhizoma,  or  sometimes^ erect  and  arborescent.  [nation. 

Fronds  (fruit-bearing  leaves)  variously  divided,  rarely  entire,  with  forked  veins,  mostly  circinate  in  ver- 
Inflorescence  occupying  the  back  or  margin  of  the  fronds  (leaves)  arising  from  the  veins. 
TheccB  or  sporangia  ofone  kind  only  in  the  same  plant,  1-cellecl,  dehiscing  irregularly. 
Sori,  somewhat  regular  collections  of  thecae ;  or  the  thec<e  are  isolated  and  scattered. 
JndMsium,  a  scale  investing  each  sorus  ;  or  the  sori  are  covered  with  the  revolute  margin  of  the  frond, 
or  they  are  naked. 

Genera  192,  species  2040.  A  large  and  interesting  order  of  flowerless  plants,  distinguished  for  their  ele- 
gant, plume-like  foliage.  They  are  usually  a  few  inches  to  a  few  feet  high,  but  some  of  the  tropical  spe- 
cies, as  the  Cyatheae  of  both  Indies,  are  15—25  feet  high,  vicing  with  the  palms  in  size  and  beauty. 

Properties. — -Generally  mucilaginous  and  mildly  astringent,  hence  considered  pectoral.  Aspidiumand 
Pteris  are  anthelmintic.  Osmunda  regalis  has  been  successfully  administered  for  the  rickets. 

Observation.— The  fructification  of  the  ferns,  with  its  various  appendages,  is  too  minute  to  be  well 
observed  by  the  naked  eye  ;  but  an  examination  of  it  with  thu  aid  of  a  good  lens,  cannot  fail  to  be  inter- 
esting and  satisfactory.  In  regard  to  the  localities  of  the  terns,  it  should  here  be  remarked,  that  the  spe- 
cies respectively  are  more  generally  disseminated  throughout,  the  States  represented  by  this  flora,  and 
also  British  America,  than  are  the  species  of  the  Phaenogamia.  They  are,  however,  far  more  common 
in  the  hard,  mountainous  or  rocky  soils  of  the  East  than  in  the  fertile  regions  of  the  West.  It  seems, 
therefore,  unnecessary  to  make  particular  mention  of  the  geographical  range  of  the  more  common  species. 

Conspectus  of  the  Genera. 
*  Fertile  leaflets  or  fronds  contracted  into  the  form  of  a  panicle  or  spike. 

(Stipes          $  angular Onoclea.  11 

4  the  fert.  fronds  <  smoothish,  <  deeply  grooved  within.  Struthiopteris.  12 

<  distinct.    .    .    (Stipes  clothed  with  reddish  wool.    .  Osmunda.         13 

(Fronds  ma- 5  divided,  (each  one  partly  fertile Osmunda.         13 

!  ny,  radical,  { entire  and  narrowly  linear. Schizcea  15 

Fern   ]  (entire.    Scape  spicate Ophiosrlosswm.  16 

erect.  I  Frond  solitary  on  a  scape,  ^divided.    Scape  paniculate Botrychiivm.     17 

Fern  climbing,  stem  long  and  slender Lygodium.       14 

53 


628  CLXIV.    FILICES.  ASPIDIUM. 

*  *  Fronds  sometimes  contracted,  but  never  paniculate  or  spicate. 

(  of  1  scale,  opening  outwardly.        .  Aspidium.  2 

<  of  2  scales,  l  of  them  marginal.     .  Dic/csonia.  10 

<  superficial,  (  of  several  scales,  opening  inwardly.  Cheilantftes.  8 

( Sori  round    Undusium  <  beneath  the  sorus,  fimbriate.               ,  Woodsia.  4 

I  or  roundish.  { Indusium  0 Polypodivm.  1 

( transverse,  on  the  veinlets.      .       .  Asplenium.  3 

Frond  pin-                                       ^  not  marginal,  { parallel  with  the  midvein.       .       .  Woodwardia.  5 

nate,  &c.    I  Sori  linear  or  oblong,  £  closely  marginal,  continuous Pteris.  7 

( apex  long-acuminate,  striking  root  in  the  ground.           ....  AspUnrnm.  3 

Frond  entire,  \  apex  acute,  not  rooting.    Sori  linear,  scattered Scolopendrium.  6 

Frond  pedate,  on  a  black,  polished,  bifurcate  stipe. Adiantum.  9 

TRIBE  1.  POL,YPODIACE£3—  Thecas  furnished  with  a  vertical,  jointed, 
elastic,  and  usually  incomplete  ring,  and  bursting  transversely  and  irregu- 
larly. 

1.   POLYPOD1UM. 

Gr.  TroAvj,  many,  Trot)?,  foot;  from  the  multitude  of  its  roots. 

Sori  roundish,  scattered  on  various  parts  of  the  under  surface  of 
the  frond  ;  indusium  none. 

1.  P.  INCANUM.  Pursh.    (P.  ceteraccinum.  MX.    Acrostichum  polypodoi- 
des.  Linn.) — Fronds  deeply  pinnatifid;   segments  alternate,  linear,  very 

entire,  obtuse,  scaly  beneath,  the  upper  ones  gradually  smaller ;  stipe  scaly, 
bearing  the  fertile  segments  near  the  apex ;  sori  solitary  and  distinct. — A  para- 
sitic fern,  3 — 6'  high,  growing  on  the  inclined,  moss-clad  trunks  of  living  trees, 
particularly  of  the  huge  sycamores,  to  the  height  of  10 — 20  feet.  In  the  damp 
forests  along  rivers,  Western  States  !  and  also  Southern. 

2.  P.  VTJLGARE.     (P.  Virginianum.   Willd.)     Common  Polypod. 

Frond  deeply  pinnatifid,  smooth;  segments  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  crenu- 
late,  the  upper  ones  gradually  smaller ;  sori  large,  distinct. — Rather  common 
on  shady  rocks  and  in  woods,  forming  tangled  patches  with  their  roots  which 
are  clothed  with  membranous  scales.  Fronds  nearly  a  foot  high,  divided  into 
alternate  segments  nearly  to  the  midvein.  Stipe  naked  and  smooth.  Segments 
parallel,  a  little  curved,  about  %'  wide.  Fruit  in  large,  golden  dots  in  a  double 
row,  at  length  brownish.  July. 

3.  P.  PHEGOPTERIS.     (P.  connectile.  MX.)     Triangular  Polypod. 
Frond  bipinnatifid,  slightly  pubescent  and  ciliate,  of  a  triangular  outline, 

the  2  lower  leaflets  or  pinnae  deflexed ;  subdivisions  lanceolate,  obtuse,  the 
upper  ones  entire,  lower  incisely  crenate,  lowest  adnate-decurrent ;  sori  minute, 
distinct,  solitary. — A  fern  in  low  woodlands,  remarkable  for  the  broad  triangu- 
lar outline  of  its  fronds.  These  are  about  a  foot  in  height,  and  rendered  a  little 
hastate  by  the  lower  leaflets  (which  are  broadest)  being  deflexed.  Divisions 
acuminate,  connected  at  base  by  the  lower  segments.  Stipes  smooth.  Aug. 

/?.  connectile.  (P.  connectile.  MX.)  Somewhat  rigid;  segments  of  the  lower 
divisions  all  subentire ;  veins  nearly  simple. 

y.  hexagonopterum.  (P.  hexagonopterum.  MX.}  Texture  more  delicate ; 
segments  of  the  lower  divisions  pinnatifid ;  veins  much  forked. 

4.  P.  DRYOPTERIS.     Ternate  Polypod. 

Frond  ternate,  bipinnate ;  branches  of  the  frond  spreading,  deflexed,  seg- 
ments obtuse,  subcrenate ;  sori  marginal ;  root  filiform,  creeping. — This  beauti- 
ful fern  grows  in  shady  places  and  mountainous  woods.  Rare.  Root  black 
and  very  slender.  Stipe  slender  and  delicate,  smooth,  nearly  a  foot  high,  divid- 
ing into  3  light  green,  drooping,  compound  leaflets  of  a  very  delicate  texture.  Jl. 
0.  calcareum.  (P.  calcareum.  Sm.)  Branches  of  the  frond  erect,  rather  rigid. 

2.   ASPIDIUM.     Swartz. 
Gr.  acriris,  a  small  shield ;  from  the  form  and  position  of  the  indusia. 

Sori  roundish  or  elliptical,  scattered  ;  indusium  orbicular  and  um- 
bilicate  (fastened  at  the  centre  and  opening  all  around),  or  reniform, 
fastened  on  one  side  and  opening  on  the  other. 


ASPIDIUM.  CLXIV.   FILICES.  629 

*  Frond  pinnate. 

1.  A.  ACROSTICHOIDES.  Willd.    (Nephrodium.  Michx.) 

Leaflets  of  the  frond  distinct,  alternate,  subsessile,  falcate-lanceolate,  auri- 
culate  on  the  upper  side  at  base,  ci Kate-serrulate,  only  the  upper  ones  fertile; 
sori  at  length  confluent ;  stipe  chaffy. — Common  in  rocky  shades.  Frond  15 — 18' 
high,  of  a  narrow-lanceolate  outline.  Stipe  with  loose,  chaffy  scales.  Leaflets 
numerous,  slightly  curving  upwards,  1 — 2'  in  length,  the  terminal  ones,  which 
alone  are  fruitful,  are  contracted  in  size,  the  under  side  becoming  overspread 
with  the  sori.  June — Aug. 

0.  incisum.  Gray.    (A.  Schwenitzii.  BecTc.)    Pinnae  irregularly  and  incisely 
dentate  ;  sori  mostly  distinct. — N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  Penn.    Passes  insensibly  into  a. 
•  *  *  Frond  pinnate  ivith  pinnatifld  leaflets. 

2.  A.  THELYPTERA.  Willd.     (A.  Noveboracense.  ejusd.)     Shield-Fern. 

Leaflets  of  the  frond  linear-lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid,  distinct,  subses- 
sile ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse  or  acute,  subentire,  ciliate ;  sori  marginal,  small, 
at  length  confluent;  stipe  smooth  and  naked. — Damp  woods.  Fronds  pale 
green,  thin  and  delicate,  about  a  foot  long  and  f  as  wide,  acuminate  at  apex. 
Leaflets  acuminate,  becoming  entire  above,  sometimes  crossing  (decussating)  at 
base.  Rachis  pubescent.  Stipe  slender,  channeled  on  the  upper  side.  Sori 
in  2  marginal  rows  on  each  segment,  finally  nearly  covering  their  under  sur- 
face. July. 

/?.  Noveboracense.     Rather  paler  and  more  delicate  in  texture ;  leaflets  more 
narrow  and  remote. 

3.  A.  CRISTATUM.   Willd.     (Nephrodium.  MX.)     Crested  Shield-Fern. 
Frond  nearly  bipinnate,  lanceolate-ovate ;  leaflets  subcordate,  oblong-pin- 

natifid,  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  ciliate-serrate  ;  stipe  scaly. — Moist  woods  and 
meadows,  N.  Eng.,  Mid.  States,  rather  rare.  Frond  12 — 18'  high,  pale  green, 
remarkable  for  its  broad,  ovate-lanceolate  outline.  Segments  of  the  leaflets  some- 
times almost  distinct,  broad  and  obtuse,  with  sharp  teeth.  Sori  large,  in  double 
rows,  tawny  when  mature,  chiefly  on  the  upper  half  of  the  frond.  July. 

4.  A.  LANCASTRIENSE.    Spreng.     (A.  cristatum.   0.  1st.  edit.)    Lancaster 
Shield-Fern. — Stipe  with  a  few  large,  oblong,  torn  scales,  chiefly  at  base  ; 

frond  narrowly  lanceolate ;  leaflets  subopposite,  remote,  short-petiolulate,  broad- 
est at  base,  the  lower  triangular-ovate ;  sori  large,  in  a  single  row  each  side  the 
midvein  of  each  dentate  segment ;  indusium  fixed  near  one  side. — Woods, 
Meriden,  N.  H.,  Richard!  to  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  A  beautiful  fern,  quite  distinct 
from  the  preceding,  24 — 30'  high.  Frond  dark  green,  15 — 18'  by  5 — 8'.  Leaf- 
lets gradually  narrowing  from  base  to  apex.  Segments  nearly  distinct,  more  or 
less  distinctly  serrate-dentate,  each  with  l-i-25  dark-brown  sori  (lower  leaflets 
fruitless).  July. 

5.  A.  GOLDIANUM.  Hook.     (A.  Filix  mas.  Pursh.)     Goldie's  Fern. 
Leaflets  of  the  frond  lanceolate,  acuminate,  deeply  pinnatifid ;  segments 

oblong,  subacute,  subfalcate,  mucronate-serrate ;  sori  in  2  rows,  each  side  of  the 
vein  of  each  segment.     A  tall  species,  2 — 3f  high,  in  rocky  woods.     Fronds 
numerous,  bright  green,  scaly  upon  the  stipe  and  rachis,  5 — 10'  wide.    Leaflets 
3 — 6'  long,  not  widening  at  base,  with  elongated,  narrow  segments.    July. 
*  *  *  Frond  bipinnate. 

6.  A.  MARGINALS.  Sw.     (Nephrodium.  MX.)    Marginal  Shield-Fern. 
Segments  of  the  leaflets  oblong,  obtuse,  decurrent,  crenate-sinuate,  repand 

at  base,  lower  ones  almost  pinnatifid  ;  sori  marginal ;  stipe  chaffy. — A  large, 
handsome  fern,  in  rocky  woods,  common.  Frond  12 — 18'  high,  very  smooth 
(rachis  a  little  chaffy),  its  divisions  nearly  opposite.  Segments  of  the  leaflets 
distinct,  near  an  inch  long,  i  as  wide,  contracted  at  base,  then  decurrent,  form- 
ing a  narrow  margin  along  the  rachis.  Fruit  in  round  dots,  in  regular  rows 
along  the  margins  of  the  segments.  Indusium  large,  orbicular,  with  a  lateral 
sinus.  July. 

7.  A.    TENUE.    Sw.     (A.   fragile.    Willd.      Cistopteris.    Bcrnh.)    Brittle 
Shield-Fern. — Segments  of  the  leaflets  oblong,  obtuse  or  acute,  incisely  ser- 
rate, approaching  to  pinnatifid,  its  serratures  subentire;  rachis  winged  by  the 


630  CLXIV.   FILICES.  ASPLENIUM. 

decurrent  leaflets ;  stipe  chaffy  at  base. — A  delicate  fern,  on  moist  rocks,  fre- 
quent. Fronds  6— 12'  high,  dark  green,  its  divisions  rather  remote,  and  with 
the  subdivisions,  considerably  variable  in  form.  Sori  large  and  numerous, 
near  the  margins  of  the  segments.  June,  July. 

8.  A.  ACULEATUM.  Sw.     Prickly  Shield-Fern. 

Segments  of  the  lea/lets  ovate,  subfalcate,  acute,  aculeate-serrate,  upper 
ones  truncate  at  base,  lower  cuneate  at  base ;  only  the  upper  leaflets  fertile ; 
stipe  and  rachis  ch a ffy.— Mansfield  Mt.,  Vt.,  and  Mts.  in  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y., 
Macrae.  Fronds  dark  green,  in  tufts  1 — 2f  high.  Segments  of  the  leaflets  on 
very  short  petioles,  somewhat  dilated  at  base  on  the  upper  side,  deeply  serrate, 
each  serrature  tipped  with  a  short  spinose  bristle.  Sori  brown,  in  single  rows, 
distinct.  Indusium  reniform.  Aug. 

9.  A.  DILATATUM.  Sw.     (A.  spinulosum.   Willd.  ?)     Broad  Shield-Fern. 
Leaflets   oblong-lanceolate,    distinct  ;    segments  distinct,    oblong,    obtuse, 

incisely  pinnatifid ;  ultimate  segments  mucronate-serrate ;  stipe  chaffy ;  indusium 
umbilicate. — Woods  and  shady  pastures.  Fronds  1 — 2f  high,  nearly  tripin- 
nate,  the  foliage  about  twice  as  long  as  wide,  acuminate  at  apex,  abrupt  at 
base.  Leaflets  also  acuminate,  but  the  segments  rather  obtuse,  all  distinct  at 
base,  except  those  near  the  summit,  serratures  with  short,  soft  bristles.  Stipe 
with  large,  tawny  scales.  Sori  rather  large,  somewhat  in  2  rows.  Jl. 

10.  A.  BULBIFERUM.  Sw.     (Cistoptcris.  Bernh.}     Bulbiferous  Shield-Fern. 
Frond  bipinnate,  oblong-lanceolate,  segments  opposite,  oblong,  serrate,  the 

lower  one  pinnatifid  ;  rachis  bulbiferous  ;  sori  roundish,  the  indusium  attached 
to  one  side. — In  damp  woods,  frequent.  Frond  12 — 18'  high,  remarkable  for 
the  little  bulbs  produced  in  the  axils  of  the  rachis,  which,  falling  to  the  ground, 
take  root.  Foliage  narrow,  tapering  to  an  acuminate  summit.  Stipe  smooth.  Jl. 

3.   ASPLENIUM. 

Gr.  a,  privation,  cir\riv,  the  spleen;  from  its  supposed  medicinal  virtues. 

Sori  linear,  oblique,  or  somewhat  transverse,  scattered ;  indusium 
arising  from  the  lateral  veins  and  opening  longitudinally,  usually 
towards  the  midvein. 

1.  A.  RHIZOPHYLLUM.  Willd.     Walking  Fern. 

Frond  mostly  undivided,  lanceolate,  stipitate,  subcrenate,  cordate-auricu- 
late  at  base,  the  apex  attenuated  into  a  long,  slender  acumination,  rooting  at 
the  point, — This  singular  fern  grows  in  rocky  woods,  not  very  common.  The 
frond  is  4 — 8'  long ;  the  long,  slender,  linear  point  bending  over  backwards, 
Beaches  the  earth,  and  there  strikes  root,  giving  rise  to  a  new  plant.  Though 
usually  with  slightly  crenate  margins,  the  plant  varies  by  imperceptible  degrees, 
becoming  sometimes  so  deeply  crenate  as  to  form  a  well-marked  variety  with 
pinnatifid  fronds.  July. 

2.  EBENEUM.  Willd.     Ebony  Spleenwort. 

Frond  pinnate  ;  If  is.  lanceolate,  subfalcate,  serrate,  auriculate  at  base  on 
the  upper  side ;  stipe  smooth  and  polished. — A  beautiful  fern,  in  dry  woods, 
hills,  &c.  Fronds  8 — 14'  high,  on  a  slender  stipe  of  a  shining  brown  or  black 
color.  Foliage  5 — 9'  long,  1 — 1J;  wide,  linear-lanceolate  in  outline.  Leaflets 
near  an  inch  in  length,  rather  acuminate  and  curved  at  apex,  dilated  at  base  on 
the  upper  side,  and  sometimes  on  the  lower.  Fruit  arranged  in  short  lines  on 
each  side  the  midrib.  July. 

3.  A.  ANGUSTJFOLIUM.  Michx.     Siuanip  Spleenwort. 

Frond  pinnate ;  Ifts.  alternate,  upper  ones  subopposite,  linear-lanceolate, 
serrate  towards  the  apex,  somewhat  repand,  the  base  truncate  on  the  upper  side 
and  rounded  on  the  lower. — In  low  woods,  frequent.  Fronds  1 — 2f  high,  in  tufts, 
the  outer  ones  barren,  inner  fertile.  Sori  large,  diverging  from  the  midrib, 
parallel  with  the  veins,  at  length  confluent.  July. 

4.  A.  TRICHOMANES.     (A.  melanocaulon.  Mnhl.}     Dwarf  Spleenwort. 
Frond  pinnate ;  Ifts.  roundish,  subsessile,  small,  roundish-obovate,  obtusely 

cuneate  and  entire  at  base,  crenate  above  ;  stipe  black  and  polished.— A  small 
and  delicate  fern,  forming  tufts  on  shady  rocks.  Frond  3—  6'  high,  lance-linear 


WOODSIA.  CLXIV.    FILICES.  631 

in  outline,  with  8 — 12  pairs  of  roundish,  sessile  leaflets,  3 — 4"  long.  Fruit  in 
several  linear-oblong,  finally  roundish  sori  on  each  leaflet,  placed  oblique  to  the 
mid  vein.  July. 

5.  A.  THELiPTERoiDEs.  Michx.     Silvery  Spleenwort. 

Frond  bipinnatifid ;  Ifts.  pinnatifid,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  segments 
oblong,  obtuse,  serrate-crenate ;  sori  in  parallel,  oblique  lines. — A  fine,  large 
fern,  on  shady  banks  of  streams.  Fronds  1£ — 3f  high,  of  an  ovate-acuminate 
outline,  on  a  slightly  chaffy,  pale  stipe.  Leaflets  distinct  and  rather  remote, 
narrow,  4 — 6'  long.  Segments  rounded  at  the  end,  near  i'long.  Sori  arranged 
in  2  rows  on  each  segment,  one  on  each  side  the  midvein,  convergent  below, 
with  shining,  silvery  indusia  when  young.  July. 

6.  A.  FILIX-FCEMINA.  Bernh.  (Aspidium  Filix-foemina  and  asplenoides.  Sw. 

A.  angustum.  W.) — Frond  bipinnate ;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  seg.  ob- 
long-lanceolate, deeply  cut-pinnatifid ;  ultimate  seg.  2 — 3-toothed ;  sori  reniform 
or  lunate,  arranged  near  the  veins ;  stipe  smooth. — A  delicate,  finely-divided  fern 
in  moist  woods.  Fronds  1 — 2f  high,  with  subopposite  divisions.  These  are  sub- 
divided into  distinct,  obtuse  segments,  which  are  themselves  cut  into  oblong,  deep 
serratures,  and  lastly,  the  serratures  are  mostly  with  2 — 3  teeth  at  the  summit. 
Sori  large,  at  first  in  linear  curves,  finally  confluent,  giving  the  whole  frond  a 
dark  brown  hue.  July. 

7.  A.  RUTA-MURARIA.     WaU-rue  Spleenwort. 

Frond  bipinnate  at  base,  simply  pinnate  above ;  Ifts.  small,  petiolate,  cu- 
neate,  obtusely  dentate  above. — An  extremely  small  and  delicate  fern,  in  dry, 
rocky  places."  Frond  2 — 3' high,  £  as  wide,  smooth,  growing  in  tufts,  somewhat 
coriaceous.  Segments  usually  3  on  each  leaflet,  less  than  \'  long.  Stipe  flat 
and  smooth.  Sori  linear-oblong,  slightly  oblique,  of  a  rusty -brown  color,  finally 
confluent.  July. 

8.  A.  MONTANUM.  Willd.     (A.  Adiantum-nigrum.  Michx.) 

Frond  glabrous,  bipinnate  ;  Ifts.  oblong-ovate,  pinnatifid ;  seg.  2 — 3-toothed 
at  the  apex :  sori  linear,  finally  confluent. — Mountain  rocks,  Bethlehem,  Penn. 
Schwenitz  (fide  Beck),  S.  to  Car.,  W.  to  Ky.  Fronds  growing  in  tufts,  4 — 8' 
high,  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  mostly  bipinnate,  but  more  or  less 
divided  according  to  the  size.  Segments  more  obtuse  than  in  the  foreign  A. 
Adiantum-nigrum.  July. 

4.  WOODSIA.     Brown. 

In  honor  of  Joseph  Woods,  an  excellent  English  botanist. 

Sori  roundish,  scattered  ;  indusium  beneath  the  sorus,  open,  with 
a  multifid  or  fringed  margin,  including  the  pedicellate  thecse,  like  a 
calyx. 

1.  W.  ILVENSIS.  Br.     (Polypodium.  Willd.) 

Frond  pinnate,  leaflets  pinnatifid,  lanceolate ;  segments  ovate-oblong,  ob- 
tuse ;  sori  near  the  margin,  at  length  confluent ;  rachis  and  stipe  chaffy. — Grow- 
ing in  tufts,  on  rocks  and  in  dry  woods.  Fronds  5  or  6'  high,  on  chaffy  and 
woolly  stipes,  most  chaffy  af  base.  Foliage  3  or  4'  long,  £  as  wide,  oblong- 
lanceolate  in  outline,  woolly  or  chaffy  beneath,  with  opposite  and  alternate  leaf- 
lets about  an  inch  in  length.  The  lower  leaflets  are  pinnatifid,  upper  ones 
wavy  on  the  margin  or  entire.  June. 

2.  W.  PERRINIANA.  Hook.  &  Grev.     (Hypopeltis  obtusa.   Torr.) 
Frond  subbipinnate,  minutely  glandular-pilose ;  segments  of  the  leaflets  pin- 
natifid; ultimate  segments  roundish-oblong,  obtuse,  bidentate  ;  sori  submarginalf 
stipe  somewhat  chaffy. — About  a  foot  high,  among  and  on  rocks.    Fronds  lancft 
oblong  in  outline,  3  times  as  long  as  wide.     Segments  of  the  leaflets  crenate- 
serrate,  the  lower  ones  distinct,  upper  confluent.     Sori  orbicular,  becoming 
nearly  confluent,  each  subtended  by  a  half  round  indusium  notched  into  little 
teeth  on  the  margin.     July. 

3.  W.  HYPERBOREA.  Br.     (Polypodium.  Willd.')     Flower-cup  Fern. 
Frond  pinnate ;  Ifts.  suborbicular,  subcordate,  3-parted  or  incisely  pinnati- 
fid, cuneate  at  base,  rough  pilose  beneath. — A  very  small  species,  much  resem- 


632  CLXIV.   FILICES.  PTERIS. 

bling  the  last,  forming  tufts  on  rocks.  Plant  2 — 4'  high.  Fronds  lance-linear 
in  outline,  on  very  scaly  stipes.  Leaflets  8  or  10  pairs,  subopposite,  nearly 
round,  2  or  3"  in  diam.,  the  margins  only  crenate  above,  deeply  pinnatifid  in 
the  lowest  pairs.  July. 

4.  W.  RUFTDULA.  Beck.    (W.  ilvensis  and  Aspidium  rufidulum.  Pursh.) 
Frond  bipinnate ;  segments  of  tfie  leaflets  hairy,  oblong,  obtuse,  pinnatifid, 

with  obtuse,  ultimate  segments ;  sori  at  length  confluent ;  stipe  and  rachis  hairy. 
— Grows  on  rocks.  Fern  6 — 8'  high.  Stipe  dark  brown,  densely  clothed  with 
woolly  hairs.  Frond  hairy  both  sides,  its  leaflets  4 — 8"  long,  lower  ones  dis- 
tinctly pinnate,  upper  pinnatifid.  July. 

5.  WOODWARDIA.     Smith. 

In  honor  of  Thomas  J.  Woodward,  a  distinguished  English  botanist. 

Sori  oblong,  straight,  parallel  with  the  ribs  on  either  side  of  them ; 
indusium  superficial,  arched  or  vaulted,  opening  inwardly. 

,     1.  W.  oNocLEolDEs.  Willd.     (W.  angustifolia.  Smith.'] 

Sterile  fronds  pinnatifid;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  repand,  slightly  serrulate;  fertile 
fronds  pinnate,  the  leaflets  entire,  linear,  acute. — In  swamps,  not  common. 
Fern  about  a  foot  high,  growing  in  tufts.  Barren  fronds  numerous,  of  a  narrow- 
lanceolate,  acuminate  outline.  Leaflets  with  decurrent  or  confluent  bases. 
Fertile  fronds  fewer,  with  linear  segments  nearly  covered  on  the  back  with  the 
fruit  in  oblong,  longitudinal  sori  i'  in  length.  Aug. 
2.  W.  VIRGINICA.  Willd. 

Frond  pinnate,  very  smooth,  the  leaflets  pinnatifid,  lanceolate,  sessile ; 
sori  in  interrupted  lines  near  the  midvein  of  the  leaflets  and  segments. — In  low 
woods  and  swamps.  Frond  about  2f  high,  on  a  smooth  stipe,  lanceolate  in  out- 
line, and  pale  green.  Leaflets  alternate,  deeply  pinnatifid,  with  numerous, 
spreading,  obtuse  and  slightly  crenate  lobes.  Fruit  arranged  in  lines  along  each 
side  of  the  midveins,  both  of  the  segments  and  leaflets.  July,  Aug. 

6.   SCOLOPENDRI  UM.     Smith. 

Gr.  (rko^oTTEvSpa,  the  centipede ;  from  the  number  of  its  roots  ? 

Sori  linear,  transverse,  scattered  ;  indusium  double,  occupying  both 
sides  of  the  sorus,  superficial,  finally  opening  lengthwise. 

5.  OFFICINARDM.  Willd.  (Asplenium  Scolopendrium.  Linn,}  Hart's-tonguc. 
Frond  simple,  ligulate,  acute,  entire,  cordate  at  base. — Shady  rocks,  Chi- 

tenango,  N.  Y.,  Sarlwell.  Stipe  rather  short  (3 — 5'  long),  chafly,  bearing  the 
frond  suberect,  8 — 15'  high,  2—3'  wide,  bright  green,  paler  beneath.  Sori  oblique 
to  the  midvein,  6 — 9"  in  length.  Rhizoma  large,  creeping.  July. — This  curi- 
ous fern  appears  to  be  confined  to  the  vicinity  above  mentioned,  where  it  was 
first  detected  by  Pursh,  unless  the  true  plant  has  also  been  found  in  Ky.  by 
MMurt. 

7.   PTERIS. 

Gr.  iTTepov,  or  7rr£pv|,  a  wing ;  from  the  general  resemblance  of  the  frond. 

Sori  in  a  continuous,  marginal  line  ;  involucre  formed  of  the  in- 
flected margin  of  the  frond,  opening  inwardly. 

1.  P.  AQUILINA.     Common  Brake. 

Frond  3-parted ;  branches,  bipinnate ;  Ifts.  linear-lanceolate,  lower  ones 
pinnatifid,  upper  ones  entire;  segments  oblong,  obtuse. — Abundant  in  woods, 
pastures  and  waste  grounds.  Fern  2 — 5f  in  height,  upon  a  smooth,  dark  purple, 
erect  stipe.  Frond  broad-triangular  in  outline,  consisting  of  3  primary  di- 
visions, which  are  again  subdivided  into  obtusely  pointed,  sessile  leaflets.  These 
are  entire  above,  becoming  gradually  indented  towards  the  base  of  each  subdi- 
vision. Sori  covered  by  the  folding  back  of  the  margins  of  the  segments. 
July,  Aug. 

2.  P.  ATROPURPTJREA.     Rock  Brake. 

Frond  pinnate  ;  lower  Ifts.  ternate  or  pinnate,  segments  lanceolate,  obtuse, 
obliquely  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base. — Fern  6 — 10'  high,  growing 'on  rocks. 


ONOCLEA.  CLXIV.   FILICES.  633 

Frond  twice  as  long  as  wide,  of  a  grayish  hue,  the  two  lower  divisions  con- 
sisting of  1 — 3  pairs  of  leaflets  with  a  large,  terminal  segment.  All  the  seg- 
ments lance-linear,  distinct,  with  margins  conspicuously  revolute.  Stipe  and 
rachis  dark  purple,  with  dense,  paleaceous  haira  at  base.  June — Aug. 

3.  P.  GRACILIS.  Michx.     (Cheilanthes.  Spreng.) 

Frond  slender,  lanceolate,  sterile  ones  pinnate,  leaflets  pinnatifid,  segments 
broad-ovate,  obtuse ;  fertile  bipinnate,  leaflets  linear-oblong,  crenate ;  stipe  dark 
brown. — A  delicate  species,  growing  on  rocks.  Fern  4—6'  high,  smooth  and 
shining  in  all  its  parts.  Aug. 

8.  CHEILANTHES.     Swartz. 
Gr.  %«Xof,  lip,  avSos  ;  from  the  form  of  its  indusia. 

Sori  roundish,  distinct,  situated  at  the  margin  of  the  fronds ;  in- 
dusium  of  membranous,  distinct,  inflexed  scales,  opening  inwardly, 
sometimes  continuous  with  the  frond. 

C.  VESTITA.  Swartz.     (Nephrodium  lanosum.  MX.)    Hairy  Cheilanthes. 
Stipe  and  rachis  hairy ;  frmid  bipinnate,  oblong-ovate  in  outline,  hairy  on 

both  sides ;  lea/lets  alternate  ;  segments  oblong,  alternate,  sessile,  distinct,  crenately 
pinnatifid,  the  ultimate  segment  very  entire ;  sori  finally  continuous  along  the 
margin. — Rocky  banks,  Mid.  and  W.  States,  frequent.  Stipe  slender,  rigid, 
2 — 3'  long,  dark  brown.  Fronds  3 — 6'  by  1 — 2'.  Leaflets  lance-ovate  in  out- 
line, 6 — 12"  long.  Sori  marginal,  distinct  when  young,  finally  crowded.  July. 

9.  ADIANTUM. 

Gr.  a.  privation,  <5tatvco.  to  moisten;  as  the  rain  slides  off  without  wetting  it. 

Sori  oblong  or  roundish,  marginal ;  indusia  membranaceous,  aris- 
ing from  the  reflexed  margins  of  distinct  portions  of  the  frond  and 
opening  inwardly. 

A.  PEDATUM.     Maidenhair. 

Frond  pedate ;  divisions  pinnate ;  segments  oblong-rhomboid,  incisely 
lobed  on  the  upper  side,  obtuse  at  apex ;  sori  oblong,  subulate. — This  is,  doubt- 
less, the  most  beautiful  of  all  our  ferns,  abounding  in  damp,  rocky  woods. 
Stipe  8—14'  high,  slender,  of  a  deep,  glossy  purple  approaching  to  a  jet-black. 
At  top  it  divides  equally  into  2  compound  branches,  each  of  which  gives  off, 
at  regular  intervals,  6 — 8  simply  pinnate  leaflets  from  the  outer  side,  giving  the 
whole  frond  the  form  of  the  crescent.  Ultimate  segments  dimidiate,  the  lower 
margin  being  bounded  by  the  mid  vein  and  the  veinlets  all  unilateral.  July. 

10.  DICKSONIA.    L'Her. 

In  honor  of  James  Dickson,  a  distinguished  English  cryptogamist. 

Sori  marginal,  roundish,  distinct ;  indusium  double,  one  superficial, 
opening  outwards,  the  other  marginal  and  opening  inwards. 

D.  PILOSIUSCULA.  Willd.     Fine-haired  Mountain  Fern. 

Frond  bipinnate ;  leaflets  lanceolate,  sessile ;  segments  pinnatifid,  decurrent, 
oblong-ovate,  ultimate  segments  toothed ;  stipe  a  little  hairy. — A  large  and  deli- 
cate fern,  in  pastures,  roadsides,  among  rocks  and  stones.  Fronds  2 — 3f  high, 
in  tufts,  and  remarkable  for  their  numerous  divisions  and  subdivisions.  Stipe 
and  rachis  smooth,  with  the  exception  of  a  few,  soft,  scattered  hairs.  Leaflets 
alternate,  approximate  ;  segments  deeply  divided  into  4- toothed,  ultimate  seg- 
ments. Sori  minute,  solitary,  on  the  upper  margin  of  the  segments.  July. 

11.   ONOCLEA. 

Gr.  ovos,  a  kind  of  vessel,  K\EIW,  to  close ;  alluding  to  the  contracted  thecae. 

Thecas  covering  the  whole  lower  surface  of  the  frond  ;  indusia 
formed  of  the  segments  of  the  frond,  whose  margins  are  revolute  and 
contracted  into  the  form  of  a  berry,  opening,  but  not  expanding. 

O.  SENKIBILIS.     Sensitive  fern. 

Sterile  frcnds  pinnate ;  k'ajlfts  lanceolate,  acute,  laciniate,  the  upper  ones 


634  CLXIV.   FILICES.  OSMUNDA. 

united ;  fertile  fronds  bipinnate,  with  recurved  and  globular  contracted  seg- 
ments.— Common  in  low  grounds.  Fronds  about  a  foot  high,  the  barren  ones 
broad  and  somewhat  triangular  in  outline,  composed  of  broad,  oblong,  sinuate 
divisions,  the  upper  ones  smaller,  nearly  entire,  becoming  united  at  base.  The 
fertile  frond  is  very  dissimilar  in  its  form  to  the  others,  resembling  a  compound 
spike,  enclosing  the  fruit  in  the  globular  segments  of  its  short  divisions.  Color 
dark  brown.  July. 

(3.  obtusilobata.  Torr.    (O.  obtusilobata.  Schk.}    Lfls.  opposite;  segm.  rounded. 

12.   STRUTHIOPTERIS.    Willd. 

Gr.  orpovSog)  the  ostrich,  Trrepov,  wing,  or  plume ;  from  the  resemblance. 

Thecae  densely  covering  the  back  of  the  frond ;  indusia  scaly, 
marginal,  opening  internally. 

S.  GERMANICA.  Willd.    (S.  Pennsylvania.   Willd?)     Ostrich  Fern. 

Sterile  fronds  pinnate;  leaflets  pinnatifid,  sessile;  segments  entire,  rather 
acute,  the  lower  ones  somewhat  elongated. — A  fern  of  noble  size  and  appear- 
ance, growing  in  low  woods  and  swamps.  The  sterile  fronds  are  often  5  or  6f 
high,  commonly  about  3,  numerous,  in  circular  clumps.  Stipes  smooth,  chan- 
neled ;  leaflets  pinnatifid,  with  numerous  segments,  the  lower  of  which  are  the 
more  narrow  and  acute,  all  more  or  less  connected  at  base.  Fertile  fronds  few, 
in  the  midst  of  the  sterile,  much  smaller,  the  leaflets  with  numerous,  brown- 
ish, contracted  segments,  densely  covered  by  the  fruit  beneath.  Aug. 

TRIBE  2.     OSMU1VDIACEJE. — Thecae  destitute  of  a  ring,  reticulated,  stri- 
ated with  rays  at  the  apex,  opening  lengthwise  and  usually  externally. 

13.   OSMUNDA. 

Thecae  subglobose.  pedicellate,  radiate-striate,  half-2-valved,  collect- 
ed on  the  lower  surface  of  the  frond  or  a  portion  of  it,  which  is  more 
or  less  contracted  into  the  form  of  a  panicle. 

*  Fertile  fronds  distinct  from  the  sterile. 

1.  O.  CINNAMOMEA.     Cinnamon- colored  Fern. 

Sterile  frond  pinnate,  leaflets  elongated,  pinnatifid,  segments  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse,  very  entire;  fertile  frond  bipinnate,  leaflets  contracted,  paniculate,  sub- 
opposite,  lanuginous ;  stipe  lanuginous. — This  is  among  the  largest  of  our 
ferns,  growing  in  swamps  and  low  grounds.  Fronds  numerous,  growing  in 
clumps,  3 — 5f  high,  most  of  them  barren,  the  stipe  and  rachis  invested  with  a 
loose,  cinnamon-colored  wool.  The  fertile  fronds  resemble  spikes,  1 — 2f  long, 
an  inch  wide.  Leaflets  all  fertile,  erect,  with  the  segments  covered  with  fruit 
in  the  form  of  small,  roundish  capsules,  appearing,  under  a  microscope,  half- 
2-cleft.  June. 

*  *  Portions  of  each  frond  fertile. 

2.  O.  REGALIS.  Michx.     (O.  spectabilis.   Willd.}    Royal  Flowering- Fern. 

Fronds  bipinnate,  fructiferous  at  the  summit ;  segments  of  the  leaflets  lance- 
oblong,  distinct,  serrulate,  subsessile  ;  raceme  large,  terminal,  decompound. — A 
large  and  beautiful  fern,  in  swamps  and  meadows.  The  fronds  are  3 — 4f  high, 
smooth  in  all  their  parts.  Leaflets  or  pinnae  opposite,  remote,  each  with  6 — 9 
pairs  of  leaves  with  an  odd  one.  These  are  an  inch  or  more  long,  i  as  wide, 
obtuse,  the  petioles  0 — \"  long.  Above,  the  frond  is  crowned  with  an  ample 
bipinnate  raceme  of  a  deep  fulvous  hue,  with  innumerable,  small,  globular, 
2-valved  thecse  entirely  covering  the  segments.  June. 

3.  O.  CLAYTONIANA. 

Frond  pinnate;  leaflets  or  pinna  pinnatifid,  the  upper  ones  contracted  and 
fertile. — Smaller  than  either  of  the  foregoing,  found  in  swamps,  Cambridge, 
N.  Y.,  Dr.  Beck,  W.  to  Wise.,  Dr.  Lapham !  Fronds  1—  2f  high.  Pinnae  ob- 
long, obtuse,  2 — 4'  long,  tomentose  in  the  axils.  Segments  entire.  Each  frond 
bears  a  terminal,  bipinnate,  rust-colored,  erect  panicle,  covered  with  fruit.  May. 

4.  O.  INTERRUPTA.    Michx. 

Frond  pinnate,  smooth ;  leaflets  nearly  opposite,  pinnatifid ;  segments  ob- 


BOTRYCHIUM.  CLXIV.  FILICES.  635 

long,  rather  acute,  entire ;  some  of  the  intermediate  leaflets  fertile. — A  large 
fern  in  low  grounds.  Fronds  2 — 3f  high,  light  green,  interrupted  near  the  mid- 
dle by  2 — 4  pairs  of  fertile  leaflets,  which  are  so  much  contracted  in  size  as  to 
resemble  dense,  compound  racemes,  and  densely  covered  with  small  reddish- 
brown  thecae.  Stipe  channeled,  smooth  above,  chaffy  at  base.  June. 

14.  LYGODIUM.    Swartz. 

Gr.  \vya)des,  flexible,  slender;  from  the  slender,  climbing  habit. 

Thecae  sessile,  arranged  in  2-ranked  spikelets  issuing  from  the 
margin  of  the  frond,  opening  on  the  inner  side  from  the  base  to  the 
summit ;  indicium  a  scale-like  veil  covering  each  theca. 

L.  PALMATUM.  Sw.     Climbing  Fern. 

Stem  flexuous,  climbing ;  fronds  conjugate,  palmate,  5-lobed,  lobes  entire, 
obtuse ;  spikelets  oblong-linear,  from  the  upper  fronds,  which  are  divided  and 
contracted  into  a  compound  spike. — This  is  one  of  the  few  ferns  with  climbing 
stems,  and  the  only  one  found  in  the  U.  S.  Plant  of  a  slender  and  delicate 
structure,  smooth.  Stem  3 — 4f  long.  Stipes  alternate  on  the  stem,  forked, 
supporting  a  pair  of  fronds  which  are  palmately  divided  into  5 — 9  segments. 
Fertile  fronds  terminal,  numerously  subdivided  into  linear-oblong  segments  or 
spikelets,  with  the  fruit  in  2  rows  on  the  back.  Mass. !  to  Penn.,  &c.  July. 

15.   SCH1ZMA.    Smith. 
Gr.  o-^i^co,  to  cut,  cleave  j  alluding  to  the  many-cleft  spikes. 

Spikes  unilateral,  flabelliform,  aggregate ;  thecae  roundish,  radiate 
at  top,  sessile,  bursting  laterally ;  indusium  continuous,  formed  of  the 
inflexed  margins  of  the  spikes. 

S.  PUSILLA.  Pursh.    (S.  tortuosa.  MuM.) 

Frond  simple,  linear,  tortuous ;  spikes  few,  crowded  at  the  top  of  a  long, 
slender  stipe  or  scape. — A  very  delicate  fern,  found  in  the  pine  barrens,  duaker 
Bridge,  N.  J.,  also  in  Western  N.  Y.  by  Mr.  Timothy  Westmore !  Fronds  nu- 
merous, caespitose,  2 — 3'  long,  £ — 1"  wide.  Fertile  stipes  several,  3 — 6'  high, 
filiform,  with  a  few  short,  unilateral  spikelets  at  top  arranged  in  2  rows. 
Thecae  somewhat  turbinate,  in  2  rows  on  the  inner  side  of  each  spikelet.  Aug. 

TRIBE  3.     OPHIOGLOSSE^l. — Thecae  1-celled,  adnate  at  base,  subglobose, 

coriaceous,  opaque,  half-2-valved,  not  cellular,  and  destitute  of  a  ring. 

16.   OPHIOGLOSSUM. 

Gr.  o^J$,  a  serpent,  yAoomi,  tongue;  from  the  resemblance. 

Thecae  roundish,  opening  transversely,  connate,  arranged  in  a 
2-ranked,  articulated  spike. 

0.  VULGATUM.     Adder's  Tongue. 

Frond  simple,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  closely  reticulated ;  spike  cauline. — A 
curious  little  plant  in  low  grounds.  Fronds  solitary,  2 — 3'  long,  |  as  wide, 
amplexicaul,  entire,  smooth,  without  a  midvein,  situated  upon  the  stem  or  stipe 
a  little  below  the  middle.  Stipe  6 — 10'  high,  terminating  in  a  lance-linear, 
compressed  spike,  1 — 2'  long,  with  the  thecae  arranged  in  2,  close,  marginal 
ranks.  Thecae  opening  outwards  and  horizontally,  becoming  lunate,  distinct, 
straw-colored.  Vernation  straight,  not  circinate.  June. 

17.   BOTRYCHIUM.    Swartz. 

Gr.  /3orpvs,  a.  cluster  of  grapes  ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  fructification. 

Thecae  subglobose,  1-celled,  2-valved,  distinct,  coriaceous,  smooth, 
adnate  to  the  compound  rachis  of  a  racemose  panicle  ;  valves  open- 
ing transversely. 

1.  B.  NEGLECTUM.  Wood.     Meriden  Botrychium. 

Stipe  bearing  the  frond  near  the  top ;  frond  simply  pinnate,  very  short, 
with  subentire  or  subpinnatifid  segments ;  spikes  paniculate. — A  singular  species, 
54 


636  LXV.   MARSILEACE^E.  AZOLLA. 

growing  in  woods,  Meriden,  N.  H. !  It  bears  a  general  resemblance  to  B.  Lu- 
naria  of  Europe,  but  is  quite  distinct  from  that  species.  Height  5 — 8'.  Frond 
9 — 20"  long,  £  as  wide  ;  segments  3 — 4  pairs,  oblong,  obtuse,  erosely  or  incisely 
dentate.  Panicle  subsimple,  often  larger  than  the  fronds.  Thecae  2-valved.  Jl. 

B.  SIMPLEX.    Hitchcock. 

Stipe  bearing  the  frond  above  ;  frond  ternate,  pinnatifid ;  segments  cune- 
ate-obovate,  incised,  unequal;  spike  subcompound,  unilateral,  interrupted. — 
Grows  in  dry,  hilly  pastures,  Ms. !  Frond  sheathed  at  base,  with  a  lacerate 
membrane,  nearly  simple,  divided  .into  3  or  more  segments  which  are  1—2' 
long,  often  much  dissected.  Stipe  or  scape  3 — &  high.  Thecae  sessile.  Jn. 

3.  B.  VIRGINICUM.     (B.  gracile.  P.)    Rattlesnake  Fern. 

Stipe  with  a  single  frond  in  the  middle ;  frond  twice  and  thrice  pinnate, 
the  lowest  pair  of  pinnae  springing  from  the  base ;  ultimate  segments  obtuse, 
somewhat  3-toothed ;  spikes  decompound;  plant  subpilose. — A  beautiful  fern, 
the  largest  of  its  genus,  in  low  woods.  Stipe  or  scape  1 — 2f  high,  bearing  the 
frond  about  hall-way  up.  This  is  apparently  ternate,  the  lower  pair  of  divi- 
sions arising  from  the  base.  It  is  almost  tripinnate,  the  ultimate  segments 
being  decurrent  and  more  or  less  confluent  at  base,  with  3 — 5  cut  serratures. 
Panicle  terminal,  3 — 6'  long,  reddish-tawny.  June,  July. 

4.  B.  FUMARiolDES.  Willd.     (B.  obliquum.  Muhl.} 

Scape  bearing  the  frond  near  the  base  ;  frond  in  3  bipinnatifid  divisions ; 
segments  obliquely  lanceolate,  crenulate;  spikes  bipinnate. — Native  of  shady 
woods  and  pastures.  Frond  almost  radical,  of  a  triangular  outline,  3 — 5'  long 
and  wide,  of  a  stouter  texture  than  the  last,  distinctly  petiolate.  Scape  thick, 
8 — 12'  high,  bearing  a  tawny,  compound  panicle  2 — 4'  in  length,  composed  of 
numerous  little  2-ranked  spikes.  Aug. 

ff.  dissectum.  Oakes.     (B.  dissectum.   Willd.}    Frond  near  the  base  of  the 
scape,  more  numerously  dissected,  almost  tripinnatifid. 

ORDER  CLXV.     MARSILEACEJE.— PEPPERWORTS. 

Plants  stemless,  creeping  or  floating. 

Leaves  veiny,  usually  petiolate,  often  sessile  and  scale-like,  sometimes  destitute  of  a  lamina. 

Reproductive  organs  of  two  kinds;  the  one  compound,  the  other  simple,  oval,  radical  bodies  separate 

from  or  mixed  with  the  first,  with  many  cells. 

Genera  4.  species  20?  inhabiting  ditches  and  inundated  places  in  nearly  all  countries,  but  chiefly  in 
temperate  latitudes. 

1.    SALVINIA.    Micheli. 

In  honor  of  Salvini,  professor  of  Greek  at  Florence. 

Stamens?  jointed  hairs  on  the  stalks  of  the  ovary;  ovary  nearly 
sessile,  among  the  roots,  hairy,  1 — 5,  opening  at  top ;  fruit  capsular, 
covered  with  bristly  hairs,  containing  reproductive  bodies  of  two  kinds, 
one  kind  globular,  the  other  oblong. 

5.  NATANS.  Willd.    (Marsilea  natans.  Linn.} 

Leaves  opposite,  arranged  in  two  rows  upon  the  rhizoma,  elliptical,  entire, 
subcordate  at  base,  obtuse  at  apex,  clothed  with  fascicles  of  hairs  above ;  ova- 
ries or  fruit  nearly  globose,  aggregated  in  subsessile  clusters  on  the  rhizoma, 
submersed. — 0  Floating,  like  a  Lemna, -in  lakes  and  other  still  waters,  West- 
ern N.  Y.  and  Can.  Leaves  nearly  an  inch  long,  of  fine  green.  The  plant  is 
quite  rare. 

2.   AZOLLA.    Lam. 

Gr.  ago),  to  make  dry,  oXAv/*(,  to  kill ;  as  the  plants  speedily  die  when  taken  from  the  water. 

Stamens  ?  capillary ;  reproductive  organs  in  pairs  or  numerous,  of 
two  kinds,  the  one  of  two  transverse  cells,  the  upper  containing  seve- 
ral angular,  stalked  bodies,  the  other  stipitate,  numerous,  globose,  1- 
celled,  enclosed  in  an  ovate,  close  involucre,  and  containing  several 
angular  spores. 


CHARA.  CLXVI.   CHARACE^E.  637 

A.  CAROLINIANA.  Willd. 

Leaves  arranged  in  two  rows  upon  the  rhizoma,  imbricated,  oblong-subu- 
late, obtusish,  spreading,  fleshy,  the  floating  ones  reddish  beneath. — 0  A  small 
plant,  resembling  some  of  the  mosses,  floating  in  still  or  sluggish  waters,  North- 
ern and  Western  States."  It  has  been  found  in  Lake  Ontario,  and  in  Cayuga 
Marsh  (Eaton},  also  in  the  Ohio  river  at  Louisville,  Ky.  (M'Murt,*)  and  other 
western  ri  vers. 


ORDER  CLXVI.     CHARACEJE.— CHARADS. 

Plant  aquatic,  submersed ;  axis  consisting  of  parallel,  tubular  cells,  either  transparent,  or  encrusted 
with  carbonate  of  lime,  furnished  with  leaves  or  branches  consisting  of  yerticillate  tubes. 

Organs  of  reproduction  consisting  of  round,  succulent  globules,  containing  filaments  and  a  fluid ;  and 
axillary  nucules  formed  of  a  few  short  tubes  twisted  spirally  around  a  centre,  endowed  with  the  power 
of  germination. 

These  are  remarkable  for  the  distinct  current,  readily  observable  with  a  microscope,  in  the  fluid  of  each 
tube  of  which  the  plant  is  composed.  The  currents  instantly  cease  when  the  plant  is  injured. 

CHARA. 

Gr.  y^aipo),  to  rejoice;  because  it  delights  in  the  water? 

Globules  minute*  round,  reddish,  dehiscent,  filled  with  a  mass  of 
elastic  filaments;  nucules  (thecse?)  sessile,  oval,  solitary,  membrana- 
ceous,  spirally  striated,  the  summit  .indistinctly  cleft  into  5  valves, 
the  interior  filled  with  minute  spores. 

1.  C.  VULGARIS.     Feather-beds. 

Sis.  and  branches  naked  at  base  ;  branches  terete,  leafy  at  the  joints ;  Ivs.  (or 
branchlcts  ?)  oblong-subulate ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  fruit. — A  slender,  flexile 
plant  of  a  dull  green  color,  found  in  ponds  and  ditches  generally  stagnant.  It 
appears  in  dense  tufts,  like  a  soft  bed,  undulating  with  the  motion  of  the  water. 
When  taken  out,  it  has  an  offensive  odor.  Stems  slender,  a  foot  or  more  long, 
with  a  verticil  of  about  8  filiform  branchlets  at  each  joint.  June. 

2.  C.  FLEXILIS. 

St.  tcanslucent,  naked;  brancJies  jointless,  leafless,  compressed;  nucules 

lateral,  naked. — Found  in  ponds,  Stoekbridge,  Ms.,  in  company  with  Najas. 

Resembles  the  last,  but  the  stems  are  shorter  and  more  erect,  nearly  destitute  of 

the  verticils  of  branchlets.     It  is  annual,  as  are  also  all  the  other  species.    Aug. 

3.  C.  FOLIOSA.  Willd.    (C.  squamosa.  Desf) 

St.  solitary,  8 — 10'  high,  calcarious  and  brittle,  scabrous,  striate,  with  2 
or  3  branches,  the  younger  parts  bearing  numerous  whorls  of  minute,  leaf- 
like  scales ;  branchlets  about  13  in  a  whorl,  6 — 9"  long,  involucrate  at  their  ori- 
gin by  a  dense  whorl  of  subulate  scales ;  each  branchlet  with  4 — 7  whorls  of 
nearly  obsolete  scales ;  ikecce  2 — 4,  on  the  inner  side  and  lower  half  of  each 
branchlet. — CD  Rivers,  Ohio,  Riddell,  Ind. !  Aug. 

4.  C.  HUMILIS.  Riddell. 

St.  incrusted,  solitary  and  branching,  scabrous,  not  sulcate,  2 — 3'  high ; 
branchlets  8 — 10  in  a  whorl,  without  an  involucre,  generally  equaling  the  inter- 
nodes  (6 — 9'');  tkecfg  1 — 2  on  each  of  the  branchlets  in  the  upper  whorls. — 
(D  In  shallow  water,  rivers,  Ohio,  Riddell.  Colo?  deep  green.  Resembles  the 
last.  Aug. 

5.  C.  SABULOSA.  Riddell.     Stone-wort. 

St.  18'  high,  thickly  encrusted  and  very  brittle,  with  a  few  erect  branches, 
subsulcate,  papillose  ;  branchlets  generally  10,  sometimes  8,  in  each  whorl,  with- 
out an  involucre,  nearly  6"  long,  (about  half  as  long  as  the  internddes,)  each 
with  2 — 4  verticils  of  scales ;  theccc,  on  the  inner  side  of  the  branchlets,  in  the 
axils  of  the  scales. — (D  Pools  of  clear  water,  2  or  3  feet  deep,  Ohio,  Ind. !  Color 
light  pea-green.  Aug. 
0.  spiralis.  Riddell.  Siems  spirally  sulcate  ;  branc/Uets  longer. 


ADDENDA. 

Page  142,  next  after  R.  ABORTIVUS,  insert, 

R.  RHOMBOIDEUS.    Goldie. 

Hirsutely  pubescent ;  st.  much  branched  from  the  base ;  rod.  Ivs.  entire, 
rhomboid-ovate,  crenate-dentate,  on  long  petioles,  cauline  Ivs.  palmate,  floral 
deeply  laciniate;  sep.  spreading;  hds.  of  carpels  (large)  globose;  ach.  smooth, 
with  very  short  beaks. — Wise.  Lapham!  and  Can.  W.  A  low,  bushy,  hairy 
species,  6 — 10'  high.  Root  leaves  about  1'  by  f,  often  roundish  or  elliptical, 
the  petioles  about  2'  long.  Segments  of  the  stem  leaves  linear-oblong,  obtuse 
oftener  entire.  Petals  yellow,  oblong-obovate,  exceeding  the  calyx. 

Page  166,  next  after  A.  L.KVIGATA,  insert, 

ARABIS  PATENS.  Sullivant. 

Erect,  everywhere  clothed  with  rigid,  simple  or  forked  hairs ;  radical  Ivs. 
rosulate,  petiolate,  middle  ones  oblong-ovate,  coarsely  dentate,  auriculate-am- 
plexicaul,  upper  ones  linear-oblong,  subentire ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  rather 
large  white  flowers ;  siliques  spreading  and  curved  upwards,  beaked  with  the 
conspicuous  style. — Rocky  banks  of  the  Scioto  river,  Columbus,  O.,  Sullivant. 

Page  378,  next  after  P.  ROTUNDIFOLIA,  insert, 

PYROLA  ULIGINOSA.    Torr.  &  Gray. 

Lvs.  nearly  round,  sometimes  inclining  to  ovate,  coriaceous,  longer  than 
the  petiole,  decurrent,  with  a  few  prominent  veins ;  scape  somewhat  angular, 
with  lanceolate  bracts ;  roc.  8 — 12-flowered ;  col.  \  the  length  of  the  petals ;  pet. 
ovate-oblong;  stain,  ascending;  fll.  smooth;  ova.  depressed;  sty.  declined,  cla- 
vate. — Sphagnous  swamps,  Galen,  N.  Y.,  Sartwell.  Scape  4 — 8'  high,  many- 
flowered.  Petals  reddish-purple.  Stigma  toothed.  June.  (Dr.  Sart.  comm.) 

Page  397,  next  after  V.  (VERBASCUM)  LYCHNITIS,  insert, 
/?.  Jiybrida.    St.  simple,  erect,  tomentose ;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  subcordate,  woolly 
on  both  surfaces;  fls.  in  a  terminal,  somewhat  leafy  spike,  yellow. — Rome, 
N.  Y.,  Vasey.    Apparently  a  hybrid  between  V.  lychnitis  and  V.  Thapsus. 

Page  420,  next  after  P.  PILOSUM,  insert, 

PYCNANTHEMUM  TORREYI.  Benth. 

St.  pubescent,  slender,  moderately  branched ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  smooth- 
ish,  acute,  denticulate,  margin  -ciliate,  under  surface  downy ;  cymose  heads  con- 
tracted hemispherical ;  cat.  with  lanceolate  acuminate  teeth  with  bristly  hairs 
at  the  summit;  stam.  exserted. — York  Island,  Carey.  Stem  purplish,  strict, 
about  2f  high.  Leaves  2 — 3'  by  4".  Corolla  two-lipped,  white.  Ovary  naked 
at  the  summit.  Aug.  (Dr.  Sartwell  comm.) 

Page  474,  next  after  P.  MITE,  insert, 

POLYONUM  CAREYI.     Olney. 

St.  erect,  hirsute,  much  branched ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  with  scattered  and  ap- 
pressed  hairs;  stip.  scarious,  tubular,  truncate,  hairy;  spikes  axillary  and  ter- 
minal, on  very  long',  nodding  peduncles,  thickly  beset  with  glandular. hairs  ; 
stam.  shorter  than  perianth:  sty.  2;  ach.  orbicular-ovate,  mucronate. — Swamps, 
N.  H. !  to  R.  I.  Olney.  Plant  3- — 5f  high.  Leaves  3 — 6'  by  J — 1',  midvein 
and  margins  hairy.  Calyx  greenish-purple  tinged  with  white,  small.  Resem- 
bles P.  Pennsylvanicum.  Jl. 

Page  571,  next  after  S.  OLMYI,  insert, 

S.  TORREYI.  Olney.  (S.  mucronatus.  Torr.  N.  Y.  St.  PL  not  Linn.} 
St.  triquetrous,  the  sides  concave  and  nearly  equal,  the  base  leafy ;  spikes 
d — 4,  sessile,  oblong,  lanceolate,  acute;  glumes  ovate,  subcoriaceous,  mucro- 
nate, smooth;  anth.  acute,  not  fringed  at" apex;  bristles  longer  than  the  ache- 
nium ;  sty.  3-cleft :  ach.  angular,  convex  externally,  acuminate.— Mass.,  R.  I., 
N.Y. 


INDEX 


«F   THE 

NATURAL  ORDERS  AND  GENERA. 


**»  The  names  of  the  Orders  are  in  Capitals.— Suborders  are  marked  with  the  (t),  and  Sections  with 
the  (*).— The  Tribes  are  in  Roman  spaced,— the  Genera  in  Roman,— and  the  Synonyms  in  Italic.  The 
figures  after  Syn.  refer  to  the  Synonyms  of  the  Genus  next  above. 


Abies,       .        .        .515 

Amphicarpaea,         .    223 

Arundo.    .       .       .    610 

Bra-chysteinum,      .    420 

Abietineae.          .    514 

Amphiotis,       .       .    306 

Syn.  601 

Brasenia,          .       .    153 

Abutilon,  .        .        .209 

Amsonia,          .        .    457 

Asarum,   .       .        .    465 

Brassica,           .       .    171 

Acalypha,         .        .    488 
ACANTHACEJE,  .     395 

t  Amygdaleae,          .    240 
Amygualus,      .        .     242 

ASCLEFIADACEJE.  458 
Asclepias,        .        .    453 

Briza,        .        .        .616 
Syn.  615,  616 

Acer,         .        .        .212 

Syn.  242 

Syn.  461 

Bromus,    .       .       .    610 

Syn.  214 
ACERACE^E,         .    212 

ANACARDIACEjE,  202 
AnRgallis,         .        .    387 

Ascyrum,          .        .    182 
As  pa  rag  eas,        .    555 

Syn.  619 
Broussonetia,  .        .    509 

Acerates,          .        .    460 

Anchusa,         .        .    431 

Asparagus,        .        .    555 

Bryophyllum.   .        .    277 

Acetosa,    .       .       .477 

Syn.  433 

Asphodelus,     .       .552 

Buchnera,         .        .    407 

Achillea,  .        .       .342 

Andromeda,     .        .    371 

Aspidium,        .       .    628 

Buchnereaj,       .    407 

Achyranthes,  .       .    185 

Syn.  373 

Syn.  631 

Bunias,    .       .       .171 

Acnida,     .        .        .467 

Andropogon,    .        .    621 

Asplenium,      .       .    630 

Bupleurum,      .        .    286 

Aconitum,        .       .    146 

Andropogoneae,    621 

Syn.  632 

Buxus,       .        .        .489 

Acorns,     .        .        .    521 

Anemone,        .        .    139 

Aster,        .       .    318—325 

CABOMBACE^.   .     153 

Acrostichum,  .       .    628 

Syn.  141,  148 

Syn.  325,  326,  327,  329 

Cacalia,    .        .        .348 

Actaea,      .        .        .146 

Anethum,        .       .    290 

Asteroideae.      .    318 

CACTACE^:,          .    274 

Syn.  147 
Actmomeris,    .       .    344 

Angelica,        .     290,  291 
Anona,      .       .       .    151 

Astragalus,       .        .    229 
Atheropogon,  .        .    618 

Cactus,     .       .       .275 
t  Caesalpinse,    .        .    236 

Syn.  347 

ANONACE.E,         .     151 

Atrasrene,        .       .    139 

Cakile,      .       .       .171 

Adenarium,     .       .189 

Anonymus,     .       .    484 

Atriplex,           .       .    467 

Caladium,       .       .    520 

Adiantum,        .        .    633 

Antennaria,      .        .    351 

Atropa,     .        .        .449 

Calamagrostis,        .    601 

Adlumia,          .        .    158 

Anthemis,        .        .    342 

Syn.  446 

Calendula,        .       .    353 

Adonis,     .        .        .141 

Syn.  342 

AURANTIACE^:,      204 

Calla,        .        .       .520 

Aeschynomene,      .    230 

Anthericese,      .    552 

Avena,      .        .        .609 

CalHojms,         .     345,  346 

JEsculus,          .        .    214 

Anthoxanthum.       .    608 

Syn.  609,  610 

Callistephus.    .        .    327 

.ffithusa,            .        .    289 

Anthroposon,  .       .    618 

Aveneae,       .       .    608 

CALLITRICHA- 

Ag-athyrsus,    .       .    359 

Antirrhineae,         398 

Avicularia,     .       .    474 

CEJE,    .        .        .484 

Agave,       .        .        .539 

Antirrhinum,    .        .    398 

Azalea,     .        .        .374 

Callitriche,       .       .    484 

Agrimonia,       .       .    255 
Agrapyron,      .       .619 

Syn.  398 
Anychia,  .        .        .185 

Syn.  375,  376,  377 
Azolla,      .        .        .     636 

Calopogon,       .       .    536 
Caltha,      ..       .       .    143 

Agrostemma,  .    191,  192 

Apargia,  .       .       .358 

Baccharis,        .       .    334 

CALYCANTHA- 

Agrostidese,       .    596 

Apios,       .       .        .222 

Syn.  334 

CEJE,    ...    258 

Agrostis,    ...    596 

Apium,     .       .        .288 

Ballota,            .        .    428 

Caly  can  thus,   .        .    258 

Syn.  599,  600,  601 

Syn.  289 

BALSAMIFLUJE,       507 

Calypso,    .        .        .531 

Ailanthus,        .        .    202 

Aplectrum,       .        .    531 

BALSAMINACE.E,    199 

Calystegia,       .        .    443 

Aira,          .        .        .608 

APOCYNACE.E,   .    456 

Baptisia,   .        .        .235 

Camelina,         .        .    163 

Syn.  609,  613 

Apocynum,      .       .    456 

Barbarea,          .       .    165 

Camellia,         .        .    205 

Ajugoideae,        .    429 

AQUIFOLIACEJE,     381 

Bartonia,         .     268,  454 

Campanula,     .       .    365 

Alcf.a,       .       .       .208 

Aquilegia,         .        .    145 

Bartsia,    .       .    409,  410 

Syn.  3GB,  367 

Aletris,     .       .        .541 

Arabis,      .        .       .166 

Batatas,   .       .     442,  443 

CAMPANULACE^,  365 

Alchemilla,      .       .    257 

Syn.  162,  169 

Batschia,         .       .    433 

t  Campylosperma?,      292 

Alisma,      .        .        .526 

ARACE.E,       .        .    519 

Begonia,  .       .       .270 

*  Cannabieas,  .       .511 

ALI8MACEJE.        .     526 

Aralia,      .        .       .294 

BEGONIACEJE,     .     269 

Cannabis,         .        .     511 

Allium,      .        .        .550 

ARALIACEJE.        .    294 

Bellis,        .        .        .    327 

CAPPARIDACEJE,    172 

Alnus,       .        .        .499 
Alopecurus,     .        .    601 

Arbutus,  .        .        .371 
Archangelica,  .        .    290 

Benzoin,    .        .        .478 
BERBERIDACEJE,    152 

Capraria,        .       .    402 
CAPRIFOLIACEJE,  298 

A/sine,      .       .       .187 

Archemora,      .        .    291 

Berberis,  .        .       .152 

Ccfplifolium,    .      293,  299 

Alsineae,      .            187 

Arctium,         .       .    357 

Beta,         .       .       .470 

Capsella,  .        .       .161 

Althaea,     .        .        .207 

ArctosUphylos,        .    371 

Betula,      .        .        .498 

Capsicum,       .        .    447 

Aiyssum,          .        .    163 

Arenaria,  .       .       .188 

Syn.  499 

Cardamine,      .       .    167 

Syn.  162 

Syn.  186,  189 

BETULACEJE,       .    497 

Syn.  169 

AMARANTHA- 

Arethusa,         .       .    535 

Bidens,      .        .       .346 

Cnrdiospermum,      .    215 

CE;E,  .      .      .470 

Syn.  535 

Bigelovia,         .        .    334 

Card  it  us,          .      356,  357 

Amaranthus,    .        .    470 
AMARYLLIADA- 

Argemone,        .       .156 
Aristida,            .        .    595 

Bignonia,        .     394,  399 
BIGNONIACEJE.   .    393 

Carex,      .       .       .576 
Cariceae,      .        .576 

CEJE,     ...    538 

Aristolochia,    .        .    465 

Bistorta,          .       .    475 

Carpinus,         .       .    497 

Amaryllis,        .        .    538 

ARISTOLOCHIA- 

Blephilia,         .        .    418 

Sarthamus,      .       .    354 

Amberboa,       .        .    354 

CEJE.     .        .        .465 

Blitum,     .        .       .468 

Carum,     .       .       .    298 

Ambrosia,         .        .    353 
Amelanchier,  .       .    245 

Ariteneum,     .       .    533 
Armeniaca,       .        .    242 

Btzbera,    .       .       .347 
Bcehmeria,       .        .    511 

Carya,       .        .        .491 
CARYOPHYLLA- 

Amellus,  .       .       .333 

Armeria,           .        .    390 

Bohemia,          .       .    328 

CE1E,    .        .        .186 

Amianthum,           .    558 

Arnica,      .        .       .    335 

Bootsia,    .       .       .    252 

Cassandra,      .       .    372 

Ammannia,      .        .    260 

Aronia,    .       .     215,  246 

Borrageae,   .        .    430 

Cassia,      .       .        .236 

Ammi,      .        .        .     286 

Arrhenatherum,     .    609 

BORRAGINACEJE,  429 

Cassiope,         .       .    371 

Ammophtta,    .      .   eoi 

Artemisia,        .        .    349 

Borrago.            .        .    431 

Castanea,         .        .    495 

Amorpha,         .        .    225 

Arum,       .        .        .    519 

Botrychium,     .        .    635 

Castilleja,         .        .    4C9 

Arapelopsis,     .        ..212 

Syn.  520 

Brachye.lytrum,     .    600 

Caialpa,    .       .       .394 

54* 


640 


INDEX. 


Catananche,    .       .    358 
Caulinia,        .       .    524 
Caulophyllum,       .    153 
Ceanothus,       .        .    217 
Celastrus,         .       .  .  215 
CELASTRACEJE,     215 
Celosia                         472 

Commelyna,    .       .    562 
COMMELYNACEJE,562 
COMPOSITE,        .    310 
Comptonia,      .        .    500 
CONIFERS,  .        .    513 
Conioselinum,          ,    290 

Desmodium,    .        .    231 
Dianthera,       .       .    395 
Dianthus,         .       .192 
Diapensia,        .       .441 
DIAPENSIACEJE,     441 
3iarrhena,       .        .612 

t  Escalloneae,  .        .281 
Eschcho/tzia,  .       .    157 
Euchroma,      .     409,  410 
Eupatoriaceae,     313 
Eupatorium,     .       .    314 
Syn.  317 
Euphorbia,       .        .    486 
EUPHORBIACEJE,    485 

Celtis,       .       .       .483 

Conobea,  .        .    *    .    402 

Dicliptera,        .       .    395 

Cenchrus,        .        .    607 

Conoclineum,          .    316 

Dictarrtnus,      .       .    204 

Euphrasieae,     .    409 

Centaurea,       .        .    354 

Conostyles,      .       .    540 

Dielytra,  .        .       .158 

Etirybia,         .     318,319 

Syn.  354 
Centaurella,     ;       .    454 
Centunculus,    .       .    387 

Convallaria,     .        .    552 
Convallarineae,    552 
CONVOLVU  LA- 

Diervilla,  .        .       .300 
Digitaleae,  .       .    404 

Digitalis,  .        .        .404 

Eutoca,     .       .       .437 
Exacum,  .       ,       .452 
Fas-opyrum,    .       .    475 

Cephalanthus,         .    307 

CEJE,    .        .        .441 

Digitaria,  .        .            603 

Fava,       .       .       .220 

Cerastium,       .       .    187 

t  Convolvuleae,        .    441 

Syn.  618 

Fagus,      .       .       .496 

Cerasus,    .       .        .240 

Convolvulus,    .        .    441 

Dilatris,           .       .    540 

Syn.  496 

Syn.  241 

Syn.  443,  444 

Diodia,      .       .       .307 

Fedia,       .        .       .308 

Ceratochloa,     .        .    611 
GERATOPHYLLA- 

Conyza,    .       .    325,  334 
Coptis,      .        .        .144 

Dionsea,    .        .       .180 
Dioscorea,        .        .    543 

Festucaceaa,     .    610 
Festuoa,    .        .        .611 

Corallorhiza,     .       .    531 

DIOSCOREACE^,    543 

Syn.  612,  613,  617 

Ceratophyllum,       .    484 

Corchorus,              .    257 

Diospyros,        .        .    382 

Ficus,       .       .       .510 

Ceratoschcenus,      .    575 
Cersis,       ...    235 

Coreopsis,        .        .    344 
Syn.  344,  347 

Diploclinium,           .    270 
Diplopappus,   .        .    325 

Filago,      .       .       .352 
FILICES,         .        .    627 

Cereus,     .        .       .275 
Chaerophyllum,       .    292 

Coriandrum,     .        .    294 
CORNACEJE,         .    296 

Syn.  333 
DIPSACE.E,   .       .    309 

Fimbristylis,    .        .    573 
Syn.  573 

Chara,       .        .        .637 
CHARACEJE,         .     637 

Cornucopice,           •    599 
Cornus,     .        .        .    296 

Dipsacus,         .        .    309 
Dirca,        .        .        .480 

Floerkea,  .       .        .200 
FluvmUs,        .       .    524 

Cheilanthes,    .        .    633 

Coronilla,         .       .    230 

Discopleura,     .        .    286 

Foeniculum,     .       .    290 

Syn.  633 

Corydalis,         .        .    158 

Dodecatheon,  .        .    385 

Fragaria,  .        .       i    252 

Cheiranthus     .        .    169 

Syn.  158 

Draba               .        .    162 

Franklinict,    '.       .    205 

Syn.  170 

Corylus,    .        .        .496 

Dracizna,        .       .    553 

Frasera,    .       .        .455 

Chelidonium,           .    156 

Cosmanthus,    .        .    437 

Dracocephalum,      .    425 

Fraxinus,  .        .        .463 

Syn.  156 

Crantzia,           .       .    285 

Syn.  426 

Fritillaria,        .        .    549 

Chelone,          .       .    400 

CRASSULACE^:,      276 

Drosera,    .        .       .179 

Fuchsia,   .        .        .265 

Syn.  400,  401 

Cratasgus,          .        .    243 

DROSERACE^l,  .     179 

Fuirena,    .        .       .568 

Cheloneae,  .        .    399 

Crocus,     .        .        .543 

Dryas,      .       .       .    257 

Fumaria,  .        .        .159 

CHENOPODIACEJE,466 
Chenopodium,         .    468 

Crossopetalum,       .    453 
Crotalaria,        .        .    234 

Dulichium,      .        .    569 

Dyosodia,          .        .    347 

Syn.  158,  159 
FUMARIACEJE,    .     157 

Chimaphila,     .        .    379 

Croton,     .        .        .488 

EBENACEJE,          .     382 

Galactia,  ...    223 

Chiogenes,       .       .    S70 

Crotonopsis,     .       .    488 

Echinacea,               .    338 

Galanthus,        .        .    539 

Chionanthus,   .        .    463 

Syn.  489 

Echinocystis,    .        .    270 

Galega,    ...    225 

Chironia,         .     450,  451 

CRUCIFER^],        .     159 

Echinospermum,     .  -  435 

Galeopsis,         .        .    427 

Chloreae,      .        .    617 

Crypsis,    .        .        .    602 

Syn.  435 

Galium,    .        .        .304 

Chondrilla,      .       .    362 

Crypta,    .       .       .195 

Echium,   .       .        .430 

Gaultheria,      .       .    373 

Chrysanthemum,    .    343 

Cryptotsenia,    .        .    287 

Eclipta,    .        .        .333 

Syn.  371 

Syn.  328,  343 

Cucubalus,      .       .190 

ELATINACEJE,     .     194 

Gaura,       .        .        .265 

Chrysus,           .        .    157 

Cucumis,          .        .    271 

Elatine,    .        .        .195 

Genista,    .        .        .234 

Chrysocoma,           .    334 
Chrysopsis,      .        .    333 

Cucurbita,        .        .    272 
•Syn.  272 

Elatinella,       .       .    306 
EL.EAGNACEJE,  .    481 

Gentiana,         .        .    452 
GENTIANACEJE,      450 

Syn.  324 

CUCURBITACEJE,    270 

Eleagnus,         .        .481 

GERANIACE^,    .     196 

Chrysosplenium,     .    281 

Cunila,     .        .        .421 

Eleocharis,       .        .    569 

Geranium,        .        .    196 

Chrysostemma,      .    345 

Syn.  422 

Elephantopus,         .    313 

Syn.  197 

Cicendia,          .       .    452 

Cuphea,   .       .       .261 

Eleusine,  .        .        .617 

Gerardia,  .        .        .407 

C  i  c  h  o  r  a  c  e  ae,      .    357 

Cupressus,       .        .    516 

Eliisia,      .       .       .437 

Syn.  408,  409 

Cichorium,       .        .    357 

Cupressineae,  .     516 

Elodea,     .        .        .184 

Gerardieae,         .    407 

Cicuta,      .        .        .286 

CUPULIFERJE,      .     492 

Syn.  529 

Geum,      .        .        .    253 

Cimicifuga,      .        .    147 

Cuscuta,  .        .        .444 

Elymus,    .        .        .620 

Gilia,         .       .        .440 

Syn.  147 

t  Cuscuteae,      .        .    444 

Emilia,    .       .       .349 

Gillenia,    .        .        .257 

t  Cinchoneae,   .        .    305 

Cydonia,   ,        .       .245 

EMPETRACEJE,  .    489 

Gladiolus,         .        .    542 

Cinna,       .        .        .600 

Cymbidium,    .     531,  536 

Empetrum,      .        .    489 

Glaux,       .        .       .386 

Circaea,     .        .        .266 

Cynanchium,         .    461 

Syn.  490 

Glechom-a,       .       .425 

Circaea,         .       .266 

Cynara,             .        .355 

Enandromeda,         .    372 

Gleditschia,     .        .    237 

Cirsium,   .        .        .356 

Cynareae,     .       .    353 

Enemion,        .       .    145 

Glyceria,  .        .        .613 

CISTACEJE,   .        .    180 

Cynodon,          .        .    618 

E  n  o  n  y  m  e  33,       .    215 

Glycine,   .       .     222,  223 

Cistopteris,      .     629,  630 

Cynoglossum,          .    435 

Enonymus,       .        .    216 

G/yciphylla,    .       .    371 

Cistius,      .       .       .181 

Syn.  435 

Enslenia,          .       .    461 

Gnaphauum,    .        .    350 

Citrus,      .        .        .204 

Cynthia,           .        .    358 

Epigoaa,    .        .        .373 

Syn.  351,  352 

Cladium,          .       .    575 

Syn.  358 

Epilobium,       .        .    262 

Gomphrena,     .       .    472 

Clarkia,    .        .        .264 

CYPERACE.E,      .    565 

Epipactis,        .        .    537 

Gonolobus,        .        .    461 

Claytonia,         .        .    194 
Clematis,         .        .    138 

Cyperea?,     .        .    565 
Cyperus,          .       .    565 

Epiphegus,       .        .    393 
EQUISETACEJE,  .    624 

Goodyera,         .       .    536 
Gordonia,         .       .    205 

Cleome,    .       .       .172 

Syn,  565,  568 

Equisetum,      .        .    62' 

Gossypium,      .        .    207 

Syn.  172,  173 

Cypripedium,  .       .    537 

Erechtites,       .        .    352 

GRAMINE7E,          .    593 

Clethra,    .       .       .373 

Syn.  531 

Erica,       .        .        .377 

Gratiola,   .        .        .403 

Clinfjpodium,       419,422 

Dactylis,           .        .    617 

ERICACEAE,  .        .     367 

Syn.  403 

Clintonia,         .       .    365 

Dahlia,      .        .        .327 

t  Ericinese,      .       .    371 

Gratiolea;,  .        .    401 

Syn.  553 

Dalea,       ...    226 

Erigeron,  .       .       .326 

GROSSULACE^E,      273 

Clitoria,    .        .        .    223 

Syn.  226 

Eriocaulon,       .        .    564 

Gymnad,enia,  .       .    533 

Cnicus,     ...    355 

Daliborda,        .        .    253 

ERICAULONA- 

Gymnandria,    .        .    404 

Syn.  356,  357 

Syn.  253 

CE1E,     .        .        .564 

Gtymnocladus,  .        .    237 

Cmdium,         .       .    290 

Danthonia,       .        .610 

EriopMla,        .       .    162 

Gymnopogon,  .        .    618 

Cochlearea,      .        .163 

Daphne,            .        .481 

Eriophorum,    .        .    572 

Gynandropsis,  .        .    172 

C&Iestina,       .       .317 

Darlingtonia,            .    238 

Erodium,          .        .197 

Gyromia,         .       .547 

t  Coelospermae,        .    293 

Dasystoma,      .        .    408 

Ervum,     .        .       .22' 

Habenaria,      .    532  —  535 

Collinsia,          .        .    399 

Datura,     .        .        .446 

Eryjrenia,         .        .    29; 

HJEMODORACE^E,  540 

Collin.sonia,      .        .    421 

Daucus,    .        .        .292 

Eryneinm,         .        .     285 

Halenia,   .        .        .    454 

Colutea.    .        .        .    224 
Comandra,       .        .    479 
Comaropis,      .       .    253 

Decodon,  .        .        .261 
Delphinium,     .        .    145 
Dentaria,          .        .    167 

Erysimum,       .        .     169 
Syn.  165.  168 
Eryfhra:a.         .        .    45 

Hnleeia,    .       .       .    383 
tHaloraffetfi,   '.        .267 
HAMAMELACE^E,  282 

Comarum,       .       .    252 

Desmanthu*,   .       .    238 

Erythronium,  .        .    549 

Hamamelis,     .        .    282 

INDEX. 


641 


Hamiltonta,           .    479 

IRIDACEJE,  .        .    541 

Liquidambar,  .       .    508 

Mitella,     .       .       .    280 

Harpalyce,           361,  362 

Iria,  .       .       .       .    541 

Syw.  500 

Moluccella,      .       .    429 

Hedeoma,                .    422 

Isanthus,  .       .       .416 

Liriodendron,  .       .    150 

Mollugo,   ...    190 

Syn.  422 

Isoetes,     .       .       .164 

Listera,     .        .       .    537 

Momordica,     .       .    271 

Hedera,    .               .    295 

Imardia,  ...    266 

Lithospermum,       .    432 

Syn.  271 

Hedyotis,  .                .    305 

Isretis,      .        .       .627 

Syn.  432,  433,  434 

Monarda,  .        .        .417 

Hedysarum,             .    230 

Isolepis,    .       .       .573 

LOASACE.E,  .        .    268 

Syn.  418 

Syn.  230—233 

Isopyrum,        .        .145 

Lobelia,     .        .        .363 

Monardeae,  .       .    417 

Itea,          ...    281 

LOBELIACE.SE,      .    363 

Mone.ces,  .       .       .    379 

Syn.  344 

Iva  353 

Loiseieuria,     .       .    375 

Monneria,        .       '.    402 

Helianthemum,      .    181 

Ixia,  .       .       .       .542 

Lolium,     .       .       .    620 

MONOPETAL.3E,  .    298 

Helianthus,      .       .    339 

JASMINACE.E,     .    462 

*Lomentaceae,        .    171 

Monotropa,       .       .    380 

Syn.  337 

Jasminum,       .        .    462 

Lonicera,  .       .        .298 

Syn.  380 

Heliastrum,    .       .    324 

Jeftersonia,      .        .    152 

Syn.  301 

tMonotropeas,  .       .    380 

Heliopsis,         .       .    337 

JUGLANDACEJE,      440 

Lonicereae,  .       .    298 

*Morea?,    .       .       .    509 

Heliotropes,    .    435 

Juglans,    .       .       .490 

Lophanthus,    .        .    425 

Morus,       .        .        .    509 

Heliotropium,  .       .    435 
Helleborus,      .       .    144 

Syn.  491 
JUNCACEJE,          .    559 

Lophiola,  .        .        .540 
LORANTHACE.K,    297 

Mulgedium,     .       .    359 
Muhlenbergia,         .    600 

Helonias,  ...    558 

*  Juncagineas,  .       .    528 

Ludwigia,         .        .    265 

Syn.  598,  600 

Syn.  557,  558 
H  e  ra  e  r  o  c  a  I!  i  d  e  as  ,  54  9 

Juncus,     .       .       .    559 
Syn.  562 

Lunaria,    .       .       .164 
Lupinus,   ...    235 

Myagrum,       .       .    163 
Myosotis,  .       .       .    434 

Hemerocallis,  .       .    549 

Juniperus,        .       .    517 

Luzula,     .       .       .562 

Syn.  433 

Hemianthus,    .       .    403 

Justicia,  ...    395 

Lychnis,   .        .        .191 

Myosurus,        .       .    148 

Hemicarpha,    .        .    573 

Kalmia,    .       .       .374 

Lycium,    .        .        .    449 

Myrica,      ...    500 

Hepatica,         .       .141 

Kerria,      .       ...    257 

LYCOPODIACEJE,    625 

MYRICACE.E,       .    499 

Heracleum,      .        .    291 

Kwleria,   .       .       .612 

Lycopodium,    .        .    626 

Myriophyllum,         .    267 

Herpestis,        .       .    402 

Krigia,      ...    357 

Lycopsis,  .       .       .431 

MYRTACE^:,        .    258 

Syn.  404 

Syn.  358 

Lycopus,  .        .        .    416 

Myrtus,     .        .        .    258 

Hesperis,  .       .        .168 
Syn.  169 
Heteranthera,  .        .    556 

Kuhnia,  .       .       .    315 
KyHingia,          .        .    568 
LABIATJE,      .        .    413 

Lygodium,        .        .    635 
Lyonia,     .       .       .372 
Lysimachia,     .       .    386 

Nabulus,  .        .        .    360 
NAIADACE.E,       .    523 
Najas,        .                .523 

Heteromeris,   .       .    181 

Laburnum,       .       .    235 

Syn.  386 

Xapeca,     .       .    209,  210 

Heuchera,        .       .    279 

Lacis,       .       .       .485 

LYTHRACE.E,      .    259 

Narcissus,         .        .    539 

Hibiscus,  ...    208 

Lacnanthes,     .       .    540 

Lythrum,  .       .       .    260 

Nardosmia,       .        .    318 

Hieracium,      .        .    359 

Lactuca,   .                 .    359 

Syn.  261 

Narthecium,    .        .    562 

Hierochloa,      .        .    608 

Lagenaria,       .        .    272 

Madura,  .        .        .509 

Nasturtium,     .        .    164 

HIPPOCASTANA- 

Lamium,  .       .       .    426 

Macrotys,         .       .    147 

Naumburgia,   .       .    386 

CEJE,    .        .        .214 
Hippophce,       .       .481 

Lapathwn,      .       .    476 
Lappa,      .       .        .    357 

Magnofia,          .        .    150 
MAGNOLIACEJE,      149 

Negundo,  .        .        .213 
NELUMBIACEJE,      153 

Hippuris,  .        .        .    268 

Lathyrus,  .        .        .    219 

Majorana,       .       .    420 

Nelumbium,     .        .    153 

Holcus,     .        .        .608 

Lavandula,       .       .415 

Malaxis,          .     530,  531 

Nemopanthus,         .    381 

Syn.  613,  617 

LAURACE^E,         .    478 

Malope,    .       .       .209 

Nentophila,      .       .    436 

Honckenya,     .       .    189 

Laurns,     .       .    478,  479 

Malus,      .       .       .244 

Neotlia,    ...    536 

Hordeae,       .        .    619 

Lavatera,  .       .       .    207 

Malva,      ...    206 

Nepeta,     .       .       .424 

Hordeum,        .       .    620 

Lechea,     .        .        .180 

MALVACE.E.         .    206 

Syn.  419 

Holtonia,  ...    384 

Lecontia,  .       .       .520 

Mariscus,          .        .    567 

Nepeteae,      .       .    424 

Hvustonia,       .       .    306 

Ledum,     .       .       .377 

Marrubium,     .       .    428 

Nephrodium,    .        .    629 

Hudsonia,         .        .    181 

Leersia,     .               .    622 

Marsilea,         .       .    636 

Syn.  633 

Humulus,         .        .    512 

LEGUMINOSJE,     .    217 

MARSILEACE.E,      636 

Nerium,    .       .       .457 

Hyacinthus,     .        .    551 

Lehnanthium,        .    557 

Martynia,          .        .    394 

Nestza,     .       .       .261 

Hydrangea,      .       .    281 
tHydrangeee,    .        .    281 

Leiophyllum,   .       .    377 
Lemna,     .        .       .    521 

Maruta,     .       .       .342 
Matthiola,        .        .    170 

Nicandra,         .       .    446 
Nicotiana,        .       .    445 

Hydrastis,         .        .    148 
HYDROCHARIDA- 

LEMNACEJE,         .    521 
LENTIBULACE.E,    390 

Meconopsis,     .       .    156 
Medeola,  .        .       .547 

Nigella,     .       .       .149 
Nuphar,    .        .       .154 

CEJS.     ...    528 

Leontice,  .       .       .    153 

VIedicago,        .       .    228 

Syn.  155 

Hydrocharis,    .       .    529 
Hydrocochloa,        .    623 

Leontodon,       .       .    358 
Syn.  362 

Melampyrum,  .       .    411 
MELANTHACEJE,    556 

NYCTAGINACE.K,  472 
Nympheca,       .        .    154 

Hydrocotyle,    .        .    284 

Leonurus,         .       .    427 

Melanthium,    .       .    556 

Syn.  154,  155 

Syn.  285,  294 
HydropeUis,     .       .    153 
HYDROPHYLLA- 

Lepachys,         .        .    338 
Lepidanche,     .       .    444 
Lepidium,        .       .    161 

Syn,  556,  558 
MELASTOMACE  JE,  259 
Vlelica,      .       .       .617 

NYMPHEACEJE,  .    154 
Nyssa,       .        .       .480 
Oakesia,    .       .       .490 

CEJE,    ...    436 
Hydrophyllum,        .    436 
Hydropyrum,         .    623 

Leptandra,      .       .    405 
Leptanthus,     .       .    555 
Syn.  556 

Melilotus,         .       .    228 
Melissa,    .       .       .422 
M  e  1  i  s  s  i  n  e  SB,      .    422 

Obeliscaria,     .       .    338 
Obolaria,  .       .       .452 
Ocimoidese,        .    415 

Hymenopappus,      .    348 

Leptopoda,      .       .    344 

Melocactus,      .       .    275 

Ocimum,  .       .       .    415 

Hyoscyamus,  .       .    446 
Hyoseris.         .       .    358 
HYPERICACEJE,      182 

Lepturus,  .       .       .623 
Lespedeza,       .       .    233 
Leucanthemum,      .    343 

Melothria,        .       .    271 

MENISPERMA- 
CEJE,  .     .     .151 

(Enanthe,        .       .    291 
(Enothera,       .       .    263 
OLEACEJE,    .        .    462 

Hypericum,     .       .    182 

Leucospora,     .       .    402 

VIenispermum,        .    151 

ONAGRACEJE,      .    261 

Syn.  184 

Leucothoe,       .       .    372 

Mentha,    .        .       .415 

Onagraea,      .       .262 

Hypobrichia,    .        .261 

Liatris,      .        .       .317 

Menthoideae,    .    415 

Onoclea,   .       .       .633 

Hypolytreas,      .    568 

tLiguliflorae,     .       .    357 

Mentrelia,        .       .    268 

Onopordon,       .        .    355 

Hypopeltis,      .       .    631 
Hypopitys,       .       .    380 

Ligusticum,     .       .    289 
Syn.  289 

M  e  n  y  a  n  t  h  e  ae,    .    455 
Menyanthes,    .       .    455 

Onosmodium,  .       .    432 
O  p  h  i  o  g  1  o  s  s  e  a?,      635 

Hypoporum,   .       .    576 

Ligustrum,       .       .    463 

Menziesa,        .       .    373 

Ophioglossum,        .    635 

Hypoxis,  ...    540 
Hyssopus,        .       .    421 
Syn.  425 

Lifiaceae,  .        .        .547 
Lilium,     .        .       .548 
LIMNANTHA- 

Mertensia,        .       .    433 
MESEMBRYACE*:,  276 
Mesembryanthemum  ,276 

Ophrys,    .       .       .636 
Syn.  537 
Oplismenus,     .       .    604 

Iberis,       .       .       .164 

CE^E.    ...    200 

Mespilus,        243,  244,  245 

Oplotheca,       .       .    472 

Ictodes,     .       .       .521 

Limnanthemum,     .    455 

Micromeria,     .       .    422 

Opuntia,    .       .       .274 

Ilex,          ...    381 

Limnetis,        .       .    618 

Micropetalon,  .       .    187 

ORCHIDACE^,    .    529 

Syn.  381 
ILLICEBRACEJE.      185 

Limodorum,    .       .    532 
Limosella,        .       .    404 

Microstylis,      .       .    530 
Mikania,  .       .       .316 

Orchis,       ...    532 
Syn.  532 

Ilysanthus,       .        .    403 

Lindernia,  •    .        .    403 

Vlilium,     .        .        .    603 

Origanum,        .       .    420 

Impatiens,        .       .199 
Inula,        .       .        ,334 

LINAGES,      .        .    195 
Linnasa,    .       .       .301 

Mimosa,    .       .       .238 
Syn.  238 

Ornithogalum,         .    551 
OROEANCHACE^E,  392 

Syn.  333 

liinaria,     .       .       .    398 

tMimoseae,       .       .    238 

Orobanche,      .       .    392 

Ip&maa,  .       .    442,  443 
Ipomopsis,       .       .    440 

Linum,     .               .195 
jiparis,     .       .        .    530 

Mimulus,          .        .    401 
Mirabilis,          .        .    472 

Drontium,         .        .    521 
tOrthospermeae,      .    284 

Iresine,     .       .       .471 

Lippia,      .       .        .413 

Mitchella,        .       .    305 

Oryzea?,        .       .622 

642 


INDEX. 


Oryzopsis,        .       .    596  Podophyllum,  .       .    152 
&yn.  596  PODOSTEMACE^;,  485 
Osmorhiza,      .       .    293  Podostemum,  .        .    485 

Rubus,      .       .       .249 
Rudbeckia,      .        .    337 
Syn.  338 

Sisymbrium,    .       .    1C8 
Syn.  165,  166 
Sisyrinchium,  .       .    543 

Osmunda,         .  -     .634 
Osmundiacese,  .    634 

Pogonia,    .                .    535 
Polanisia,  .        .        .    172 

Ruellia,    .       .       .395 
Rumex,    .        .       .476 

Sium,                       .    28T 
SMILACE.E,  .        .    544 

Ostrya,       .        .        .497 

3OLEMONIACE£},  43& 

Syn.  473 

Smilacina,      .    552,  553 

Otophylkj         .        .    408 

?olemonium,  .       .    440 

luppia,    .        .       .524 

Smilax,     .        .        .544 

OXALIDACE.ffi,     .    200 

Polyanthes,      .       .    550 

Ruta,        .       .       .204 

Smyrnium,  287,  288,  289 

Oxalis,      .        .       .200 

Polygala  173 

RUTACEJE,   .        .     204 

SOLANACEJE,       .    444 

Oxycoccus,       .       .    370 
Oxydendron,   .       .    372 

POLYGALACEJ3,     173 
POLYGON  ACE  JE,     473 

Sabbatia,          .       .450 
Sagina,      .       .       .189 

Solanum,         .       .    448 
Solea.       .        .       .178 

Oxyria,      .       .       .473 
Pasonia,     .       .       .149 

Polygonatum,  .       .    553 
Polygonella,    .       .    475 

Sagittaria,         .        .    526 
SALICACEJE,         .    500 

Solidago,  .         .     328-333 
Sonchus,  .        .       .363 

Panax,      .       .       .295 

Polygonum,     .       .    473 

Salicornia,        .       .    466 

Syn.  359,  361 

Panicea?,      .       .    602 

Polymnia,        .       .    335 

Salix,        .       .       .501 

Sophora,  .              .235 

Panicum,  .        .       .604 

Polypodiaceae,     628 

Sal  pig  losses,       397 

Sorbus,     .       .      •.    245 

Syn.  603,  604,  618 

Polypodium,     .       .    628 

Salsola,     .        .       .467 

Sorghum,         .        .    622 

Papaver,   .        .       .157 
PAPAVERACEJE,      155 

Syn.  631 
Polypogon,       .       .    599 

Salvia,       .        .        .418 
Salvinia,    .       .       .636 

Sparganium,    .       .    523 
Sparganopfiorus,   .    314 

tPapilionaceae,        .    219 
Parietaria,        .        .511 

Polytsenia,        .       .    292 
tPomere,  .        .       .243 

Sambuceae,         .    301 
Sambucus,       .        .    301 

Spartina;           .        .    618 
Specularia,       .       .    366 

Parnassia,         .        .    180 

PONTEDERACEJE,  555 

Samolus,          .        .    388 

Spergula,         .       .    185 

Paronychia,      .       .    185 

Pontederia,      .       .    555 

Sanguinaria,     .       .    155 

Syn.  189 

Parthenium,     .       .    336 

Populus,   .       .       .506 

Sanguisorba,    .        .    255 

Spermacoce,    .       .    306 

Paspalum,        .       .    602 

Portulaca,        .        .    193 

Sanicula,          .        .    285 

Syn.  307 

Passiflora,         .        .    269 

PORTULACACE.E,  193 

SANTALACEJE,  .  479 

Spigelia,  .        .       .307 

PASSIFLORACE.E,  269 
Pastinaca,        .       .    291 

Potamogeton,  .       .    521 
Syn.  267 

SAPINDACEJE,     .    215 
Saponaria,        .       .    192 

t  Spigelieae,     .       .    307 
Spinacia,  .       .       .467 

Paulownia,      .       .    399 

Potentilla,        .       .251 

Sarothra,         .        .18^ 

Spiraea,     .       .       .    255 

Favia,      .       .       .214 

Poterium,         .        .    255 

Sarracenia,       .       .    155 

Syn.  257 

PEDALIACEJE,     .    394 

Pathos,      .       .       .521 

SARRACENIA- 

Spiranthes,      .       .    536 

Pedicularis,      .       .    410 

Prenanthes,     .     361,362 

CEJE,    .        .        .155 

Spirodela,         .       .    522 

Pelargonium,  .       .    197 
Peltandra,        .       .    520 

Primula,    .        .        .    384 
PRIMULACE.K,    .     383 

Sassafras,         .        .    478 
Satureja,           .       .    4*21 

Sporobolus,      .        .    599 
S  t  a  c  h  y  d  e  83,        .    426 

Pentalophus,    .        .    43S 

Prinos,       .        .        .381 

Satureineae,       .    409 

Stachys,   .        .       .427 

Penthorum,      .       .    278 

Priva,       .       .       .    413 

SAURACEJE,          .    484 

Staphylea,       .        .    215 

Pentstemon,    .       .    400 

Proserpinaca,           .    267 

Saururus,           .        .    484 

Staphylese,         .    215 

Peplys,     .       .     195,261 

Prunella,  .       .        .424 

Saxifraea,          .        .    278 

Statice,     .        .        .390 

Periploca,         .       .    461 

Prunus,     .       .        .241 

8AXIFRAGACE.E,   278 

Syn.  390 

Persica,     .               .    242 

Syn.  240,  242 

t  Saxifrages?,   .        .    278 

Stellaria,  .        .       .187 

Peristylu-s,       .       .    533 

Psamma,  .       .       .600 

Scabiosa,          .        .    310 

t  Stellatse,        .       .    304 

Persicaria,      .       .    474 

Psllostemon,    .       .    431 

Scandix,  .       .       .292 

Stipa,        .       .       .596 

Petalostemon,  .        .    226 

Psoralea,  .       .       .    225 

Scheuchzeria,          .    528 

Syn.  eoo 

Syn.  226 

Psylocarya,      .        .    574 

Schizaca,   ...    635 

Stipa  cese,    .       .    595 

Petroselinum,  .        .    288 

Ptelea,      .        .        .201 

Schizanthus,    .        .    397 

Streptopus,      .        .    554 

Petunia,    .       .        .445 

Pteris,       .       .       .632 

Kc/wenus,        .     574,  575 

Syn.  554 

Phaca.      ...    229 

Pterospora,       .        .    380 

Sc/iol/era,        .       .    555 

Struthiopteris,         .    634 

Phacelia,  .       .       .438 

Pulmonaria,     .        .    43^ 

Schrankia,       .       .    238 

Stylipus,  ...    254 

Syn.  437 

Syn.  434 

Schwalbea,      .        .    410 

Stylisma,          .        .     443 

Phalangium,    .       .    552 

Punica,     .        .       .258 

Scillea;,        .       .    550 

Stylophorum,         .    156 

Syn.  562 
Phalareas,    .       .    607 

Pycnanthemum,      .    419 
Pyrethrum,      .       .    343 

Scirpeae,      .        .    569 
Scirpus,    .       .        .570 

Stylosanthes,           .    229 
STYRACACE.E,   .    383 

Phalaris,  .       .        .607 

Syn.  343 

Si/n.  565,  568,  569,  570,  573 

Sfi/randra,      .       ,    552 

Phalerocarpus,       .    371 

Pyrola,      .        .        .378 

SCLERANTHA- 

Su'bularia,         .        .    163 

Pharbitis,        .       .    442 

Syn.  379 

CEvE,    .        .        .470 

Sullivantia,      .       .    279 

Phaseolua,       .        .    221 

t  Pyroleae,        .       .  .378 

Scleranthus,     .        .    470 

Swertia,   .       .       .454 

tPhiladelpheae,       .    282 
Philadelphus,  .        .    282 

Pyrularia,         .       .    479 
Pyrus,       .        .       .244 

Sole  re  as,       .        .    575 
Scleria,     .        .        .    575 

Syn.  450,  453,  454 
Symphoria,     .    300,  301 

Phleoideae,  .       .    601 
Phleum,    .       .       .602 
\  Phlox,        .'         .         .     438 
Phragmites,    .       .    610 

Syn.  245,  2-16 
Pyxidanthera,        .    441 
Quamoclit,       .        .    443 
Quercus,           .        .    492 

Sclerolepis,      .        .    313 
Scolopendrium,       .    632 
Scrophularia,           .    399 
SCROPHULARIA- 

Symphoricarpus,     .    300 
Symphitum,    .       •    431 
Symplocarpus,        .    521 
Synandra,         .       .    426 

Phryma,    .        .        .413 

Queria,    .       .       .    185 

CEJE,     .                .     396 

Synthyrus,       .        .    404 

Phyllanthus,     .       .    489 

RANUNCULA- 

Scutellaria,      .       .    423 

Syringa,    .        .        .    462 

Phyllodoce,  -  .'      .373 

CEJE,    .        .        .137 

Scutellarineas,     423 

Tagetes,    .       .       .341 

Physalis,  .        .       .447 

Ranunculus,    .        .141 

Secale,      .       .       .619 

Talinum,  .       .       .194 

Physostegia,     .       .    426 

Raphanus,    .    .       .171 

Sedum,     .       .       .276 

Tanacetum,     .        .    350 

Phytolacea,      .       .    478 

Reseda,    .        .        .173 

Selinum,         .       .    290 

Syn.  347 

PHYTOLACCA- 

RESEDACEJE,       .     173 

Sempervivum,        .    277 

Taraxacum,     .       .    362 

CEJE,     .        .        .477 

Rensselaria,   .       .    520 

Senicio,    .        .        .347 

Taxus,      .       .       .518 

Pimpinella,      .       .    288 

RHAMNACEJE,    .    216 

Syn.  352 

Taxineae,    .       .    518 

Pinguicula,       .       .    390 

Rhamnus,        .       .    216 

S  e  n  e  c  i  o  n  i  d  e  83,     335 

Tecoma,        "  .       .393 

Pinus,       .       .       .514 

Rheum,    .        '.       .    473 

Sepicula,         .       .    529 

Tephrosia,        .       .    224 

Syn.  515,  516 

Rhexia,     ...    259 

Sericocarpus,  .       .    325 

TERNSTRGGMIA- 

Piptatherum,  .       .    596 

Rhinanthus,     .        .    410 

Sesamum,        .       .    395 

CE^B,    .        .        .205 

Fisum,      .        .       .221 

Rhododendron,       .    375 

Setaria,     ...    606 

Teucrium,        .       .    429 

Syn.  219 
PLANTAGINA- 

Syn.  375 
Rhodora,  ,        .        .375 

Seymeria,        .       .    407 
Shepherdia,     .       .    481 

Thalictrum,     .       .    147 
Thapsia,  ...    289 

CE7E,     .        .        .388 

Rhus,  -      .        .        .202 

Sibbaldia,        .       .    257 

Thaspium,       .       .289 

Plantago,  .       .       .338 

Rhyncospora,  .       .    574 

'SibthorpeaB,     .    404 

Syn.  287,  296 

PLATANACEjE,   .    508 

Syn.  575 

Sicyos,      .        .       .    270 

Thesium,         .       .    479 

Platan  us,  .       .       .508 

Ribes,       .       .       .    273 

Syn.  271 

Thlaspi,    .       .       .160 

Platanthera,    .   532—535 

Ricinus,    .       .       .488 

Sida,        ...    209 

Syn.  161 

Plectranthus,   .       .415 
Pluchea,  ..        .       .334 

Robinia,    ...    224 
Rochelia,         .       .    435 

Silene,      .       .        .190 
Sileneae,      .       .190 

Thuja,      .       .       .517 
THYMELACEJE,       480 

PLUMBAGINA- 

Rosa,        .       .       .246 

*  Siliculosae,    .        .    160 

Thymus,  .       .       .    420 

CE^G,     .        .        .389 

ROSACES,    .        .    238 

*  Siliquosas,      .        .    164 

Tiarella,    ...    280 

Poa  614 

t  Rosaceae  proper,  .    246 

Silphium,         .        .    335 

Tigridia,           .        .    542 

Syn.  613 

Jlosmarinus,     .       .    419 

Sinapis,    .        .        .170 

Tilia,         .       .       .210 

PodaJyria,       .       .    225 

RUBIACEJE,  .        .     303 

Sison,       .       .     287,294 

TILIACEJE,   .        .    210 

INDEX. 


643 


Tillsea,      ...    276 

Tropseolum,      .       .    2C-0  1  Vaccinium,      .       .    368|VITACEJE,     .       .211 

Tipularia,         .       .    532 

Troximon,        .        .    362 

Syn.  370,  371 

Vitis,        .       .       .211 

Tofieldia,         .       .    559 

Tubuliflorae,     .       .    313 

Valeriana,        .       .    308 

Waldstenia,     .       .    253 

Trachysperma,        .    455 

Tuckermania.,        .    490 

VALERIANAGE.K,  308 

Winsoria,  '      .       .613 

Tradescantia,  .       .    363 

t  Tulipa,          .       .    547 

Valerianella,  .       .    309 

Wistaria,  .       .    '    .    222 

Tragopogon,    .        .    358 

Tul  i  pace  ae,         .    547 

Vallisneria,      .       .529 

Woodsia,  .        .        .    C31 

Syn.  35S 

Turritis,           .       .    165 

Veratrum,        .       .    557 

Woodwardia,  .       .    632 

Trautvetteria,          .    147 

Syn.  166 

Syn.  557,  559 

Xanthium,       .       .    352 

Tricochloa,       .        .    600 

Tussilago,        .        .    318 

Verbasceae,        .    397 

Xeranthemum,       .    355 

Trichodium,     .        .    599 

Syn.  318 

Verbascum,      .       .    397 

Xerophyllum,          .    558 

Tricisphorum,         .    572 
Trichostema,  .        .    429 

Typha,      .       .       .522 
TYPHACE.E,         .    522 

Verbena,  .       .       .411 
VERBENACEJE,    .    411 

Xylosteum,     .       .    299 
XYRIDACEJE,       .    363 

Trichelostylis,  .       .    573 

Udora,       ...    529 

Verbesina,       .       .    347 

Xyris,       .        .       .363 

Tricuspis,         .        .    613 

ULMACE-E,    .        .    482 

Syn.  344 

Zahnichellia,    .       .    524 

Trientalis,         .        .    385 
Trifolium,        .       .    226 

Ulmus,      .        .        .482 
UMBELLIFER5V     283 

Vemonia,         .       .    313 
Vernoniaceae,   .    313 

Zanthorhiza,    .       .    148 
ZANTHOXYLA- 

Syn.  228,  230 

Uniola,      .       .       .616 

Veronica,         .    •    .    405 

CEJE,    .        .        .201 

Triglochin,  .      .        .528 

Uralepis,          .       .    610 

Veroniceae,         .    405 

Zanthoxylum,         .    201 

TRILLIACE.E,      .    545 

Uraspermum,        .    293 

Viburnum,       .       .    301 

Zapania,         .     412,  413 

Trillium,  .'       .        .545 

Urtica,      .       .       .510 

Vicia,                .       .    220 

Zea,  .       .       .       .623 

Triosteum,        .        .    300 

Syn.  511 

Vilfa,        .         .     597,598 

Zenobia,  .       .       .372 

Trip  flora,        .       .    535 

URTICACE.K,       .    508 

Villarsia,        .       .    455 

Zigadenus,       .       .    556 

Tripsacum,      .       .    623 

*  Urticese,        .       .    510 

Vinca,       .       .       .457 

Zinnia,      ...    338 

Trisetum,         .       .    609 

Utricularia,      .       .391 

Viola,        .       .       .175 

Zizania,    .               .    622 

Triticum,          .        .    619 

Uvaria,      .       .       .151 

Syn.  178 

Zizia,       .       .       .287 

Trollius,    .        .        .144 
TROP^EOLACE^E,    199 

Uvularia,  .       .       .    553 
Syn.  554 

VIOLACEJE,  .       .    175 
Viscum,    ...    297 

Ziziphara,      .    421,  422 
Zostera,    ...    523 

t  Vaccineae,     .     "  .    368 

Byn.  386 

ENGLISH   INDEX. 


Adam-and-Eve,       .    531 

Basil,        .       . 

419,  422 

Blue-curls, 

424,  429 

Cabbage,         .       .    171 

Adder's-tongue,       .    635 

Bass  wood, 

.    210 

Blue-eyed  Grass, 

.    543 

Calabash,         .       .    272 

Agrimony,        .        .    255 

Bath  Flower,   . 

.    546 

Blue  Grass, 

.     614 

Cale,         .        .       .    171 

Albany  Beech-drops,  380 

Bayberry, 

.     500 

Blue  Flag, 

.     541 

Calico-bush,     .        .    374 

Alder,        .        .     381,  492 

Beach  Plum,    . 

.     241 

Blue-hearts,     . 

.     407 

Campion,         .       .190 

Alexanders,     .        .    287 

Beach  Pea, 

.     219 

Blue  Tangles, 

.     370 

Canary  Grass,  .       .    607 

Allspice,    ...    258 

Bean,        .     220 

,221,222 

Bog  Rush, 

574,  575 

Cancer-weed,  .       .    418 

Almond,    .        .     242,243 

Bear-berry, 

.     371 

Boneset,    N 

.     316 

Candytuft,        .        .    164 

Aloe,          ...    539 
Alum-root,        .        .    280 

Beard-tongue, 
Beard  Grass,    . 

400,  401 
.     622 

Borrage, 
Bottle  Grass,    . 

.     531 
.     607 

Caraway,           .     288,  348 
Cardinal  Flower,  363,  364 

Amaranth,        .     471,  472 

Beaver-wood,  . 

.     483 

Bowman's  Root, 

.     257 

Cardoon,  .        .        .    355 

American  Cowslip,     385 

Bedstraw, 

.     304 

Box.  . 

.     489 

Carnation,        .        .    193 

Angelica,         .     290,  291 

Beech, 

.     496 

Boxberry, 

371,  373 

Carrot,      .       .       .    «92 

Angelica  Tree,        .    295 

Beech-drops,    . 

380,  393 

Brake,       .       . 

.     632 

Carpet-weed,  .       .    190 

Anise,       ...    288 

Beet, 

.     470 

Broccoli,  . 

.     171 

Castor  Oil  Bean,      .    488 

Annual  Spear  Grass,   614 

Bell-flower, 

365,366 

Broome  Grass, 

611,  621 

Catch-fly,         .     190,  191 

Apple,      .        .       .244 

Bell-wort, 

.     554 

Brooklime, 

.     405 

Cat-gut,    ...    225 

Apple  of  Peru,         .    446 

Bengal  Grass,  . 

.     607 

Broomrape,      . 

.     383 

Catnep,      ...    425 

Apricot,    .       .       .    242 

Bent  Grass, 

.     597 

Broom  Corn,    . 

.     622 

Cattail,      .                 .    522 

Arbor  Vitae,      .        .    517 

Berberry, 

.     152 

Buck-bean, 

.     455 

Cauliflower,     .       .    171 

Arrow-grass,    .        .    528 

Bilberry, 

.     368 

Buck-eye, 

.     214 

Cedar,       .        .     516,517 

Arrow-head,     .       .    527 

Bindweed,     442 

443,  476 

Buck-thorn,     . 

216,  217 

Celandine,       .        .    156 

Arrow-wood,    .        .    303 

Bird's-nest, 

.     380 

Buck-wheat,    . 

.     476 

Celery,      ...    288 

Artichoke,        .     341,  355 

Birch, 

498,  499 

Bugle-weed,     . 

.     416 

Century  Plant,         .    539 

Asarabacca,     .       .    465 

Bishop's  Cap,  . 

.     280 

Bucloss,    . 

.     481 

Chaff-seed,      .        .    410 

Ash.  .        .      463,  464,  483 

Bishop-weed,  . 

.     286 

Bullrush,  . 

.     571 

Chamomile,     .       .    342 

Asparagus,        .        .    555 
Asphodel,          .        .    552 

Bistort,      . 
Bittersweet,     . 

.     475 

.     448 

Burdock, 
Burnet,      . 

.     357 
.     255 

Cheat,       .       .       .611 
Checkerberry,  .       .    373 

Atamasco  Lily,        .    538 

Blackberry, 

.     249 

Burning  Bush,  . 

.     216 

Cherry,     .       .       .240 

Austrian  Eglantine,     247 

Black  Haw,     . 

.     303 

Burr  Flower,    . 

.     43C 

Chess,       .       .       .611 

Avens,      .        .     252,254 

Black  Snake  roo 

,    .     147 

Burr  Grass, 

.     607 

Chestnut,         .       .    496 

Awlwort,           .        .     163 

Black  Thorn,    . 

.     241 

Burr  Marigold, 

346 

Chick  weed,    185,  187,  188 

Bachelor's  Button,  .    354 

Bladder-nut,     . 

.     215 

Burr-reed, 

.     523 

Chickweed  Whiter- 

Balloon-vine,   .        .215 

Bladder  Senna, 

.     224 

Burr-seed, 

.     435 

green,    ...    385 

Balm,        .        .     422,  429 

Bladderwort,    . 

391,  392 

Buttercups, 

.     142 

Uhina  Aster,    .       .    327 

Balm  of  Gilead,       .    507 

Blazing  Star,    . 

..     317 

Butterfly-weed, 

.     460 

Chinquapin,     .        .    496 

Balsam  Apple,        .    271 

Blessed  Thistle, 

.     355 

Butternut, 

.     490 

Choke  Berry,  .       .    245 

Balsam  Spruce,       .    516 

Blood-root, 

.     156 

Butterwort, 

.     390 

Cinque  foil,        .     251,  252 

Baneberry,       .     146,  147 
Barley,                    .    620 

Blueberry, 
Blue-bottle.      . 

369,  370 
.     354 

Button-bush,    . 

.     307 
.     508 

Citron  Tiee,     .       .    205 
Gives,       .       .       .561 

644 


INDEX. 


Clany,      .       .        .418 
Cleavers,  .       .       .304 

English  Ivy,     .       .    295 
English  Moss,         .    277 

Hart's-tongue,         .    632 
Hawkweed,     .     358,  360 

Leaf-cup,          .        .    835 
Leather-flower,       .    139 

Clotweed,        .        .    352 
Cloudberry,      .        .    250 

Eternal  Flower,       .    355 
Eyebright,        .        .    487 

Hawthorn,       .       .    243 
Hazel,       .       .     496,  497 

Leather-wood,         .    480 
Leek,        .       .     550,  551 

Clover,      .      227,  228,  233 

False  Flax,       .        .    163 

Heartsease,      .       .    178 

Lemon  Tree,   .       .    204 

Club  Moss,       .    625—627 
Club  Rush,       .     569,  570 

False  Mermaid,       .    200 
False  Red-top,        .    613 

Hedge  Hyssop,        .    403 
Hedge  Mustard,      .    168 

Lettuce,    .       .     359,361 
Lever-wood,    .       .    497 

Cock's-comb,   .        .    472 
Cock's-foot  Grass,  .    604 

False  Wall  Flower,      169 

Feather-beds,  .        .    637 

Hedgehog,       .       .    228 
Hedgehog  Grass,     .    621 

Lite-everlasting,      .    351 
Lilac,        .       .       .    463 

Coffee  Tree,     .       .    237 

Feather  Grass,        .    596 

Heliotrope,       .       .    436 

Lily,          .        .      548,  549 

Colic  Root,       .        .541 

Fehvort,           .       .    454 

Hellebore,        .     144,  557 

Lily-ofthe-Valley,       553 

Colocynth,        .        .    272 

Fennel,     .       .       .290 

Hemlock,       286,  515,  518 

Lime  Tree,      .     205,  210 

Colt's  -foot,        .        .    318 

Fennel  Flower,       .    149 

Hemp,      .        .        .512 

Lime  Grass,     .     620,  621 

Columbine,      .        .    145 

Fern,         .       .   629—636 

Hemp  Nettle,          .    427 

Linden  Tree,    .        .    210 

Columbo,         .       .455 

Fescue  Grass,       611,  612 

Henbane,         .     446,  447 

Lion's-heart,    .       .    426 

Comfrey,  .        .        .431 

Fever-bush,      .        .    478 

Henbit,     .        .       .426 

Lion's-foot,      .        .    361 

Cone-flower  •  .     337,  338 

Feverfew,        .       .    343 

Herb  Robert,   .        .196 

Live-forever,    .       .    277 

Coral-root,        .       .    531 

Feverwort,       .       .    300 

Herd's  Grass,           .    602 

Liverwort,        .        .    141 

Coriander,        .        .    294 

Field  Mint,       .       .    416 

Hickory,   .        .      491,  492 

Lizzard's-tail,  .        .    484 

Corn  Cockle,    .        .    191 
Corn  Mint,       .       .    416 

Fig,    .       .       .       .510 
Figwort,           .       .    399 

High  Cranberry,      .    302 
High-water  Shrub,      353 

Locust,      .        .     224,  237 
Loosestrife,260,265,386,3S7 

Corn  Salad,      .        .    309 

Finger  Grass,   .        .    603 

Hoarhound,    315,  416,  428 

Lopseed,  .       .        .413 

Corn  Spurry,    .        .    186 

Fir  Balsam,       .        .    516 

Hobble-bush,   .        .    302 

Louse  wort,      .        .411 

Cornel,      .        .        .296 
Cotton  Plant,   .       .    207 

Fire-weed,       .        .    352 
Flax,         .       .        .195 

Hogweed,        .     353,  469 
Holly,        .        .        .381 

Lovage,    .        .        .289 
Love-lies-bleeding,     471 

Cotton  Thistle,       .    355 

Fleabane,         .     326,  327 

Hollyhock,       .        .    208 

Lungwort,        .       .    434 

Cotton  Tree,     .       .    507 

Florin  Grass,    .       .    597 

Honesty,           .       .    164 

Lupine,     .        ,       .235 

Cotton  Grass,   .     572,  573 

Flower-of-an-hour,      209 

Honewort.         .     287,  289 

Lychnidea,     438,  439,  440 

Cowbane,         .     286,  291 

Fly-poison,        .        .    558 

Honeysuckle,  298,299,300 

Madwort,         .        .     163 

Cowslips,         .       .    143 

Fly-trap,    .       .        .192 

Hoop  Ash,        .        .     483 

Maidenhair,     .       .    633 

Cow  Wheat,    .        .411 

Fog-fruit,           .        .    413 

Hop,           .        .        .512 

Maize,       .        .        .    623 

Coxcomb,        .       .    470 

Fool's  Parsley,        .    289 

Hornbeam,       .       .    497 

Mallow,    .        .    206—209 

Crab  Grass,      .        .    603 

Forbed  Spike,  .       .    621 

Horn  Poppy,    .        ,    156 

Mangel-Wurtzel,     .    470 

Cranberry,       .     302,  370 

Forked  Chickweed,     185 

Hornwort,         .        .    484 

Man-of-the-Earth,  .    442 

Crane's-bill,     .     196,  197 

Forfret-me-not,         .    434 

Horse  Balm,     .        .    421 

Maple,      .      212,  213,  214 

Crowberry,       •     489,  490 

Foul  Meadow,         .    615 

Horse  Chestnut,      .    214 

Mare's-tail,       .       .    268 

Crowfoot,        141,  142,  143 

Four-o'clock,    .     472,  473 

Horsemint,       .     415,  417 

Marigold,          .      143,  341 

Crownbeard,    .        .    347 
Crown  Imperial,      .    549 

Foxglove.          .     404,  405 
Fox-tail  Grass,        .    602 

Horse  Nettle,  .       .    448 
Horse  Radish,         .     163 

Marjoram,        .        .     420 
Marsh  Rosemary,    .    390 

Cucumber,     270,  271,  272 

Franklinia,        .        .    205 

Horsetail,          .     624,  625 

Marvel  of-Peru,       .    472 

Cucumber-root,       .    547 

Fraxinella,        .        .    204 

Hound's-tongue,      .    435 

Mat  Grass,        .        .    601 

Cucumber  Tree,      .    150 

Fringe  Tree,     .        .    463 

Houseleek,       .        .    277 

Matrimony  Vine,     .    449 

Cudweed,        .        .    352 

Fritillary,          .       .    549 

Huckleberry,    .       .    368 

May  Apple,      .        .    152 

Culver's  Physic,       .    405 
Cup-plant,        .        .    336 

Frogbit.     .        .       .529 
Frost-plant,       .        .    181 

Hyacinth,         .        .551 
Hydrangea,      .     281,  282 

May  Flower,    .        .    374 
May-weed,       .        .    342 

Currant,            .        .    273 

Fumitory,         .        .    159 

Hyssop,     .        .        .421 

Meadow  Beauty,     .    259 

Currant-leaf,    .        .    280 

Galingale,        .       .    566 

Ice-plant,          .        .    276 

Meadow  Grass,       .    614 

Cut  Grass,        .        .    622 

Garget,      .        .       .478 

Indian  Cress,    .        .    200 

Meadow  Rue,       147,  148 

Cypress,    .        .        .517 

Garlic,       .        .     550,  551 

Indian  Grass,           .    622 

Meadow-sweet,    256,  257 

Cypress  Vine,  .       .    443 

Gay  Feather,    .        .317 

Indian  Hemp,          .    456 

Medick,    .        .       .228 

Daffodil,            .        .    539 

Gem-fruit,        .       .    280 

Indian  Millet,  .        .    622 

Melilot,     .               .    226 

Daisy,        .      326,  327,  343 

Gentian,   .      416,  453,  454 

Indian  Physic,         .    257 

Mercury,  .        .        .488 

Dandelion,             358,  362 
Darnel  Grass,   .        .   -620 

Geranium,        .    196—198 
Gill  o-ypr  the-ground,  425 

Indian  Pipe,     .       .    380 
Indian  Rice,     .        .    622 

Mermaid-weed,       .    267 
Miami  Mist,     .        .    437 

Day  flower,      .       .    563 
Day  Lily,           .        .    550 
Deadly  Nightshade,     449 

Ginseng.           .        .     295 
Globe  Flower,       144,  257 
Goat's  Beard,  .        .    256 

Indian  Tobacco,      .    364 
Ink-berry,         .       .    382 
Innocence,       .        ;    306 

Mignionette,    .       .    173 
Milfoil,      .      267,  268,  342 
Milk-weed,      .       .    359 

Deerberry,        .       .    369 

Goat's  Rue,      .        .     225 

Iron  -weed,       .       .313 

Milkwort,         .       .    174 

Deer  Grass,       .        .    259 

Golden  Chain,         .    235 

Iron-wood,        .        .     497 

Millet,       .         .      596,  607 

Devil's-bit,       .       .    310 

Golden  Club,    .       .    521 

Jack-in-the-Pulpit,      519 

Millet  Grass,    .     603,  604 

Dewberry,        .       .    249 

Golden  Cress-flower,  540 

Jacobasa,  .        .       .348 

Missletoe,        .       .    297 

Ditch  Moss,     .        .    529 

Goldenrod,        .    328—333 

Jacobam  Lily,  .       .    538 

Mitrewort,        .        .    280 

Dittany,    .        .        .421 

Gold-of-pleasure,     .    163 

Jalap,       .        .        .478 

Modesty,  .       .       .    286 

Dock,         .         .      476,  477 

Goldthread,      .        .    144 

Japan  Rose,     .        .    206 

Moneywort,      .        .    387 

Dockmackie,    .       .    302 

Gooseberry,      .     273,  274 

Jasmine,           .     443,  462 

Monkey  Flower,  401,  402 

Dodder,     .        .        .    444 

Goose-grass,     .     252,  304 

Jersey  Tea,      .        .    217 

Monk's-hood,  .       .    146 

Dog's-bane,      .     456,  457 

Goose-foot,      .        .    469 

Jerusalem  Cherry,  .    448 

Moonseed,       .       .    151 

Dog's-couch  Grass,      619 
Dogwood,        203,  296,  297 

Gourd,       .        .        .272 
Grape,       .       .       .211 

Jewel-weed,    .        .    199 
Judas  Tree,     .        .    236 

Morning  Glory,        .    442 
Moss  Pink,        .        .    440 

Dorp-seed  Grass,     .    600 

Grass,        .      ;  .    595—623 

July  Flower,    .       .    170 

Motherwort,     .       .    427 

Dragon's-claw,        .    531 

Grass-of-Parnassus,     180 

June  Berry,      .       .    245 

Mountain  Ash,         .    245 

Dragon-head,        425,  426 

Grass  Pink,      .       .    536 

Juniper,    .        .       .517 

Mountain  Fringe,    .    158 

Dragon  -root,     .       .519 

Grass-poly,       .       .    260 

King's  Spear,   .       .    552 

Mountain  Heath,    .    373 

Dropwort,         .-       .    291 

Greek  Valerian,       .    440 

Knapweed,      .       .    354 

Mountain  Laurel,    .    374 

Duckmeat,       .        .    522 

Green  Brier,     .        .    544 

Knawell,          .        .    470 

Mountain  Mint,    417,  419 

Dutchman's  Breeches,  158 

Green  Dragon,         .    520 

Knot  Grass,    474,  475,  476 

Mountain  Rice,       .    596 

Dutchman's  Pipe,  .    466 

Green-head,     .       .    306 

Knot-weed,      .     474,  475 

Mourning  Bride,      .    310 

Dwarf  Cassia,  .       .    337 

Cromwell,        .     432,  433 

Labrador  Tea,          .    377 

Mouse-ear,       .        .    435 

Dwarf  Pink,     .       .    306 

Ground  Cherry,       .    447 

Ladies'  Ear-drop,    .    265 

Mouse-tail,       .     148,  286 

Dyer's-broom,          .    234 

Ground  Ivy,      .        .    425 

Ladies'  Slipper,    537,  538 

Mud  wort,         .        .404 

Dyer's-weed,   .        .    173 

Ground  Nut,     .     222,  295 

Ladies'  Thumb,      .    474 

Mugwort,          .        .     350 

Egg-plant,        .       .    448 
Eglantine,         .        .    247 

Ground  Pine,  .        .    625 
Groundsel,        .        .    347 

Ladies'  Tresses,      .    536 
Lake  Flower,          .    455 

Mulberry,        249,  250,  509 
Mullein,    .        .        .397 

Egyptian  Wheat,     .    619 

Groundsel  Tree,      .    335 

Lamb  Lettuce,        .    309 

Mullein  Pink,  .        .    192 

Elder,        .      295,  301,  353 

Guelder  Rose,          .    302 

Larch,      .       .        .516 

Muskmelon,     .       .    271 

Elecampane,    .        .    334 

Gum  Tree,       .        .    480 

Larkspur,         .     145,  146 

Mustard,           .    166—170 

Elm,           .         .      482,  483 

Hackberry,       .       .    483 

Laurel,      .        .     374,481 

Myrtle,      .        .258,  500 

Endive,     .        •       .    357 

Hair  Bell,          .        .    365 

Laurestine,       .        .    303 

Narcissus,         .        .    539 

Enchanter's  Night- 
shade,   .       .       .266 

Hair  Grass,       ,       .    599 
Hardback,        .       .    256 

Lavender,        .        .    415 
Lead-plant,      .       .    226 

Nasturtion,       .       .    200 
Neckweed,      .       .    406 

INDEX. 


645 


Nectarine,        .       .    2421  Primrose,  263,  264,  384,  3351  Snake-head.    .       .    400 

Trumpet-weed,      .    314 

Nettle,      .      423,  510,  511  Prince's  Feather.  471.  475 

Snake  Cactus,         .    275 

Tuberose,        .       .    550 

Nettle  Tree,     .       .    483 
Nightshade,     .       .    448 

Prince's  Pine,  .       .    379 
Privet,      .       .        .463 

Snake-root,147,174,285,465 
Snap-dragon,        398,  399 

Tulepo,     .       .       ^.    480 
Tulip,       .               .    547 

Nine-bark,       .       .    256 

Puccoon,  .       .       .433 

Sneezewort,          342,  343 

Tulip  Tree,      .       .    150 

Nonesuch,        .       .    228 
Nutmeg  Flower,      .    149 

Pumpkin,         .       .    272 
Pumpkin-wood,      .    210 

Snowball,        .        .302 
Snow-berry,     .       .    300 

Turk's  Cap,     .     275,  548 
Turmeric-root,        .    148 

Oak,           .         .    492—495 
Oak-of-Jerusalem,  .    469 

Purslain,  193,  194,  195,  266 
Putty-root,       .       .    531 

Snowdrop,        .        .    539 
Snowdrop  Tree,      .    383 

Turnip,     .        .        .171 
Tway-blade,    .     530,  537 

Oat,  .       .       .     609,  6lo 

Quamash,         .        .    552 

Soapwort,         .        .    192 

Twin-flower,   .       .    301 

Oilnut,      .        .        .479 

Q,ueen-of-the-Mea- 

Soft  Grass,        .        .    608 

Twist-foot,       .       .554 

Oily-seed,        .      ,    395 

dow,      ...    256 

Solomon's  Seal,    552,  553 

Umbrella  Tree,       .    150 

Okro,        .       .       .209 

Quillwort,        .        .    627 

Sorrel,      200,  201,  473,  477 

Unicorn  Plant,         .    394 

Oleander,         .        ,    458 

Quince,     .        .        .245 

Sorrel  Tree,      .       .    372 

Unicorn-root,   .       .    559 

Oleaster,          .       .    482 
Onion,       .       .        .551 

Radish,     .       .       .172 
Ragged  Robin,        .    192 

Southernwood,       .    350 
Sow  Thistle,    .       .    363 

Valerian,  .        .       .308 
Vegetable  Oyster,   .    358 

Orache,    .       .467,  468 

Ram's-head,    .       .    538 

Spanish  Needles,    .    346 

Venus'  Fly-trap,      .    180 

Orange  Tree,  .       .    205 
Orchard  Grass,        .    617 

Raspberry,       .     249,  250 
Rattle-box,      .       .    234 

Spear  Grass,    .       .    614 
Spearmint,       .            416 

Venus'  Looking-glass,  367 
Vernal  Grass,  .       .    608 

Orpine,     ...    277 

Red-bud,  ...    236 

Spearwort,       .       .    141 

Vervain,           .       .412 

Osage  Orange,         .    509 

Red  Osier,       .        .    296 

Speedwell,      .     406,  407 

Vetch,       .      5220,  221,  229 

Osier,        .        .       .504 

Red-root,          .     217,  540 

Spicewood,      .       .    478 

Violet,       .       175—178,  253 

Ostrich  Fern,  .       .    634 
Ox-eye,     .       .        .337 

Red-top,         597,  613,  614 
Reed  Grass,     .       .    601 

Spiderwort,      .     172,  563 
Spikenard,       .       .    294 

Viper's  Bugloss,       .    430 
Virgin's  Bower,       .    139 

Ox-tongue,       .       .    431 

Reed  Mace,     .       .    522 

Spinage,           .        .    467 

Wake  Robin,   .       .    546 

Poeony,      ...       .149 

Resin-weed,     .       .    336 

Spindle  Tree,  .       .    216 

Wall  Flower,   .       .    170 

Painted-cup,    .     409,  410 

Rhubarb,          .        .    473 

Spleenwort,    275,630,631 

Wall  Pepper,   .       .    277 

Palma  Christi,         .    488 

Ribwort,            .        .    388 

Spring  Beauty,        .    194 

Walnut,    .        .     490,491 

Panic,       ...    606 

Rice,         .               .    204 

Spruce,     .        .        .515 

Water  Carpet,  .       .    281 

Pansey,     .       .       .178 

Robin's  Plantain,    .    326 

Spurge,     .        .     486,  487 

Watercress,    .       .    165 

Parsley,    .       .        .289 
Parsnep,  .        .     287,  291 
Partridge-berry,       .    305 

Rock  Brake,     .       .    632 
Rock  Rose,      .        .    181 
Rocket,    .        .     168,  171 

Squash,     .                .    272 
Squirrel-tail  Grass,      620 
Staff  Tree,        .        .    215 

Water  Feather,       .    384 
Water  Hemp,  .       .    467 
Water-leaf,       .       .    436 

Passion  Flower,      .    269 

Rose,         .      246—248,  250 

Star  Flower,    .        .    451 

Water  Lily,      .       .    154 

Pawnee  Lettuce,     .    309 

Rose  Acacia,  .       .    224 

Star-Grass.        .     540,  541 

Water-melon,  .       .    272 

Pawpan,  .        .       .151 

Rose-bay,         .     262,  376 

Star-of-Bethlem,     .    551 

Water  Nymph,        .    524 

Pea,           .       219,  22Q,  2-21 

Rose-bay  Tree,       .    458 

St.  John's-wort,     183,  184 

Water  Pepper,        .    474 

Peach,      .        .       .242 

Rosemary,        .     372,  419 

St  Peter's-wort,     .    182 

Water-target,   .       .    153 

Pear,         .        .       .244 

Rosin-weed,    .       .    336 

St.  Peter's  Wreath,     256 

Wayfaring  Tree,      .    302 

Pearlwort,        .        .    189 

Rue,         ...    204 

Stone-crop,       .     277,  278 

Wheat,     .       .       .619 

Pea  Vine,         .        .    223 
Pellitory.  .        .        .511 
Pencil  Flower,         .    230 

Rush,      559—562,571,624 
Rutland  Beauty,      .    444 
Rye,          .       .     619,  620 

Stone  wort,       .       .    637 
Strawberry,      .        .    253 
Strawberry  Elite,    .    468 

Wheat  thief,    .        .    433 
Whip  Grass,     .       .    576 
Whistle-wood,        .    213 

Penny  Cress,    .       .    160 

Rye  Grass,       .        .    621 

Succory,    ...    357 

White  Bay,      .       .    150 

Pennyroyal,      .        .    422 

Saffron,     .        .     355,  543 

Sumach,   .        .     202,203 

White  Grass,   .       .    622 

Pennywort,      .     284,  452 

Sage.         .        .        .418 

Summer  Savory,     .    421 

White-top,       .       -    597 

Pepper,     .        .       .447 

Sage  Geranium,      .    415 

Sundew,  .       .       .179 

White-weed,   .     326,343 

Peppergrass,    .        .    161 
Pepperidge,      .        .    480 

Salt-rheum-weed,       400 
Saltwort,           .     386,  466 

Sunflower.  339,340,341,345 
Swamp  Pink,       375,  376 

White-wood,   .       .    150 
Whitlow  Grass,       .     162 

Peppermint,     .        .    416 

Samphire,        .     466,  467 

Sweet  Basil,    .       .415 

Whortleberry,       368,  369 

Pepper-root,     .        .168 

Sandwort,         .     IBS,  189 

Sweet  Brier,    .       .    247 

Wild  Basil,       .     419,  422 

Periwinkle,      .        .    457 

Sanicle,    ...    285 

Sweet  Cicely,  .       .    293 

Wild  Bergamot,       .    417 

Persimmon  Tree,        382 

Sarsaparilla,    .     294,  544 

Sweet  Fern,     .        .    500 

Wild  Surface  Tree,      241 

Pettymorrel,    .        .    294 

Satin  Flower,  .       .    164 

Sweet  Flag,     .       .    521 

Wild  Germander,    .    429 

Pheasant's  Eye,    141,  193 

Saxifrage,      255,  278,  279 

Sweet  Gum,    .        .    508 

Wild  Ginger,    .       .    465 

Pickerel-weed,        .    555 

Scabish,           .       .    263 

Sweet-pepper  Bush,    373 

Wild  Indigo,     .       .    235 

Pigmy-weed,  .        .    276 

Scarcity,   .        .        .470 

Sweet  Potato,         .    443 

Wild  Mandrake,      .    152 

Pimpernell,      .     387,  388 

Scorpion  Grass,       .    434 

Sweet-scented  Grass.  608 

Wild  Oats,        .       .-    554 

Pine,         .       .     514,  515 

Scorpion  Senna,      .    230 

Sweet-scented  Shrub,258 

Wild  Peppergrass,  .    161 

Pine  Sap,         .        .    380 

Scratch  Grass,         .    475 

Sweet  Sultan,         .    354 

Wild  Potato,    .        .    442 

Pink,          .      192,  193,  400 

Screw-stem,    .        .    454 

Sweet  William,    192,  193 

Wild  Service-berry,     245 

Pink-root,         .       .    308 

Scurvy  Grass,  .        .    163 

Sycamore,       .     213,  508 

Wild  Timothy,        .    606 

Pinweed,          .       .    181 

Sea  Wrack  Grass,   :    523 

Syringa,    ...    282 

Willow,    .       .    501-506 

Pipes,       .        .       .625 

Sedge,      .       .     566,  567 

Tansey,    .       .       .    350 

Willow-herb,  .       .    262 

Pipewort,         .        .    564 

Seed-box,         .       .    265 

Tape  Grass,     .       .    529 

Winter  Berry,  .     381,  382 

Pipsissiwa,      .        .    379 

Self-heal,         .        .    424 

Tares,       .        .        .220 

Winter  Cherry,       .    447 

Plantain,  388,  389,  526,536 

Seneca  Grass,         .    608 

Tassel  Flower,        .    349 

Winter  Cress,  .       .    165 

Plum,        .        .        .241 

Senna,      .       .       .    236 

Tea  Plant,        .       .    206 

Wintergreen,373,378-9.385 

Poison  Hemlock,     .    293 

Sensitive  Brier,       .    238 

Teasel,      .       .       .309 

Wire  Grass,      .        .    617 

Poison  Ivy,       •        •    203 

Sensitive  Plant,    237,  238 

Ten-weeks'  Stock,      170 

Witch  Hazel,  .       .    282 

Poison  Oak,      .       .    203 

Sensitive  Pea,         .    337 

Thimble-berry,       .    250 

Withe  Rod,      .       .    302 

Poisonous  Darnel,   .    620 

Sesame  Grass,        .    623 

Thistle,     .      275,  356,  363 

Woad,       .       .       .164 

Poke,        .       .     478,557 

Shad-berry,      .       .    245 

Thorn,       .        .     243,  244 

Wolf-berry,      .        .    300 

Polar-plant,      .       .    336 

Shaddock  Tree,      .    205 

Thorn  Apple,  .       .    446 

Wolf's-bane,    .       .    140 

Poly  pod,           .        .    628 

Shallot,     .       .       .551 

Thoroughwax,        .    286 

Wood  Sorrel,    .     200,  201 

Pomegranate,          .    259 
Pond  Lily,        .     154,  155 

Sheep-poison,          .    374 
Shell  Flower,  .       .    429 

Thoroughwort,        .    316 
Threadfoot,      .       .    485 

Wood-waxen,  .       .    234 
Worm  Grass,    .       .    308 

Pond-weed,      .    524—526 

Shepherd's  Purse,  .    161 

Thrift,       .       .       .390 

Worm-seed,     .       .    469 

Poor-man's  Weather- 

Shield Fern,     .     629,  630 

Thyme,     .       .       .421 

Wormwood,     .     349,  350 

glass,     ...    387 

Short-styled  Cicely,    293 

Tickseed,         .     344,  346 

Woundwort,     .       .    428 

Poplar,       .       150,  506,  507 
Poppoose-root,        .    153 

Sicklepod.        .        .    166 
Side-saddle  Flower,    155 

Tiger  Flower,  .        .    542 
Timothy  Grass,       .    602 

Wrack  Grass,  .       .    523 
Yam-root,        .        .544 

Poppy,      .         .      156,  157 

Silkweed,         .    458,  459 

Toad  Flax,        .      398,  479 

Yarrow,    .        .        .342 

Potato,      .        .        .448 

Silver-weed,     .       .    252 

Tobacco,  .        .        .445 

Yellow-eyed  Grass,     564 

Pot  Marigold,  .        .    354 

Simpler's  Joy,         .    412 

Tomato,  .       .       .449 

Ye  How  Phlox,         .    169 

Poverty  Grass,         .    595 
Prairie  Burdock,      .    336 
Prickly  Ash,    .        .    201 

Skull-cap,               406,  423 
Shamrock,               .    227 
Skunk  Cabbage,      .    521 

Touch-me-not,        .    199 
Trailing  Arbutus,    .    374 
Tree-of-Heaven,      .    202 

Yellow  Rattle,         .    410 
Yellow-seed.    .       .    161 
Yellow-weed,  .       .    142 

Pride-of-the  -Meadow  ,257 

Slender  Elite,          .    468 
Sloe.         .               .    241 

Trefoil,    202,227,228,331 
Trumpet  Flower,    .    394 

Yew,         .       .       .518 
Zigadene,        .       .    556 

Prim,        .       .       .463 

Snail,        .              .    229 

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